♿♿ https://physiiotherapy.blogspot.com/

Rehabilitation Team

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 17 Dec 2019 05:52:00 +0000

THE REHABILITATION TEAM WORKS TOGETHER

THE REHABILITATION TEAM

Resistance Training

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 14 Dec 2019 14:13:00 +0000

Muscle Imbalance

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 14 Dec 2019 14:11:00 +0000

Hydrotherapy

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 14 Dec 2019 14:10:00 +0000

Group Exercise

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 14 Dec 2019 14:10:00 +0000

MEASUREMENT OF MUSCLE STRENGTH

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 19 Nov 2019 11:54:00 +0000

Muscle strength can be evaluated in a number of ways: manually , functionally, or mechanically.

The Oxford Scale

The Oxford scale has been devised to manually assess muscle strength and is widely used by physiotherapists. According to the Oxford scale, muscle strength is graded 0 to 5.

Summarises the grades

Grade Muscle contraction

0 No contraction

1 Flicker of a contraction

2 Full-range active movement with gravity eliminated (counterbalanced)

3 Full-range active movement against gravity

4 Full-range active movement against light resistance.

5 Normal function/full range against strong resistance.

There are limitations to the usefulness of the Oxford scale. These include:

• A lack of functional relevance.

• Non-linearity (the difference between grades 3 and 4 is not necessarily the same as the

difference between grades 4 and 5).

• A patient's variability with time (rarely falling into a fixed category).

• A degree of subjectivity between assessors.

• Assessment of muscles acting only concentrically

• The difficulty of applying the scale to all cases in clinical practice (so that strength is rarely evaluated throughout full range since many individuals seen by physiotherapists do not possess full range in the first place).

Functional Tools

Functional tools can be used to evaluale strength and can be related to a specific activity or to one of its components . These tools are commonly employed when rehabilitating sportsmen back to competition . Sport - specific activities can be monitored by a physiotherapist with knowledge of the demands of a parlicular sport.

Isokinetic Assessment

Isokinetic assessment has been used With increasing frequency since it's   inception in the 1970s. IT involves the use of computerized evaluation of movement when exercising at a preset angular velocity on the isokinetic equipment. This means that the subject can push as hard or as little as desired and the machine will move only at the preset velocity . It is therefore the resistance provided by the machine that varies.

Use of isokinetics has functional relevance since it can evaluate both eccentric and concentric activity through range.

Drawbacks

The drawbacks of isokinetics relate to its function , as natural human  movements rarely occur at fixed velocities . Also the machine operates on a fixed axis of movement, which does not replicate the instantaneous axis of  movement found in most normal joints . The equipment can also be time - consuming to set up and not all physiotherapists will have access to it.

Additional limitations have been acknowledged by Lieber (1992). These  include the time required to recruit muscle fibres (50-200 milliseconds) making this period of data obtained unusable. Another drawback is the limb striking the testing bar at the end of the movement, although some isokinetic units employ a damping mechanism to prevent this .

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 19 Nov 2019 07:53:00 +0000

PHYSIOTHERAPIST JOB RESUME

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 24 Sep 2019 14:52:00 +0000

C U R R I C U L U M - V I A T E

Name -

Address -

Contact No -

E-mail - _____________@gmail.com

OBJECTIVE

I wish to explore a possibility of serving organization. Seeking a further challenging, dynamic and Professional and Environmental which let me contribute substantially towards achieving organization goal using my past experience. I look forward to enriching my experience in your company and wish to achieve recognition career prospects.

ABOUT MYSELF

I am very hard working, self motivated optimistic with the ability to adjust as per the need. I put my effort to meet the target. I enjoy working as part of the team and have the ability to lead the team to success.

QUALIFICATION

School - (give your school details 10th & 12th here like your school adress,name ,grade or marks obtained etc)

College - (give your details here like adress,college name like above)
( your physotherapy marks and degree details)

ADDITIONAL QULIFICATION

( give your other qualification here like diploma or other degree)

COMPUTER SKILLS

Having Basic Knowledge of Computer- MS-OFFICE, MS-EXCEL, INTERNET SURFING, EXCEL FORMULAS.

PERSONAL DETAILS

Name :

Fathers Name :

Mothers Name :

Date of Birth :

Domicile/state :

Nationality :

Language Known : English or any

Hobbies : Sports, music,any athletic activities,singing

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that all the information given by me is true to the best of my knowledge

Date:

Place:

Sign or Name

Physical Therapy for Knee Pain

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 11 Dec 2018 14:42:00 +0000

Physical Therapy for Knee Pain

The human knee is a hinge joint that is comprised of the tibia (shin) and the femur (thigh). The patella, or kneecap, is located in the front of the knee. The knee is supported by four ligaments. Two shock absorbers, each called a meniscus, are found within the knee.

Pain in the knee can be caused by repetitive trauma and strain or by injury. Occasionally it occurs for no apparent reason. When knee pain occurs, you may experience functional limitations that include difficulty walking, rising from sitting, or ascending and descending stairs.

If you experience knee pain, it is important to determine if the pain is acute, sub-acute, or chronic in nature. This can help guide proper diagnosis and treatment.

Acute pain is usually the most severe and occurs 1-7 days after injury. During this time, you should rest the knee and let the injured structures heal before initiating any motion.
Sub-acute pain occurs from 2-6 weeks after injury. This is a good time to initiate gentle motion around the knee to help regain mobility.
Chronic knee pain is pain lasting greater than 8-12 weeks. Knee pain that is chronic should be evaluated by your healthcare provider.

Location of Symptoms
The location of your knee pain can help determine which structures are at fault and can help ensure proper treatment. Remember to check with your physician, physical therapist, or healthcare provider if symptoms are severe or last more than a few weeks.

Pain in the front of the knee. If you feel pain in the front of the knee, there may be a problem with the tracking and position of the kneecap, often called patellofemoral stress syndrome (PFSS). The kneecap and the tendon between the kneecap and the shin may become inflamed and painful. Pain here usually limits the ability to kneel, ascend or descend stairs, or run and jump.
Pain on the inside of the knee. If you have pain on the inside portion of the knee there is likely injury to the medial meniscus or medial collateral ligament. These structures are usually injured during athletic activity when the foot is planted on the ground and the body twists over the knee. The medial meniscus is a shock absorber located inside the knee. Occasionally, it suffers from wear and tear or arthritis, and can be damaged with no specific injury.
Pain on the outside of the knee. Pain on the outside aspect of your knee can be the result of injury to many structures. There is a ligament there that may be injured during athletic activity. Pain here can also be caused by iliotibial band (ITB) stress. The ITB is a thick band of tissue that runs from the outside of your hip to the front of your knee. As it crosses the knee, the ITB can rub abnormally on the knee, and a burning pain can ensue. Also on the outside part of the knee is one of the three hamstring tendons. Strain to this tendon may be a source of knee pain.
Pain in the back of the knee. Pain in the back of the knee is rare, but can occur. One of the hamstring tendons attaches here, and pain here is likely due to a hamstring strain. Another possible cause of pain here is a Baker's cyst. This is an abnormal swelling of the knee joint that occupies space in the back of the knee and causes pain with excessive bending of the knee.

If you develop acute knee pain, immediately follow the R.I.C.E. principle. R.I.C.E. stands for Rest, Ice, Compression,and Elevation. After a few days of R.I.C.E., you can begin using the leg, only gently. If pain persists for more than 2-3 weeks, you should visit a doctor, physical therapist, or other healthcare provider in order to rule out any major problem and to ensure proper diagnosis and management.

What to Expect From Physical Therapy for Knee Pain
If you are referred to physical therapy for knee pain, the initial visit is important to ensure correct diagnosis and proper management. During this visit, your physical therapist will interview you to gather information about the history of your problem, about the aggravating and relieving factors, and about any past medical history that may contribute the overall problem. From the information gathered during the history, a focused examination will be conducted. The examination may consist of several sections including, but not limited to:

Gait evaluation. A gait evaluation is an assessment of how you are walking. Physical therapists are trained to notice small changes in the motion around the knee during different phases of walking.
Palpation. This involves using the hands to touch various structures around the knee to feel for abnormalities or to assess if a structure is painful to touch.
Range of motion measurements. Range of motion refers to how far the knee is bending or straightening. The physical therapist may use special instruments to measure how your knee is moving to help direct treatment.
Strength measurements. There are many muscular attachments around the knee and a measurement of strength can help determine if muscular weakness or imbalance is causing your knee pain.
Girth or swelling measurements. Occasionally, swelling may be present in the knee joint after injury. A physical therapist may measure the amount of swelling to help direct treatment.
Special tests. Special tests are specific maneuvers performed around the knee to help determine which structure may be at fault and may be causing the problem.

After a focused examination has been completed, your physical therapist can work with you to initiate the correct treatment. It is very important for you to be active and engaged in the program. Often, exercises to help strengthen and improve mobility of the knee will be prescribed. You may be required to perform exercises at home as well.

Remember, if knee pain persists for more than 2-3 weeks or occurs as the result of major trauma, a visit to a physician, physical therapist, or health care provider is recommended.

The knee is a major joint in the body that is responsible for walking, climbing stairs, and rising from a seated position. Pain in the knee can limit one or all of these activities. By keeping the knee joint mobile and strong, problems with knee pain may be avoided and your mobility can be maintained.

Exercises to Maintain Healthy Knees

Straight Leg Raise

The knee is comprised of the tibia (shin), the femur (thigh), and the patella (kneecap). These three bones are supported by many muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Inside the knee are two shock absorbers, each called a meniscus.

Exercises are your main tool in maintaining good strength and mobility in your knees. Some of these exercises may include:

Quadriceps setting: To perform this exercise, lie on your back with your knee straight. Tighten the muscle on the top of your thigh by pressing the back of your knee into the floor. Hold this position for 5 seconds, and then relax. Perform 10 repetitions.

Heel slide: While lying on your back, simply slide your heel up the floor so your knee bends. Allow the knee to bend as far as possible, hold for 2-3 seconds, and then return to the start position. Perform 10 repetitions.

Straight leg raise: While lying on your back, tighten the muscles on the top of your thigh. While keeping the knee straight, lift your leg up about 12 inches. Hold for 2-3 seconds and then lower slowly. Perform 10 repetitions.

Remember to check with your physician, physical therapist, or healthcare provider if you are unsure if these exercises are safe for you to perform, and stop any exercise that is causing increased pain in the knee.

Piriformis Stretch

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 11 Dec 2018 14:39:00 +0000

Piriformis Stretch

Lie down and bring your affected leg across your body. Hold the knee stable as you pull the ankle towards your chest. The sretch should be felt over the buttock.

Directions:

-All stretches are to be done slowly avoiding sudden or bouncy
movements.

-Hold all stretches for 15-20 seconds and repeat 3 times.

- Do Your Stretches At Least Once a Day.

-Avoid holding your breath and relax your muscles (over the area of stretch) as much as possible.

Stretching: an illustrated guide

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 11 Dec 2018 14:15:00 +0000

Stretching: an illustrated guide

Why stretch?

Stretching exercises encourage lengthening of your muscles and their associated tendons, and oppose the shortening and tightening of muscles that can occur immediately after vigorous exercise, and as a product of ageing and inactivity. A sedentary lifestyle that involves long periods of sitting or driving can cause muscles to shorten and tighten which can lead to pressure on nerves and pain.

By its effect of lengthening muscles, stretching promotes flexibility, that is, the ability to have a full range of motion about your joints.

Studies comparing a warm-up that includes static stretching with a warm-up that does not include static stretching have shown that, although pre-exercise static stretching does improve flexibility, it does not appear to prevent injury during exercise.

Exercises for flexibility are an integral part of a balanced exercise programme that also includes:

exercise to increase or maintain muscular strength (e.g. a strength training routine using hand-weights);
exercise to increase or maintain aerobic capacity (e.g. brisk walking, running, swimming);
a healthy diet; and
plenty of rest.

Not taking time to stretch can mean losing the ability to move freely and fully to compete in your chosen sport or to perform the activities that are basic to your daily needs.

When to stretch

Important: stretch only when your muscles are warm, as cold muscles are more likely to tear.

Stretching before and after exercise

A light static stretching routine (stretching a muscle and holding it in this position without discomfort for 10-30 seconds) can be performed at the end of a warm-up, before undertaking more vigorous activity. Be sure to stretch each of the muscle groups you will be using in your chosen activity 2 to 3 times.

An ideal time to do most of your static stretching is afterexercise, that is, immediately after your post-exercise cool-down. Allow around 5 to 10 minutes to stretch after exercise, and concentrate on the muscles that you have just exercised. Use the static stretches illustrated below as a guide. Stretching at this time helps restore your muscles to their resting length and prepare them for your next exercise session.

Dedicated stretching

Including a dedicated stretching routine (for 15 to 20 minutes and unrelated to an exercise session) in your exercise programme 2 or 3 times a week will be an additional help to maintaining your flexibility. For example, attending a yoga class weekly is an enjoyable way to contribute to the flexibility part of your fitness programme.

Warming up for a dedicated stretching session might involve 2 to 3 minutes of jogging or doing your favourite exercise at low intensity for 5 minutes. Raising a light sweat will indicate warming of your muscle tissue.

How to stretch

Static stretching

Static stretching is considered the safest method of stretching. (See the sample static stretching routine illustrated below.) A static stretch should be held for 10 to 30 seconds at a point where you can feel the stretch but do not experience any discomfort. If you feel discomfort, ease back on the stretch. Remember not to bounce when holding the stretch.

Dynamic or ballistic stretching

These types of stretching require instruction from a qualified fitness instructor or sports coach, and may sometimes replace static stretches as part of a warm-up for strong activity.

For example, if your chosen activity requires sudden bursts of power, such as jumping or sudden acceleration, then specific ballistic stretches under the guidance of a qualified sports coach may be needed following your warm-up and before the activity.

Dynamic stretches involve muscle movements that move a joint through the full range of movement that will be required in your chosen sport or activity. Dynamic stretches may be used in preparation for high-level exercise, such as competitive tennis or swimming.

Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching

PNF stretching involves a stretch—contract—relax—stretch cycle whereby the passive stretching of a muscle is enhanced by an intervening isometric contraction of that muscle followed by brief relaxation and a further passive stretch. First the muscle group is passively stretched — this is stretching where you hold your body in the stretch position with the help of a partner or another part of your body or some equipment, e.g. a towel. The muscle is then contracted isometrically — that is, against resistance for about 10 to 15 seconds — then relaxed for 2 to 3 seconds and then passively stretched a bit further than the original passive stretch. This process is usually repeated several times.

The technique of PNF stretching was first developed as a muscle therapy but is now used by athletes as a means of enhancing flexibility. PNF stretching is often used by osteopaths and physiotherapists.

Stretching as therapy

Various stretches may be prescribed or performed by a physiotherapist or other qualified health professional as part of treatment for muscle or joint injuries. The exercises illustrated here are not designed for therapeutic purposes and should not be used in place of prescribed therapeutic stretches.

A simple static stretching routine

Stretch only after warming up, or after exercise, when muscles are warm.
Repeat each stretch 2 to 3 times, working both sides of the body equally.
Hold each stretch for 10 to 30 seconds.
Do not stretch to the point of pain.
Breathe freely while stretching.
Do not bounce.

1. Neck side flexion.

Lower your ear towards your shoulder while keeping your face looking forwards; feel the stretch along the opposite side of your neck; return to upright. Repeat on the other side. In addition, you can also stretch the opposite hand towards the floor as this deepens the stretch on the neck muscles.

2. Triceps (back of upper arm) stretch.

Lift both arms above your head and bend your elbows so that your forearms are behind your head (but not resting on it); gently grasp your right elbow with your left hand; allow your right hand to drop towards the middle of your shoulder blades; feel the stretch on the outside of your upper right arm. Gently pull your right elbow towards your left shoulder to deepen the stretch. Repeat for your other arm.

3. Shoulder (internal rotator) stretch.

Hold a towel between both hands as shown; gently pull the towel upwards with your left hand; feel the stretch in the shoulder of your right arm as this arm is gently pulled further up your back. Repeat for the opposite shoulder.

4. Supraspinatus (top of shoulder blade) stretch.

Cross your right arm in front of your chest, placing your right hand over your left shoulder and keeping your right arm parallel to the ground; use your left hand to push your right elbow gently towards your left shoulder; feel the stretch in the muscle across the top of your right shoulder blade. Repeat for the opposite shoulder.

5. Pectoral (chest) stretch.

Place your right hand on a doorway at shoulder height with your elbow straight; move your feet so that you turn your chest and body gently away from your arm; feel the stretch on the right-hand side of your chest and along the inside of your right upper arm. Repeat for the opposite side. (You can also do the stretch with your arm slightly elevated, as shown.)

6. Biceps (front of upper arm) stretch.

Sit on a floor mat with your feet flat on the floor in front of you and knees bent; place your hands flat on the mat behind you, fairly close together, with your fingers pointing away from you. Walk your hands away from your bottom to feel the stretch in the muscles at the front of your upper arms.

7. Lower back extension and abdominal stretch.

(Note: if you have lower back problems this stretch may not be suitable for you.) Lie face down on a mat on the floor with your hands in front of you, elbows slightly bent to make a diamond shape; straighten your elbows so that your chest begins to lift off the floor; feel the stretch along the front of your abdomen. Be aware that having your hands close to your shoulders will produce a very strong abdominal stretch and a greater extension in your lower back, which may be uncomfortable for some people.

8. Upper back extension.

Kneel on a floor mat on all fours (i.e. on your hands and knees). Gently stretch your arms out in front of you along the floor while allowing your head to drop towards the floor and your bottom to move towards your heels; feel the stretch in your upper back between your shoulder blades. Gently walk your fingertips away from your body for a stronger stretch in the shoulders. Work on keeping your tail bone as close to your heels as possible.

9. Side stretch.

Stand with your feet shoulder-width apart. Bend your upper body to the right while continuing to face the front and not allowing your hips to rotate; at the same time use your right hand to push your right hip gently in the opposite direction; feel the stretch along the left-hand side of your torso. Repeat for the opposite side.

10. Hamstring (back of thigh) stretch.

Place your right foot on a bench or chair with your leg extended at the knee (straight leg); slowly lean forwards while reaching your hands towards your right shin and keeping your torso straight; feel the stretch along the back of your right thigh. Keep your head up and looking forwards so that you bend from the waist and don’t hunch. Repeat for the opposite leg.

11. Quadriceps (front of thigh) stretch.

Steady yourself by resting your left hand on a wall; keep an upright posture and lift your right foot off the ground. Bend the right knee and grasp your right ankle with your right hand; gently pull your ankle up and back until you feel a stretch in the front of your right thigh. Your left leg should be slightly bent at the knee. Repeat for the opposite leg.

12. Gluteal (bottom muscle) stretch.

Lie on your back on a floor mat with your knees bent, hip-width apart, and feet flat on the floor; lift your left leg and place your left ankle across your right knee; clasp your fingers around your right knee; now lift your right foot off the ground and pull your right knee towards you to feel a stretch in the gluteal muscles of your left buttock. Your head can be on the floor if this is more comfortable. Repeat for the opposite side.

13. Adductor (groin) stretch.

Standing upright, place your hands on your hips for balance, and your feet slightly wider than shoulder-width apart; keep your feet pointing to the front and lunge sideways taking your weight on your left foot and bending your left knee; feel the stretch in your right groin. Repeat for the opposite side.

14. Hip flexor (front of hip) stretch.

Kneel by placing your right knee on a padded mat and your left foot flat on the floor in front of you and forward of your left knee; steady yourself by keeping your posture upright and resting your hands on your left knee; don’t let your left knee project forward of your foot; gently push your hips forwards to feel a stretch at the front of your right hip. Keep your gluteal muscles contracted to keep your bottom down. Repeat the stretch for the opposite side.

15. Tensor fascia (outer hip area) stretch.

Rest your hands on a table or wall in front of you for balance; cross your right leg behind your left, placing your feet about a foot-length apart; try to keep your posture fairly upright while pushing your right hip outwards; feel the stretch along the outer side of your right hip. Repeat for the opposite hip.

16. Iliotibial band (outer thigh area from hip to knee) stretch.

Stand with your left side at roughly arm’s length from a wall and place your left hand on the wall for balance; cross your right leg in front of your left leg; now, with your weight mainly on your left leg, lean your left hip towards the wall; feel the stretch down the outside of your left leg from your hip to your knee, which is the area of the iliotibial band. Repeat for the opposite leg.

17. Gastrocnemius (calf) stretch.

Stand facing a wall and place your hands on the wall at eye level; step your right leg back; bend the front knee and gently lean into the wall while keeping your back leg straight and the heel of your back foot on the ground; feel the stretch in the back of your right calf. Repeat for the other side.

18. Soleus (deep calf) stretch.

Stand facing a wall and place your hands on the wall at chest height; step your right leg back; bend both knees slightly; your right knee should be over and in front of your right foot; feel the stretch in the lower one-third of your right calf. Make sure to keep your pelvis tucked under — if you arch your bottom out you won’t feel a stretch in your calf. Repeat for the other side.

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 11 Dec 2018 14:07:00 +0000

ITS ALL ABOUT...physiotherapy!

INJURIES IN PHYSIOTHERAPY

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 11 Dec 2018 14:03:00 +0000

Injuries in physiotherapy

Abdominal Strains
Achilles Tendinitis
ACL Injuries
ACL Injury - Anterior Cruciate Ligament Sprain
ACL Tear
Adhesive Capsulitis
Ankle Pain
Ankle Sprain

Back Pain
Bowlegs
Bursitis

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - CTS
Calf strain / Pull
Calf pain
Collarbone Fracture
Common Rotator Cuff Injuries
Cervical dystonia

Dislocated Patella
Deep vein thrombosis

Elbow Bursitis
Elbow Dislocation (Dislocated Elbow)
Elbow Fracture
Elbow Injuries

Facioscapulohumeral Dystrophy (FSHD)
Finger Dislocation (Dislocated Finger)
Finger Sprain
FOOSH Injury
Fracture
Frozen Shoulder (Adhesive Capsulitis)

Genu Varum/Vara
Groin Pain
Groin Strain

Hamstring Injuries
Hamstring Strain (Pulled Hamstring)
Hip Bursitis
Hip Flexor Strains
Hip Pain
Hip Pointer
Hip Replacement
Housemaid's Knee

Iliotibial Band Syndrome (ITBS)
Inflammation

Joint Stiffness

Knee Injuries
Knee Pain
Knee fracture

LCL Sprain / Lateral Collateral Ligament Sprain
Low Back Strain (Muscle Strain)
Low Back Pain (LBP)

Mallet Finger (Baseball Finger)
MCL Sprain / Medial Collateral Ligament Sprain
Meniscus Tear
Minor Ankle Sprain Treatment
Muscle Strain

Neck pain

Olecranon Bursitis

Patellar Dislocation
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS) Rehab
Pes Anserine Bursitis
Physical Therapy for Sprain Injury Guide
Post-Hip Replacement
Prepatellar Bursitis
Pulled Calf
Pulled Hamstring
Pulled Muscles
Palpation

Quadriceps Contusions

Rotator Cuff Tendonitis
Ruptured Achilles Tendon
Ruptured Tendon
Range of motion

Shin Pain - Shin Splints
Shoulder bursitis (Subacromial Bursitis)
Shoulder Dislocation
Shoulder Injuries
Shoulder Pain, Shoulder Joint Pain
Shoulder Separation
Skier's Thumb
Sprain
Stroke
Spasmodic torticollis

Tendinitis / Tendonitis
Tendon Injuries
Tennis Elbow
Trigger Finger (Stenosing Tenosynovitis)
Trochanteric Bursitis
Thumb tremor/shaking

Ulnar Collateral Ligament Sprain
Unstable Kneecap

Varicose veins

Whiplash Injury
Wrist Sprains

PHYSIOTHERAPY ABBREVIATIONS

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 11 Dec 2018 14:00:00 +0000

Physiotherapy

A

@ – at

ā – before

A: – assessment

AAA – abdominal aortic aneurysm

AAROM – active assistive range of motion

Abd. or abd. – abduction

ABG – arterial blood gas

ABI – acquired brain injury

ac – before meals

AC – acromioclavicular

ACL – anterior cruciate ligament

ACTH – adrenocorticotropic hormone

Add. or add. – adduction

ADL’s or ADL – activities of daily living

ad lib – at discretion

adm – admission/admitted

AE – above elbow

afib – atrial fibrillation

AFO – ankle foot orthosis

AIDS – acquired immune deficiency syndrome

AIIS – anterior inferior iliac spine

AJ – ankle jerk

AK – above knee

AKA – above knee amputee, above knee amputation

ALS – amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

a.m. – morning

AMA – against medical advice

amb – ambulate, ambulates, ambulated, ambulatory, ambulation

ANS – autonomic nervous system

Ant. – anterior

AP – anterior-posterior

approx. – approximately (also “~” symbol can be used)

ARDS – adult respiratory distress syndrome

ARF – acute renal failure

AROM – active range of motion

AROME - active range of motion exercise/s

ASA – aspirin

ASAP or asap – as soon as possible

ASCVD – arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease

ASHD – arteriosclerotic heart disease

ASIS – anterior superior iliac spine

Assist. – assistive, assistance

A-V – arteriovenous

AVM – arteriovenous malformation

B

B/S – bedside

BE – below elbow

bed mob. – bed mobility

BID or bid – twice a day

bilat – bilateral (a B enclosed within a circle may also be used)

BK – below knee

BKA – below knee amputee, below knee amputation

BM – bowel movement

BOS – base of support

BP – blood pressure

bpm – beats per minute

BR – bedrest

BRP – bathroom privileges

BS – breath sounds/bowel sounds

BLE – both lower extremities

BUE – both upper extremities

BUN – blood urea nitrogen

C
_
c - with

C&S – culture and sensitivity

c/o – complains of

CA – cancer, carcinoma

CABG – coronary artery bypass graft

CAD – coronary artery disease

CAT – computerized axial tomography

CBC – complete blood count

C/C – chief complaint

cc. – cubic centimeter

cerv. - cervical

CF – cystic fibrosis

CHF – congestive heart failure

CHI – closed head injury

CKD – chronic kidney disease

cm. – centimeter

CMV – cytomegalovirus

CNS – central nervous system

CO – cardiac output

CO2 – carbon dioxide

Cont. or cont. – continue

COPD – chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

COTA – certified occupational therapist assistant

CP – cerebral palsy

CPAP – continuous positive airway pressure

CPR – cardiopulmonary resuscitation

CRF – chronic renal failure

CSF – cerebrospinal fluid

CV – cardiovascular

CVD – cardiovascular disease

CWI – crutch walking instructions

CXR – chest x-ray

Cysto – cystoscopic examination

D

D/C – discontinue, discontinued, discharge, discharged

dept. – department

DF - dorsiflexion

DIP – distal interphalangeal

DJD – degenerative joint disease

DM – diabetes mellitus

DNR – do not resuscitate

DO – doctor of osteopathy

DOB – date of birth

DOE – dyspnea on exertion

DTR – deep tendon reflex

DVT – deep vein thrombosis

Dx – diagnosis

E

ECF – extended care facility (In Physiology – extracellular fluid)

ECG/EKG – electrocardiogram, electrocardiograph

ED – emergency department

EEG – electroencephalogram, electroencephalograph

EENT – ear, eyes, nose, throat

EMG – electromyogram, electromyography, electromyography

ER or Ext. rot. – external rotation

E.R. – emergency room

eval. – evaluation

Ex. – exercise

ext. – extension

F

FBS – fasting blood sugar

FEV – forced expiratory volume

FH – family history

flex. – flexion

FRC – functional residual capacity

FUO – fever unknown origin

FVC – forced vital capacity

FWB – full weight bearing

Fx., fx – fracture

Abbreviatons

G

GB – gall bladder

GCS – Glasgow coma scale

GI – gastrointestinal

GIT – gastrointestinal tract

GSW – gunshot wound

GYN – gynecology

H

H/A - headache

H&H, H/H – hematocrit and hemoglobin

Hct – hematocrit

HEENT – head, ear, eyes, nose, throat

Hemi. – hemiplegia, hemiparesis

HEP – home exercise program

Hgb – hemoglobin

HIV – human immunodeficiency virus

HKAFO – hip knee ankle foot orthosis

HNP – herniated nucleus pulposus

h/o – history of

HOB – head of bed

HR – heart rate

hr. - hour

hs – at bedtime

HTN or Htn – hypertension

Hx – history

I

I&O – intake and output

IADL – instrumental activities of daily living

ICU – intensive care unit

IDDM – insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

IE – initial evaluation

IFC – interferential current

IM – intramuscular

imp. – impression

indep – independent

inf. – inferior

inv. - inversion

IR or int. rot. – internal rotation

IRDS – infant respiratory distress syndrome

IS – incentive spirometer, incentive spirometry

IV – intravenous

K

KAFO – knee ankle foot orthosis

kcal – kilocalories

KJ – knee jerk

KUB – kidney, ureter, bladder

L

L within a circle – left

Lat – lateral

LBBB – left bundle branch block

LBP – low back pain

LE – lower extremity

LOC – loss of consciousness, level of consciousness

LMN – lower motor neuron

LMNL – lower motor neuron lesion

LOS – length of stay

LP – lumbar puncture

LLQ – left lower quadrant

LQ – lower quadrant

LTG – long term goal

LUQ – left upper quadrant

M

MAP – mean arterial pressure

max. – maximal

MD – medical doctor, doctor of medicine

MED – minimal erythemal dose

Meds. – medications

MI – myocardial infarction

min – minimal

min. – minute

mm. - muscle

MMT – manual muscle test, manual muscle testing

mod. – moderate

MP – metacarpophalangeal

MRSA – methicilin resistant staphylococcus virus

MS – multiple sclerosis

MVA – motor vehicle accident

N

NDT – neurodevelopmental treatment

neg . – negative

NG or ng – nasogastric

N.H. – nursing home

NIDDM – non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

nn. – nerve

noc – night, at night

NPO or npo – nothing by mouth

NSR – normal sinus rhythm

NWB – non-weight bearing

O – number of times performed (e.g. x3, x8, etc

O: - objective

OA – osteoarthritis

OB – obstetrics

OBS – organic brain syndrome

od – once daily

OOB – out of bed

O.P. – outpatient

O.R. – operating room

ORIF – open reduction, internal fixation

OT – occupational therapist/therapy

OTR – registered occupational therapist

P
_
p – after

P – poor (used in muscle testing)

P: - plan

P.A. – physician’s assistant

PA – posterior/anterior

para – paraplegia

pc – after meals

PCL – posterior cruciate ligament

PE – pulmonary embolus

PEEP – positive end expiratory pressure

per – by/through

PF – plantar flexion

p.o. – by mouth (per orem)

PERRLA – pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation

P.H. – past history

p.m. – afternoon

PMH – past medical history

PNF – proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation

PNI – peripheral nerve injury

POMR – problem-oriented medical record

pos. - positive

poss – possible

post. – posterior

post-op – after surgery

PRE – progressive resistive exercise

pre-op – before operation

Prep. – preparation

prn – whenever necessary

PROM – passive range of motion

PROME – passive range of motion exercise

PSIS – posterior superior iliac spine

PT – physical therapy/ therapist

PT – prothrombin time

Pt. or pt. – patient

PTA – prior to admission

PTA – physical therapist assistant

PTB – patellar tendon bearing

PVD – peripheral vascular disease

PWB – partial weight bearing

Q

q – every

qd – everyday

qh – ever hour

qid – four times a day

qn – every night

R

® - right

RA – rheumatoid arthritis

RBBB – right bundle branch block

R.D. – registered dietitian

Rehab – rehabilitation

reps. – repetitions

resp – respiratory, respiration

RN – registered nurse

R/O or r/o – rule out

ROM – range of motion

ROME – range of motion exercises

ROS – review of systems

rot. – rotation

RR – respiratory rate

RROM – resistive range of motion

R.T. – respiratory therapist/therapy

Rx – prescription; therapy ; intervention plan; treatment
S
_
s – without

SACH – solid ankle cushion heel

SBA – standby assist

SCI – spinal cord injury

SC jt. – sternoclavicular joint

SED – suberythemal dose

sig – directions for use; use as follows; let it be labeled

SI jt. – sacroiliac joint

SLE – systemic lupus erythematosus

SLP – speech-language pathologist

SLR – straight leg raise

SNF – skilled nursing facility

SOAP – subjective, objective, assessment, plan

SOB – shortness of breath

S/P – status post

S/Sx – signs and symptoms

stat. – immediately or at once

STG – short term goal

sup. – superior

Sx – symptoms

T

tab – tablet

TB – tuberculosis

TBI – traumatic brain injury

TENS or TNS – transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulator/ stimulation

THA – total hip arthroplasty

THR – total hip replacement

TIA – transient ischemic attack

tid – three times daily

TIW – three times per week

TKA – total knee arthroplasty

TKR – total knee replacement

TMJ – temporomandibular joint

TNR – tonic neck reflex

t.o. – telephone order

TPR – temperature, pulse and respiration

TTWB – toe touch weight bearing

TV – tidal volume

Tx – treatment

tx – traction

U

UA – urine analysis

UE – upper extremity

UMN – upper motor neuron

UMNL – upper motor neuron lesion

URI – upper respiratory infection

US - ultrasound

UTI – urinary tract infection

UV ultraviolet

V

VC – vital capacity

VC – verbal cues

VD – venereal disease

VO or v.o. – verbal orders

Vol. – volume

v.s. – vital signs

W

w/c – wheel chair

W/cm2 – watts per centimeter square

WBC – white blood cell

WFL – within functional limits

wk. – week

WNL – within normal limits

wt. – weight

X

x – number of times performed (e.g. x3, x8, etc.)

Y

y/o or y.o. – years old

yr. – year

Physiotherapy Symbols

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 11 Dec 2018 13:55:00 +0000

Physical therapy symbols are also being used in PT notes writing. They are often seen in physical therapy documentations as part of the patient medical chart.

Some of the most common PT symbols used in SOAP notes writing are the following:

+1, +2 - assitance

♂ - male

♀ - female

↓ - down, downward, decrease, diminished

↑ - up, upward, increase

// - parallel, parallel bars (also // bars)
_
c - with
_
s - without
_
p - after
_
a - before

~ - approximately

@ - at

∆ - change

> - greater than

< - less than

= - equal

+ - positive

- - negative

# - number (e.g., #1) or pounds (e.g., 5# wt.)

/ - per

% - percent

↔ - to and from

→ - to, progressing toward, approaching

1° - primary

2° - secondary, secondary to

This list of Physical Therapy symbols is not complete. However, they are the most commonly used

physiotherapist resume

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 22 Jan 2015 18:17:00 +0000

Physiotherapist resume / physiotherapist sample

physiotherapist jobs

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 22 Jan 2015 18:11:00 +0000

Physiotherapist vacancies / jobs

MASSAGE

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 29 Feb 2012 14:44:00 +0000

MASSAGE

There are many types of massage. Swedish Massage is the most popular form used in North America. Massage is a wonderful therapy used to relieve muscle tension, spasms, swelling (inflammation), aches, stiffness, and pain. Massage therapists use their hands or special tools to knead, rub, and stroke muscles. Sometimes lotion or oil is applied to the skin to reduce friction.

Massage increases blood flow and warms muscles and other soft tissues (e.g. tendons, ligaments). Blood flow delivers oxygen and nourishment and carries away cell waste.

Ultrasound

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 29 Feb 2012 14:42:00 +0000

Ultrasound: A Common Treatment Used in Physical Therapy

Ultrasound equipment generates high frequency sound waves. The sound waves are transmitted into a body part using a round-headed probe. The probe is gently swirled over the skin in the area to be treated. The sound waves travel deep into the tissue (e.g. muscle) creating gentle heat. The heat draws blood into the target tissue. Oxygen and nourishment are delivered and cell wastes are removed. Ultrasound helps to relieve pain, muscle spasm, and tightened joints. Feels a little tingly, but oh so good!

Ultrasound is a passive modality.

A supplement to the primary treatment (e.g. exercise). Passive modalities typically are used to relax the patient, a distraction from pain, and/or to warm muscles for exercise.

What is Ultrasound?

Ultrasound equipment generates high frequency sound waves that are transferred to a specific body area via a round-headed probe. The sound waves travel deep into tissue (e.g. muscles) creating gentle heat.The old version of today's ultrasound was termed short-wave diathermy. This is seldom used today.

How is treatment administered?

The Physical Therapist usually applies a hypo allergic gel to the skin, which creates a friction free surface. Using gentle, circular motions with the probe, the therapist administers the treatment, which lasts several minutes.
Ultrasound can also be used in Phonophoresis. This treatment involves the application of a topical anti-inflammatory. The anti-inflammatory medication can be mixed with the ultrasound gel and applied to the area using the probe. The ultrasonic sound waves force the medication to migrate into the tissues reducing inflammation.

Does the treatment hurt?

No. The patient will feel a tingling sensation in the treated area.

How does the patient benefit from Ultrasound?

As the probe glides over the skin's surface, sound waves penetrate the skin's surface causing soft tissues to vibrate creating deep heat. In turn, the heat induces vasodilation: drawing blood into the target tissues. Increased blood flow delivers needed oxygen and nutrients, and removes cell wastes.

The deep heat helps to relieve pain, inflammation, reduces muscle spasms, and accelerates healing. Depending on the treatment area, range of motion may be increased.

TENS

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 29 Feb 2012 14:41:00 +0000

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation is also known as TENS or TNS. It is a passive, non-invasive, non-addictive modality with no known side effects. TENS works to decrease pain perception and may be used to control acute and chronic pain. It may also be used with other treatments such as exercise.

What is TENS?

Transcutaneous (through the skin) electrical nerve stimulation sends a painless electrical current to specific nerves. The current may be delivered intermittently. The mild electrical current generates heat that serves to relieve stiffness, improve mobility, and relieve pain. The treatment is believed to stimulate the body's production of endorphins or natural pain killers.

How is the treatment administered?

The Physical Therapist applies electrode patches to the skin in the area to be treated. The mild current runs from the stationary stimulator through these patches.

TENS is also used to deliver topical steroid medication through the skin to treat acute episodes of pain. This treatment is called Iontophoresis. The mild current causes the medication to migrate into soft tissue serving to reduce inflammation.

Is the equipment portable?

The portable stimulator is a small battery-operated device that can be worn around the waist. The unit can be turned on or off as needed for pain control.

Although these units can be purchased or rented, a prescription from a physician is required. The Physical Therapist is often the person to teach the patient how to use the device including proper placement of the electrodes for optimal benefits.

To ensure the patient will benefit from TENS, the portable device is used on a trial basis before the patient takes it home for long-term use. Unfortunately, TENS is not always an effective treatment.

Who should not use TENS?

Patients with pacemakers should avoid TENS because the electrical current could interfere with the operation of a pacemaker.

Cold Therapy

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 29 Feb 2012 14:38:00 +0000

Cold Therapy

Cold slows circulation, which reduces swelling (inflammation), muscle spasm, and pain. The effect of cold is known to last longer than heat. Cold therapy is used after injuries such as sprains to help control pain and swelling.

Caution - if a gel pack (hot or cold) gets a hole, do not use it! The chemicals used to produce heat or cold can burn the skin. Ouch! Throw it away immediately.

Cold Packs and Cold Therapy (Cryotherapy)

Cold therapy produces vasoconstriction, which slows circulation reducing inflammation, muscle spasm, and pain.

Superficial cold is available in many forms including a variety of commercial cold packs, ice cubes, iced towels/compresses, and forms of hydrotherapy. The duration of cold therapy is less than heat therapy; usually less than 15 minutes. The effect of cold is known to last longer than heat.

Cold or ice should never to applied directly to the skin. A barrier, such as a toweling, should be placed between the cold agent and the skin's surface to prevent skin and nerve damage. Punctured commercial cold packs should be immediately discarded, as the chemical agent/gel will

Hot therapy

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 29 Feb 2012 14:37:00 +0000

Heat Treatment/Hot Therapy

Heat treatments should be used for chronic conditions to help relax and loosen tissues, and to stimulate blood flow to the area. Use heat treatments for chronic conditions, such as overuse injuries, before participating in activities.

Do not use heat treatments after activity, and do not use heat after an acute injury. Heating tissues can be accomplished using a heating pad, or even a hot, wet towel. When using heat treatments, be very careful to use a moderate heat for a limited time to avoid burns. Never leave heating pads or towels on for extended periods of time, or while sleeping.

Palpation

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 29 Feb 2012 14:33:00 +0000

Palpation - What is Palpation?

Definition: Examination by touch.

When a doctor does a spine exam to diagnose back or neck pain, she will touch the suspect areas to help her determine the cause and nature of the pain.

This includes touching the bones of the spine to see if there are fractures, spondylolisthesis, spinal arthritis, infection or other problems. The doctor may also probe the muscles around the spine to feel any spasms or tight, knotted muscles.

Examples:

An examiner will palpate the muscles next to the vertebra to see if they are tight, knotted or are limiting your motion.

Straight Leg Raise Test

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 29 Feb 2012 14:30:00 +0000

Straight Leg Raise Test

What is a Straight Leg Raise Test?

If you live with back pain accompanied by pain down your leg (sciatica), your doctor may suspect that a herniated disc is to blame. A common test to determine if a herniated disc is causing back and leg pain is the straight leg test.

The straight leg test is one of the most common manual tests performed during a physical exam. Like many manual tests, it is used to check for nerve involvement. The straight leg raise test specifically checks to see if pain down your leg is due to a herniated disc in your back. The straight leg test is a passive test, meaning you should be relaxed and the examiner will lift your leg for you. The test seeks to “reproduce your pain.” So your job is to report what you feel once your leg has been lifted.

What Happens During a Straight Leg Raise Test

To start, the person examining you will have you lie on your back with your legs straight. She will then ask you to turn one of your legs in. It’s important to turn the whole leg. This is so the examiner can accurately correlate the anatomical position you are in with what you report. The examiner will also ask you to bring your leg in towards the center of your body.

Next, the examiner will lift your straight leg up until you complain of pain. If you don’t have pain during the straight leg raise, great! If you get pain in your back or leg from this maneuver, it’s likely you have a positive sign for a herniated disc. This means that your usual pain is caused by a disc herniation in your back. Both legs are tested in a straight leg raise test.

The examiner may repeat the test while you flex your foot. She then may repeat the test again while you tuck your chin to your chest. These variations of the straight leg raise test check for nerve involvement in the dura mater (covering) of the spinal cord or the spinal cord itself. A positive sign for nerve involvement from the spinal cord or its covering would present itself as your usual pain in your back or leg, but not in your chin, neck or foot.

If you have difficulty lying on your back or lifting your leg up when it’s straight, there straight leg test modifications. This is why it’s important to speak up and let the examiner know your limitations. Another reason to speak up is to avoid an injury during the testing.

HOW TO PERFORM

A straight leg raise test is done by having the patient lie flat on a bed. With the leg straight, the patient should then raise their foot off the bed and hold it in the air. The straight leg raise tests the function of the the quadriceps muscle and its attachment to the shin bone. A disruption of the quadriceps tendon, patella, or patellar tendon can lead to inability to perform a straight leg raise.

Range of Motion

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 29 Feb 2012 14:29:00 +0000

What is Range of Motion?

Ankle range of motion measured with a goniometer.

What is Range of Motion?

QUESTION:

My doctor referred me to physical therapy after ankle surgery for range of motion. What is range of motion?

Answer:

Range of motion (ROM) is the measurement of the amount of movement around a specific joint or body part. It is commonly measured during a physical therapy evaluation or during a course of treatment. Other impairments that your physical therapist may measure include strength, gait, flexibility, or balance.

How is Range of Motion Measured?

Range of motion is measured by your physical therapist using a device called a goniometer. A goniometer is a metal or plastic handheld device with two arms. Numbers representing angular distance are on the device, much like a protractor. Your physical therapist lines up the arms along your body, and then he or she can move your body in specific directions and measure the amount of motion that occurs.
Measuring ROM is usually a painless procedure. There are some instances after surgery or injury where measuring the ROM may be painful, but the pain is usually short-lived and only occurs during the measurement.

Types of Range of Motion

In general, there are three types of ROM that are measured. They are passive (PROM), active-assistive (AAROM), and active (AROM).

Passive Range of Motion

Passive ROM occurs around a joint if you are not using your muscles to move. Someone else, like your physical therapist, manually moves your body while you relax. A machine may also be used to provide passive ROM. For example, after knee replacement surgery, you may not be able to use your muscles to move the knee. Your physical therapist may bend and straighten your knee for you, passively moving your leg. Occasionally, a device called continuous passive motion (CPM) is used to provide passive ROM.
Passive ROM is usually used during the initial healing phase after surgery or injury. If paralysis prevents your body from moving normally, passive ROM may also be used to prevent contractures or skin pressure ulcers.

Active-Assistive Range of Motion

Active-assistive ROM occurs when you are able to move your injured body part, but you may require some help to move to ensure further injury or damage does not occur. The assistance that helps move your body can come from you or from another person. It may also come from a mechanical device or machine.
An example of AAROM is after shoulder rotator cuff surgery. You may be allowed to move your arm, but another person may assist your arm during motion to help limit the amount of stress that may occur. Active-assistive ROM is typically used after injury or surgery when some healing has occurred and your muscle can contract, but protection is still required to prevent damage to your healing body part.

Active Range of Motion

Active ROM occurs when you use your muscles to help move your body part. This requires no other person or device to help you move. Active ROM is used when you are able to start moving independently after injury or surgery, and little or no protection from further injury is needed. Strengthening exercises are a form of active ROM.
Be sure to speak with your physical therapist or doctor to understand what type of ROM is necessary if you are injured or have had surgery . Understanding what range of motion is and how it is used in physical therapy can help you become better informed about your course of physical therapy and have a positive physical therapy experience. Working towards normal ROM can help ensure a safe and rapid return to optimum functional mobilization.