I am and The World

Menulis: Cara Terbaik Mendapatkan Penghargaan.

2012-01-07T22:49:00.001+07:00

hallo guys,...
how are you today?
sekarang saya akan membahas tentang bagaimana blog kita menghasilkan uang. sudah kebayangkan kalau kita punya pendapatan sendiri?jadi kita tak perlu meminta uang pada orang tua. dan pasti orang tua akan bangga terhadap kerja keras kita.
seperti kata pepatah, "sedikit demi sedikit akhirnya menjadi bukit", itulah yang sebuah kenyataan. yang perlu kita siapkan yaitu niat, rajin membuka blog kita dan memposting tulisan-tulisan kita, berdo'a supaya ada pengunjung yang datang ke blog kita dan yang terakhir adalah bersabar. karena kita tidak begitu saja mendapat pengunjung.

oke, kita lanjut...
ada beberapa cara untuk dapat menghasilkan uang dari blog. kita mendaftarkan blog kita ke beberapa aplikasi yang akan "menghargai" tulisan-tulisan kita.
berikut adalah link-link yang akan memberi kita sebuah penghasilan sendiri:

1. google adsense
2. adl.fy
yang terpenting dari itu semua adalah tulisan-tulisan kita harus orisinil, kalau kita hanya menyalin ulang (reposting) dari sumber lain hendaknya kita mencantumkan link-nya, terus tidak boleh mengeklik iklan yang ada di blog kita sendiri.
kalian boleh coba sendiri dan menikmati hasil kerja kita...
okey.

They Shoot Horses - Horses In Motion Pictures

2012-01-05T17:31:00.000+07:00

Notwithstanding Rin Can Tin can and The Thin Man series' Asta, the positron emission tomography film achieved its canine calvary in the Lassie movies. Its feline apotheosis came in That Darn Computerized tomography. (1965) and its porcine pinnacle in Babe (1995). The finest PET film of wholly, meanwhile, is Ken Loach's Kes (1969), the story of a working-class English youth whose miserable existence is briefly illuminated when he heals and trains a wounded falcon. The movie theater's about enduring pets, though, ar neither flesh and blood nor animatronic. In the Hanna-Barbera cartoons executive-produced by Fred Quimby at MGM 'tween 1940 and 1957, the brutal domestic skirmishes of Turkey cock and Kraut achieved a transcendent visual harmony that has never been equalled.

No matter however many multiplication Krauthead, atop a model locomotive, mightiness bear down on Gobbler (squirming on the railroad track wish a silent moving picture heroine), or many modern times Tom turkey power cause Boche to shatter care a vase, at that place is as practically death-defying love as in that location is hate betwixt computerized tomography and mouse. Their violent, obsessive codependency, largely uninterrupted by world and requiring no dialogue, is almost matched by that of Sylvester and Tweety, and yet this duo's was an unfair interaction that left the judicious viewer wondering, Why, oh, why couldn't that ugly lisping computed tomography just for one time sink his teeth into his sanctimonious fiddling partner's neck. Like the tragic Wile E. Coyote, Sylvester is one of Hollywood's great losers, the Sisyphu s of pusses, doomed forever to roll metaphorical rocks up hills.

Such cinematic indignities less easily visited on nondomesticated animals, whose wildness invariably evokes a state of grace that human race--those in King Kong (1933) and the John Huston-similar elephant hunter played by Clint Eastwood in White Hunter, Blackness Heart (1990), for instance--can only destroy. But even humanity rich person barely challenged the mystical hegemony of the Equus caballus, the noblest and almost filmable of animals, and the all but ritualistically solemnifled in movie house. (An exception being the collapsible nag ridden by Lee Marvin in 1965's Computed tomography Ballou.) It was horses, of course, that originally put the movement in move pictures: Model T Fords looked ungainly and locomotives cumbersome, and both looked slow beside the horses that carried the outlaws in The Great Train Robbery (1903) and the Klansmen in The Birth of a Nation (1915). The authenticity of the Western depended on horses more than any other factor, as, indeed, the settling of the West had done, though it took B Westerns to shuffle stars of such reliable four-legged friends as Trigger, Topper, and Champion. Rudyard Kipling in one case wrote, "4 things greater than things / Women and Horses and Might and Warfare," a sentiment partly echoed by Harry Ferdinand Julius Cohn, astute boss of Columbia University Pictures until 1958, who said that movies "about" horses and women (except that the ill-mannered used an unprintable term for the latter). He surely would wealthy person approved of Sony Pictures (Capital of South Carolina's current incarnation) opening Kim Basinger and Elisabeth Shue pictures and Charlie's Angels alongside two cavalry dramas in 2000.

Set in Namibia, next month's Running Free, directed by Sergei Bodrov and produced by Jean-Jacques Annaud (The Bear, 1989), promises to be a handsome horse cavalry-and-boy saga in the mold of The Black person Stallion (1979). In the fall comes Billy Bob Thornton's All the Pretty Horses, which, if it satisfactorily renders Cormac McCarthy's coming-of-age novel, should reek nicely of remudas, leather, dung, and cowboy sweat. It's asking too a lot, perhaps, that it should smell a footling of Red River (1948), the greatest and nearly adult of operas.

Espresso - What Coffee Beans Can You Use to Make Espresso?

2012-01-05T17:26:00.001+07:00

Bins of coffee beans stretch out in seemingly endless rows. The grinder has too many settings and you are not sure of the difference between a French roast and an Italian one. How do you know which beans make the best espresso?

It is best to start with the basics. Cappuccinos and lattes are variations on espresso. They differ only in their ratio of espresso to steamed milk. Neither requires its own separate kind of bean.

The uneducated consumer could easily be overwhelmed by trying to chose from the multitude of beans on the market, but do not despair. Sellers sometimes take advantage of the common misconception that there is a multiplicity of beans to give the impression of a large and varied inventory. In reality, only two kinds of beans are available commercially: Arabica and Robusta.

Arabica is grown at high altitudes, a minimum of 2,400 feet above sea level, and has a smooth, slightly acidic taste. It is generally grown in eastern Africa and Central and South America. Robusta is grown in lower altitudes and has a more forceful, slightly bitter taste. It can be found in Southeast Asia, central Africa and Latin America.

All roasters subscribe to their own methods and beliefs about roasting, but in the basic process the green, raw coffee bean is exposed to temperatures of 480 degrees Fahrenheit or higher, usually for seven to 12 minutes. The heat tampers with the natural acidity and bitterness of the bean. The longer the roasting time, the more bitter and the less acidic the beans become

There is no one right way to roast or grind beans for espresso. In fact, espresso is usually made with a blend of beans of different colors and consistencies. It is not uncommon for different geographical areas to favor a specific blend. For example, in northern Italy, they prefer espresso roast in the medium range, while California tastes lean toward the darker, French roast.

The chances of getting fresh beans in a supermarket are slim to none, and that is a fact when talking about pre ground coffee. Your best bet is to pay close attention to the expiration date on the package. When buying from a coffee house, the best way to guarantee freshness is to get the most popular, fastest-selling bean. The quicker the bean sells, the faster more will have to be roasted, increasing your odds of getting the most freshly roasted beans. Ideal freshness results from grinding your own fresh roasted beans immediately before brewing.

It is also important to consider the time lapses in the roasting-grinding-brewing time cycle of coffee. The condition of the equipment used and the quality of the water are also important factors. No doubt the debate over what constitutes the best beans will be endless, but in the end it is only a matter of taste.

Digital Camera Primer: Look Before You Buy

2012-01-05T17:23:00.000+07:00

As with any type of electronics, such as computer notebooks, printers, or a computer desktop, buying a digital camera presents you with a myriad of choices. Each digital camera manufacturer has more than a dozen offerings, ranging from the more basic "point and shoot" camera to the top of the line professional single lens reflex digital camera. So, it's important to consider a number of factors before you buy. Here's a primer to get you started.

Digital Camera Cost

Just a few years ago, inexpensive digital cameras had terrible optics and were an overall disappointment. Not anymore. Today, even a $149 camera has more features than a $799 camera had in the past. Of course, you can pay more than $10,000 for a camera, but for most casual photographers a camera under $500 will have everything you want and then some.

Megapixels

It wasn't that long ago that a three-mexapixel digital camera was considered state-of-the-art. Today, fairly basic consumer models are seven- or eight-megapixels, which allows you to considerably crop any photo and still get a high-quality print. For that reason, don't consider buying a camera that's less than five megapixels.

LCD Display

It may not seem like the most important part of a camera, but the size of the LCD display will make a big difference while you're shooting your photos. A two-inch LCD is great, but a three-inch is even better since you'll be able to see at a glance whether the photo you just took is fuzzy or if it's a keeper. Beyond size, make sure that the LCD display is clear in all lighting conditions - indoors, outdoors, and at night. If you can't see the photo you just took, it defeats the purpose of having a digital camera.

Shooting Modes

Many digital cameras offer a variety of shooting modes as well as manual settings. Many of the ultracompact consumer cameras, however, do not have manual overrides, and you must choose among the shooting modes provided. If you're in the market for a "point and shoot" digital camera, that's no problem. On the other hand, if you want to be able to change the aperture or shutter speed, make sure you buy a digital camera that allows you to do manual settings. Similarly, if you'll primarily use your camera in a specific environment (at sporting events, for example), make sure that the digital camera you select has that specific mode. Keep in mind that some digital cameras even have underwater capability or an "eBay" setting for taking photos of items you want to auction on eBay, so don't assume the way you'll use your camera is unique.

Storage Medium

Unfortunately, there's not an industry standard when it comes to storage cards. Make sure that you understand the type of film card your camera uses, and that you have a reader that will allow you to transfer your photos from your camera to your computer desktop or laptops. Alternately, many cameras come with software (usually on a DVD) that will allow you to plug your camera directly into your desktop or notebooks and upload your pictures.

After You Buy

Once you've purchased your digital camera, take time to practice and play with the various settings. It's often said that digital cameras are more like computer peripherals than cameras, so keep in mind that there may be a learning curve. Once you've mastered it, however, you'll be amazed at the enjoyment you'll get from your new purchase.

Indonesia: Inflation Lowest in Asia-Pacific

2012-01-04T22:54:00.000+07:00

JAKARTA, suaramerdeka.com - President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono said, during the year 2011 many impressive achievements we've reached Indonesia, especially in the economic field. One of Indonesia's inflation rate in the fourth quarter of 2011 stood at 3.79 percent, the lowest in the Asia Pacific region.

"Facts and figures show the many accomplishments that we achieved in the past year, there are achievements which best expressed at the ASEAN level, there is also the best performance in the Asia Pacific region, and there is even the top three best achievements on the world stage," Yudhoyono said in his speech when opening plenary cabinet meeting at the Presidential Office, Tuesday (3 / 1) afternoon.

Besides inflation, the President also expressed Indonesia's economic performance data in 2011. Namely economic growth in the same quarter which reached 6.5 percent. "That's the highest in the ASEAN region, even the other good news is, our export figures psychological invisibility of 200 billion U.S. dollars. It's certainly encouraging to us," he said.

Yudhoyono also explained several other achievements which won government in 2011 and then in the fields of economy and budget. Namely national income reached 102.5 percent of that specified in APBNP in 2011. The amount is USD 1199.5 billion. Whereas the national expenditure reached 97.6 percent, or Rp 1.289.6 trillion.

Yudhoyono added that in 2011 state budget deficit set at 2.09 percent, or Rp 150.8 trillion. But the realization deficit recorded only 1.27 percent with the amount of Rp 90.1 trillion. "From these data we can see that the government budget deficit is smaller than expected. While state revenues greater than expected," he said.

Head of State assured when all parties work harder and more synergistic, then in 2012, the government could re-print, and even improve the performance of it.

Rehearsing: A Way To Eliminate Public Speaking Anxiety

2012-01-04T22:34:00.000+07:00

It is almost impossible for one to go through his or her adult life without having been asked to speak in public at least once.
You might have proposed a toast to a wedding, or reported in front of a class. At work, you could have done an oral presentation for a promotion. Or you could have faced a group of interviewers before you actually got hired for the job that you now have.
All of these and more would require a person to get up and speak out in front of a number of people.
This can either be a good or a bad experience for the speaker.
In the United States, studies show that public speaking is one of the most common fear that Americans have.

How do we eliminate this widespread public speaking anxiety?

The key is to face your fear, master your material, and rehearse.
Here are some helpful tips on how you can use rehearsing to eliminate the fear of speaking in public:

1. Know your material.

Prepare an outline of your speech and look for bits of information which could be a major point of interest.
Read about every aspect of the topic so that it will not be difficult for you to answer unexpected questions should they come up through the course of your discussion.

2. Have a "dress rehearsal" before the big day.
Rehearsing: A Way To Eliminate Public Speaking Anxiety
It is almost impossible for one to go through his or her adult life without having been asked to speak in public at least once.
You might have proposed a toast to a wedding, or reported in front of a class. At work, you could have done an oral presentation for a promotion. Or you could have faced a group of interviewers before you actually got hired for the job that you now have.

All of these and more would require a person to get up and speak out in front of a number of people. This can either be a good or a bad experience for the speaker. In the United States, studies show that public speaking is one of the most common fear that Americans have.

How do we eliminate this widespread public speaking anxiety?

The key is to face your fear, master your material, and rehearse. Here are some helpful tips on how you can use rehearsing to eliminate the fear of speaking in public:

1. Know your material.

2. Have a "dress rehearsal" before the big day

If you are making a formal presentation in a particular place, go to the venue a day ahead or several hours before the presentation to familiarize yourself with the surroundings. If there is a rostrum, stand in front of it and test the height. Make the necessary adjustments so that the audience will have a clear view of you as a speaker. This is also a good time to check out the equipment that you need to proceed with your presentation. Create charts and photos for a slide presentation to make your presentation more informative and interesting. Time is also important so you can have a run-through of the entire speech and record your voice while doing so. This would give you anidea of how long it will run. The recording will also reveal the focal points where you can vary your tone of voice for a more lively speech. It is also a great idea to tape yourself or have somebody do it for you while you are rehearsing your actual speech.

Review the video and look for ways to improve your overall presentation.

Practice makes perfect, so it is very important to rehearse before giving out that all-important oral presentation and help you reduce your public speaking anxiety.

How to Choose a Novel?

2012-01-04T22:10:00.001+07:00

OK, you don't get much time to read novels anymore. You used to but that was another life. Before you could pick up something that appealed and because you read so much, you weren't too disappointed if it didn't grab you like you thought it would. Things have changed. Now when you pick up a novel to read it has to get you in quickly or it will collect dust on your bedside table. There are too many other things demanding your attention…like sleep!

And when you go to the bookshop sometimes its hard not to be overwhelmed by the sheer number of books on offer, especially with the big mega stores becoming the norm. So what to do?

I've put together a checklist that with a little bit of preparation can help you wade through
the sea of books and help you pick a surefire winner: a novel that will captivate YOU.

1. The best place to start is to look out in magazines, newspapers and online for book reviews – see what is being billed as the latest must read. Even if you don't have time to read the whole review, jot down the title and author as one to look out for.

2. Ask friends for the best book they have read in the last few months or this year or the last few years if like you they really are struggling with the whole when-am-I-going-to-find-time-to-read-a-novel?-thing. Don't just ask them what book was their favourite; ask them why they liked it. Was it an unusual story, was the pace so fast they needed a crash helmet, did it have edge of the seat suspense, did it remind them of growing up? You want to know what exactly made it a great read for them. This will help you to refine your search, especially if they say they liked the quirky twist in the ending and you don't do quirky. Just because you're close friends doesn't automatically mean you like the same books.

3. Ask the people behind the counter at your favourite bookshop what they enjoyed reading and get them to take you to it or give you a specific reference number so you can find it easily yourself.

4. When you get the book in your hands look at the cover. Is it a catchy title? Does the cover appeal to you? Despite the old saying about not judging book covers, publishers put a lot of time and effort into creating a captivating cover and title. Does it work for you?

5. Turn it over and read the back. Does it still appeal? Do you only like reading modern books and this is set in the 1800s? It's important to be fairly ruthless at this stage. If the premise for the story doesn't leave you wanting more, chances are the writing probably won't either

6. Look at the size of the book. I know this isn't something for the purists but if you don't get time to read many novels, don't launch back in with a 700 page tome or it will probably take you all year and then you'll be frustrated and annoyed at wasting time and money on something you haven't enjoyed.

7. The next step is crucial. Read the opening – does it get you in straight off? Novels have a bit more time to seduce you than a short story but not much these days. A good opening is like someone placing a thread around your finger and gently tugging on it. They've got you but can they keep you?

8. Has the author mentioned 10 characters and 5 different place names in the first 3 paragraphs? You want to be captivated not confused, remember? If your main reading time is before you drop off to sleep, books that have lots of characters and places or even a family tree at the beginning are a warning that it gets complicated and you need to keep track of who is who and what they're up to.

9. Are there lots of long sentences or are they short and sharp? Lots of short sentences usually mean action and pace. Something. Is happening. Right now. Usually it's best to go for a story with a combination of both – one that suits your preferred action/background information mix.

10. If you still think the book in your hands is worthy, randomly flip open the book in 5 places and see whether it is densely packed with text. Is there dialogue at each page you stop? No dialogue usually means that a book is more descriptive rather than direct scenes. If you want a compelling read then go for something with a fair amount of dialogue; if you don't mind a slower pace then bits of dialogue here and there is probably enough to keep you going.

If it all stacks up, buy it and enjoy. Just one more tip though. If it doesn't captivate you in the first 100 pages and you find reading it a chore, give it up. Don't keep persisting just because you don't like leaving things unfinished. The book won't feel hurt if you don't finish it. And the author will never know.

source: Readbud

Why Most Leadership Development Efforts Fail

2012-01-04T21:47:00.000+07:00

George was seen as an up-and-coming leader in the organization. People the worked for him liked and respected him. And those in Senior Leadership saw his potential, so he was slated to attend the company's leadership development workshop.

George was ecstatic! He loved the organization and wanted to move up and contribute as much as he could. He saw this opportunity as a positive step in that progression. Plus, he had some challenges in his job that he hoped he could learn how to deal with more successfully.

After he found out he was slated to attend, George didn't hear much more about the training until about a week before it began. The email gave him all of the details and he was excited all over again. Excited, that is, until he looked at his calendar and saw how much he had to do.

Because the training meant so much to him, he was determined to be focused while he was there, so he worked hard to get his projects all caught up before he left for the workshop.

George loved the workshop! The facilitator was great, the content was helpful, and the food was even good! He was so motivated by the new ideas and the people he met. He gained in confidence as they practiced some of the things they learned. As a part of the program he built an action plan. He left the two days completely stoked about what he had learned and how he would be able to apply it.

After the Workshop

George awoke the next morning and reviewed his action plan. He was excited because he knew what he would do to be a better leader, starting today. Then, George got back to work. As he fired up his computer he checked his voice mail.

23 messages.

His heart sank a little. As he listened to the messages, taking notes when needed on his next steps, he opened up his email and found an even more depressing sight. 91 emails. A quick glance found that there was little fluff there – it wasn't 20 serious emails and a bunch of reading or jokes, it was a solid 91 emails to read, work through, reply to and take action on.

After getting a cup of coffee, George went to say hello to his team. This took awhile because they had questions and things they wanted to talk to him about – which was only natural since he had been out-of-pocket for two days. By 9:15 he was back at his desk, ready to tackle all the messages – including the 7 new emails that had come in while he was out.

By 3:00 he had mostly forgotten about his action plan – he remembered it only when he saw it in his briefcase. He took it out and looked at it wistfully. He was still committed to working on those items, but they would have to wait, the next project meeting was all day tomorrow. . .

Reviewing the Situation

Perhaps the situation above sounds familiar to you. What is written up to the "After the Workshop" heading looks good situation: a willing learner, a well designed workshop, and a person leaving excited about his action plan. This story might be a bit too rosy – admittedly, not every one who attends training will be as excited and motivated as George, but in the end it doesn't really matter – because a highly motivated person like George won't get as much from this effort as he could or even wants to.

Why?

Because while most leadership development programs focus on developing a great training program, that is a small part of the overall likelihood of success. You see, training is an event, but learning (including leadership development) is a process.

We don't learn important, complex life skills in brief instant. In an instant we can get an insight, an aha, and an inspiration. In an event we can get ideas, approaches, checklists and knowledge. But skills come to us over time – not in a one shot, one time training course (regardless of how well it is designed or how awesome the trainer is). Skills come with practice and application.

Leadership development is a process and as long as those efforts look like events, the return on those investments will never be high.

Much can be written about specific things that can be done to make the process more effective, but you can start without that list of ideas. Reread the story above. Connect it to your situation and then think of two things you can do to make your leadership development process (whether for yourself or your organization) be more successful.

Characters of leadership

2012-01-04T19:45:00.000+07:00

Leadership involves influencing the process in setting organizational goals, motivate followers to achieve the goals of behavior, affect to improve the group and its culture. Leadership has a close relationship with motivation. This can be seen from the success of a leader in moving people in achieving the set objectives is dependent on the authority, and also the leader in creating motivation within each person subordinates, colleagues, and superiors leadership itself.

Types of Leadership

1.TipeAutocratic. The characteristics include:

• The decision is fully held by the employer. • Each step in the determination of technical activities and is given by superiors one by one all the time, so the steps will be taken later on is always detrimental to his subordinates. • Your boss and colleagues determine the specific task specific work for each subordinate. • Bosses tend to engage personally in giving praise or criticism to subordinates. • Less willing to participate actively in the activities of subordinate groups.

2. Type of Laissez Faire. The characteristics include:

• Giving freedom to the subordinates • Leadership is not involved in the activities • All work and responsibilities delegated to subordinates • Not have the authority • No co-ordination and supervision of both

3. Paternalistic type. The characteristics include:

• The leader acts as a father. • Treating subordinates as minors. • Always provide protection. • The decision is in the hands of a leader.

4. Type Militerlistik. The characteristics include:

• In the communication using formal channels • Using the command system command • • Everything is formal discipline is high, sometimes are sticky

5. Democratic type. The characteristics include:

• Participate actively in the activities of the organization • Characteristically open • Subordinates are given the opportunity to give suggestions and new ideas • In the preferred decision-making deliberations and consensus • Appreciate the potential of individuals

6.Tipe Open Leadership

This type is almost the same as the democratic type. The difference lies in the decision-making. In this type of decision is in the hands of a leader.

Exercise Can Affect Child and Adolescent Intelligence

2012-01-04T04:10:00.000+07:00

Jakarta, the achievement of children and adolescents in schools is not only determined by the outcome of learning. According to research, exercise habits also influential because physical activity can make the brain function and ability to grow better.

This was revealed in a study of 14 outcome studies ever conducted, involving no less than a total of 12,000 students aged 8-18 years. participants came from various countries especially the United States, Canada and South Africa.

In general, almost all studies conclude that physical activity during exercise is closely linked to achievement of the respondents. The more exercise, the better the academic achievement in school is marked with good grades in all subjects.

"We found very strong evidence related to the close relationship between physical activity with academic achievement," said Amika Singh of the Vrije Universiteit tersbeut who led the study, as quoted from HealthDay, Tuesday (01/03/2011).

According to the researchers, physical activity during exercise may increase blood flow to the brain. One of the functions of blood is to transport oxygen from the lungs, so the brain is always in a fit condition because it was never a lack of oxygen.

In addition, muscle movement throughout the body also stimulates the production of hormones that trigger a sense of calm, so that the concentration of learning in the classroom more awake. Some studies have even said, sporting a new form nerves that make the brain function increases.

However, scientists still have to investigate further to determine the most appropriate portion of sport to improve learning achievement. It is feared that if excessive exercise, students should feel tired and can not learn.

Source: detik.com

Look out! Use Wi-Fi internetan Can Damage Sperm

2012-01-04T04:02:00.001+07:00

Internet connection without wires aka Wi-Fi is more practical because it allows one to go online anywhere. But for men, Wi-Fi have unexpected side effects that could damage the quality of sperm.

A study in Argentina showed, the quality of sperm exposed to Wi-Fi signals tend to be worse than others. This effect was not found in the sperm that are common around the Internet network, which is still using a cable.

In research published in the journal Fertility and Sterility, the scientists took sperm samples from 29 random men. Some are placed in a room that has a Wi-Fi signal, partly kept out of the Internet network.

Once left for 4 hours, sperm samples are then examined and analyzed in the laboratory. The scientists calculate the surviving sperm cells in each semen sample, then compared the level of damage to the structure of DNA (Droxyribo Nucleic Acid).

As many as 25 percent of sperm exposed to Wi-Fi signal is finally dead, while the sperm is far from an internet connection only 14 percent are dead. Likewise, the structure of DNA, 9 percent of sperm are exposed to Wi-Fi is damaged or 3 times higher than that far from an internet connection.

Conrado Avendano, scientists from Nascentis Medicina Reproductiva who conducted the study explains that the cause is an electromagnetic wave. Internet network without wires emit these waves, which then damage the male sperm.

"Our research shows that computers are connected to the Internet without wires can damage the sperm when placed close to the male reproductive organs," Avendano said in its report as quoted by Reuters on Tuesday (29/11/2011).

The relationship between the Internet network without wires with sperm quality seems this newly studied. Various earlier studies linking more damage to sperm with heat generated by the computer itself, so that men are not encouraged to assume the laptop.
Source: detik.com

7 Blocks To Creative Thinking And How To Solve Them

2012-01-04T03:51:00.001+07:00

Each of us has the power to be creative. It's part of our natural make-up as human beings. The trouble is that, too often, we block our natural creativity and so make errors in thinking and give ourselves more problems than we should. Here are 7 ways to open up your natural creativity and keep the channels unblocked.

1. Don't Make Assumptions. When we assume, we often make an "ass" out of "u" and "me". Assumptions are examples of lazy thinking. We simply don't wait to get all the information we need to come to the right conclusions. There is the story of the customer at the bank who after cashing a cheque and turning to leave, returns and says: "Excuse me, I think you made a mistake." The cashier responds, "I'm sorry but there's nothing I can do. You should have counted it. Once you walk away we are no longer responsible." Whereupon the customer replies: "Well, okay. Thanks for the extra $20."
Tip: When you feel yourself wanting to draw conclusions, just wait until you have all the information.

2. See Things From Other Points Of View. A truly open mind is willing to accept that, not only do other people have other just as valid points of view from theirs, but that these other points of view may be more valid. A story is told that the modernist painter Pablo Picasso was once traveling on a train across Spain when he got into conversation with a rich businessman who was dismissive of modern art. As evidence that modern art didn't properly represent reality, he took out a photo of his wife from his wallet and said: "This is how my wife should look, not in some silly stylized representation." Picasso took the photo, studied it for a few moments and asked: "This is your wife?" The businessman proudly nodded. "She's very small," observed Picasso wryly.
Tip: Don't have a monopoly on how things are. Things aren't always what they seem. Be ready to consider other points of view.

3. Avoid Yo-Yo Thinking. Some people tend to have a tendency to swing from a highly positive mood one minute to a highly negative one the next, all because of what they see in front of them. It's like a yo-yo: up one minute, down the next. It's far more healthy to stay neutral and not let emotions get the better of you.
Tip: Remember that things are rarely as good - or as bad - as you think they are.

4. Get Rid Of Lazy Thinking Habits. Habit can be a major stumbling block to clear thinking and another example of laziness. Try this experiment. Write down the Scottish surnames Macdonald, Macpherson, and Macdougall and ask someone to pronounce them. Now follow these with the word Machinery and see what happens. Most people are likely to mis-pronounce it. This is because we tend to think in habitual ways and don't like what doesn't fit
Tip: Don't think that, just because things happened in a certain way once before, that they will happen like that again.

5. Don't Think Like An Old Person, Think Like A Child. Research shows that the number of synapses, or connections, in the brain is greater in a child of two than in an average adult. The reason for this is that, while a child of two has no limiting world view, as adults we do. It's like a sculptor who starts off with a large block of clay, more than he needs, and then gradually removes the clay as he moulds his sculpture. If we use our brain like a child, accepting everything without judgment, we can actually halt and reverse the brain ageing process.
Tip: Don't worry about the myth of age. With the right stimulus and a passion for learning, you can actually improve your brain's powers.

6. See The Detail As Well As The Big Picture. You may know the poem by John Godfrey Saxe called "The Blind Men and the Elephant". This tells how six blind men of Indostan go to see an elephant and each try to work out what it is from touching it. One blind man touches the tusk, another the trunk, another the tail, and so on. Of course, not being able to see the whole elephant, they come to wildly different conclusions.
Tip: Try to keep the big picture in front of you while looking at details. It will help to put everything in its proper place and context.

7. Think For Yourself. Taking time out to think is still frowned on in many organizations that prize activity over creativity. People who work in creativity-constrained organizations are likely to think the way they are supposed to think, or as others think, or as has always been the way to think. It's like the blinkered thinking that Hans Christian Anderson describes in his story of "The Emperor's New Clothes". Everyone in the land refuses to see that the emperor is naked and has been duped into believing he is wearing a splendid costume for his coronation. Only a young boy who has been ill and not party to the cultural brainwashing can see the truth and cries out: "Look, everyone, the Emperor is wearing no clothes!"
Tip: Don't let others tell you how to think. When others ask your opinion, tell it to them straight.

Once you make these 7 techniques part of your habitual thinking patterns, you will amaze yourself with how easy it is to come up with fresh, innovative and creative solutions to all of life's problems.

Psychic Readers Predict The Future But You Create Destiny

2012-01-04T03:47:00.000+07:00

Has a psychic ever told you something incredibly amazing about your future that is hard to imagine as true? Or warned you, perhaps frightened you about the future by reading an awful outcome to a situation? Did you know whether to believe the prediction or not? Sooner or later most of us who use the services of a psychic reader are likely to encounter this type of experience even if you have never been to a psychic or think you will ever go to one.

More and more, people are seeking answers for their problems through the venue of the paranormal. There are unexplainable experiences reported every day, as well as, insurmountable problems challenging our coping skills in this rapidly changing world. Therefore, there is a good chance that one of these situations may eventually drive you to seek the services of a psychic, whether you think you would or not. Should you believe a psychic's fateful predictions? If so, can the future be changed?

People tend to think the future is predetermined. Therefore, it can not be changed. That statement couldn't be any further from the truth. Psychics don't predict the future. Instead, they predict the probability of the future. Psychics read the future based on the current path you are on at the moment of the reading. If you make a decision that takes you off that path, more than likely the predicted future will no longer be accurate.

What really is the future? There is no set time that we can actually label and claim as the future. Think about what happens to time when you read a page in a book. Before you read the book the first page is the future. While you are reading it, the page can be described as the present. Once you have finished reading it, the page now represents the past. The future isn't a constant, because it is fluid and always moving.

Why go to a psychic if the future isn't engraved in stone? Think of a prediction as a mechanism that can provide a meaningful insight or some self-knowledge not consciously apparent to you. For example, a positive prediction can be a motivating force or something that offers you hope. On the other hand, a negative prediction can offer a chance for you to grow emotionally and spiritually. It can be a warning for you to thwart a foreseeable problem by taking a different course of action.

Chronological Case Version Mesuji Human Rights Commission (Indonesia)

2012-01-03T17:07:00.000+07:00

Clash of ideas between the government and victims of violence Mesuji, South Sumatra to make the facts that occurred more and more blurred. Komnas HAM tried to straighten out the problems actually sit there going, well what's the solution.

National Commissioner for Human Rights, Ridha Saleh, revealing the root causes that occurred in the River Sodong, Mesuji, Komering Ogan Ilir, South Sumatra to Republika, Wednesday (21/12).

Ridha said the incident in the village of River Sodong triggered by land disputes. Occurred in 1997 cooperation agreement between PT SWA with the citizens, is associated with 564 fields covering an area of 1070 ha of land owned by residents for diplasmakan.

The agreement for a period of 10 years, after which it will be returned again to the citizens. During the past 10 years, each year residents also promised a compensation.

But until now the company did not fulfill the agreement. Finally in April 2011 Sodong River community to take back the land through occupation.

Not also restore the land, the company even accuse citizens of the land occupations as a nuisance. Then, on 21 April 2011, two people namely Indra (nephew) and Saytu (uncle) around 10:00 am aiming rode out of the house wanted to buy the toxic pest.

They passed the road axis plantation residents (not the disputed territory and outside the village of River Sodong). No one knows the event, suddenly at 13:00 pm news scattered there are two people who died. The news reached the residents Sodong including the victim's family.

Hearing the news, the victim's family including his uncle and his sister went straight to the scene and found Indra lying in the street with a neck wound (not off) and is thought to have three gunshot wounds, two in the chest and one on the waist. While Saytu found near oil palm plantations or about 70 meters from the bodies of Indra, with the prone position in a state of dying.

"Saytu then asked his brother who committed the abuse. Saytu do is answer a security guard, pam spontaneous, and apparatus," Ridha said.

Then, at around 14.00 pm, some residents went to base camp and there were protests. They question, and asked the family why they were killed pertanggujawaban. According to residents, said Ridha, as they march did not take action much less anarchic murder.

"Associated with the 5 people who died of security companies they do not know. It's must be straightened out," said Ridha

source: yahoo.co.id

The Spatial Approach to Study Geography

2012-01-03T09:49:00.000+07:00

Spatial approach is a perspective or analytical framework that emphasizes the existence of space as suppression. Eksisitensi space in the perspective of geography can be seen from the structure (spatial structure), pattern (spatial pattern), and processes (spatial processess) (Yunus, 1997).

In the context of spatial phenomena there are differences in appearance strutkur, patterns and processes. Spatial structure with respect to the elements penbentuk space. These elements can disimbulkan in three main forms, namely: (1) appearance of a point (point features), (2) the appearance of lines (line features), and (3) appearance of the field (area features).

The framework analysis approach to the problem of spatial arrangement of departure dotted-forming elements of space. In the analysis was done by answering the following questions.

1. What? What is the structure of space?

2. Where? Where the structure of space are proficiency level?

3. When? When the structure of the space is formed sperti it?

4. Why? Why is the structure of space is formed like that?

5. How? What is the process terbentukknya such structures?

6. Who suffers whats what and WHO benefits? How to structure

The spatial utilized in such a way as to benefit mankind. Positive and negative impacts of the existence of space as it has always been associated with human interests in the present and future.

Spatial pattern with respect to the distribution of space-forming elements. The phenomenon of point, line, and area has its own position, either implicitly or explicitly in terms of spatial agihan (Coffey, 1989). Some examples of such a cluster pattern, random pattern, the regular pattern, and linear cluster pattern for appearance-appearance of the point can be identified (Whynne-Hammond, 1985; Yunus, 1989).

Agihan appearance of the area (field) can be an elongated appearance (linear / axial / ribon); appearance like a fan (fan-shaped pattern), rounded appearance (rounded pattern), rectangular (rectangular pattern), the appearance of an octopus (octopus shape pattern ), the appearance of stars (star shape pattern), and some combination of several that exist. The sixth form geography questions in advance is always included in each analysis.

Spatial processes with regard to changes in space-forming elements of the space fund. Therefore, the analysis of spatial changes are always associated with the dimensions kewaktuan (temporal dimension). In this case there must be at least two time points are used as the basis for an analysis of the phenomenon being studied.

Spatial framework analysis approach can be exemplified as follows.

".... Recent common floods and landslides. The disaster occurred in the upstream region Konto Pujon Malang. How to solve these problems by using a spatial approach?

This requires a framework in depth study of the conditions of nature and society in the region upstream the river Konto. In the first stage needs to be seen the structure, pattern, and spatial processes Konto the headwaters region. At this stage can be identified phenomena / objects contained in the upstream region Konto. After that, the second stage can be performed based on the zoning area kerakteristik slope. Zoning that would produce zones based on slope, for example steep, somewhat steep, slightly sloping, sloping, and flat. Following the third stage of the utilization of these zones are determined for the right. Zone which is used for conservation, buffer, and cultivation. Thus, no error occurs in the utilization of space. Direct soil erosion and can be prevented, and along with it can do the cultivation of agricultural crops in the appropriate zone.

Thus the physical studies alone is not enough. Characteristics of the population in the region upstream Konto it also needs to be studied. Livelihood such as the type, level of education, skills possessed, and their habits. It may be used for the development of the area the best that local community-based. What types of plants that need to be planted, how the planting, maintenance, and utilization. With this approach looks interrelations, interactions, and integration between nature and human condition in there to solve problems of flooding and landslides.

b. Kelingkungan approach (Ecological Approach).

In this approach the emphasis is no longer in existence of space, but the links between certain phenomena with varaibel geosfera existing environment. In kelingkungan approach, a framework of analysis does not link the relationship between living beings with the natural environment alone, but must also be associated with (1) covered the phenomenon in which natural phenomena and physical relics of human action. (2) human behavior that includes the development of ideas and values of geographic and environmental awareness.

In systematics Kirk indicated the scope of environmental geography as follows. Environmental geography has two aspects, namely the environmental behavior (behavioral environment) and environmental phenomena (phenomena in the environment). Environmental behavior includes two aspects, namely the development of values and ideas, and environmental awareness. There are two important aspects in the development of values and ideas of geography, namely the cultural environment ideas of geography, economic and social processes and changes in environmental values. In an important environmental awareness is changing the natural environment of human knowledge.

Environmental phenomena includes two aspects, namely the physical relics of human actions and natural phenomena. Relic physical human action involves putting the environment and human sequences as agents of environmental change. Environmental phenomena and processes include organic products, including residents and inorganic products and processes.

Studies on the interrelation between mandalam phenomena in the geosphere certain formal kelingkungan variable is then considered as a characteristic of the approach kelingkungan. The six questions of geography that always accompanies any form of geographical analysis. Systematics can be described as follows.

General framework of analysis kelingkungan approach can be exemplified as follows.

The problem that happens is flooding and landslides in Ngroto Pujon Malang. To study the flood with kelingkungan approach can begin with the following actions. (1) identify the physical conditions at the location where the occurrence of floods and landslides. The identification was also need to be done in depth, including identifying the type of soil, tropografi, plants, and animals that live in that location. (2) identifying the ideas, attitudes and behavior of local communities in managing natural at that location. (3) identify cultivation systems are developed to meet the necessities of life (way of farming, irrigation, and so on). (4) analyze the relationship between culture system with the results and impact. (5) seek alternative solutions for problems that occur.

In environmental geography, approach kelingungan got an important role for understanding the phenomenon of the geosphere. With this approach geosphere phenomenon can be understood in a holistic manner so that solutions to problems that arise can also be conceptualized as well.

c. Complex Regional Approach

The problems that occurred in an area not only involves elements in the region. The problem was linked to elements in other regions, so that the linkages between the regions can not be avoided. In addition, each problem is not caused by a single factor. Determinant factor is complex. Therefore there is a need to give the complex analysis to solve problems more broadly and too complex.

To deal with such problems, one alternative to using a complex approach to the region. That approach is a combination of approaches that the first and second approaches. Because of its territory as a tourist spotlight is multivariate, then the study is hirisontal and vertical. Horizontal study is the emphasis on spatial analysis, while the study is a vertical emphasis on the aspect kelingkungan. The differences between one region to another region has created a functional relationship between the units so as to create an area, complex systems in nature and pengkajianya requires a multivariate approach as well.

General framework of analysis of complex approach to the region can be exemplified as follows.

The problem faced is how to solve the problems of urbanization. That problem is a complex issue, involving the two areas, namely rural and urban areas. To solve the problem it can be done with the following steps.

1. spatial approach, as exemplified in the first approach

2. kelingkungan approach, as exemplified in the second approach

3. analyze the relationship between these factors in rural areas with the city

Significance Paradigm Approach in Geography

In the approach, analyzing the symptoms and problems of a science (science), we need a method of approach (approach method). Approximation method is used to distinguish the study of geography with the other sciences, although the same object of study. This approach is divided into three kinds of approaches include: spatial approaches, ecological approaches / kelingkungan and territorial approaches.

1. Spatial analysis, which need to be considered is the deployment, use of space and space planning. In monetary affairs analysis of data collected in one place or region of space that consists of a data point (point), the data fields (areas) and the data line (line) includes roads and rivers.

2. Kelingkungan, ie apply the ecosystem concept in studying a problem of geography, the phenomenon, style and physical aspects of the problem has a linkage with the human aspect of a space.

3. Territorial, which is about the spread of the phenomenon studied, styles and problems in the room, the interaction between / variable human and physical environment variables are interrelated and influence each other. Because the regional approach is the combination of spatial and kelingkungan approach, the study is a combination of both.

Spatial approach, the approach kelingkungan and regional approach in its work is a unified whole. The approach is called integrated approach to geography. So the phenomenon, the spread of symptoms and problems are reviewed his room, the linkages between the various units of ecosystems in space. The application of geography approach to symptoms and problems can produce a variety of solving alternatives.

A Respon The Climate Change With Integrated Coastal Area Management: A Review For Island Countries.

2012-01-03T08:17:00.001+07:00

Current climate change, a major issue that has been globalized world and the problems of many countries, especially the advanced industrial countries that have high levels of pollution and polluters in the world. One major focus of concern of the world on the issue of climate change is a change in the lining of the earth's atmosphere, which is dwindling as a result of gobal warming from the greenhouse effect.

Greenhouse effect the Earth's atmosphere resulting in very high heat received as a result of increased human activity in the gases which contain chemical compounds which are active compounds that reduce heat absorption by atmisfir earth. Pengggunaan chemical compounds such as carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), chloroflourpcarbons / Freon (CFC) and methane (CH4), is part of the enhanced greenhouse effect is a big influence in the changes in the lining of the earth's atmosphere which resulted in a change global climate.

Barnabé and Barnabé-Quet (2000) states that, the relationship between the concentration of CO2 in the air and the average atmospheric temperature has been around for 1.6 million years and have a relationship of inter-related in the long term. The scientists suggested that the increased temperature and interference with the climate caused by the greenhouse effect, caused by increased content of CO2 and other gases in the atmosphere

Kjerfve (1991) referred to in the Barnabé and Barnabé-Quet (2000) suggested that, relative increase in sea level will provide a number of consequences for coastal regions, such as: tergenanganya littoral area (1 cm rise in sea level result in a reduction of 1 cm coastal areas); more a lot of beach erosion; increased salinity in groundwater so that no longer fit untu human consumption; rising sea water in estuarine areas, and the occurrence of damage to the vegetation land and replaced by other types of halophilic.

The scientists believe that global warming (global warming), it will be a major impact on sea level rise, availability of water resources on land, agriculture and Forestry. This is evidenced by a series of scientific studies of the various changes that occur in different regions of the earth, who have been affected either directly or indirectly from the effects of global warming is happening right now. Dieroleh results show that, a direct result of global warming on climate change, among others, the emergence of catastrophic hurricanes cyclones, flash floods, coastal erosion, loss of wetlands, especially in coastal areas, sea water intrusion, and the destruction of coastal ecosystems. Climate change could lead directly to the coastal region, where most people on earth popuasi occupy this region, especially in developing countries, where the man is one contributor to climate change in the world today, and eventually will accelerate the rate of damage to the resources in coastal areas.

The scientists have made breakthroughs in understanding the processes that occur in coastal areas, and they offer a variety of technology solutions and the use of accurate data, for example with computer modeling, which can be used in researching the potential for climate change and its effects that may occur in later period. Accurate information like this would be needed by the island states in determining the development strategy, in order to minimize the impact of global climate change and population and economic growth.

Intergovernmental panel on climate change (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change / IPCC) recommends for all countries to develop and implement coastal zone management rencama use the knowledge and the latest technology in reducing vulnerability due to climate change, and adjust the conditions to anticipate the impact of global climate change (IPCC CZMS, 1990; 1991; 1992). The IPCC has also concluded that the average global temperature rise of the world ranged from 0.6 ± 0.2 º C since the late 19th century and the average sea level rise ranging between 10 and 20 cm during the 20th century. Predicted that the average sea level will rise between 9 and 88 cm will occur between 1990 to 2100, in line with the increase in global temperatures in the range between 1.4 and 5.8 º C (IPCC, 2001).

World Coastal Conference in 1993 (The 1993 World Coastal Conference) reaffirms that "the Integrated Management of Coastal Areas" (Integrated Coastal Zone Management) is a process that is appropriate in addressing the problems of coastal zone management for long periods of time and a brief, including the process of habitat loss, degradation of water quality, changes in the hydrologic cycle, reduction of coastal resources, adaptation to sea level rise and other consequences of climate change. Many island nations that states will use the integrated coastal management (ICM) in the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992, the draft United Nations Conference on Climate Change, and other meetings related to national environmental management strategy.

Indonesia as an archipelago (archipelago) consisting of ± 17,508 islands with an area of land that reaches ± 2.9 million km2, of which approximately 992 are inhabited and more than 5700 pieces or 33% that have been named. These islands can basically be classified into four groups, namely large islands, the island was, a small island, and the island is very small (Mulyanto, 1998).

Naryanto (1998) suggested that, in terms of geological and geographical located in Indonesia, small islands often have a potential for disaster is very detrimental to the occupants. Tersubut natural disasters include earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, coastal erosion, hurricanes, water shortages and so on. Natural disasters are natural phenomena that nature is destructive to human life. Forecasting efforts as much as possible to natural disasters needs to be done, but more important is the effort of disaster mitigation that may arise.

Global climate change that occurs at this time, will affect most of the environmental conditions in the Indonesian archipelago. It can be seen in the current conditions in which some of the islands in Indonesia have been affected by the impacts of global climate change is happening right now. The most visible influence is found in areas of islands in Indonesia is the influence of rising sea level that resulted in the process of soaking the islands (especially the small islands) the greater, resulting in changes to the coastline and the area becomes smaller island territories. This factor also affects the intrusion of sea water an increasingly large, thus resulting in reduced supply of fresh water which is owned by the islands received such influence. This condition is exacerbated by the AGI Belm tropical storms that often hit the coastal areas of Indonesia today, and its effects are felt great on the islands, especially islands smaller.

The linkage is so great between each condition that occurs due to the current global climate change, indicating the need for serious handlers, integrated and sustainable management and utilization of natural resources owned by the islands in Indonesia, so that the impact of climate change the current global level of damage can be minimized, but in order to maintain the sustainability of the islands themselves.

Concepts and integrated planning involving all stakeholders with an interest, either directly or indirectly in the management and utilization of the islands, will be one very important part in dealing with the impact of global climate change is happening right now. The concept of integration as has been described from the opinion of several experts in the above, illustrates that the integration of development in the management of coastal areas and small islands in Indonesia, is a key point that must be considered by both central and regional governments, in planning and management of coastal zone management and oceans as a whole.

The concept of integrated coastal zone management, usually based on the experience of developing countries to gain further insight. Where keberimbangan power between central and local governments are also well established. The experience may not be found in small island states where traditional culture is very thick. For small island states, coastal areas is a major part of the whole island.

According Dahuri et al. (2004), integrated coastal zone management is a coastal zone management approach that involves two or more ecosystems, resources, and utilization activities (development) in an integrated (integrated) in order to achieve sustainable coastal development. In this context, cohesion (integration) containing three-dimensional, ie sectoral, science, and ecological linkages.

The concept of sustainable management of the region refer to the planning area that require the integration of economic planning, physical planning and environmental planning. The concept of management of these areas will explain how the concept of coherence in the areas of development activities undertaken. The concept of sustainable management of this region formed from the four basic concepts that are interrelated with each other, namely: (1) Area is a unified system consisting of a complex range of interests to the use of territory, (2) An area can be characterized based on the structure and function , (3) Structure and function of the region have implications for the economic benefits and pembiayanya, and (4) Form the success of a region, can be judged from their role in meeting human needs, through the measurement of the ratio of economic benefits generated by the region and economic costs that are used in the management area (Laak, 1992; Dahuri et al. 2004; Darmawan, 2000).

Basically, sustainable development (sustainable development) is a process of change in the exploitation of resources, direction of investments, the orientation of the use of technology development, and institutional changes that took place in harmony. Sustainability, as defined, is a new objective in the management area. Because of the close relationship between social and economic development in the presence of resources, sometimes the goal of sustainable regional development were formulated as, construction of environmentally sustainable economic and social development (Lier, 1992).

Management of natural resource-based and community-based, is part of management concepts that are expected to contribute positively to the concept of development and management of the Indonesian archipelago. The concept of integrated development of the natural resources will have an impact on increasing the potential of natural resources by taking into account the carrying capacity (carrying capacity) owned by such natural resources, and ultimately the sustainability of natural resources can also be maintained. Meanwhile, the integration Development of the community, will give a positive implication in order to take advantage of the various potentials and capabilities possessed by the community for construction management and development of natural resources owned. Also closely related are owned by the people who inhabit the coastal areas, especially in the archipelago, will provide a huge influence in their participation to maintain and manage the potential possessed by the islands' with due regard to the rules of sustainable environmental management.

For island countries, integrated coastal zone management program must describe the specific circumstances and objectives of the initiative of development itself, in which the problems of small islands that need solving for small island not a solution for a large island or continent. Needed a breakthrough that has a great work orientation and better integrate computation and modern managed senuah simple system. Simple management system that can involve a variety of mechanisms to control resource use. Most of the island nation has the fishing season and fishing restrictions, the efforts of the islands in the archipelago and the revolving economy, as well as the close season to set the reef area resources. Management has traditionally also has its disadvantages. Some power and tradition, despite having good intentions and objectives, generally based on an understanding that is not scientific and only based on cultural customs and practices inherited from their ancestors from generation to generation. As a result, many of the islands that do not have adequate preparedness and strategy in tackling natural disasters and the changes brought about by various causes including global climate change.

Community-based management (Community-based management) is an approach that is quite successful in the management of coastal resources in the islands. Management is the reverse of the management approach 'top-down' into a 'bottom-up' area involving local wisdom and the experiences he ever had. Communities on this concept with its capacity as penguna resource, also to be involved in the development and implementation of management programs are implemented. This community involvement began in the planning process through the implementation of their management activities.

The various methods presented in the implementation of community-based management into a management program. In a rapid assessment of the introduction of participatory methods such as methods of PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisals), a number of experts from various disciplines in charge of collecting qualitative information in collaboration with members of the public, where access is not just in certain masyaakat group, but the whole community is involved in every stage activities performed. Communities are given the opportunity to recognize the true kebutuhann, abilities, and resources at the time of data collection and provide input as well as their opinions relating to the management program at each meeting held. After identifying community needs and interests of social, economic and concern for the environment, then developed a work plan / plan of action to follow up responses from the meetings that have been implemented before. They also compiled a struktu organization in managing resources. Furthermore, users will create a resource guide in sustainable resource use.

Huang (1998) explains that, in an integrated coastal resource management (Integrated Coastal Management) is not a working guide, remains more a collection of points of work that offers a logical and balanced approach in managing coastal resources and maintain sustainable management. Coastal zone management berkelanjutanakan provide positive feedback and dynamic in making a decision for the use, management and protection of coastal areas and natural resources in the region for the attainment of development goals, which is based on cooperation between central and local governments along with community use natural resources in coastal areas.

And further he also mengemikakan that, in an integrated coastal management program must be related to the following matters:

1. A continuous process for the collection and dissemination of scientific data for the calculation of the effects on resources, coastal issues, the benefits of the use and development, and needs and the needs of the population.

2. A public participation process to formulate national policy and system development policy of integrated coastal management and implement these policies.

3. A process for development, engagement and strengthening legal, institutional, aspekteknis, financial and human resources for the program.

Figure 2 below shows a general model for integrated coastal management program (ICM program). This chart describes the process for decision makers to use in integrating the needs of various sectors in the coastal region. The basic principles are generally drawn from the experiences made in the mainland continent or island countries of which the ICM never implemented. However, there are some fundamental differences in the implementation of ICM in the mainland continent and large island states and small island states in the general management of coastal issues.

Mainland continents and an archipelago of large coastal areas classified as areas with resources that need the special attention. However, some convenience and participation participatory concepts developed in the ICM in the mainland continent, diamana program developed based on modern knowledge and use of sophisticated technology, which is in line with legislation and policy components of power (government, both central and local) in deciding and implementing the course of the planned program, which generally this policy is a policy that a top-down.

This will be a little different when applied in the smaller island states, where kebijakannnya will be influenced by the culture and the culture and habits of everyday society, where traditional policy generally quite influential in government policy making both at central and regional tingat. Legislation coastal zone management policy in small island states are considering more association with the customs and habits that are owned by the islands, where the condition of islands which have a smaller size so that most of its territory is part of an integrated coastal zone management and development. An example of the concept of ICM on the small island states can be found on the island countries situated in the Pacific region.

Coastal region is a region that many suffered damage from the impact of natural disasters, like hurricanes cyclones (typhoons and hurricanes) including didalamanya storm waves, and rising sea tide that is not normal (eg pairs of Rob who recently often occur in coastal areas Indonesia). Archipelago located in the lowlands and has a very limited coastal areas have a tremendous opportunity to be exposed to the impact of natural disasters caused by global climate change. Global climate change occurring will boost the intensity changes that occur in cycles of sea level rise, storms and hurricanes are getting bigger, but resulted in other changes in oceanographic conditions and the Earth's atmosphere. The problems of coastal areas requires an integrated coastal management, so that handlers can be tackled by considering a planned and directed all aspects related to the management and utilization of coastal areas, especially in island nations such as Indonesia.

Coastal management for an archipelago with a great concept of sustainable development requires commitment and active participation of the community. Commitment and active participation of the community will greatly affect the process of integrated coastal management, where community involvement is actively in every stage of the management process from initial preparation to implementation konsp management program, will provide a great sense of responsibility to the community in managing natural resources located in this region, especially for people who are in the islands. If it has formed a commitment and a sense of great concern from the public on the importance of the existence of these natural resources, the efforts for the prevention of hazards caused by global climate change on coastal areas, it would be easy to implement. In addition, the readiness of human resources, technology and adequate information, perangka da regulation legislation in favor of the preservation of natural resources, preparation of fund management, institutional management and professional, will help determine and support the successful implementation of programs in an integrated coastal zone management, with a view to the urgency of each sector with an interest in this program.

Reference:

Barnabé, G. and Barnabé-Quet, R., 2000. Ecology and Management of Coastal Water: The Aquatic Environment. Springer Praxis Publishing Ltd, Chichester, United Kingdom. p.35.

Dahuri, R., J. Rais, S.P. Ginting, dan M.J. Sitepu., 2004. Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Wilayah Pesisir dan Lautan Secara Terpadu. Cetakan Ketiga, Edisi Revisi. PT. Pradnya Paramita. Jakarta.

Darmawan, 2000. Siklus Penyusunan Program Pengelolaan Wilayah Pesisir Secara Terpadu. Prosiding Pelatihan untuk Pelatih pengelolaan Wilayah Pesisir Terpadu. Proyek Pesisir PKSPL – IPB, Bogor.

Huang, J. C. K., 1998. Climate Change and Integrated Coastal Management: A Challenge for Small Island Nations.Ocean and Coastal Management, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 95 – 107, 1997. Elsevier Science Limited. Northern Ireland.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2001. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge and New York, NY.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)–CZMS, 1992. Global Climate Change and the Rising Challenge of the Sea. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Response Strategies Working Group, Coastal Zone Management Subgroup, eds Bijlsma, L. et al., Ministry of Transport and Public Works, The Hague, the Netherlands.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)–CZMS, 1991. Assessment of Vulnerability of Coastal Areas to Sea Level Rise: A Common Methodology.Rev.1.Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Response Strategies Working Group, Coastal Zone Management Subgroup. Ministry of Transport and Public Works, The Hague, the Netherlands.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)–CZMS, 1990. Strategies for Adaptation to Sea Level Rise. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Response Strategies Working Group, Coastal Zone Management Subgroup, eds Misdorp, R., Dronkers, J. and Spradley, J. R., Ministry of Transport and Public Works, The Hague, the Netherlands.

Laak, P.J.A. van de, 1992. A Framework for Sustainable Regional Planning. Edited by H. N. van Lier et al.(1994). Proceedings Paper, perform in International Workshop on Sustainable Land Use Planning, held on 2 – 4 September 1992, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Elsevier. Amsterdam-London-New York-Tokyo.

Lier, H. N. van, 1992. Land Use Planning In Perspective of Sustainability: An Introduction. Edited by H. N. van Lier et al.(1994). Proceedings Paper, perform in International Workshop on Sustainable Land Use Planning, held on 2 – 4 September 1992, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Elsevier. Amsterdam-London-New York-Tokyo.

Mulyanto, D., 1998. Pembangunan Pulau-Pulau Kecil Melalui Progam Transmigrasi Berbasis Pertanian. Makalah Prosiding, disampaikan dalam Seminar dan Lokakarya Pengelolaan Pulau-Pulau Kecil (eds. Edyanto, et al.), Jakarta 7 – 10 Desember 1998. Kerjasama Departemen Dalam Negeri, Direktorat Pengelolan Sumberdaya Lahan dan Kawasan, TPSA, BPPT, dan Coastal Resources Management Project (CRMP) USAID.

Naryanto, H. S., 1998. Mitigasi Bencana Alam Pada Pulau-Pulau Kecil Di Indonesia. Makalah Prosiding, disampaikan dalam Seminar dan Lokakarya Pengelolaan Pulau-Pulau Kecil (eds. Edyanto, et al.), Jakarta 7 – 10 Desember 1998. Kerjasama Departemen Dalam Negeri, Direktorat Pengelolan Sumberdaya Lahan dan Kawasan, TPSA, BPPT, dan Coastal Resources Management Project (CRMP) USAID.

Disaster management

2012-01-03T07:44:00.000+07:00

Natural phenomena that occur today was not to be expected ratios we did not arrive. Natural events that happened today is very diverse, who is wrong? This natural event triggered by a touch more of a human hand both legal and illegal. The disaster claimed the lives, property, and the impact of psychological trauma that profound grief, and left monuments of nature's wrath for the actors who experience it.

This disaster will be a valuable lesson and teacher for the community, other than surrender to him also there is a concrete efforts undertaken factually in understanding and anticipating natural conditions theoretically logical, one of his form through the hilly nature conservation will be a buffer zone ( catchment areas and water reserves) of human life and other ecosystems. Form of concrete efforts are sharing the role of the public role in the implementation of the maintenance of green areas, the position of bureaucrats as implementers and policy makers are expected to accommodate and legitimize community rights issues. Movement of the synergy between each component element in saving the natural environment, which is expected to minimize the negative impact of post-disaster. Recovery (recovery) post-disaster conditions of the community will be more solid when we attempt to build disaster management (disaster management) in order to normalize the life cycle including the rehabilitation of the range achieved with the shortest possible time.
By looking at disaster management as a community interest we expect the reduced loss of life and property loss. And most importantly of disaster management is the existence of a concrete step in controlling the disaster victims who have not so we hope can be saved to quickly and precisely and efforts for post-disaster recovery can be done with as soon as possible.
Control begins with building a critical awareness of society and the government over the issue of natural disasters, creating a total repair process of disaster management, affirmation for the birth of a local policy that relies on local wisdom in the form of village rules and regulations on disaster management. Equally important in the management of this disaster is socialization caution, especially in disaster prone areas.

Cheat Magatama Ninja Saga

2012-01-03T07:33:00.000+07:00

this cheat still works
way of working:
1. NS open to char
2. Fiddler open
3. dragg SWF file
4. clear the browser cache
5. play NS
6. go to SHOP

download: SWF

Cheat Level UP, ATM XP and Mission

2012-01-03T07:29:00.001+07:00

this cheat still works
way of working:
1. NS open to char
2. Fiddler open
3. dragg SWF file
4. clear the browser cache
5. play NS
6. go to SHOP

download: SWF

Are Gay Truckers Real?

2012-01-03T05:09:00.003+07:00

Are GayTruckers real?

Well to answer this question, YES!

Like with any industry, you will find gay men. As with Truckers, There is Gay ones out there that Drive for a living.
Known as a Gay Trucker. At the GayTruckstop Network™ we actually have a large listing of Truckers, From Bi Truckers to to curious Truckers.
We offer the tools for you to find and possibly meet these men to!. We have a process where we feature Gay Truck Drivers to.
We will feature a Driver when we know that individual is real!. This keeps people real at GayTruckstop.

GayTruckstop Profile: Guner , He drives for a living and owns a Blue Peterbilt.
Guner is on the site every day and most times you can even find him in our video chat driving up and down the highways with his cam on.
Technology is cool isnt it!... Guner uses a Verizon Air Card. This allows him to log into the net from virtually anywhere.
Even while moving!. Guner uses a special desk that converts his rider seat into a mounted desk.
This is how he drives with the cam on showing you a real Gay Truckers life on the highway!.

GayTruckstop Profile: TruckerNorm , certainly isnt one of the forgoten ones. Norm is the founder of the Gay Truckers Association!.
Also a personal and good friend of mine!. TruckerNorm has drove big rigs most all his life.
Norm Logs into GayTruckstop on a weekly basis and is looking for friends... Drive Safe TruckerNorm!...

GayTruckstop Profile: Siegfried9 , is another of our drivers that logs in on a weekly to bi weekly basis into the Truck Stop.
Siegfried9 has been a gay trucker for years now!. Drive Safe Siegfried9!.

Some drivers are Cruising for Sex, Others want friendship, Some drivers want it all and are pigs!.
Truckers are a fine line of men delivering freight.

GayTruckstop Profile: YurLoadnMe , is another of our drivers. He logs into the site on a weekly basis.
Is a Owner Operator and has a dam nice truck!. Be sure to ask him what his current routes is. He keeps you posted on where he is!.
Drive safe YurLoadnMe!...

Who Wants to Work ?

2012-01-03T05:06:00.002+07:00

I feel a loss when pragmatism wins over the mystical. There is a greater magic at work when you engage with Source. I believe that strength and optimism combined with hard work will keep marketing principles and other learned strategies working well for success. I have a much different story to tell.

I've spent many years in the corporate world and in the service and sales industry. Letting those learned and hard-work principles go to engage in a relationship with the divine has been one of the most difficult challenges I've ever faced. So why face it? Why not stick with the old ways?

Simply put, the mystical, the divine, the source energy, or God if you like, wouldn't let me go. No matter how hard I worked, I simply did not see the results I desired. There was a transformation already underway and I would be embracing a new way of living. You cannot deny who you truly are. As I moved away from working hard and focused more and more on my gifts, passion & purpose, magical things began happening.

In spite of all my marketing and business focused activities, none of my prospects had become a client and none of my projects came to life. Strangely, people from across North America were finding me, and rarely through my website. As long as I engaged in a relationship with the source and exercised faith, clients began showing up. Clients that were looking for the gifts that I had to offer and the connection I had to share.

This has pushed me deeper into a relationship with the mystical, the metaphysical, the spiritual - so many words to describe the same thing - and practicing a new way of being in this world. It is much simpler, much more organic, much more peaceful, and in many respects, very easy. Well, easy when I get out of my way.

There have been times when I've been in a complete and utter panic over what was not materializing. I'd come close to reverting to an old pattern and headaches would show up and more resistance in mind, body, and spirit. Within 24-48 hours, I'd back off from my worries, unable to give-in and give up the dream. I'd trust and just as suddenly, abundance again made itself known.

I see this pattern, these ups & downs, as part of the training I am receiving. To deepen my relationship with the divine. To trust source. To trust my true calling, passion and purpose. To express more fully who I am and thereby be a much better guide and teacher to those who wish to engage in the same relationship with the source of creation.

Magic lives everywhere. Being pragmatic can work, but who wants to work?

Music: Food of SOUL

2012-01-03T05:02:00.001+07:00

Music is said to be the food of the soul. There is nothing more swaying and gratifying than good music. Soothing music heals the mind. Entertainment will not get completed without music and playing of your favorite music and songs changes your tension filled mind right away to a more relaxed and tranquil state of mind. If you compose a piece of really nice music you need to write it down so that you can remember and other people will also be able to play it too. Live music is favored at parties and events. Live music entertainment consists of classical music, Jazz, Swing, World music, period music of 50's, 60's, 70's, 80's and the 90's and performed by artists who haven't made it big and classical music consists of quintet, quartet, trio, duo and solo.

Whether it is a birthday party, wedding reception, a private party or a corporate party, live music is a must if you are not hiring a DJ to mix songs for you. The choice of songs and music may be limited with a live music performance, but it is the limited selected songs and music, which makes the band endearing to people. DJs would charge 25% – 50% of what a live music performing band charges. However, the charm of live music is something that is enticing if one can afford it. Some live music performing bands capture and reproduce the tone of music that were not recorded properly by the ingenuous recording machines of the 50's and the 60's. Performances of live music can be known on any instrument as a piano, guitar, keyboard, harpoon, flute, trumpet, saxophone and the jazz set.

Music is intimately related to the subliminal mind because it blends our emotions. Perhaps you can recall listening to a jingle and finding the tune and the advertising slogan replaying in your mind over and over, even if you disliked the jingle. It just trapped into your mind. Hypnosis is another prevailing trait of music. One of the main reasons for using music for self-hypnosis is to help you maintain mental and emotional focus on your outcome. The music that helps to elicit within you emotions which are appropriate for your self-hypnosis outcome, will take care of the focus. Your intention can then ride of the wave of music, making focusing an effortless process.

Benefits:

Music has quite a lot of advantages despite serious reductions in subsidy for arts programs in public schools, there is a great need for studying music. Band, orchestra, and choir all offer students a chance to work together in a social and intellectual group setting and excel at complex tasks. The deception for parents is to enroll their children in high quality programs and aid them in procuring high quality instruments.

At Night

2012-01-02T23:39:00.000+07:00

I want to say good night to you
I know you're not here with me,
but many miles away the stone, from my
My heart is so empty and lonely without you
As I wiped the tears from my eyes, I try to hide.
I try to close my eyes and forget you instantly.
But with the sadness in me first cry.
Suddenly I remember what ever you tell me
star look if you missed me
gaze months if you want betemu
I go on and on without waiting for weary

When distance tends to make us separate,
I'll keep you always in my heart
When the night together, should not be ours,
Just close you eyes and I met on a bed of the stars.
I imagined your smile, take my sleep
And I gently close my eyes, feel you near me dg
what a beautiful sprinkling of stars, dark night mengihiasi
But you're not there, not in arms
I sit alone waiting, with hope in my heart,
No longer want to keep lonely ... who extends
Suddenly in the distance, shadows appeared, in front of me
A tear rolls on my face and picture your face clearly visible.
in my mind, I miss you

How To Play Texas Holdem: For Beginner

2010-10-04T02:39:00.000+07:00

Texas Holdem is by far the most common for of poker played today due to is popularity there are even several TV shows of the game. Besides being popular texas Holdem is also the best game for a beginner to learn, the game can be learned after a few minutes and afte just a few hours of practice you can be playing fairly well against other beginners, but to really get good you must play often.

Texas Holdem is played the same way in the casino, online casinos and in your home with your pals.
Texas Holdem is played in the following manner:
1. Betting structures can vary. In Texas Holdem rarely are antes used. Most Texas Holdem games start with first two players on the dealers left placing predetermined bets. These players are called the small and large blind, and their bets are called posting the blinds.

2. Each player receives 2 cards face down. These cards are called you pocket cards and they are the only cards that are unique to you.

3. After each player is dealt their hole cards a round of betting takes place starting with the player to the left of the 2 blinds this round of betting is called the pre-flop. Just like in any other poker game a player can call raise of fold during their turn.

4. After the Pre-Flop round is over the dealer will remove the top card from the deck and discard it, this is called the Burn Card. This is done to make sure that no cheating is done. The dealer will then turn over 3 cards in the center of the table. This round is called the Flop. Any player may use any of these cards to make the best 5 card hand possible, but you are not allowed to actually touch the cards, each player can use the same cards if it help them, this is why your hole cards are so important.

5. As with the pre-flop there is now another round of betting, it is at this point you will start to see players folding.

6. After the betting is over, the dealer will burn another card, then deal the fourth of the communal cards. This card is called the Turn card

7. Again another round of betting begins and now is when you will start to see the size of the pot really grow.

8. One last time the dealer burns the top card before turning over the last card of the game, called the River card. Players now have all 5 of the communal cards and their own hole card to make the best 5 card hand.

9. One last chance is given to raise the bets or get out of the game. After this each player still in the game will show their cards. This is called the Showdown. The player with the best hand is declared the winner and wins the pot.

Now that you know the basic order of the game you are ready to start playing Texas Holdem. Holdem is a simple game to learn but if hard to master. This is the part that will take you many hand and many dollars, but if you put in the time you will be rewarded for it.

resource: readbud

Albert Einstein, The World as I See It, 1931

2010-10-04T02:34:00.000+07:00

"The most beautiful experience we can have is the mysterious. It is the fundamental emotion that stands at the cradle of true art and true science."
The debate between realism and anti-realism is, at least, a century old. Does Science describe the real world - or are its theories true only within a certain conceptual framework? Is science only instrumental or empirically adequate or is there more to it than that?

The current - mythological - image of scientific enquiry is as follows:

Without resorting to reality, one can, given infinite time and resources, produce all conceivable theories. One of these theories is bound to be the "truth". To decide among them, scientists conduct experiments and compare their results to predictions yielded by the theories. A theory is falsified when one or more of its predictions fails. No amount of positive results - i.e., outcomes that confirm the theory's predictions - can "prove right" a theory. Theories can only be proven false by that great arbiter, reality.

Jose Ortega y Gasset said (in an unrelated exchange) that all ideas stem from pre-rational beliefs. William James concurred by saying that accepting a truth often requires an act of will which goes beyond facts and into the realm of feelings. Maybe so, but there is little doubt today that beliefs are somehow involved in the formation of many scientific ideas, if not of the very endeavor of Science. After all, Science is a human activity and humans always believe that things exist (=are true) or could be true.

A distinction is traditionally made between believing in something's existence, truth, value of appropriateness (this is the way that it ought to be) - and believing that something. The latter is a propositional attitude: we think that something, we wish that something, we feel that something and we believe that something. Believing in A and believing that A - are different.

It is reasonable to assume that belief is a limited affair. Few of us would tend to believe in contradictions and falsehoods. Catholic theologians talk about explicit belief (in something which is known to the believer to be true) versus implicit one (in the known consequences of something whose truth cannot be known). Truly, we believe in the probability of something (we, thus, express an opinion) - or in its certain existence (truth).

All humans believe in the existence of connections or relationships between things. This is not something which can be proven or proven false (to use Popper's test). That things consistently follow each other does not prove they are related in any objective, "real", manner - except in our minds. This belief in some order (if we define order as permanent relations between separate physical or abstract entities) permeates both Science and Superstition. They both believe that there must be - and is - a connection between things out there.

Science limits itself and believes that only certain entities inter-relate within well defined conceptual frames (called theories). Not everything has the potential to connect to everything else. Entities are discriminated, differentiated, classified and assimilated in worldviews in accordance with the types of connections that they forge with each other.

Moreover, Science believes that it has a set of very effective tools to diagnose, distinguish, observe and describe these relationships. It proves its point by issuing highly accurate predictions based on the relationships discerned through the use of said tools. Science (mostly) claims that these connections are "true" in the sense that they are certain - not probable.

The cycle of formulation, prediction and falsification (or proof) is the core of the human scientific activity. Alleged connections that cannot be captured in these nets of reasoning are cast out either as "hypothetical" or as "false". In other words: Science defines "relations between entities" as "relations between entities which have been established and tested using the scientific apparatus and arsenal of tools". This, admittedly, is a very cyclical argument, as close to tautology as it gets.

Superstition is a much simpler matter: everything is connected to everything in ways unbeknown to us. We can only witness the results of these subterranean currents and deduce the existence of such currents from the observable flotsam. The planets influence our lives, dry coffee sediments contain information about the future, black cats portend disasters, certain dates are propitious, certain numbers are to be avoided. The world is unsafe because it can never be fathomed. But the fact that we - limited as we are - cannot learn about a hidden connection - should not imply that it does not exist.

Science believes in two categories of relationships between entities (physical and abstract alike). The one is the category of direct links - the other that of links through a third entity. In the first case, A and B are seen to be directly related. In the second case, there is no apparent link between A and B, but a third entity, C could well provide such a connection (for instance, if A and B are parts of C or are separately, but concurrently somehow influenced by it).

Each of these two categories is divided to three subcategories: causal relationships, functional relationships and correlative relationship.

A and B will be said to be causally related if A precedes B, B never occurs if A does not precede it and always occurs after A occurs. To the discerning eye, this would seem to be a relationship of correlation ("whenever A happens B happens") and this is true. Causation is subsumed by a the 1.0 correlation relationship category. In other words: it is a private case of the more general case of correlation.

A and B are functionally related if B can be predicted by assuming A but we have no way of establishing the truth value of A. The latter is a postulate or axiom. The time dependent Schrödinger Equation is a postulate (cannot be derived, it is only reasonable). Still, it is the dynamic laws underlying wave mechanics, an integral part of quantum mechanics, the most accurate scientific theory that we have. An unproved, non-derivable equation is related functionally to a host of exceedingly precise statements about the real world (observed experimental results).

A and B are correlated if A explains a considerable part of the existence or the nature of B. It is then clear that A and B are related. Evolution has equipped us with highly developed correlation mechanisms because they are efficient in insuring survival. To see a tiger and to associate the awesome sight with a sound is very useful.

Still, we cannot state with any modicum of certainty that we possess all the conceivable tools for the detection, description, analysis and utilization of relations between entities. Put differently: we cannot say that there are no connections that escape the tight nets that we cast in order to capture them. We cannot, for instance, say with any degree of certainty that there are no hyper-structures which would provide new, surprising insights into the interconnectedness of objects in the real world or in our mind. We cannot even say that the epistemological structures with which we were endowed are final or satisfactory. We do not know enough about knowing.

Consider the cases of Non-Aristotelian logic formalisms, Non-Euclidean geometries, Newtonian Mechanics and non classical physical theories (the relativity theories and, more so, quantum mechanics and its various interpretations). All of them revealed to us connections which we could not have imagined prior to their appearance. All of them created new tools for the capture of interconnectivity and inter-relatedness. All of them suggested one kind or the other of mental hyper-structures in which new links between entities (hitherto considered disparate) could be established.

So far, so good for superstitions. Today's superstition could well become tomorrow's Science given the right theoretical developments. The source of the clash lies elsewhere, in the insistence of superstitions upon a causal relation.

The general structure of a superstition is: A is caused by B. The causation propagates through unknown (one or more) mechanisms. These mechanisms are unidentified (empirically) or unidentifiable (in principle). For instance, al the mechanisms of causal propagation which are somehow connected to divine powers can never, in principle, be understood (because the true nature of divinity is sealed to human understanding).

Thus, superstitions incorporate mechanisms of action which are, either, unknown to Science – or are impossible to know, as far as Science goes. All the "action-at-a-distance" mechanisms are of the latter type (unknowable). Parapsychological mechanisms are more of the first kind (unknown).

The philosophical argument behind superstitions is pretty straightforward and appealing. Perhaps this is the source of their appeal. It goes as follows:

There is nothing that can be thought of that is impossible (in all the Universes);
There is nothing impossible (in all the Universes) that can be thought of;
Everything that can be thought about – is, therefore, possible (somewhere in the Universes);
Everything that is possible exists (somewhere in the Universes).
If something can be thought of (=is possible) and is not known (=proven or observed) yet - it is most probably due to the shortcomings of Science and not because it does not exist.

Some of these propositions can be easily attacked. For instance: we can think about contradictions and falsehoods but (apart from a form of mental representation) no one will claim that they exist in reality or that they are possible. These statements, though, apply very well to entities, the existence of which has yet to be disproved (=not known as false, or whose truth value is uncertain) and to improbable (though possible) things. It is in these formal logical niches that superstition thrives.

APPENDIX - From "The Cycle of Science"
"There was a time when the newspapers said that only twelve men understood the theory of relativity. I do not believe that there ever was such a time... On the other hand, I think it is safe to say that no one understands quantum mechanics... Do not keep saying to yourself, if you can possibly avoid it, 'But how can it be like that?', because you will get 'down the drain' into a blind alley from which nobody has yet escaped. Nobody knows how it can be like that."
R. P. Feynman (1967)

"The first processes, therefore, in the effectual studies of the sciences, must be ones of simplification and reduction of the results of previous investigations to a form in which the mind can grasp them."
J. C. Maxwell, On Faraday's lines of force

" ...conventional formulations of quantum theory, and of quantum field theory in particular, are unprofessionally vague and ambiguous. Professional theoretical physicists ought to be able to do better. Bohm has shown us a way."
John S. Bell, Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics

"It would seem that the theory [quantum mechanics] is exclusively concerned about 'results of measurement', and has nothing to say about anything else. What exactly qualifies some physical systems to play the role of 'measurer'? Was the wavefunction of the world waiting to jump for thousands of millions of years until a single-celled living creature appeared? Or did it have to wait a little longer, for some better qualified system ... with a Ph.D.? If the theory is to apply to anything but highly idealized laboratory operations, are we not obliged to admit that more or less 'measurement-like' processes are going on more or less all the time, more or less everywhere. Do we not have jumping then all the time?

The first charge against 'measurement', in the fundamental axioms of quantum mechanics, is that it anchors the shifty split of the world into 'system' and 'apparatus'. A second charge is that the word comes loaded with meaning from everyday life, meaning which is entirely inappropriate in the quantum context. When it is said that something is 'measured' it is difficult not to think of the result as referring to some pre-existing property of the object in question. This is to disregard Bohr's insistence that in quantum phenomena the apparatus as well as the system is essentially involved. If it were not so, how could we understand, for example, that 'measurement' of a component of 'angular momentum' ... in an arbitrarily chosen direction ... yields one of a discrete set of values? When one forgets the role of the apparatus, as the word 'measurement' makes all too likely, one despairs of ordinary logic ... hence 'quantum logic'. When one remembers the role of the apparatus, ordinary logic is just fine.

In other contexts, physicists have been able to take words from ordinary language and use them as technical terms with no great harm done. Take for example the 'strangeness', 'charm', and 'beauty' of elementary particle physics. No one is taken in by this 'baby talk'... Would that it were so with 'measurement'. But in fact the word has had such a damaging effect on the discussion, that I think it should now be banned altogether in quantum mechanics."
J. S. Bell, Against "Measurement"

"Is it not clear from the smallness of the scintillation on the screen that we have to do with a particle? And is it not clear, from the diffraction and interference patterns, that the motion of the particle is directed by a wave? De Broglie showed in detail how the motion of a particle, passing through just one of two holes in screen, could be influenced by waves propagating through both holes. And so influenced that the particle does not go where the waves cancel out, but is attracted to where they co-operate. This idea seems to me so natural and simple, to resolve the wave-particle dilemma in such a clear and ordinary way, that it is a great mystery to me that it was so generally ignored."
J. S. Bell, Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics

"...in physics the only observations we must consider are position observations, if only the positions of instrument pointers. It is a great merit of the de Broglie-Bohm picture to force us to consider this fact. If you make axioms, rather than definitions and theorems, about the "measurement" of anything else, then you commit redundancy and risk inconsistency."
J. S. Bell, Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics

"To outward appearance, the modern world was born of an anti religious movement: man becoming self-sufficient and reason supplanting belief. Our generation and the two that preceded it have heard little of but talk of the conflict between science and faith; indeed it seemed at one moment a foregone conclusion that the former was destined to take the place of the latter... After close on two centuries of passionate struggles, neither science nor faith has succeeded in discrediting its adversary.
On the contrary, it becomes obvious that neither can develop normally without the other. And the reason is simple: the same life animates both. Neither in its impetus nor its achievements can science go to its limits without becoming tinged with mysticism and charged with faith."
Pierre Thierry de Chardin, "The Phenomenon of Man"

I opened this appendix with lengthy quotations of John S. Bell, the main proponent of the Bohemian Mechanics interpretation of Quantum Mechanics (really, an alternative rather than an interpretation). The renowned physicist, David Bohm (in the 50s), basing himself on work done much earlier by de Broglie (the unwilling father of the wave-particle dualism), embedded the Schrödinger Equation (SE throughout this article) in a deterministic physical theory which postulated a non-Newtonian motion of particles. This is a fine example of the life cycle of scientific theories.

Witchcraft, Religion, Alchemy and Science succeeded one another and each such transition was characterized by transitional pathologies reminiscent of psychotic disorders. The exceptions are (arguably) medicine and biology. A phenomenology of ossified bodies of knowledge would make a fascinating read. This is the end of the aforementioned life cycle: Growth, Pathology, Ossification.

This article identifies the current Ossification Phase of Science and suggests that it is soon to be succeeded by another discipline. It does so after studying and rejecting other explanations to the current state of science: that human knowledge is limited by its very nature, that the world is inherently incomprehensible, that methods of thought and understanding tend to self-organize to form closed mythic systems and that there is a problem of the language which we employ to make our inquiries of the world describable and communicable.

Kuhn's approach to Scientific Revolutions is but one of a series of approaches to issues of theory and paradigm shifts in scientific thought and its resulting evolution. Scientific theories seem to be subject to a process of natural selection as much as organisms are in nature.

Animals could be construed to be theorems (with a positive truth value) in the logical system "Nature". But species become extinct because nature itself changes (not nature as a set of potentials - but the relevant natural phenomena to which the species are exposed). Could we say the same about scientific theories? Are they being selected and deselected partly due to a changing, shifting backdrop?

Indeed, the whole debate between "realists" and "anti-realists" in the philosophy of Science can be thus settled, by adopting this single premise: that the Universe itself is not a fixture. By contrasting a fixed subject of the study ("The World") with the moving image of Science - anti-realists gained the upper hand.

Arguments such as the under-determination of theories by data and the pessimistic meta-inductions from past falsity (of scientific "knowledge") emphasized the transience and asymptotic nature of the fruits of the scientific endeavor. But all this rests on the implicit assumption that there is some universal, immutable, truth out there (which science strives to approximate). The apparent problem evaporates if we allow both the observer and the observed, the theory and its subject, the background, as well as the fleeting images, to be alterable.

Science develops through reduction of miracles. Laws of nature are formulated. They are assumed to encompass all the (relevant) natural phenomena (that is, phenomena governed by natural forces and within nature). Ex definitio, nothing can exist outside nature - it is all-inclusive and all-pervasive, omnipresent (formerly the attributes of the divine).

Supernatural forces, supernatural intervention - are a contradiction in terms, oxymorons. If it exists - it is natural. That which is supernatural - does not exist. Miracles do not only contravene (or violate) the laws of nature - they are impossible, not only physically, but also logically. That which is logically possible and can be experienced (observed), is physically possible. But, again, we confront the "fixed background" assumption. What if nature itself changes in a way to confound everlasting, ever-truer knowledge? Then, the very shift of nature as a whole, as a system, could be called "supernatural" or "miraculous".

In a small way, this is how science evolves. A law of nature is proposed. An event or occurs or observation made which are not described or predicted by it. It is, by definition, a violation of the law. The laws of nature are modified, or re-written entirely, in order to reflect and encompass this extraordinary event. Hume's distinction between "extraordinary" and "miraculous" events is upheld (the latter being ruled out).

The extraordinary ones can be compared to our previous experience - the miraculous entail some supernatural interference with the normal course of things (a "wonder" in Biblical terms). It is through confronting the extraordinary and eliminating its abnormal nature that science progresses as a miraculous activity. This, of course, is not the view of the likes of David Deutsch (see his book, "The Fabric of Reality").

The last phase of this Life Cycle is Ossification. The discipline degenerates and, following the psychotic phase, it sinks into a paralytic stage which is characterized by the following:

All the practical and technological aspects of the discipline are preserved and continue to be utilized. Gradually the conceptual and theoretical underpinnings vanish or are replaced by the tenets and postulates of a new discipline - but the inventions, processes and practical know-how do not evaporate. They are incorporated into the new discipline and, in time, are erroneously attributed to it. This is a transfer of credit and the attribution of merit and benefits to the legitimate successor of the discipline.

The practitioners of the discipline confine themselves to copying and replicating the various aspects of the discipline, mainly its intellectual property (writings, inventions, other theoretical material). The replication process does not lead to the creation of new knowledge or even to the dissemination of old one. It is a hermetic process, limited to the ever decreasing circle of the initiated. Special institutions are set up to rehash the materials related to the discipline, process them and copy them. These institutions are financed and supported by the State which is always an agent of conservation, preservation and conformity.

Thus, the creative-evolutionary dimension of the discipline freezes over. No new paradigms or revolutions happen. Interpretation and replication of canonical writings become the predominant activity. Formalisms are not subjected to scrutiny and laws assume eternal, immutable, quality.

All the activities of the adherents of the discipline become ritualized. The discipline itself becomes a pillar of the power structures and, as such, is commissioned and condoned by them. Its practitioners synergistically collaborate with them: with the industrial base, the military powerhouse, the political elite, the intellectual cliques in vogue. Institutionalization inevitably leads to the formation of a (mostly bureaucratic) hierarchy. Rituals serve two purposes. The first is to divert attention from subversive, "forbidden" thinking.

This is very much as is the case with obsessive-compulsive disorders in individuals who engage in ritualistic behavior patterns to deflect "wrong" or "corrupt" thoughts. And the second purpose is to cement the power of the "clergy" of the discipline. Rituals are a specialized form of knowledge which can be obtained only through initiation procedures and personal experience. One's status in the hierarchy is not the result of objectively quantifiable variables or even of judgment of merit. It is the result of politics and other power-related interactions. The cases of "Communist Genetics" (Lysenko) versus "Capitalist Genetics" and of the superpower races (space race, arms race) come to mind.

Conformity, dogmatism, doctrines - all lead to enforcement mechanisms which are never subtle. Dissidents are subjected to sanctions: social sanctions and economic sanctions. They can find themselves ex-communicated, harassed, imprisoned, tortured, their works banished or not published, ridiculed and so on.

This is really the triumph of text over the human spirit. The members of the discipline's community forget the original reasons and causes for their scientific pursuits. Why was the discipline developed? What were the original riddles, questions, queries? How did it feel to be curious? Where is the burning fire and the glistening eyes and the feelings of unity with nature that were the prime moving forces behind the discipline? The cold ashes of the conflagration are the texts and their preservation is an expression of longing and desire for things past.

The vacuum left by the absence of positive emotions - is filled by negative ones. The discipline and its disciples become phobic, paranoid, defensive, with a blurred reality test. Devoid of new, attractive content, the discipline resorts to negative motivation by manipulation of negative emotions. People are frightened, threatened, herded, cajoled. The world without the discipline is painted in an apocalyptic palette as ruled by irrationality, disorderly, chaotic, dangerous, even lethally so.

New, emerging disciplines, are presented as heretic, fringe lunacies, inconsistent, reactionary and bound to lead humanity back to some dark ages. This is the inter-disciplinary or inter-paradigm clash. It follows the Psychotic Phase. The old discipline resorts to some transcendental entity (God, Satan, the conscious intelligent observer in the Copenhagen interpretation of the formalism of Quantum Mechanics). In this sense, it is already psychotic and fails its reality test. It develops messianic aspirations and is inspired by a missionary zeal and zest. The fight against new ideas and theories is bloody and ruthless and every possible device is employed.

But the very characteristics of the older nomenclature is in its disfavor. It is closed, based on ritualistic initiation, patronizing. It relies on intimidation. The numbers of the faithful dwindles the more the "church" needs them and the more it resorts to oppressive recruitment tactics. The emerging knowledge wins by historical default and not due to the results of any fierce fight. Even the initiated desert. Their belief unravels when confronted with the truth value, explanatory and predictive powers, and the comprehensiveness of the emerging discipline.

This, indeed, is the main presenting symptom, distinguishing hallmark, of paralytic old disciplines. They deny reality. The are a belief-system, a myth, requiring suspension of judgment, the voluntary limitation of the quest, the agreement to leave swathes of the map in the state of a blank "terra incognita". This reductionism, this avoidance, their replacement by some transcendental authority are the beginning of an end.

Consider physics:

The Universe is a complex, orderly system. If it were an intelligent being, we would be compelled to say that it had "chosen" to preserve form (structure), order and complexity - and to increase them whenever and wherever it can. We can call this a natural inclination or a tendency of the Universe.

This explains why evolution did not stop at the protozoa level. After all, these mono-cellular organisms were (and still are, hundreds of millions of years later) superbly adapted to their environment. It was Bergson who posed the question: why did nature prefer the risk of unstable complexity over predictable and reliable and durable simplicity?

The answer seems to be that the Universe has a predilection (not confined to the biological realm) to increase complexity and order and that this principle takes precedence over "utilitarian" calculations of stability. The battle between the entropic arrow and the negentropic one is more important than any other (in-built) "consideration". This is Time itself and Thermodynamics pitted against Man (as an integral part of the Universe), Order (a systemic, extensive parameter) against Disorder.

In this context, natural selection is no more "blind" or "random" than its subjects. It is discriminating, exercises discretion, encourages structure, complexity and order. The contrast that Bergson stipulated between Natural Selection and Élan Vitale is grossly misplaced: Natural Selection IS the vital power itself.

Modern Physics is converging with Philosophy (possibly with the philosophical side of Religion as well) and the convergence is precisely where concepts of Order and disorder emerge. String theories, for instance, come in numerous versions which describe many possible different worlds. Granted, they may all be facets of the same Being (distant echoes of the new versions of the Many Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics).

Still, why do we, intelligent conscious observers, see (=why are we exposed to) only one aspect of the Universe? How is this aspect "selected"? The Universe is constrained in this "selection process" by its own history - but history is not synonymous with the Laws of Nature. The latter determine the former - does the former also determine the latter? In other words: were the Laws of Nature "selected" as well and, if so, how?

The answer seems self evident: the Universe "selected" both the Natural Laws and - as a result - its own history. The selection process was based on the principle of Natural Selection. A filter was applied: whatever increased order, complexity, structure - survived. Indeed, our very survival as a species is still largely dependent upon these things. Our Universe - having survived - must be an optimized Universe.

Only order-increasing Universes do not succumb to entropy and death (the weak hypothesis). It could even be argued (as we do here) that our Universe is the only possible kind of Universe (the semi-strong hypothesis) or even the only Universe (the strong hypothesis). This is the essence of the Anthropic Principle.

By definition, universal rules pervade all the realms of existence. Biological systems must obey the same order-increasing (natural) laws as physical ones and social ones. We are part of the Universe in the sense that we are subject to the same discipline and adhere to the same "religion". We are an inevitable result - not a chance happening.

We are the culmination of orderly processes - not the outcome of random events. The Universe enables us and our world because - and only for as long as - we increase order. That is not to imply that there is an intention to do so on the part of the Universe (or a "higher being" or a "higher power"). There is no conscious or God-like spirit. There is no religious assertion. We only say that a system that has Order as its founding principle will tend to favor order, to breed it, to positively select its proponents and deselect its opponents - and, finally, to give birth to more and more sophisticated weapons in the pro-Order arsenal. We, humans, were such an order-increasing weapon until recently.

These intuitive assertions can be easily converted into a formalism. In Quantum Mechanics, the State Vector can be constrained to collapse to the most Order-enhancing event. If we had a computer the size of the Universe that could infallibly model it - we would have been able to predict which event will increase the order in the Universe overall. No collapse would have been required then and no probabilistic calculations.

It is easy to prove that events will follow a path of maximum order, simply because the world is orderly and getting ever more so. Had this not been the case, evenly statistically scattered event would have led to an increase in entropy (thermodynamic laws are the offspring of statistical mechanics). But this simply does not happen. And it is wrong to think that order increases only in isolated "pockets", in local regions of our universe.

It is increasing everywhere, all the time, on all scales of measurement. Therefore, we are forced to conclude that quantum events are guided by some non-random principle (such as the increase in order). This, exactly, is the case in biology. There is no reason why not to construct a life wavefunction which will always collapse to the most order increasing event. If we construct and apply this wave function to our world - we will probably find ourselves as one of the events after its collapse.

Appendix - Interview granted to Adam Anderson

1. Do you believe that superstitions have affected American culture? And if so, how?

A. In its treatment of nature, Western culture is based on realism and rationalism and purports to be devoid of superstitions. Granted, many Westerners - perhaps the majority - are still into esoteric practices, such as Astrology. But the official culture and its bearers - scientists, for instance - disavow such throwbacks to a darker past.

Today, superstitions are less concerned with the physical Universe and more with human affairs. Political falsities - such as anti-Semitism - supplanted magic and alchemy. Fantastic beliefs permeate the fields of economics, sociology, and psychology, for instance. The effects of progressive taxation, the usefulness of social welfare, the role of the media, the objectivity of science, the mechanism of democracy, and the function of psychotherapy - are six examples of such groundless fables.

Indeed, one oft-neglected aspect of superstitions is their pernicious economic cost. Irrational action carries a price tag. It is impossible to optimize one's economic activity by making the right decisions and then acting on them in a society or culture permeated by the occult. Esotericism skews the proper allocation of scarce resources.

2. Are there any superstitions that exist today that you believe could become facts tomorrow, or that you believe have more fact than fiction hidden in them?

A. Superstitions stem from one of these four premises:

That there is nothing that can be thought of that is impossible (in all possible Universes);
That there is nothing impossible (in all possible Universes) that can be thought of;
That everything that can be thought of – is, therefore, possible (somewhere in these Universes);
That everything that is possible exists (somewhere in these Universes).
As long as our knowledge is imperfect (asymptotic to the truth), everything is possible. As Arthur Clark, the British scientist and renowned author of science fiction, said: "Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic".

Still, regardless of how "magical" it becomes, positive science is increasingly challenged by the esoteric. The emergence of pseudo-science is the sad outcome of the blurring of contemporary distinctions between physics and metaphysics. Modern science borders on speculation and attempts, to its disadvantage, to tackle questions that once were the exclusive preserve of religion or philosophy. The scientific method is ill-built to cope with such quests and is inferior to the tools developed over centuries by philosophers, theologians, and mystics.

Moreover, scientists often confuse language of representation with meaning and knowledge represented. That a discipline of knowledge uses quantitative methods and the symbol system of mathematics does not make it a science. The phrase "social sciences" is an oxymoron - and it misleads the layman into thinking that science is not that different to literature, religion, astrology, numerology, or other esoteric "systems".

The emergence of "relative", New Age, and politically correct philosophies rendered science merely one option among many. Knowledge, people believe, can be gleaned either directly (mysticism and spirituality) or indirectly (scientific practice). Both paths are equivalent and equipotent. Who is to say that science is superior to other "bodies of wisdom"? Self-interested scientific chauvinism is out - indiscriminate "pluralism" is in.

3. I have found one definition of the word "superstition" that states that it is "a belief or practice resulting from ignorance, fear of the unknown, trust in magic or chance, or a false conception of causation." What is your opinion about said definition?

A. It describes what motivates people to adopt superstitions - ignorance and fear of the unknown. Superstitions are, indeed, a "false conception of causation" which inevitably leads to "trust in magic". the only part I disagree with is the trust in chance. Superstitions are organizing principles. They serve as alternatives to other worldviews, such as religion or science. Superstitions seek to replace chance with an "explanation" replete with the power to predict future events and establish chains of causes and effects.

4. Many people believe that superstitions were created to simply teach a lesson, like the old superstition that "the girl that takes the last cookie will be an old maid" was made to teach little girls manners. Do you think that all superstitions derive from some lesson trying to be taught that today's society has simply forgotten or cannot connect to anymore?

A. Jose Ortega y Gasset said (in an unrelated exchange) that all ideas stem from pre-rational beliefs. William James concurred by saying that accepting a truth often requires an act of will which goes beyond facts and into the realm of feelings. Superstitions permeate our world. Some superstitions are intended to convey useful lessons, others form a part of the process of socialization, yet others are abused by various elites to control the masses. But most of them are there to comfort us by proffering "instant" causal explanations and by rendering our Universe more meaningful.

5. Do you believe that superstitions change with the changes in culture?
A. The content of superstitions and the metaphors we use change from culture to culture - but not the underlying shock and awe that yielded them in the first place. Man feels dwarfed in a Cosmos beyond his comprehension. He seeks meaning, direction, safety, and guidance. Superstitions purport to provide all these the easy way. To be superstitious one does not to study or to toil. Superstitions are readily accessible and unequivocal. In troubled times, they are an irresistible proposition.

resource: readbud