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		<title>Learning What Works</title>
		<link>https://ifpriforum.wordpress.com/2010/09/20/learning-what%c2%a0works/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[IFPRI]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 20 Sep 2010 19:44:52 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[IFPRI Forum 2010, Volume 2]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Feature Article]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ifpriforum.wordpress.com/?p=161</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[A new push for evidence on the impacts of development programs is prompting careful assessment of what works and under which conditions, potentially resulting in more effective interventions for poor people. In recent years, many development program coordinators have been asked to provide something they have rarely needed to offer in the past: empirical evidence [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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			<media:title type="html">In a kindergarten, Brazil</media:title>
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		<title>The “How To” of Agricultural Transformation</title>
		<link>https://ifpriforum.wordpress.com/2010/09/20/the-%e2%80%9chow-to%e2%80%9d-of-agricultural%c2%a0transformation/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[IFPRI]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 20 Sep 2010 19:41:18 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[IFPRI Forum 2010, Volume 2]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Commentary]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ifpriforum.wordpress.com/?p=159</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Phase Two of the Ghana Strategy Support Program Shashi L. Kolavalli These are particularly challenging times for African countries like Ghana that are seeking to develop their agriculture sectors. After decades of neglect, there is increasing interest in investing in agriculture, fueled initially by the food crisis and sustained by the enthusiasm surrounding the Comprehensive [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Putting Poverty and Hunger Solutions to the Test</title>
		<link>https://ifpriforum.wordpress.com/2010/03/30/putting-poverty-and-hunger-solutions-to-the-test/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[IFPRI]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 30 Mar 2010 16:00:34 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[IFPRI Forum 2010, Volume 1]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Feature Article]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ifpriforum.wordpress.com/?p=106</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Development researchers are applying innovative experimental methods and new technologies to the study of poverty and hunger. Can these new approaches help point the way to more effective policies and programs?

Livestock are central to the livelihoods of the Maasai people of East Africa, and if they could market the livestock products they produce, they could greatly improve their quality of life. But getting their products to market can be difficult. One promising innovation has been the introduction of contract farming. In Tanzania, Maasai milk producers have signed contracts with milk processors, committing themselves to deliver a certain quantity of milk on a certain date. Such contracts offer milk producers a number of advantages: contracts give farmers an assured market for their milk at a prearranged price; farmers benefit from reduced marketing costs; and the milk processors often provide advice and technologies for producing more and better-quality milk. Milk processors also benefit from the contractually assured supply and price of milk. It’s a textbook win-win solution.

And it would probably work—if real people behaved the way people do in textbooks.

Instead, however, the Maasai producers often fail to deliver the milk as promised. If the price of milk in the local market is higher than the price specified in the contract, many producers sell the milk there to benefit from the highest price. It is hard for them to believe that the price offered by the milk processor is fair when they see the market price surpassing the contract price. This situation frustrates the milk processors who are expecting the milk deliveries. It also threatens the whole contracting arrangement and could ultimately result in a riskier situation for the producers—no market at all. The milk processors face a dilemma: Should they try new arrangements to encourage consistent milk delivery? Should they reward loyal milk producers with money, household goods, or goods and services to help improve livestock production? Should they direct incentives to the Maasai men who own the livestock or to the Maasai women who manage the milk production?

To help answer these questions, IFPRI researchers are drawing on the tenets of experimental economics—a growing branch of economics that uses experiments to test economic theories and better understand the working of markets.]]></description>
		
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		<title>Commentary: Putting Agricultural Extension Back on the Development Agenda</title>
		<link>https://ifpriforum.wordpress.com/2010/03/30/commentary-putting-agricultural-extension-back-on-the-development-agenda/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[IFPRI]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 30 Mar 2010 15:48:48 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[IFPRI Forum 2010, Volume 1]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Commentary]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ifpriforum.wordpress.com/?p=119</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Kristin Davis Agricultural extension (also known as agricultural or rural advisory services) plays a crucial role in promoting productivity, increasing food security, improving rural livelihoods, and promoting agriculture as an engine of pro-poor economic growth. Though it fell off the development agenda for a number of years, a recent confluence of factors—such as rising food [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Interview: Dr. Pedro Arraes Pereira, President of Embrapa</title>
		<link>https://ifpriforum.wordpress.com/2010/03/30/interview-arraes-pereira/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[IFPRI]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 30 Mar 2010 15:30:07 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[IFPRI Forum 2010, Volume 1]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Interview]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ifpriforum.wordpress.com/?p=107</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[IFPRI Forum talks with Dr. Pedro Arraes Pereira about the future of agriculture, biotechnology, and climate change in developing countries. FORUM: Embrapa is a highly respected institution. What have been some of the factors that have made it so successful? How has Embrapa’s research benefitted small farmers? Arraes: Embrapa was created in 1973 to meet [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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			<media:title type="html">Dr. Pedro Arraes Pereira</media:title>
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		<item>
		<title>IFPRI Weather-Securities Proposal Wins $100,000 Grant</title>
		<link>https://ifpriforum.wordpress.com/2010/03/30/ifpri-weather-securities-proposal-wins-100000-grant/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[IFPRI]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 30 Mar 2010 15:25:37 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[IFPRI Forum 2010, Volume 1]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Short Article]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ifpriforum.wordpress.com/?p=126</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ruth Vargas Hill and Miguel Robles, research fellows in IFPRI’s Markets, Trade, and Institutions Division, recently won a grant competition at the Marketplace on Innovative Financial Solutions for Development conference in Paris. Hill and Robles’s proposal on weather securities for rain-dependent Ethiopian farmers was selected from among 800 applicants as one of the five winners [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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			<media:title type="html">Miguel Robles</media:title>
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		<title>A Common-Sense Approach to Collecting Household Data</title>
		<link>https://ifpriforum.wordpress.com/2010/03/30/a-common-sense-approach-to-collecting-household-data/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[IFPRI]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 30 Mar 2010 15:23:49 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[IFPRI Forum 2010, Volume 1]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Short Article]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ifpriforum.wordpress.com/?p=121</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Household income is an obvious determinant of poverty. Traditionally, researchers have used household surveys—in which the the head of the household (typically, the husband) is interviewed—to determine household income. But a recent IFPRI discussion paper suggests that this may not always be the best approach, and that it could lead to inaccurate representations, since husbands [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Groundbreaking Conference Sparks Cross-Regional Learning on Development and Poverty Reduction</title>
		<link>https://ifpriforum.wordpress.com/2010/03/30/groundbreaking-conference-sparks-cross-regional-learning-on-development-and-poverty-reduction/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[IFPRI]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 30 Mar 2010 15:00:18 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[IFPRI Forum 2010, Volume 1]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Short Article]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ifpriforum.wordpress.com/?p=124</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[High-level policymakers, internationally recognized researchers, and development practitioners from Asia and Latin America gathered in Lima, Peru this month to share research insights and lessons from successes and challenges in the efforts of both regions to accelerate economic growth and reduce hunger and poverty. The conference, “Fostering Growth and Reducing Poverty and Hunger in Asia [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Biofortification: A Cost-Effective Approach</title>
		<link>https://ifpriforum.wordpress.com/2010/03/30/biofortification-a-cost-effective-approach/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[IFPRI]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 30 Mar 2010 14:52:59 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[IFPRI Forum 2010, Volume 1]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Short Article]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ifpriforum.wordpress.com/?p=155</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[A recent HarvestPlus study suggests that among various food-based innovations used to improve micronutrient malnutrition, biofortification (the process of breeding crops with higher nutrient content) could be the most cost-effective strategy. The study found that biofortification could be highly effective in averting the illnesses, permanent health conditions, and premature death caused by micronutrient deficiencies, especially [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Sick and Tired: Climbing Out of the Health-Poverty Trap</title>
		<link>https://ifpriforum.wordpress.com/2009/12/15/sick-and-tired/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[IFPRI]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 15 Dec 2009 09:10:00 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[IFPRI Forum 2009, Volume 3]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Feature Article]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ifpriforum.wordpress.com/?p=22</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[There is never an ideal moment to get sick. People do not plan for illness and injury when they are formulating their schedules, budgets, or goals for the future. But health shocks, which arise suddenly and can linger indefinitely, can have devastating results. For many people, the personal and financial burden of severe health shocks (like chronic illness, serious injury, or the death of a family member) can be overwhelming. For the world’s poor, however, these shocks are nothing short of catastrophic.

Understanding the health-poverty trap

Poor health is the number-one poverty trigger. It can quickly tip people into poverty, specifically those already near the bottom of the socioeconomic ladder who lack health insurance or substantial savings to cover out-of-pocket healthcare costs. The financial repercussions related to health shocks also have the power to keep poor people submerged in poverty by quickly depleting any of their accumulated wealth with often exorbitant medical bills. Anirudh Krishna, associate professor of public policy and political science at Duke University, calls this phenomenon a “health-poverty trap.” After studying household poverty dynamics across four continents, Krishna concluded that millions of people per year fall into poverty because of ill health and high (and uninsured) healthcare expenditures.

“It is usually a sequence of events, of which illness is primary, that forces people into poverty,” Krishna says. “Some of the other [shock] events might be droughts, high-interest loans, price fluctuations, or job loss. But ill health is often one of the main events.” Illness triggers include chronic diseases that are prevalent in many developing countries, such as malaria and HIV/AIDS; seasonally triggered illnesses such as pulmonary and gastric diseases, which tend to affect areas of India during monsoon season, for example; or workplace injuries or roadside accidents. No matter the specific ailment, these shocks, as Krishna explains, pose a “double whammy,” meaning that high treatment costs and lost earning power are a dual threat to health and well-being as well as to livelihoods and assets.]]></description>
		
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