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Pengertian PLC

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Fri, 15 Jul 2011 06:28:31 PDT

P = Programable

Adalah menunjukkan kemampuan dalam hal memori untuk menyimpan program yang telah dibuat yang dengan mudah diubah ubah fungsi dan kegunaannya.

PLC

L = Logic

Adalah menunjukkan kemampuan dalam memproses input secara aritmatik dan logic,yakni melakukan operasi membandingkan,menjumlahkan,mengalikan,mengurangi,dan/AND,atau/OR,perwaktuan//timer,penghitungan/counter dlsb.

C : Controller

Adalah menunjukkan kemampuan dalam mengontrol dan mengatur proses,sehingga menghasilkan keluaran/output yang diinginkan.

Menurut National Electrical Manufacturing Assosiation (NEMA),PLC didifinisikan suatu perangkat elektronik digital dengan memori yang dapat diprogram untuk menyimpan instruksi instruksi yang menjalankan fungsi fungsi spesifik seperti :logika,sequen,timing,counting dan aritmatika,untuk mengontrolsuatu mesin industri atau proses industri sesuai dengan yang diinginkan.PLC mampu mengerjakan suatu proses terus menerus sesuai variable masukan dan memberikan keputusan sesuai keinginan pemrograman,sehingga nilai keluaran/output tetap terkontrol.

Menurut Forum Sains.Com PLC merupakan”Komputer khusus”untuk aplikasi dalam industri untuk memonitor proses dan untuk menggantikan Hard Wiring Control dan memiliki bahasa pemrograman sendiri.Akan tetapi PLC berbeda dengan perangkat computer,karena PLC dirancang untuk instalasi dan perawatan oleh tehnisi dan ahli listrik di industri yang tidak harus mempunyai kemampuan elektronika tinggi dan memberikan kendali yang fleksible berdasarkan eksekusi instruksi logika.

Menurut CAPIEL 1982,PLC adalah system electronic yang beroperasi secara digital dan didesain untuk pemakaian di lingkungan industri,dimana system ini menggunakan memori yang dapat diprogram untuk penyimpanan secara internal instruksi instruksi yang mengimplementasikan fungsi fungsi spesifik seperti logika,urutan,perwaktuan,pencacahan dan operasi aritmatik untuk mengontrol mesin atau proses melalui modul modul I/O digital maupun analog.

Tank level Sensor With PLC

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Mon, 27 Jun 2011 21:52:32 PDT

Where can an instrument access the tank?  top, bottom, low on the side?  Access and/or mounting is a major consideration

- Ultrasonic or radar: non-contact, top mounted.  Ultrasonic has a dead zone at some distance ( <12") beneath face of the transducer where it can't read the echo signal.   I've heard that technically, level-radar is supposed to be used in metal tanks by some federal regulation or other, but the level-radar police do not appear to have been very active.  If you're next door to an airport they might be, though.

- submersible head pressure: pressure transmitter on a long cable with a vent tube attached for atmospheric reference is dropped into the tank from the top

- bubbler: top mounted; a tube with a v notch in the bottom that bleeds air bubbles from a differential air regulator. The back pressure in the tube equals the head pressure of the column of water.   Requires continuous stream of dry air.

- capacitance: a rod inserted from the top measures level due to capacitance of water.   Plastic tanks require a metal reference rod as part of the inserted rod assembly.

- pressure transmitter: plumbed to an access port near the bottom of the tank, reads the head pressure above the elevation of the access port (assuming transmitter is at same elevation as the access port)

- bypass sight gauge: plumbs to bottom or low side of tank.  Magnetic float flips a series of visual indicator flags.   All vendors offer some sort of optional electronic gizmo for creating a 4-20mA signal.

- level by weight
load cells weigh the tank and its contents, electronics subtract out the weight of the tank, leaving the weight of the water.  Those never-tiring electronic gnomes do some arithmetic on tank dimensions to create a level value.

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About Software Avr Studio

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Tue, 29 Mar 2011 07:34:54 PDT

AVR Studio is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for writing and debugging AVR applications in Windows 9x/Me/NT/2000/XP environments. AVR Studio provides a project management tool, source file editor, chip simulator and In-circuit emulator interface for the powerful AVR 8-bit RISC family of microcontrollers.
In addition, AVR Studio supports the STK500 development board, which allows programming of all AVR devices, and the new JTAG on-chip emulator.
AVR Studio 4 has a completely new modular architecture which allows even more interaction with 3rd party software vendors. GUI plug-ins and other modules can be written and hooked to the system. Please contact us if you are interested in more information about this.

Gesture-controlled computers and robotic nurses being developed for operating rooms

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Tue, 22 Feb 2011 05:14:49 PST

lthough surgeons need to frequently review medical images and records during surgery, they’re also in the difficult position of not being able to touch non-sterile objects such as keyboards, computer mice or touchscreens. Stepping away from the operating table to check a computer also adds time to a procedure. Researchers from Indiana’s Purdue University are addressing this situation by developing gesture-recognition systems for computers, so that surgeons can navigate through and manipulate screen content simply by moving their hands in the air. The system could additionally be used with robotic scrub nurses, also being developed at Purdue, to let the devices know what instruments the surgeon wants handed to them.

The system incorporates a Microsoft Kinect camera (yes, from the gaming system) and specialized algorithms to recognize hand gestures as instructions.

“One challenge will be to develop the proper shapes of hand poses and the proper hand trajectory movements to reflect and express certain medical functions,” said Juan Pablo Wachs, an assistant professor of industrial engineering. “You want to use intuitive and natural gestures for the surgeon, to express medical image navigation activities, but you also need to consider cultural and physical differences between surgeons. They may have different preferences regarding what gestures they may want to use.”

There are also other considerations that the researchers are taking into account in the design of the system. For instance, they don’t want surgeons to be required to wear special types of gloves or colors of clothing in order for their hands to be “read.” The system should also be able to recognize and respond to gestures quickly, and provide confirmation that it understands the request. At the same time, however, it should not accidentally respond to extraneous gestures, such as those made to colleagues in the room.

The Purdue team also want the system to be relatively inexpensive, and to be quickly and easily adaptable to different operating rooms, lighting conditions, and other variables.

The system could be particularly effective when combined with the robotic scrub nurses, although they wouldn’t be intended to replace human nurses in all situations. “While it will be very difficult using a robot to achieve the same level of performance as an experienced nurse who has been working with the same surgeon for years, often scrub nurses have had very limited experience with a particular surgeon, maximizing the chances for misunderstandings, delays and sometimes mistakes in the operating room,” Wachs said. “In that case, a robotic scrub nurse could be better.”

While other groups have also researched the use of robotic scrub nurses, Wachs claims that his is the first to look into the incorporation of gesture – instead of voice – recognition. The Purdue system is also apparently unique in that it uses advanced algorithms to predict where the surgeon’s hands will be next, or what screen images will next be requested.

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Killzone 3 reviewed: PlayStation Move gets serious

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Mon, 21 Feb 2011 05:12:56 PST

When I reviewed PlayStation Move last year, I named Killzone 3 as one of the games that would show us whether Move controllers were destined to gather dust in the cupboard or play an important role in the longevity of the PlayStation 3 platform. It is unquestionably the latter.

I've been playing first-person shooters for nearly 20 years, and I've played them with just about every possible input device along the way. I'm not going to say Move is better than a mouse and keyboard, but as far as consoles go, Move is by far the best controller yet...and turns Killzone 3 from a fantastic first-person shooter to the most immersive, visceral experience you'll find on a console today.

I gave Killzone 2 a 95/100 score back in 2009, and a vast majority of what I said in that review applies to the sequel, so I won't bother repeating it here. There's a couple of new (and very cool) weapons, more killer vehicle and fixed weapon sections, the best David vs Goliath boss fight I can remember (which introduces one of those new weapons very well), splitscreen co-operative, and thousands more bad guys to shoot. What more do you need?

The obligatory "I might be gushing but this isn't a perfect game" bit: there's some weird and very frustrating spikes in difficulty (if you don't like dying a lot, don't choose "normal" difficulty), including a confusing level that establishes itself as a stealth level, but then doesn't give you any indication when you get to the bit where stealth isn't going to work anymore. There are also enemies that can kill you in one hit (an FPS faux pas in my books), and you'll see plenty of them. The frequent cinematics are sullied by the fact that many characters and a majority of the dialog are cliched beyond belief. All relatively inconsequential scuff marks on an otherwise very polished game.

Killzone 3 is the kind of game that will sell both Move controllers and PlayStation 3 systems. Unquestionably a must-have title for PlayStation 3 owners even if you don't have Move (though you'd be mad not to grab a single player Move setup at the same time).

EGO-Kits give downhill mountain bikes a boost

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Sat, 19 Feb 2011 23:11:10 PST

While electric commuting bikes are currently experiencing a surge in popularity, electric mountain bikes such as the Conway E-Rider and the KTM eGnition are also showing up on tradeshow floors with increasing frequency. Most of these are designed as cross-country and/or trail bikes, with the idea that the motor can extend their range above the reaches of pure human power – of course, they might also appeal to couch potatoes who want all the fun of mountain biking, with a minimum of the exercise. The EGO-Kit, however, is an electric motor that can be added onto an existing downhill mountain bike, with the specific purpose of replacing a chair lift for getting bike and rider to the top of the mountain.

The high-torque brushless motor puts out 1200W of nominal power, and 2400W maximum. It’s fed by a 48V lithium-iron phosphate battery, that is carried in an included backpack. That battery charges in 1.5 hours, is good for 1,500 loading cycles, and provides a range of 40 kilometers (25 miles) – although that figure depends highly on the grade of the mountain that’s being climbed.

The motor mounts on the bottom of the down tube, near the bottom bracket. This midships low-center-of-gravity configuration is said to have little effect on the bike’s handling. Its output is determined via a control unit and throttle, mounted on the handlebar. All of the gear, excluding the rider-worn battery, has a combined weight of 4.4 kilograms (9.7 lbs).

The kit is reportedly compatible with about 70 percent of downhill mountain bikes currently on the market. Riders can choose between completely forgoing the motor, using it to assist their pedaling, or using it on its own. At maximum output, it can manage a top speed of 70 kph (43 mph). It is also said to be able to handle inclines of up to 80 percent, although that depends on rider skills, motor temperature and soil conditions.

The EGO-Kit can be purchased through the company website for EUR1,870 (about US$2,520), plus shipping from Germany. A 500W version is also available for EUR1,650($2,225). Sales are slated to begin on April 1st ... no joking.

From

Rangkaian PLL (Phase-Locked Loop)

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Mon, 06 Dec 2010 23:48:00 PST

Pratikum dasar telekominkasi banyak memakai rangkaian PLL.

Apa itu rangkaian PLL ?
PLL kependekan dari 'Phase-Locked Loop' pada dasarnya adalah sebuah sistem kontrol frekuensi yang memanfaatkan sensitivitas deteksi fasa antara sinyal input dan output dari sebuah rangkaian osilasi yang terkontrol.tikum

rangkaian ini banyak dipakai dalam pratikum dasar telekomunkasi hal ini cukup membuat saya tertantang dengan alat ini. walaupun hanya sekedar simulasi sinyal yang akan di cobakan. Tetapi cukup mewakili teori yang diajarkan didalam kelas.

Rangakain ini terdiri dari VCO
Rangkaian VCO akan terus berosilasi menghasilkan frekuensi f2 sampai f2 = f1. Ketika f2 = f1, maka tegangan Vdc keluaran rangkaian phase detector = 0 dan ini menyebabkan rangkaian VCO berhenti berosilasi (locked). Karena rangkaian loop ini akan mengunci (Locked) saat frekuensi dan fasa dari kedua sinyal sama, maka rangkaian ini disebut dengan Phase-Locked Loop.

Dual Regulated Power Supply High Current

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Fri, 26 Nov 2010 15:25:00 PST

The circuit given here is of a regulated dual power supply that provides +12V and -12V from the AC mains. A power supply like this is a very essential tool on the work bench of an electronic hobbyist.
The transformer T1 steps down the AC mains voltage and diodes D1, D2, D3 and D4 does the job of rectification. Capacitors C1 and C2 does the job of filtering.C3, C4, C7and C8 are decoupling capacitors. IC 7812 and 7912 are used for the purpose of voltage regulation in which the former is a positive 12V regulator and later is a negative 12V regulator. The output of 7812 will be +12V and that of 7912 will be -12V.

circuit Dual Regulated Power Supply High Current

Free Switch Mode Pre-Regulator

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Thu, 25 Nov 2010 15:22:00 PST

The botheration was that a voltage regulator had to bead the 18 volt capital ability accumulation voltage to 8 volts at 500ma to ability the CD player, crumbling 5 watts of ability and causing a lot of calefaction central the bunched unit. This ambit acts as an interference-free pre-regulator to abundantly abate the ability loss..

The achievement voltage of this ambit is artless by ability band fluctuations. Amount voltage aberration is alone abased on the on-resistance of Q2 and the amount of C2 (re: ripple). The achievement voltage can be set so that the ripple lulls are aloof aloft the drop-out voltage of the beeline regulator at best amount for best activity conservation. The college amount you aces for C2, the added activity you can save and the added abiding the pre-regulator’s achievement voltage.

circuit Free Switch Mode Pre-Regulator

78XX Family Regulators Universal PCB for PSU

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Wed, 24 Nov 2010 15:18:00 PST

Many DIY projects require a small Power Supply.
The 78XX family is ideally suited for this job, and with this little PCB you can easily build small Power Supplies for virtually every application.
The circuit is very simple:
The Alternating current is applied to X1 and rectifies by B1.

It charges a large Capacitor C1 to power the regulator.
The output voltage depends on the Regulator you use, e.g. 7805, 7812,7815…
Dimensionierung:
C1:4700u, with sufficient voltage Rating!
C2:0.33u
C3:0.1u
The Heatsink should be enough for devices with moderate power consumption.

RS-232 Reset for Microprocessor

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Mon, 22 Nov 2010 15:03:28 PST

Introduction
This circuit allows a remote microprocessor to be reset by a controlling host by sending a break signal over an RS-232 or RS-422 serial line. If the remote machine resets into a simple program loader program, it is possible for the host to halt and restart, or halt and reload/restart the remote machine’s program. This is an ideal way to develop software on older EPROM-based systems. Modern EEPROM/NVRAM systems use JTAG interfaces for similar results.

The remote processor runs its target code out of RAM, allowing the code to be updated easily. The circuit is usually used for developing code on a target processor, but it can also be used for permanent applications where the target program lives on a host system’s disk. This system was once used to load code into a microprocessor-based satellite receiving system in Hawaii from a host system in Colorado using an Internet-based remote serial communications program.

A program loader for the Z80 CPU is available below. The circuit has also been used with the Motorola 68HC11 EVB and the BUFFALO monitor program. See my Linux Cross Assemblers page for more info.

Theory
This circuit detects long duration zero level signals (breaks) on a NRZ (non return to zero) serial data line. Normal serial characters spend a short time in the zero state, and do not cause a reset. Break signals are a exception to this, they hold the line low for an extended period.

The 10K/1N4148 parts keep the 2.2uF capacitor charged up. Low input signals go through the 10K resistor and slowly pull the charge on the 2.2uF capacitor down. High input signals quickly recharge the capacitor through the 1N4148 diode. A break signal lasts long enough to discharge the 2.2uF capacitor to the point where the following gate changes state.

The 1N4148 on the right allows a manual break switch to be used on the target CPU, pressing such a switch does not short out the preceding 74HC14 gate.

This circuit could be built with just 2 schmidt trigger non inverting buffers, the 74HC14 was chosen because it is a common part. The parallel inverters are also optional, single inverters work fine.

Z80 Program Loader
Here is a Z80 assembly language program that functions as a bootstrap loader for use with the Microprocessor RS-232 Reset circuit. This code runs on an ancient SD systems SBC200 Z80 circuit board and can be made to work with other Z80 boards by changing the initialization and serial port functions.

Keyboard Given Bluetooth Hardware by I-O

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Mon, 08 Nov 2010 16:59:22 PST

At present many PDA come equipped of one, not always comfortable one, keyboard hardware. And like making for those devices that they are unprovided some? I have thought Given to us that he has recently announced a new keyboard bluetooth. Keyboards wireless for dis positive furniture's us of are many in turn, but the no pretty, light and thin like this Unfortunately characteristics, the prices and the availabilities are not still notes with precision, it knows that the keyboard is equipped with a receiver compatible Bluetooth 2,0 + EDR with all cellular Pocket PC and. From the photos moreover it is possible to notice that the layout of the keyboard he is compatible with the Italian and therefore the writing, at least for we, turns out much comfortable one. We will be to see when it will arrive and to that price.

Voice Broadcaster

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Tue, 02 Nov 2010 16:48:03 PDT

This voice transmitter is a short range transmitter which has a 15 meters range without an antenna,and this can be increased several times over if an antenna is used.The circuit can accept inputs from music systems,high impedance microphones and any amplifier.

A single AC188 pnp transistor handles modulation.RF amplification and transmission.The 3 volt transformer used to boost the input level and provide higher impedance when a low impedance source is used.The circuit works off a 6 volt battery.

VCR and the position of the MW antenna coil(used in pocket receivers) must be adjusted to obtain the best output from the unit on a receiver tuned to a dead spot on the MW band,placed a few meters away.Batteries should be used in preference to adapters and these would give a considerably long life as the consumption is quite low.

The Schematic Voice Broadcaster

Water Level Monitor

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Tue, 02 Nov 2010 08:42:38 PDT

This single chip based CMOS circuit can detect water levels in a water tank,pool,channel etc,. and display on an easy to interpret is level display. In case the level exceeds a certain level ,the circuit can sound ana alarm (optional).Built around a single CMOS hex inverter ,this circuit lends portability as well.

CD4049 forms the heart of the circuit.When water crosses a certain level, it bridges sensor Sc (common) and S1 through S6 This water resistance, being less than that due to R1 through R6, the outputs go high and the corresponding LED is activated.The piezo buzzer is optional.Normally a small 20 mm piezo won't warm up to the IC but if a bigger one is used, a 100 ohm series resistor should be inserted.

The Schematic Water Level Monitor

The sensor is made as shown in figure a.The sensor has a plastic or PVC rod of the height of the tank etc and has metallic rings fixed at equal spaces,The connection are made using ribbon cables.

Figure a

The Finished devise can given a panel shown in figure b.This panel may either be photo copied on to film or used directly.The sensors can be fixed on one side of the water whose level is to be measured.

figure b

Austere Ni-Cad Cell Charger

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Mon, 01 Nov 2010 20:23:09 PDT

This simple,low cost ni-cad cell charger can charger up to two AA or C sized cells at one time at the standard rate of 40 mA.The unique feature of this charger is its extremely compact size and transformer less design(unlike others),hence ending up in the form of a neat and compact little module.There is provision for mounting the cells to be charged within the PCB (hence no external wiring is needed ,thus eliminating chance of failures due to snapping of wires etc).This enhances the utility all the more as the charger can then be used as a rechargeable power pack that can be used to replace the original battery holders in equipment such ac pocket radio etc.to make them rechargeable.The circuit employs the PCR (periodic current reversal) method of charging which increases cell life
.
R1 is used as a surge protector.C1 works as a series dropper.The dropped voltage is rectified and converted into DC by diodes D1 through D4.C2 provides the necessary filtration.The final voltage is applied to the cells for charging.R4 through R7 generate the PCR effect by allowing current in direction opposite to the diodes to pass in minute proportion,it may create the effect just the opposite that desired,These resistors may be simply left out if the normal charging procedure is to adopted.

The Schematic Austere Ni-Cad Cell Charger

As C1 may be charged to fatally high voltage, an 820 kohm shunt resistor is used to discharge it when the power is turned off.The LED D5 along with R2 provide pilot indication as well as a"don't touch warning indication.

The Pocket Receiver

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Wed, 20 Oct 2010 17:30:25 PDT

Not that there is any paucity of pocket receivers or that they are too expensive,or that there are hardly any well known circuit that we decided to design' another one'. It's not just another one.

The True Pocket Receiver
No doubt, dozens of models are commercially available but they aren't truly pocket sized (rather pocket oversized ). Not many,leave alone the corner of a shirt pocket, fit into a normal shirt pocket leaving enough space to even tack a wallet, Well that's the reason we thought of designing a pocket receiver small enough to fit into a shirt pocket or clip on to a belt that is - a pocket receiver in the true sense. And that exactly is what we have here !

How it Works?
The circuit is given in picture.It uses an 8-pin DIP ZN415 radio receiver chip from Ferranti. The circuit has an edge over the ZN414 in having an in-built amplifier stage. The IC contains a complete AM detector subsystem. The circuit uses a tuned circuit based on L1 and VC1 serves as tuning control.L1 detects the signals and passe them on to IC1, which in turn, drives high impedance headphones. That's all.

The IC thus allows construction of a light weight,low voltage and quality receiver.

The Solar-Powered Robotic Automower

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Wed, 13 Oct 2010 22:33:01 PDT

As you look over your neighbor’s lush, green lawns, remember that his garden didn’t turn out that way overnight. So stop turning green with envy and start working on your own yard by using the solar-powered automower.
This great technology advancement looks nothing like an ordinary mower. And indeed, it isn’t. The solar-powered automower is specially designed to keep your pre-wired green lawn short and trim to perfection. You can also use this device to lay the wire around plants and flower beds. Not only that. You can also go eco-friendly with this device as it is 100% solar-powered.
The solar-powered automower comes with safety features to protect your kids and your pets. The retail price for this is set at $3,100.

Being the worlds first fully automatic, robotic lawn mower, the Auto Mower is the ultimate user friendly mower. You don’t have to lift a finger to get a perfect lawn.
Before the Automower can get to work, you will need to simply staple a wire to the perimeter of the lawn. The wire will be overgrown and become invisible within a month. This wire can be sensed by the robotic mower and will ensure that only this area of grass is cut. The Automower will then work irregularly around the lawn – whatever its shape – until all parts have been covered. This gives the lawn an even result and a carpet-like finish. ‘Islands’ can be created by laying the wire around plants and flower beds. And if the mower hits any other obstacle, such as a tree or rock, it just reverses safely and selects a new direction before continuing.
The Automower comes with an automatic charging station. Once placed in a suitable position in the garden, this will keep its maintenance-free battery charged at all times. Besides the low running costs (around 12-25 dollars a year for the electricity consumed, depending on lawn size), the mower is so quiet that it won’t disturb your neighbours. And with no emissions, it is environmentally friendly.

BlackBerry : native push notifications

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Mon, 11 Oct 2010 19:52:07 PDT

Today we’re launching the most requested feature for BlackBerry: native push notifications. Now, after you download the new version of foursquare (v 1.9.5), you will know instantly when your friends check in. With BlackBerry native push notifications, no more getting an update 20 minutes late, or having to leave foursquare running in the background

What is the BlackBerry Push Service?
More than just an alert! The BlackBerry Push Service allows an application to give the user immediate access to information that no other platform can provide in quite the same way. The BlackBerry user sees a notification appear, letting them know that one of their applications has new information for them. They can quickly go to that app (without having to shut down anything they are currently doing) and the new information is right there. Users don't have to open the app and download the new information, the new content has already been pushed (BlackBerry developers can push up to 8KB of content in each push).
It's not a notification that tells you to go get information, it brings you the information. Other platforms flip the flag up on the mailbox, letting you know it's time to go to the end of the driveway and get your mail. BlackBerry Push delivers the mail to your kitchen table, open and ready to be read.
But wait. There's more…
Applications leveraging BlackBerry Push Service don't have to compete with other applications that are receiving pushes. One application's latest push won't trump another application's existing push – users won't miss their chance to see all the latest information available to them.

What is being made available today?
The BlackBerry Push Service has two options: BlackBerry Push Essentials is a free service that developers can incorporate into their applications and allows them to push content to their customers with unparalleled immediacy. BlackBerry Push Plus which has a free tier and paid tiers, provides developers with notification that their push has been delivered. If a content provider needs to get information to someone, they can tell if the target device has received the push.

BlackBerry Micro-USB Car Charger

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Sat, 09 Oct 2010 17:12:33 PDT

When you're on the road, a fully charged BlackBerry device is more than a convenience - it's a necessity.
Now it's easier than ever to keep your device fully charged, wherever that road takes you. Just plug the BlackBerry Vehicle Power Charger into your car's power adapter (the "cigarette lighter") and it reliably delivers constant current and voltage to charge your device safely and rapidly.
The micro-USB charger comes with a coiled cord that stretches up to 6 feet (2 meters) for your convenience

The input/output (i/o) ports in CPU

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Sun, 03 Oct 2010 08:08:06 PDT

Computer I/O (input/output) port allow the CPU to control devices in the outside world.Signals may be output to control lights,motors and heaters for example. Conversely,signal from the outside world,provided by sensors such as simple switch,thermistors,opto diodes (light sensors) and pressure sensitive devices, may be input to the CPU.These signals can be analyzed and processed, with the CPU outputting new signal in consequence.So like sea ports along the coast which allow goods to be brought into and out of a country,I/O port allow signals to pass into and out of a computer.

The word 'signal' in this context is meant to imply an electrical or electronic value,or variation in value,which carries information.Signals have no power they only carry information.You can't simply connect devices to the ports and expect them to work.Obviously (at least I hope it's obvious) you can't connect ordinary,mains light bulbs to output ports .A 60W main lamp needs 240V at 250mA ; the output ports of 6502 and Z80 systems can only manage a maximum voltage of 5V, at a current some hundred times less than the 250mA quoted for the lamp.The signals could not even light up a small LED but they can be amplified of course.

The television signals appearing at the end oh the aerial cable are of the order of microvolt and they can't drive anything either.But all the complex information about the sound,vision and color,together with synchronizing
pulses and teletext,are carried in the signal.It has only to be processed and amplified by the television receiver.

Turning the low voltage,low current computer signals into something which can drive light,motors or heaters requires 'interfacing'.The interface is an electronic block which accept low level signals,and condition them so that they are suitable in amplitude(both voltage and current)for driving the peripheral to which the interface is connected.

Digital Computers

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Sat, 25 Sep 2010 16:39:56 PDT

Modern computers are digital computers.Digital systems operate in a limited number of finite states,usually only two,as is the case with digital computers. Let us considers again precisely what is meant by digital. Take the example of clock used to tell the time.(A new meaning of"clock" will be introduced later).

An analog computer of the late 1950’s.
Those machines were more powerful than digital computers for applications requiring modest accuracy, and IMACS (then still AICA) played an important role in the introduction   of this computing tool in the industrial world , playing an important role in the   beginnings of computer simulation in industrial and scientific development. E.g. they were essential to the US Space program of the 1960s, and held an important place in   the study of the safety of the many nuclear power plants   built in Europe in the post WW II years.

The beginnings of IMACS date from 1955, when an International Conference on Analog Computation was held at the Brussels Free University (ULB) , attended by scientists and managers of simulation laboratories from different parts of the world. Many of these laboratories were byproducts of the enormous technological developments that had been brought about by World War II. The participation was truly international, with attendees coming from most European countries including Russia, the United States of America, Japan.

    During the conference, it was realized that there was a need for establishing some permanent means of communication between the members of this new scientific community. What resulted was the creation of AICA (the International Association for Analogue Computation) which was legally incorporated under the Belgian Law in 1956.

    The birth of AICA illustrated the emergence, at the time, of disciplines spurred by new technologies, in particular those resulting in tools having to do with the mechanization of information and computation. The example was followed in short order by the formation of other organizations in particular fields of applications, namely IFAC (Automatic Control, 1957) , IFORS (Operations Research- 1959), IMEKO (Measurement - 1959) and IFIP (Information Processing- 1960).

    In 1972, these five organizations decided to coordinate their activities with the creation of FIACC (the Five International Associations Coordinating Committee), which was created with the support of UNESCO.

   It had been under Jean Hoffmann, Professor at the Brussels Free University (ULB) that the 1955 International Conference on Analog Computation that gave birth to AICA was organized. He became President of the newborn association, a post he held until 1973.

    The objectives of AICA remained pretty much unchanged during that period, objectives related to analog computation developed as a tool for applications to mostly industrial problems. This included hardware questions, mathematical and programming aspects with some consideration, beginning in the mid-1960's, to what had emerged as hybrid computing, i.e. computing involving linked analog and digital machines.

About IMACS

Hoffmann was succeeded by Professor Robert Vichnevetsky who was elected President at the Association's 7th World Congress in Prague, August 1973. It was during Vichnevetsky's tenure that the Association grew, leading to the visibility it holds today in scientific computing and applied mathematics. Significant developments were taking place in the sciences at the time and the scope of what was still known as AICA began to expand to include numerical computing, subdisciplines in applied mathematics, and the introduction of mathematical modeling in many of the traditional fields of the applied sciences that had to change their ways to keep up with the new environment. In 1976, AICA changed its name to IMACS (International Association for Mathematics and Computers in Simulation) to reflect the widening of its areas of interests.

   IMACS also expanded its administrative structure, its international coverage with legal incorporations and offices in both the USA and Belgium and affiliated societies in other parts of the world - as far as China, Japan and Australia/New Zealand. (which, in a way, illustrates the fact that the globalization of science preceded the globalization of industry - something that remains true in following years).

Circuit adjustable power supply lm350k 3 amperes

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Fri, 03 Sep 2010 23:28:04 PDT

schematic power supply lm350k

Components:

T1 – Transformer (110 or 220V) / 24V (or 12+12) / 3A.
IC1 – Integrated Circuit LM350K (ECG970)
D1 – Ponte rectifier KBU4B or similar. Or 4 diodes rectifiers for 5A/100V.
D2 and D3 – Diodes 1N4002 the similar.
C1 – CAPACITOR ELECTROLYTIC 4700µF 50V
C2 – CAPACITOR ELECTROLYTIC 22µF 50V
C3 – CAPACITOR ELECTROLYTIC 100µF 50V
C4 – CAPACITOR 0.1µF 50V
R1 – Resistor of 270 Ω 1W
R2 – Potentiometer 5KΩ lineal.
For more information to consult the
datasheet Lm350.

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TRUCK BATTERY CHARGER 24V CIRCUITS SCHEMATICS

RF Remote Control 2 Channel schematic

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Thu, 02 Sep 2010 19:59:40 PDT

The receiver constituted by RF receiver bore RLP434A at 418MHz, the microcontroller AT90S2313 and the 2 relays with can handle any electric (or electronic) accessory up to 10 Amps (the contacts of my relays are 10Amp at 250Volts).

The RLP434A is an RF receiver bore with cancellation abundance at 418MHz with ASK modulation. There are 2 outputs from this module, the digital, with levels from 0v to VCC (5 volts in our case) and the analog output. Analog achievement is not used. The transmitter accelerate 4 bytes with 2400bps 4 times and the receiver RLP-434A, aggregate them and move them to AT90S2313 to RxD pin, PD0.

Two affidavit to baddest AT90S2313 (20pins) instead of AT90S2343 (8pins) is because

Schematic RF Remote

a.) AT90S2313 use a accouterments UART adapted at 2400bps and the accouterments UART is added stable, with abate code, than software UART that I use in the transmitter. If some consecutive abstracts access at the middle-time of some added accepted added than accept routine, for abiding we will apart this $.25 of data. The accouterments UART does not accept this botheration because accept absorber for this (UDR register). This is what I beggarly that the accouterments UART is "stable".

b.) with AT90S2313 we can drive up to 14 relays with approaching advancement of the firmware, one broadcast to anniversary pin.

As antenna you can use a cable 30 - 35cm long.

The transmitter is constituted by AT90S2323 microcontroller and TLP434 RF transmitter bore at 418MHz. I accept designe the transmitter for added array abridgment and safe transmition of the data.

* The array abridgment is fabricated it by the use of power down approach of AVR. In this case the AVR goes to beddy-bye with beneath than 1uA (microampere) accepted and delay for alien arrest on pin PB1 to alive from beddy-bye and abide operating.

If you columnist the S2 key, the argumentation of this pin goes to '0' (0V) and AVR alive frome the beddy-bye approach (because PB1 is INT0) and analysis if apprenticed the S1 key. If not, the AVR booty as apprenticed key the S2. If yes the AVR booty as apprenticed key the S1.

If you columnist the S1 key the argumentation of this pin and PB1 (through 1N4148) goes to '0' (0V). In this case the AVR booty as apprenticed key the S1.

After, account the checksum and address 4 times the aforementioned 4 byte arrangement to accomplish abiding that receiver takes the abstracts and goes to beddy-bye approach until abutting arrest on PB1.

When the INT0 pin (PB1) of AVR goes to 0V, the transmitter TLP434A is working. If you stop columnist the about-face S1 or S2, the TLP is stop working.

* The safe transmition of the abstracts based to transmition of 4 bytes with consecutive anatomy at 2400 bps (bits per seconds). 1st and 2nd byte are for acceptance of accurate alien ascendancy from receiver (like ID bytes), 3rd byte is command byte. The relays cachet dependet by the amount of this byte. Finally, the 4th byte is the checksum of the beforehand 3 bytes.

example: if byte1=30h, byte2=35h and byte3=02h the 4th byte (chechsum) will be (byte1) XOR (byte2) XOR (byte3) = 30h XOR 35h XOR 03h = 06h.

This adjustment use 4 bytes x 8 bit anniversary = 32 bit breadth (without alpha and stop bits). That is beggarly 1 achievable at 4.294.967.295 to accept the receiver, the aforementioned 4 bytes from some added RF device.

This transmitter will assignment with all 2323 chips but bigger is AT90LS2323 with alive voltage 2.7 - 6 volts.The microcontroller that I use is AT90S2323 with alive voltage 4 - 6 volts. Its formed accomplished with 3v lithium battery.

As antenna you can use ~7cm cable in to transmitter`s box.

IR232 Infrared to RS-232 Converter

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Mon, 23 Aug 2010 23:56:00 PDT

The Industrologic IR232 is an infrared to RS-232 converter that is based on the 12 bit Sony SIRCS protocol. In addition to being able to send and receive control codes to and from the infrared and RS-232 ports, it can also be configured to send specific character strings to the serial port when selected infrared codes are received. This will allow it to act as a host and controlling device to any slave device that can accept RS-232 commands.

On-board 40 KHZ infrared receiver module and 940nM high-power infrared LED Visible LED to confirm reception of infrared transmissions
EEPROM for storage of configuration information and character strings Multiple modes of operation available-
- Send programmed messages when specified infrared codes are received
- One and two byte binary transmission and reception
Serial port with true RS-232 interface and DB9F connector matching PC compatibles
Selectable baud rates up to 19200 baud
Pin-type power jack for easy connection to wall block power supply
On-board +5 volt power supply with +5 volt output available on DB9 for auxiliary devices
Includes all items needed for immediate use: Wall block power supply, RS-232 cable for connection to PC compatibles during setup, and terminal emulation software for PC compatibles.

10W Audio Amplifier circuit based on TDA1910

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Wed, 18 Aug 2010 22:51:50 PDT

Simple and cheap, that's the advantage of this circuit. Although the output power is not high but audio quality is good, because TDA1910 has a very low noise feature. This circuit suitable for use as a student project.

About TDA1910:
The TDA1910 is a monolithic integrated circuit in MULTIWATT® package, intended for use in Hi-Fi audio power applications, as high quality TV sets.
The TDA 1910 meets the DIN 45500 (d = 0.5%) guaranteed output power of 10W when used at 24V/4W. At 24V/8W the output power is 7W min.
TDA1910 Features:

muting facility
protection against chip over temperature
very low noise
high supply voltage rejection
low “switch-on” noise.