Viggyan

India successfully test fired Anti Satellite Missile(ASAT) under Mission SHAKTI

2019-03-27T13:59:00.000+05:30

Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced the success of India's first Anti Satellite Missile (ASAT) Operation named SHAKTI (means energy in hindi).

After successful launched India become 4th nation after USA, Russia and China to have such kind of advanced capability. The sole purpose of this mission is to give strong message to India's enemies that the country is ready to protect its space asset and at the same time can destroy the hostile satellite. Israel also developing its own ASAT system.

The mission is the result of strong political will of Modi government and the hard work of India's two premier oraganization DRDO and ISRO.

In a series of three tweets, PM Modi said

"In the journey of every nation there are moments that bring utmost pride and have a historic impact on generations to come. One such moment is today. India has successfully tested the Anti-Satellite (ASAT) Missile. Congratulations to everyone on the success of #MissionShakti."

"MissionShakti was a highly complex one, conducted at extremely high speed with remarkable precision. It shows the remarkable dexterity of India’s outstanding scientists and the success of our space programme"

He further added that

"MissionShakti is special for 2 reasons:
(1) India is only the 4th country to acquire such a specialised & modern capability.
(2) Entire effort is indigenous. India stands tall as a space power! It will make India stronger, even more secure and will further peace and harmony."

Anti-satellite weapons (ASAT) are space weapons designed to incapacitate or destroy enemy satellites for strategic military purposes. (source Wikipedia).

Yet some International space expert show their concern about increasing space debris.
The Indian Scientist are pretty much aware from space debris problem and acted responsibly than Chinese counterpart who tested ASAT at very high altitude. Therefore the Indian test altitude kept low about 300KM so that the destroyed satellite pieces come down and burn in weeks by the heat generated from friction of earth atmosphere.

Things You Can Do After Nuclear Attack

2019-03-07T17:28:00.000+05:30

Amid tensions between two nuclear armed countries India and Pakistan, the chances of nuclear attack can not be neglected in future.

What will happen after Detonation?
The first thing you'd see if a nuclear bomb exploded nearby is a flood of light so bright, you may think the Sun blew up.

Wincing from temporary blindness, you'd scan the horizon and see an orange fireball. The gurgling flames would rise and darken into a purple-hued column of black smoke, which would turn in on itself.

As a toadstool-like mushroom took shape, the deafening shock front of the blast would rip through the area - and possibly knock you off your feet.

Congratulations! In this hypothetical scenario, you've just survived a nuclear blast with an energy output of about 10 kilotons (20 million pounds) of TNT. That's roughly 66 percent of energy released by either atom bomb dropped on Japan in 1945.

No one could fault you for panicking after the sight and roar of a nuclear blast. But there is one thing you should never do, according to Brooke Buddemeier , a health physicist and radiation expert at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

"Don't get in your car," he tells Business Insider. Don't try to drive, and don't assume that the glass and metal of a vehicle can protect you.

Why vehicles and nuclear survival don't mix.

Avoiding driving after a nuclear blast is wise because streets would probably be full of erratic drivers, accidents, and debris.

But Buddemeier says there's another important reason to ditch the car: a fearsome after-effect of nuclear blasts called fallout.

Fallout is a complex mixture of fission products, or radioisotopes, that are created by splitting atoms.

Many of the fission products decay rapidly and emit gamma radiation, an invisible yet highly energetic form of light.

Exposure to too much of this radiation in a short time can damage the body's cells and its ability to fix itself - a condition called acute radiation sickness.

"It also affects the immune system and your ability to fight infections," Buddemeier says.
Only very dense and thick materials, like many feet of dirt or inches of lead, can reliably stop the fallout.

"The fireball from a 10-kiloton explosion is so hot, it actually shoots up into the atmosphere at over 100 miles per hour," Buddemeier says.
"These fission products mix in with the dirt and debris that's drawn up into the atmosphere from the fireball."

Trapped in sand, dirt, cement, metal, and anything else in the immediate blast area, the gamma-shooting fission products can fly more than 5 miles (8 km) into the air.

The larger pieces drop back down, while lighter particles can be carried by the wind before raining over distant areas.

"Close in to the [blast] site, they may be a bit larger than golf-ball-size, but really what we're talking about are things like salt- or sand-size particles," Buddemeier says.

"It's the penetrating gamma radiation coming off of those particles that's the hazard."
Which brings us back to why a car is a terrible place to take shelter.

"Modern vehicles are made of glass and very light metals, and they offer almost no protection," he says. "You're just going to sit on a road some place [and be exposed]."

Buddemeier says he's asked people what their knee-jerk response to a nuclear blast might be. It wasn't comforting.

"There was actually a lot of folks who had this notion - and it may be a Hollywood notion - of 'Oh, jump in the car and try to skedaddle out of town if you see a mushroom cloud.'" he says.

However, fallout is carried by high-altitude winds that are "often booking along at 100 miles per hour," he says, and "often not going in the same direction as the ground-level winds."

"So your ability to know where the fallout's gonna go, and outrun it, are... Well, it's very unlikely."

What you should do instead of driving?
Your best shot at survival after a nuclear disaster is to get into some sort of "robust structure" as quickly as possible and stay there, Buddemeier says. He's a fan of the mantra "go in, stay in, tune in".

"Get inside ... and get to the centre of that building. If you happen to have access to below-ground areas, getting below-ground is great," he says. "Stay in: 12 to 24 hours."

The reason to wait is that levels of gamma and other radiation fall off exponentially after a nuclear blast as "hot" radioisotopes decay into more stable atoms and pose less of a danger.

This slowly shrinks the dangerous fallout zone - the area where high-altitude winds have dropped fission products.

Instead of staying put, however, a recent study also suggested that moving to seek out a stronger shelter or basement may not be a bad idea if the only one around is flimsy.

Finally, tune in.
"Try to use whatever communication tools you have," he says.

There is only one exception to the 'no cars' rule, says Buddemeier: If you're in a parking garage with your car, the concrete might act as a shield. In that case, you could stay there and listen to a radio inside your car.

If everyone followed these guidelines after a nuclear blast, he says, hundreds of thousands of lives could be saved.

This article was originally published by Business Insider .

The Rare Black Panther Spotted In India

2019-03-05T18:29:00.002+05:30

A Melanistic Indian Leopard ( P. p. fusca) popularly known as Black Panther recently spotted in Tadoba Reserve in Maharashtra.

It is a color variant of Indian leopards commonly found in dense tropical rain forest areas of south India, mostly from the state of Karnataka.

The Excess black pigment named Melanin is responsible for black color of big cat. They also have linings like common leopard but not visible because of black color.

It is thought that excess melanin may confer a selective advantage under certain conditions since it is more common in regions of dense forest, where light levels are lower.
Recently, preliminary studies also suggest that melanism might be linked to beneficial mutations in the immune system.

The Most famous wildlife sanctuaries to spot Black Panther in India are Anshi-Dandeli Tiger Reserve and Kabini wildlife sanctuary.

Besides India it also found in Java, Shri Lanka, Myanmar and Nepal.

Click here to Watch

AK 203, Features Which Make It Special Gun For India.

2019-03-04T12:43:00.000+05:30

The manufacturing unit Korwa Ordinance Factory (KOF) situated in Korwa area of Amethi Uttar Pradesh is a joint venture between India and Russia to produce AK 203.

“200” series of Kalashnikov AK assault rifles was initially conceived in around 2009 in an attempt to produce an improved variant of the basic “hundred” series ( AK-74M , AK-101 AK-105 ).

200-series Kalashnikov rifles have same basic design, layout and major features as of AK 47 but improved ergonomics and modern accessory interfaces.

Flash Hiders & Compensators
Barrels of AK 203 are equipped with elongated “birdcage” type flash hiders and compensators

Superessor
AK 203 can be equipped with quick-detachable tactical sound suppressors (silencers optimized for supersonic ammunition).

Grenade Launcher
Full-size guns (5.45mm AK-200, 5.56mm AK-201 and 7.62mm AK-203) can host an underbarrel grenade launcher (i.e. GP-34) or a bayonet.

Scopes

Equipped with Iron sights which graduated up to 800 meters on full-size guns and up to 500 meters on compact versions.

Stoke
Stock is strong enough to withstand routine use of 40mm underbarrel grenade launcher, and also can be used for hand-to-hand combat.

Grip and Holder
New polymer pistol grip and new polymer forend with intergated Picatinny rails are fitted to each gun.

Caliber of AK 203 Rifles

7.62х39 mm

Mode of Action
Gas operated, rotary bolt locking.

Magazine capacity
30 Rounds

Weight with Empty Magazine
4.1 KG

Rate of fire
600 Rounds/minute

The Korwa ordnance factory, which was established in 2010. Around 7.5 lakh units of the latest version of AK-203 will be manufactured in the new unit.

This diease is spreading surprisingly in India instead of decreasing.

2019-02-25T22:05:00.001+05:30

A new report published by World Health Organisation (WHO) recently shows that there have been between 200,000 to 300,000 new cases of Leprosy(कुष्ठ रोग) detected globally every year since 2005.

Surprisingly all the new diagnoses made in 2016, two-thirds were from India, including 18,472 children.

"It is a harsh reality that nine out of every 100 new cases diagnosed today are children," said Erwin Cooreman, the Leader of WHO's Global Leprosy Programme in 2018.

Even though the World Health Organisation (WHO) now offers highly effective leprosy treatments free of charge, this stubborn disease just refuses to accept its defeat.

In India, where leprosy is more common, the social stigma is especially great. Here, some believe that leprosy is a form of punishment for sinful acts or immoral behaviour, and this can often lead to social exclusion and family rejection.

India itself still has 700 leper colonies in order to keep these people out of the way.

These stereotypes are hard to shake, and negative attitudes towards the illness have continued to persist, stopping many people from coming forward and getting treated.

This means that people with leprosy are often denied access to markets and educational institutions. These laws might even limit a person's ability to access treatment for the disease itself.

Leprosy is tropical disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae, which multiplies very slowly. If left untreated, this infection can creep up on its patients, causing muscle weakness, skin sores, and blindness. It can even damage a person's nerve endings, destroying their ability to feel pain and injury.

Between 2006 and 2015, WHO says the number of people with leprosy that have visible deformities increased by 13 percent, which means the disease is not only continuing to spread, it is also going untreated.

Today, over four million people live with leprosy-related disabilities, and it remains one of the leading causes of long-term nerve damage worldwide.

"The world has the tools, the right medicines and the political will – yet we are falling short of detecting the disease in time, particularly among children."

In fact, it's thought that only half of all leprosy cases are being detected and treated, leaving millions with a disease that could potentially cause long-term disability.

"Leprosy is not highly contagious or easily spread, and most people have immunity against the disease," assures Spencer Bezalel, a dermatologist who recently conducted research on leprosy in the US for the Mayo Clinic.

It's about time we put this disease and all the stigma it carries to rest.

this article was originally published in science alert.com

ISRO is going to modify SpaceX Reuseable Technology to Next Level

2019-02-23T00:41:00.000+05:30

(img source: SpaceX)

The success of SpaceX's reusable launch technology (RLT) inspired the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to take it a lot further.

Elon Musk's SpaceX was only able to apply RLT to the first stage of a rocket launch, but ISRO wants to conduct an advanced version that will also carry into the second stage.

K Sivan, the Chairman at ISRO, told the Times of India, “The second stage recovery has never been tried by any other space agency in the world, not even SpaceX.”

The test is scheduled to take place between the months of June and July, later this year.

ISRO’s success with this mission could make it a bigger part of the global market that’s set to grow to $7 billion by 2024.

Reusable launch technology (RLT) basically allows the company to re-use its first stage rocket for multiple launches. Not only does it save the company money, but also time that would be spent building a rocket from scratch.

ISRO has already had some success with it back in 2016 when it launched the HS9 solid rocket booster from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre.

(img source:isro)

The Reusable Launch Vehicle - Technology Demonstrator (RLV-TD) on board the HS9 survived re-entry and neatly landed in the designated area over the Bay of Bengal.

Currently, SpaceX dominates the global market for rocket launches. Starting out in 2009, it was able to capture more than 50% of the market share by 2018 — largely due to their use of reusable technology.

On the other hand, Antrix Corporation Limited, the commercial and marketing arm of ISRO, only caters to 0.6% of the global market.

The article was originally published in business insider.

IED, The Bomb Used In Recent Pulwama Attack

2019-02-21T19:57:00.001+05:30

Shell used as IED

Improvised explosive device or IED is a non conventional type of bomb used by terriost.
The very name “improvised” was originally meant as to make or create something by using whatever is available.
An IED was used when you couldn’t get something better, not something to be widely emulated.

IEDs may use artillery shells or conventional high-explosive charges as their explosive load as well as homemade explosives like in case of Pulwama where it was believed that the explosive was extracted from agricultural fertilizers like Ammonium Nitrate. Although the investigation is underway and nothing can be said clearly about the type of explosive.

IEDs typically contain fragmentation-generating objects such as nails, ball bearings or even small rocks to cause wounds at greater distances than blast pressure alone could.

Indian Armed Forces Personnel at the spot of blast

The officials said the remains of the bus, reduced to blackened bare frames after the blast, does not reflect that an improvised explosive device (IED) was used to target it.
The fatal damage can be done by a better grade of explosive like RDX, they said.

An IED has five components:
a switch (activator),
an initiator (fuse),
container (body),
charge (explosive), and
a power source (battery).

representative image (source: unsplash)

For better understanding, if you put many firecrackers packed in single box and burn them together they will demonstrate same behaviour as actual IED at small scale.

IEDs are extremely diverse in design and may contain many types of initiators, detonators, penetrators, and explosive loads.

Pulwama attack was a vehicle-borne IED, or VBIED attack, a military term for a car bomb or truck bomb but can be any type of transportation such as a bicycle, motorcycle, donkey.
They are typically employed by terriost in particular ISIS, and can carry a relatively large payload like in india where it was suspected that 300kg of explosive was stuffed in SUV.

They can also be detonated from a remote location. VBIEDs can create additional shrapnel through the destruction of the vehicle itself and use vehicle fuel as an incendiary weapon. The act of a person's being in this vehicle and detonating it is known as an SVBIED suicide.

Black History of IED Bomb
In Iraq and Afghanistan, where the IEDs helped neutralize the U.S.’s overwhelming advantage.
They proved particularly effective against softer military targets such as Humvees, trucks and foot patrols, as well as civilians, and became the signature weapon in those wars.
The bomb is responsible of half of U.S. military deaths in Afghanistan.

The use of such weapons in India was fairly limited to some Naxal affected areas only.

But the recent Pulwama attack forced india to rethink on its counter terrisom strategy. However using Anti IEDs Vehicle which used by Israel and USA and by following standard operation procedure(SOP) in which a party clear the road before passing the convoy, such attack can be avoided in future.

IAF kick started Selection and Training of Astronauts for First Human Space Flight Mission

2019-02-17T18:09:00.000+05:30

(representative image)

ISRO has tasked the Indian Air Force for selection and training of India's first Human Space Flight mission named as GAGANYAN.

ISRO with the help of IAF is going to train 10 crew members of the country’s first human space flight programme.

(source: unsplash)

It will carry a three-man team of "Vyomnauts" (astronaut in hindi) into low-earth orbit(LEO) where they will stay for at least a week, and then return them to Earth for debriefing

ISRO Chairman, K Sivan informed that they have finalized all the criteria and requirements for crew selection and training.

The proposal has been submitted to the IAF. The air force has now been given the full task of selection and training of the crew.

(source: unsplash)

The first two levels of training of the crew will happen at the IAF’s Institute of Aerospace Medicine(IAM), Bengaluru and the final phase of training will be abroad.” he was quoted as saying.

The Gaganyaan mission, as it's called, will launch from the Sriharikota spaceport in Andhra Pradesh sometime in 2022.

The mission will use India's GSLV Mk III three-stage rocket and will be a collaborative effort between ISRO and other national agencies.

India is going to buy this deadly Assault Rifle to replace INSAS

2019-02-13T13:11:00.000+05:30

(source: sig sauer)

India has signed a contract with an American firm SIG Sauer, a US based firearms company, was founded with the name SIGARMS, to buy 72,400 assault rifles at a cost of around Rs 700 crore, Defence Ministry officials have said.

Why India purchasing new rifles?

The Indian Armed Forces are currently equipped with 5.56x45 mm INSAS Rifle. There is an urgent requirement of replacing the existing 5.56mm INSAS Rifle with a 7.62X51mm Assault Rifle which is compact, robust, modern in technology and simple to maintain in field conditions, the officials said.

After testing several Indian made Guns and their unsatisfactory performance forced Indian government to look in global gun market.

In the view of requirements and features desired by Indian Armed Forces, the government select Sig Sauer SIG716G2 DMR 16" Black Rifle.

The SIG 716 used 7.62×51mm bullets while old INSAS use 5.56mm.

(source: sig sauer)

OPERATING SYSTEM
Gas Piston

CALIBER
7.62 NATO

OVERALL LENGTH
37 in (940 mm)

OVERALL WIDTH
2.9 in (74 mm)

HEIGHT
7.5 in (191 mm)

BARREL LENGTH
16 in (406 mm)

WEIGHT
8.5 lb (3.9 kg)

MAG TYPE
SR25

DETAILS
Right out-of-the box, the second generation SIG716 DMR features an improved gas system, lightweight handguard, and an overall weight reduction of more than two pounds.

The two-stage match trigger and muzzle brake help shrink groups to less than a single minute-of-angle, accuracy simply thought impossible from a gas piston.

This two-position adjustable gas system keeps carbon, excessive heat and other fouling out of the chamber, enhancing reliability and accuracy.

Chambered in 7.62 x 51mm, the SIG716 DMR G2 works well with any model suppressor or muzzle device.

The rifles, being used by US forces as well as several other European countries, are being bought under the fast-track procurement procedure.

Under fast track procurement (FTP) and as part of the agreement, India will get around 72,400 7.62mm rifles from US firm SiG Sauer in one year from this day, the officials said.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) program of India

2019-02-12T15:53:00.001+05:30

(source: unsplash)

India, being the fastest growing economy with the second largest population in the world, has a significant stake in the AI revolution.

Recognising AI’s potential to transform economies and the need for India to strategise its approach, Hon’ble Finance Minister, in his budget speech for 2018 – 2019, mandated NITI Aayog to establish the National Program on AI, with a view to guiding the research and development in new and emerging technologies.

India’s national think-tank, the NITI Ayog, last June 2018 released a discussion paper on the transformative potential of AI in India that said the country could add $1 trillion to its economy through integrating AI into its economy.

NITI Aayog has decided to focus on five sectors that are envisioned to benefit the most from AI in solving societal needs:

a) Healthcare: increased access and affordability of quality healthcare,
b) Agriculture: enhanced farmers’ income, increased farm productivity and reduction of wastage,
c) Education: improved access and quality of education,
d) Smart Cities and Infrastructure: efficient and connectivity for the burgeoning urban population,
and
e) Smart Mobility and Transportation: smarter and safer modes of transportation and better traffic and congestion problems.

AI refers to the ability of machines to perform cognitive tasks like thinking, perceiving, learning, problem solving and decision making.

Initially conceived as a technology that could mimic human intelligence, AI has evolved in ways that far exceed its original conception.

With incredible advances made in data collection, processing and computation power, intelligent systems can now be deployed to take over a variety of tasks, enable connectivity and enhance productivity.

As AI’s capabilities have dramatically expanded, so have its utility in a growing number of fields.

India’s AI research Institutions
a) Centre of Research Excellence (CORE) focused on developing better understanding of existing core research and pushing technology frontiers through creation of new knowledge.

b) International Centers of Transformational AI (ICTAI) with a mandate of developing and deploying application-based research. Private sector collaboration is envisioned to be a key aspect of ICTAIs.

National AI Marketplace (NAIM)
The barriers to AI development and deployment can effectively be addressed by adopting the marketplace model, one that enables market discovery of not only the price but also of different approaches that are best suited to achieve the desired results.

A three-pronged, formal marketplace could be created focusing on data collection and aggregation, data annotation and deployable models. There could be a common platform called the National AI Marketplace (NAIM).

India ranks third in the world in terms of high quality research publications in artificial intelligence (AI) but is at a significant distance from world leader China, according to an analysis by research agency Itihaasa, which was founded by Kris Gopalakrishnan, former CEO and co-founder of Infosys.

Indian gravitational wave detection observatory will be established soon.

2019-02-11T16:54:00.000+05:30

(source: unsplash)

India is ready to constructing its own desi version of gravitational wave observatory(LIGO) with the help of US.
The 12.6 billion rupees (US$177 million) project is scheduled for completion in 2024. The observatory will be built in the Hingoli District of Maharashtra state in western India.

The Indian gravitational-wave detector would be only the sixth such observatory in the world and will be similar to the two US detectors in Hanford, Washington, and Livingston, Louisiana.

Interferometer Gravitational wave Observatory (LIGO) used to detect the gravitational waves or ripples in space time, the waves originated in cosmos when two massive structures like black holes collides.

(hansford observatory aerial view)

India’s Department of Atomic Energy and its Department of Science and Technology signed a memorandum of understanding with the US National Science Foundation for the LIGO project in March 2016.

The Indian ‘advanced LIGO’ (aLIGO) is expected to help scientists to achieve three main objectives: to pinpoint the source of gravitational waves five to ten times more accurately than current efforts allow; to make accurate calculations of sizes of black holes; and to better understand the Universe’s rate of expansion.

Reference:- The Nature Magazine.

Indian Human Space Flight Mission GAGANYAN

2019-01-31T23:19:00.000+05:30

(source:isro)

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has started to work on country's first human space flight mission named GAGANYAN ( Gagan means Space and Yan means Ship in Hindi ).

Indian Government recently approved Rs 10,000-crore budget for the human space mission.

The mission has a long way before executing the mission, with crucial human-rating of systems, including the rocket, yet to be achieved.

Human-rating means the system is capable of safely transporting humans. It also means it has adequate technology that efficiently protects crew in the event of any failure.

At least 50% of the Rs 10,000 crore will go into human-rating, while a new launch pad that can accommodate entry of astronauts will cost a fair bit.

(source:isro)

ISRO have to build three sets of rockets, crew and service module.

With the help of three set of GSLV-MK III rockets, the two unmanned missions planned for December 2020 and June-July 2021, and the actual mission by December 2021 or early 2022.

S Somnath, director, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), had in a recent presentation elaborated on some pending work.

ISRO officials had several meetings on the roadmap for human-rating the launch vehicle. Since GSLV has been in active development since 2002-04, and had the vision that this could one day be used for the human mission,”

Explaining that all systems for a space launch are designed with redundancies, Officials said a human-rated mission will need a much higher degree of redundancy. “The reliability targeted for human-rated launch vehicle is 0.99, which means statistically only 1 out of 100 can be unreliable. For the crew escape system, which is very crucial, we’re targeting greater than 0.998, that’s almost 100 reliability,”

The escape system will boast of a recently included geometry, while work on parachute enlargement — as models tested so far have been scaled down version and the actual system will be bigger—and new architecture will be ready soon. “Rockets are autonomous after launch so we cannot tolerate any failure,”

The crew escape system is very crucial, with key tests, including the pad abort test done on July 5 this year.

“Even if one system fails, we’ll bring the crew back. The most important thing is failure detection and onboard intelligence that tells the system to abort. For this, new algorithms to go into the system will be ready soon.

An indigenous computer and microprocessor will be used. Control systems, avionics and sensors are ready,” Somnath said.

Astronaut training

Astronaut selection and training, which will include establishment of new facilities, will also take up a considerable amount of the budget.

Isro is currently creating a framework for astronaut selection.

The Institute of Aerospace Medicine has some systems in place for astronaut selection and training and India is looking at a pool of 30 astronauts from which the final crew will be selected.

Vande Bharat Express, the fastest train build by India

2019-01-29T13:09:00.001+05:30

Train 18 will be known as Vande Bharat Express, is the fastest and first train, indigenously manufactured by Integrated Coach Factory (ICF) Chennai, India.This is the first locomotive less train of India, propelled by electric traction motor like Metro.

The outer aerodynamic structure is inspired from bullet train and therefore increase the efficiency.

The semi highspeed train can reach up to 180 Km/hr yet the officials decided to run it at operating speed of 160 Km/hr concerning the conditions of tracks and safety.

The train all set to run between Delhi to Varanasi covering the distance of 755 km in 8 hours.

The Train 18 manufactured at a cost of Rs 100 crore, the 16-coach fully AC train will replace India’s fastest Shatabdi Express train.

The Train 18 is made on world Class standards packed with some luxery features like,

representative image

1. Modern air-conditioned coaches interconnected with fully sealed gangways, which block noise and dust,

2. Centrally operated automatic doors,

3.No gap between coaches and station platform.

4. Automatic doors inside the passenger compartment.

5. Disabled-friendly passenger bays and toilets.

6. Wifi and GPS facility.

7. Toilets with touch-free fittings.
8. Lighting similar to aircraft.

Indian Railway and ICF are also planning the development of train 20