Indonesia étnicos

Banco de Indonesia "El lanzamiento de" Dinero nueva denominación

2010-09-15T04:12:00.000-07:00

Banco de Indonesia ha emitido nuevas denominaciones de moneda de las monedas y billetes de Rp 1.000 a 10.000 rupias nuevos diseños. Lanzamiento de la nueva moneda se ha comprometido directamente por la Oficina del Vicepresidente Boediono Banco de Indonesia (BI), Bandung, Jln. Braga, el martes (20 / 7).
BI poner dinero nuevo tanto de 719 millones de monedas de 1.000 dólares para el año 2010. De esta cantidad, la Compañía General de la República de Indonesia de impresión de dinero (Peruri) ya impreso 300 millones de copias y se distribuyó a los bancos.
"Para las denominaciones de monedas de Rp 1000 es del 40% impresos, para que la gente puede utilizar libremente este dinero. Mientras que las denominaciones de papel de nuevos fondos de 10.000 rupias, se imprimirán 820 millones se desliza. Y ahora que ha sido impreso 120 millones de deslizamiento", dijo BI vicegobernador Budi Rochadi, dijo a periodistas en el marco del lanzamiento de nuevos fondos.
Divulgación, esta vez el público pueda intercambiar directamente el nuevo dinero en los bancos hay, porque de BI se ha canalizado en el sector bancario.
Actuando similares a conocer. BI Nasution Gobernador. Según él, la emisión de nuevas denominaciones de monedas de Rp 1000 se destina a satisfacer las necesidades de efectivo en la comunidad debe algo de dinero, y complementa una pequeña fracción del dinero que ha estado circulando en la actualidad.
"Por otro lado la emisión de nuevas denominaciones de papel moneda de 10.000 rupias pretende ser un elemento de seguridad, por lo que es más fácil conocer al público. Al mismo tiempo, aclarar la diferencia con las denominaciones monetarias de Rp 100.000, lo que ha sido percibido como similar", dijo.
Nasution también reveló, nuevas denominaciones de monedas de 1.000 rupias pictórica Pancasila Garuda en el frente. Mientras que en la parte posterior de este dinero que lleva el símbolo de Java Occidental, con un fondo de angklung Gedung Estado. El dinero es de color blanco plateado y de hierro / acero con recubrimiento de níquel. "Selección de la imagen angklung como un instrumento musical tradicional es una forma de preservación de la cultura nacional. Lo mismo sucede con la imagen en Bandung Gedung Estado, es una forma de preservación de sitios históricos en la vida de la nación de Indonesia", dijo.
Mientras tanto, el vicepresidente dijo que la emisión de nuevo dinero en el tiempo que está por delante de las crecientes necesidades de la sociedad en los próximos meses. "Es un buen momento, porque el efectivo pequeñas necesidades durante el ayuno y Idul Fitri es muy alta. De hecho, estoy seguro de que este nuevo dinero será la lucha de nuestros hijos quieres obtener esta nueva moneda, y mucho menos en el momento de Eid", dijo.
Se dice Boediono, la moneda debe ser mantenido por todas las partes. Principalmente para mantener la estabilidad de precios. En este caso, el BI tiene un papel muy importante en eso. Así pues, inteligencia de negocios y otras agencias locales trabajan juntos para controlar la inflación.

Indonesia-Malaysia

2010-09-15T04:06:00.001-07:00

Me gusta comparar los ingresos de Indonesia y Malasia a causa de la creciente sentimiento. Malasia, el PIB per cápita en 2008 unos 7.100 dólares de los EE.UU.. Si en el PIB de este año para crecer no es mucho (el primer semestre de 2009 la economía de Malasia se contrajo un 5,0 por ciento), en 2010 el PIB per cápita que probablemente estará en alrededor de 7.500 dólares de los EE.UU.. Mientras tanto, el PIB per cápita del 10 por ciento de la población de Indonesia, 23 millones de habitantes, que asciende a 8.400 dólares de los EE.UU.-9000 dólares. Si la población de Indonesia en comparación con Malasia, cerca de 27 millones de personas, el ingreso per cápita de un promedio de 27 millones de personas de mayores ingresos Indonesia será de aproximadamente 7.800 dólares (con un récord de cuatro millones de habitantes de Indonesia en el soporte siguiente de 10 por ciento de la renta media 4300 EE.UU. de dólares, 4.500 dólares). Mientras que el 90 por ciento de la población próxima produce un poder adquisitivo muy grande.

Esta es la razón por las ventas de automóviles podrían superar el mes Malasia Indonesia. Esto es lo que hace que el número de centros comerciales de Yakarta, más numerosos y más grandes de Malasia. Esto es lo que debe conducir la visión del mundo empresarial, donde y lo que la industria se debe ejecutar, así como centros de inversión lo que debe hacer.

INDONESIA DESARROLLO ECONÓMICO

2010-09-15T04:05:00.000-07:00

Ingresos 2009
Sin embargo, en las últimas semanas, el color de nuestra economía se inició soleado por lo que la manera en que vemos para el año 2010 a ser diferente.En las últimas semanas, muchas empresas sienten la demanda de sus productos resucitó para que la creación de capacidad se lleva a cabo aquí y allá y consideró una inversión se mueve hacia arriba. La propiedad industrial es también sentir la presencia de signos de reactivación.
Mientras tanto, las ventas de automóviles en junio y julio de 2009 ya la igualdad de las ventas mensuales promedio durante el año 2008. Mientras que los principales productos que exportamos el carbón y el aceite de palma-siento que el precio no es demasiado mala para que el poder adquisitivo de las zonas productoras de los productos básicos para los productos industriales de Java.
En 2008 sintió que había aumentado la población de ingresos en Indonesia, de 1946 que asciende a dólares de EE.UU. (2007) a 2.271 dólares EE.UU. per cápita (2008). General del producto interno bruto (PIB) de 2008 ascendieron a 514 millones de dólares de EE.UU. que el Banco Mundial clasifica a Indonesia en el 19 º en la economía mundial. Esto significa un aumento de 325 dólares por cabeza en cuestión de un año.
Sobre el desarrollo del primer y segundo trimestre el PIB y el movimiento del tipo de cambio, en 2009, muy posiblemente, la renta per cápita es de 2.500 dólares de los EE.UU.-2600 dólares, con el PIB global se mueve en el rango de 570 mil millones de dólares EE.UU..
Los ingresos ascendieron a una cantidad importante fue para el pueblo de Indonesia, para que finalmente producen el aumento del poder adquisitivo. Esto es esencialmente un gran apoyo para la economía nacional.
Perspectivas 2010
¿Cuáles son las perspectivas para el 2010?
En la entrega de la nota financiera en frente del Parlamento, el presidente Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, presentó, la economía de Indonesia en el 2010 se prevé que crezca cerca de 5.0 por ciento. Muchas personas creen, nuestro crecimiento económico podría ser mayor que eso. Por eso, en un debate en el Parlamento, finalmente de acuerdo en la previsión de crecimiento económico en 5,5 por ciento.
Tal optimismo es muy importante para dar un mayor impulso a los agentes económicos para alcanzar o incluso más allá de ella. Este es el poder de profecía autocumplida.
Rutinariamente, he observado el desarrollo del PIB nominal, el PIB a precios ya que se considera que el uso de estos días. El PIB nominal es más como una variedad de estados financieros corporativos, mientras que el PIB real se parece más a la evolución del tonelaje de producción de la empresa. Resultó que el crecimiento nominal del PIB de Indonesia alta.
En 2008, cuando la economía (PIB) creció 6.1 por ciento real, el PIB nominal en realidad creció en un 25 por ciento. Primer trimestre de 2009, el crecimiento nominal del PIB del 16,9 por ciento y en el segundo trimestre al 10,9 por ciento. Con la perspectiva de un mayor crecimiento en el tercer y cuarto trimestre, cree que el PIB nominal subirá de modo que el crecimiento global en 2009 fue de alrededor de 15 por ciento. Si esto sucede, nuestro PIB nominal será de aproximadamente 5.700 billones de rupias. Esta cifra es aproximadamente igual al nominal previsto del PIB de alrededor de 570 millones de dólares EE.UU., como se mencionó anteriormente. Con esos antecedentes, cuando el PIB real se prevé un crecimiento del 5,5 por ciento, el PIB nominal crecerá 15-18 por ciento en 2010. Si esto sucede, a lo largo de 2010, nuestro PIB nominal llegará a 6,500 billones de rupias de rupias 6600000000000000. Esto significa que el PIB per cápita en 2010, con un registro de los movimientos del tipo de cambio para fortalecer como lo hizo recientemente, será en 2800 dólares, 3000 dólares.

When does Jurnalis Source Who should be said?

2009-02-06T12:33:00.000-08:00

Journalists have the right not to reveal sources of self-teak or her informan. But sometimes journalists have to reveal who the source. When?

Freedom of the Press: When Journalists Should Reveal Their Sources

By Candida Bohnne-Eittreim

Journalists have always claimed the right to protect their sources from exposure. One of the most notable cases was the Ellsburg Papers which led to the Watergate Scandal. That particular story was covered by Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, who tried to protect Daniel Ellsberg from disclosing how he came into possession of certain documents. This scenario is common to journalists who are investigating a major piece of ethical wrongdoing in governmental affairs. But the question here is, When should a journalist reveal sources, and under which circumstances?

Let’s look at Judith Miller, deeply involved in the Valerie Plame case. In this case. Ms. Miller had long been looked at with suspicion and disgust by those convinced the Iraq War was an orchestrated event. Miller, who ultimately was jailed 85 days for her refusal to disclose to Special Investigator Patrick J. Fitzgerald her knowledge of the Plame affair and who she had spoken to about it. Her employer, the N.Y.Times, had already aided her co-defendant Matthew Cooper, who agreed to testify before the Grand Jury, thereby avoiding Miller’s fate.

The whole scandal, dubbed by some as Treasongate, involved the disclosure of a C.I.A. operative’s covert name and status. This leak cost an intelligent and very able C.I.A. employee of long standing to lose her job, and live under constant fear for the lives of her twin toddlers and herself. Tragically, Ms. Plame herself, was only a tool used to punish her husband, former Ambassador Joseph Wilson. Wilson had made enemies within the Administration, by his disclosure that the alleged sale of yellowcake uranium to Iraq had never taken place. After handing in an administrative report, and understanding after a period of time that this report didn’t suit the prevailing mindset, he went public July 6, 2003, criticizing the Administration’s stand in the N.Y. Times. He followed this by an appearance on Meet The Press. Three days later, Ms. Plame was outed publicly.

In the Ellsberg case, there was a definite and reasonable need for Woodward and Bernstein to protect their source. The circumstances surrounding the Watergate Scandal exposed definite misuse of Executive powers, and could have endangered Ellsberg’s life. In the second case, Valerie Plame wasn’t involved in anything germane to the leak, other than her being married to Joseph Wilson.

The leaking of the information concerning N.S.A. use of wiretaps in covert ops against foreign nationals within the U.S. is another example of invoking journalistic privilege. The N.Y. Times sat on this story for one year, allegedly at the behest of President Bush. Which is in many reasonable minds pure nonsense. As of this point in time, the N.Y. Times has not offered any other source for their information.

Are the above-mentioned cases examples of when a representative of the media has gone too far in protecting sources? I believe they are. Special Prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald, wrote in response to N.Y. Times Chairman Arthur Sulzberger Jr., in part:” that even though Time magazine surrendered Cooper’s notes in the case, the journalist’s testimony is still needed in the investigation.

“First, Cooper’s own article noted that the conduct of the officials involved an attack on an administration critic, not whistle-blowing,” Fitzgerald wrote.

“Second, at a time when journalists seek a reporter’s privilege akin to the attorney-client privilege, they ought to recognize that an attorney can be compelled to testify if his client communicates to the attorney for the purpose of committing a crime or fraud. … Third, journalists are not entitled to promise complete confidentiality - no one in America is.”

Here in a nutshell is the crux of the argument. Responsible journalists protect sources who are whistleblowing, exposing corruption or otherwise helping to better our society, by exposing corporate/governmental wrongdoings. They cross the line when they help hide sources who have damaged or attacked reputations for political reasons, participated in major crimes, or endangered the nation’s security by the disclosure of highly classified information. When this occurs, it can come close to treason or at the very least aiding and abetting of our nation’s enemies.

The pen is mightier than the sword in a writer’s hands. And that weapon must be used with respect and care where it concerns the laws of the land and the lives of others. Responsible and ethical journalists and commentators understand this well. It is unfortunate that so many others don’t understand they are not above the law because of what they do.

Barack Obama, U.S. President ever Living in Indonesia

2009-02-06T12:08:00.000-08:00

Barack Obama, U.S. Presidential Candidate Who ever Living in Indonesia
Barack Obama
Barack Obama
This is the popular figure in the United States at this time. Compete closely with Hillary Clinton, Obama become a role model and idol of the young United States

Barack Obama political career melejit. Ability berpolitiknya ditopang ability to mesmerize rhetoric, charisma and a blazing smile captivating. That is a concern that young people who are currently disillusioned with the modern politics.

Actually who is Obama?

Barack Hussein Obama, Jr., born 4 August 1961, was a Senator from Illinois. He became the world's attention because the main speech at the Democrat National Convention in 2004, when he was still a Senator of the State of Illinois. In the same year, he became the first African descent to win election to the U.S. Senate as a Democrat.

Obama was born in Queen's Medical Center in Honolulu, Hawaii economist father graduated from Harvard, Barack Hussein Obama, Sr.., From Kenya, and mother Ann Dunham, from Wichita, Kansas. Time Obama was born, both parents are students at the East-West Center at the University of Hawaii at Manoa.

When the age of two years, her parents divorced. His father returned to Kenya, and he only met his son once more before died in 1982. Then married Ann Dunham Soetoro with lolo, also a student East-West Center (MA Geography 1962) from Indonesia.

Barack on the child using the name 'Barry'. This family then moved to Jakarta, where Obama step-sister, Maya Soetoro-Ng, was born (Obama also has a step-brothers from his father who married again). When Obama was 10 years old he returned to Hawaii and diasuh grandfather, grandmother, Madelyn Dunham.

Period in the Small SDN Menteng 01

Barack Obama, the first black person who is now a presidential candidate so trusted United States in the 2008 elections, memories by teachers and friends in SD Menteng, Jakarta, as the students have hands that intelligent southpaw.

Her leadership of Barry already seen since the school joined the Scouts. First to come to SDN Menteng 1, Barry can not be English. "He was his mother, the bule," reminded Winardiyanto Bandung, Obama sister class.

Because friends do not have a class that can be English, Barry is also difficult to communicate. The withdrawal of new students "antique", the man born 4 August 1961 that so many months-monthly school friend.

"He (Barry) named Si Lentik Barry because his fur lentik, the hair curls typical African people," story. In addition, the Si Si Lentik also named Black as the dark skin color.

Although not fluent in Indonesian, Barry easily interact with friends and even contemporary seniornya. Beautiful memories together with Barry when camping in the school.

"Our senior and junior penggalang served as a Boy Scout," he said. Barry penchant main rigging, and running competitions. The point can not be silent children, hiperaktif and often ask, "said Bandung. Barry also didaulat often become gang leaders.

"He never promiscuous friend to love jajan in kiosks Kamid," story. Kiosk Kamid established since an 60-year sell candy, ciki-cikian (a kind of snack), and chocolate. We often jajan with, "he said.

Barack Obama students SDN Menteng 01
Barack Obama students SDN Menteng 01
Political career, Hope & Change

Obama political career began from the Democratic Party national convention in 2004. At that time people compare him directly with figures such as Martin Luther King Jr., and Democratic icons, John and Robert Kennedy.

Since he developed a mantra that is the hope and change ``. He also described the competitors, Hillary Clinton, as a symbol of the political system is broken and must be updated immediately.

"This time we finally overcome the political menakut-fear Him, doubts and cynical. Politics is in fact split, not build this country," said Obama to supporting.

"Since this time, you will see the back and say, this is the time and place of remembering what America means hope," he added.

Because two years in Congress and a period as local legislators, many people consider Obama campaign is now premature. In his book The Audacity of Hope, Obama explain why he did not wait to turn incoming White House fight.

Confess he is very motivated with the speech Martin Luther King Jr. on the interests of `the` very urgent for a grassroots movement to persist the changes.

He often even contemplate the price he must pay for menyukseskan campaign, namely the loss of time for his wife Michelle and two daughter Malia and Sasha.

As the skin color, he often mentions as a spokesperson for generations to come. The implicit attempt to separate the combatants themselves preceding black skin like Jesse Jackson and Al Sharpton who have voted president less attention from the white.

In an interview with AFP, Obama confessed that life in Indonesia has opened his eyes. He saw wide gaps between rich and poor in the world, and the impact of political upheaval in the ruck.

"That made me wide on the cliff across the country in the world. It also made me understand how people are in such poor can, how issues of corruption can take the opportunity," augment him.

After finishing high school, Obama lectures at the University of Columbia, go to Harvard Law School. In situlah he became the first black students who became president of Harvard Law Review, an institution that is very influential.

Obama with his wife
Obama with his wife
During the lecture he had worked as a community manager in New York Harlem and the South Side of Chicago, the two areas most hard in the U.S.. At that time he formed a family.

He was to dive in Illinois politics as a lawyer defending the rights of the public. He was also a period of three successful state senator, before a successful U.S. senator in 2004. Make a speech at that time the world saw the birth of a new political star U.S..

"There is no black America, white America, Latino or Asian America, we are one nation. We all promised faithfully on American flag, we all defend the United States," exclaim him to invite the hand formations

Yogyakarta

2009-02-06T11:51:00.000-08:00

Yogyakarta (some people call Yogyakarta, Jogjakarta, or Yogya) is a city famous for the historical and cultural heritage. Yogyakarta is a center of Mataram kingdom (1575-1640), and until now have Kraton (Palace), which is still functioning in the real sense. Yogyakarta also has many temples that are thousands of years old is the residual kingdoms of antiquity, including the Borobudur Temple was built in the 9th century dynasty by dynasty.

In addition to cultural heritage, Yogyakarta has beautiful natural panorama. Overlay of green rice fields cover up rural areas with the Mount Merapi appears as a backdrop. Beaches that are still easily found naturally in the south of Yogyakarta.

Community living here in peace and have a unique hospitality. Try to encircle the city with a bicycle, pedicab, or carriage, you will find a sincere smile and a warm greeting in every corner of the city. Without you realize, suddenly will feel like you are at home.

The atmosphere feels so art in Jogja. Malioboro, which is intravenously Jogja, handicraft goods from all directions. Street musicians are always ready to entertain visitors stall-stall lesehan.

Many people who visited the city of Jogja said that I was always nostalgic. Have to here, you will surely understand the reason.

bandwidth test

2009-02-06T11:15:00.000-08:00

I want to speed the Bandwidth you use, try to be measured only through the web BW monitoring under this

http://www.2wire.com

http://www.sijiwae.net/speedtest/

http://speedtest.big.net.id/

http://speedmeter.biz.net.id/

http://support.hubris.net/bandwidthmeter/initialmeter.php

http://www.mystarone.com/speedtest/

http://bwmeter.i2.co.id

http://www.dslreports.com/mspeed

monitoring this work in real time, will be recorded in the beginning and the end will also be recorded so that accurate results are expected, if you want to know what exactly, before you do this test, your PC is not advisable to do the activities are high, for example, men are downloading something in another web, this is useful so that BW do more accurately recorded.

Why do you have a slow connection, among

* Performance of your PC

* ISP do you use

* Web traffic do you open

* Local geographical conditions

above factors are very influential on your connection place, soo do not 100% blame the ISP / connection you use.

good luck ...

ROLE AND FUNCTION POSITION STUDENTS

2009-02-06T10:53:00.000-08:00

Students can be said that a community is unique in the community, with opportunities and advantages that it has, the less able students on the community. Students also have not been influenced by the interests of a group, mass organizations, political party, etc.. So that students can be said (should) have ideals. Idealism is a truth that is believed from the purely personal and not influenced by external factors that can replace the meaning of truth.

Based on the various potential and opportunities that are owned by the students, not just college students when appropriate to the needs of his own, without giving a contribution to the nation and country. Students are not the students who only learn of its duties, not the people, not the government. Students have a distinctive place in the environment of the community, but not the means to separate themselves from society. Therefore need to be defined with regard to the role, function, and position students to determine the direction of the struggle and the contribution of the student.

Reformation

2009-01-16T22:52:00.000-08:00

The English Reformation was the series of events in 16th century England by which the Church of England first broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church.
These events were, in part, associated with the wider process of the European Protestant Reformation, a religious and political movement which affected the practice of Christianity across the whole of Europe during this period. Many factors contributed to the process: the decline of feudalism and the rise of nationalism, the rise of the common law, the invention of the printing press and increased circulation of the Bible texts, the transmission of new knowledge and ideas amongst scholars and the upper and middle classes. However the various phases of the English Reformation, which also covered Wales and Ireland, were largely driven by changes in government policy, to which public opinion gradually accommodated itself. The stories of why and how some states of Europe adhered to different forms of reformed churches, remained faithful to the Holy See, or allowed different regions within states to come to different conclusions, are highly complicated and specific to each state and remain the subject of debate among historians.
Based on Henry VIII's desire for an annulment, the English Reformation was, at the outset, more of a political than a theological dispute, but the reality of political differences between Rome and England nonetheless allowed growing theological disputes to come to the fore. Before the break with Rome, it was the Pope and general councils of the church that decided doctrine. Church law was governed by the code of canon law with final jurisdiction in Rome. Church taxes were paid straight to Rome and it was the Pope who had the final say over the appointment of bishops. The split from Rome made the English monarch the Supreme Governor of the English church by "Royal Supremacy", thereby making the Church of England the established church of the nation. Doctrinal and legal disputes now rested with the monarch and the papacy was deprived of revenue and the final say on the appointment of bishops.
The structure and theology of the church was a matter of fierce dispute for generations. These disputes were finally ended by a coup d'état in 1688, from which emerged a church polity with an established church and a number of non-conformist churches whose members at first suffered various civil disabilities which were only removed over time, as did the substantial minority who remained Roman Catholic in England and Wales, whose church organization remained illegal until the nineteenth century.
Different opinions have been advanced as to why England adopted a reformed faith, unlike France for instance. Some have advanced the view that there was an inevitability about the triumph of the forces of new knowledge and a new sense of autonomy set over-against superstition and corruption; others that it was a matter of chance: Henry VIII died at the wrong time; Mary had no child reform did not inevitably mean leaving the Roman Communion for others it was about the power of ideas which required only moderate assistance for people to see old certainties as uncertain while others have written that it was about the power of the state over vibrant, flourishing popular religion;or that it was a 'cultural revolution'.Some, on the contrary, have argued that, for most ordinary people there was a continuity across the divide, which was as significant as any changes. The recent revival of scholarly interest may indicate that the argument is not yet over.
Restoration
The Restoration period was marked by an advance in colonization and overseas trade, by the Dutch Wars, by the great plague (1665) and the great fire of London (1666), by the birth of the Whig and Tory parties, and by the Popish Plot and other manifestations of anti-Catholicism. In literature perhaps the most outstanding result of the Restoration was the reopening of the theaters, which had been closed since 1642, and a consequent great revival of the drama (see English literature). The drama of the period was marked by brilliance of wit and by licentiousness, which may have been a reflection of the freeness of court manners. The last and greatest works of John Milton fall within the period but are not typical of it; the same is true of John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress (1678). The age is vividly brought to life in the diaries of Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn, and in poetry the Restoration is distinguished by the work of John Dryden and a number of other poets.
Industrial Revolution
During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, there was considerable social upheaval as a largely agrarian society was transformed by technological advances and increasing mechanization, which was the Industrial Revolution. Much of the agricultural workforce was uprooted from the countryside and moved into large urban centres of production, as the steam-based production factories could undercut the traditional cottage industries, because of economies of scale and the increased output per worker made possible by the new technologies. The consequent overcrowding into areas with little supporting infrastructure saw dramatic increases in the rate of infant mortality (to the extent that many Sunday schools for pre-working age children (5 or 6) had funeral clubs to pay for each others funeral arrangements), crime, and social deprivation.
The transition to industrialization was not wholly seamless for workers, many of whom saw their livelihoods threatened by the process. Of these, some frequently sabotaged or attempted to sabotage factories. These saboteurs were known as "Luddites".
World War I
The scale and intensity of the conflict were unprecedented, with more men fighting and more casualties in action than any prior human conflict. Over 60 million soldiers took part in the fighting.New technologies - machine guns, better artillery, advanced logistics, poison gas, aerial warfare and submarines - increased the scale of the carnage. The war claimed over 40 million casualties, including approximately 20 million civilian and military dead.Many of the events attendant upon the war - blockade, revolution, genocide and a global influenza pandemic - increased the misery.
The war had sweeping consequences for politics and diplomacy in the rest of the 20th century. The war resulted in the collapse and fragmentation of the Austria-Hungary Empire, the Russian Empire,and the Ottoman Empire. The German Empire was overthrown, and Germany lost territory. As a consequence, the maps of Europe and the Middle East were re-drawn; ancient monarchies were replaced by communist or democratic republics. For the first time, an international body, the League of Nations, was created to prevent war ever occurring again. The terms of the treaties ending the war, and the instability of new nations, were important factors leading towards World War II twenty years later.
The causes of the war can be traced to the unification of Germany in 1871,[citation needed] and the uneasy balance of power among the European Great Powers in the opening years of the 20th century. Additional spurs to conflict included continuing French resentment over the loss of territory to Germany in the 19th century; growing economic, military and colonial competition between Britain and Germany; and the continuing instability of Austro-Hungarian rule in the Balkans.
The proximate trigger for the war was the 28 June 1914 assassination of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne by a Bosnian Serb. Austria-Hungary's demands for revenge against the Kingdom of Serbia led to the activation of a series of alliances which within weeks saw most European powers at war. Because of the global empires of many European nations, the war soon spread worldwide.
The war was fought between two major alliances. The Entente Powers initially consisted of France, the United Kingdom, Russia, and their associated empires and dependencies. Numerous other states joined these allies, most notably Japan in August 1914, Italy in April 1915, and the United States in April 1917. The Central Powers, so named because of their central location on the European continent, initially consisted of Germany and Austria-Hungary and their associated empires. The Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers in October 1914, followed a year later by Bulgaria. By the conclusion of the war, only The Netherlands, Switzerland, Spain, the Scandinavian nations, and Monaco remained officially neutral among the European countries, though several may have provided financial and material support to one side or the other.
The fighting of the war mostly took place along several fronts that broadly encircled the European continent. The Western Front was marked by a system of trenches, breastworks, and fortifications separated by an area known as no man's land.These fortifications stretched 475 miles (more than 600 kilometres)and precipitated a style of fighting known as trench warfare. On the Eastern Front, the vastness of the eastern plains and the limited railroad network prevented the stalemate of the Western Front, though the scale of the conflict was just as large. There was heavy fighting on the Balkan Front, the Middle Eastern Front and the Italian Front; there were also hostilities at sea and in the air.
World War II
World war II was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including all of the great powers, anised into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. The war involved the mobilisation of over 100 million military personnel, making it the most widespread war in history. In a state of "total war", the major participants placed their complete economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities at the service of the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. Over 70 million people, the majority of them civilians, were killed, making it the deadliest conflict in human history.
The start of the war is generally held to be in September 1939 with the German invasion of Poland and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by the United Kingdom, France and the British Dominions. Many belligerents entered the war before or after this date, during a period which spanned from 1937 to 1941, as a result of other events. Amongst these main events are the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, the start of Operation Barbarossa, and the attack on Pearl Harbor and British and Dutch colonies in South East Asia.
The Soviet Union and the United States emerged from the war as the world's leading superpowers. This set the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 45 years. The United Nations was formed in the hope of preventing another such conflict. The self determination spawned by the war accelerated decolonisation movements in Asia and Africa, while Western Europe itself began moving toward integration.

Middle English vs America

Written forms of American English are fairly well standardised across the United States and in the overwhelming majority of their grammatical forms they are in general agreement with standard written British English. An unofficial standard for spoken American English has developed because of the mass media and geographic and social mobility. This standard is generally called a General American or Standard Midwestern accent and dialect and can typically be heard from network newscasters, although local newscasters tend toward more parochial forms of speech. Despite this, unofficial standard regional variations of American English have not only persisted but have actually intensified, according to linguist William Labov.
Regional dialects in the United States typically reflect the elements of the language of the main immigrant groups in any particular region of the country, especially in terms of pronunciation and vernacular vocabulary. Scholars have mapped at least four major regional variations of spoken American English: Northern (really Northeastern), Southern, Midland, and Western (Labov, Ash, & Boberg, 2006). After the American Civil War, the settlement of the western territories by migrants from the east led to dialect mixing and levelling, so that regional dialects are most strongly differentiated in the eastern parts of the country that were settled earlier. Localised dialects also exist with quite distinct variations, such as in Southern Appalachia and New York City.
British English also has a reasonable degree of uniformity in its formal written form. The spoken forms vary considerably, though, reflecting a long history of dialect development amid isolated populations. Dialects and accents vary not only between the countries in the United Kingdom, England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales, but also within these individual countries.
There are also differences in the English spoken by different socio-economic groups in any particular region. Received Pronunciation (RP), which is "the educated spoken English of south-east England", has traditionally been regarded as "proper English"; this is also referred to as BBC English or the Queen's English. The BBC and other broadcasters now intentionally use a mix of presenters with a variety of British accents and dialects, and the concept of "proper English" is now far less prevalent.
British and American English are the reference norms for English as spoken, written, and taught in the rest of the world. For instance, the English-speaking members of the Commonwealth often closely follow British English forms while many new American English forms quickly become familiar outside of the United States. Although the dialects of English used in the former British Empire are often, to various extents, based on standard British English, most of the countries concerned have developed their own unique dialects, particularly with respect to pronunciation, idioms, and vocabulary; chief among them are Canadian English and Australian English, which rank third and fourth in number of native speakers.

LIFE AFTER DEATH

2009-01-15T10:43:00.000-08:00

The question of whether there is a life after death is not an issue of
scientific concern, for science only deals with the classification and
analysis of sense data. While man has been conducting scientific
inquiries and research, in the modern sense of the term, for only the
last few centuries, he has been familiar with the concept of life after
death since time immemorial.
All of the prophets sent by God for the benefit of humanity called
upon their people to worship God and to believe in life after death.
They laid so much emphasis on this last belief that even a slight
doubt about its reality was considered a sign of denying both God
and all other beliefs. The very fact that they have dealt with this
metaphysical question of life after death so confidently and so
uniformly, despite the fact that they appeared over thousands of
years and in different places, proves that the source of their
knowledge about this reality was one and the same: divine
revelation. We also know that these prophets of God were opposed
strongly by their people on this very issue, as many considered it
impossible. Despite such opposition, however, the prophets were able
to convince many people of its truth.
This raises the following question: what made those followers forsake
the established beliefs, traditions and customs of their forefathers
notwithstanding the risk of being totally alienated from their own
community?
The simple answer is: they analyzed the issue with their minds and
hearts and came gradually to the realization that the prophets were
speaking the truth. Did they realize the truth through perceptual
consciousness? No, for a perceptual experience of life after death is
impossible. What they used was their rational, aesthetic, and moral
consciousness, which God has given to every individual in addition to
a perceptual consciousness. These additional faculties guides an
individual through those realities that cannot be verified by sensory
data. That is why all prophets of God appeal to the aesthetic, moral,
and rational consciousness of man when discussing metaphysical
matters. For example, when the idolaters of Makkah denied even the
possibility of life after death, the Qur'an exposed the weakness of
their stand by advancing very logical and rational arguments in
support of it:
And he has coined for us similitude, and has forgotten the fact
of his creation, saying: Who will revive these bones when they
have rotted away? Say: He will revive them who produced
them at the first, for He is the knower of every creation, Who
has appointed for you fire from the green tree, and behold, you
kindle from it. Is not He who created the heavens and the
earth, able to create the like of them? Yes, and He is indeed the
Supreme Creator, the All-knowing. (36: 78-81)
In another verse, the Qur'an says very clearly that non believers do
not have a sound basis for their denial of life after death. It is based
on pure conjecture:
They say, 'There is nothing but our present life; we die, and we
live, and nothing but Time destroys us. Of that they have no
knowledge; they merely conjecture. And when our revelations
are recited to them, their only argument is that they say, 'Bring
us our fathers, if you speak truly.' (45:2425)
Surely God will raise all those who have died, but only when He
chooses to do so. A day will come when the whole universe will be
destroyed and then the dead will be resurrected to stand before God.
This day will be the beginning of the life that will never end, and on
that day every person will be rewarded by God according to his or
her good or evil deeds. This day is called the Day of Judgment.
The Qur'an states that there will be a life after death because the
moral consciousness of mankind demands it. If there is no life after
death, any belief God Himself becomes irrelevant. Furthermore, such
a situation would mean that God is unjust and indifferent, for how
could He create mankind and then lose interest in His creation? As
God is just, those people who have committed crimes must be
punished. All of those tyrants who have killed scores of innocent
persons, unleashed great corruption and evil within their societies,
enslaved their people to serve their whims, and other terrible deeds
must be brought to justice.
As man's life is so short and the world is not eternal, true justice can
only be meted out in the afterlife, which will have none of these
limitations. The Qur'an states that the Day of Judgment must come
and that God will decide the fate of each soul according to his or her
record of deeds:
Those who disbelieve say: The Hour will never come unto us.'
Say: Nay by my Lord but it is coming unto you surely' (He is)
the Knower of the Unseen. Not an atom's weight, or less than
that or greater, escapes Him in the heavens or in the earth, but
it is in a clear record, that He may reward those who believe
and do good works. For them is pardon and a rich provision.
But those who strive against Our revelations, challenging Us,
theirs will be a painful doom of wrath. (34:3-5)
The Day of Resurrection will be the manifestation of God's justice and
mercy. He will shower His mercy on those who suffered during their
lives for His sake, believing that eternal bliss was awaiting them.
Those who abused the bounties of God and did not care about the life
to come will be in the most miserable state. Drawing a comparison
between them, the Qur'an says:
Is he, then, to whom we have promised a goodly promise the
fulfillment of which he will meet, like the one whom We have
provided with the good things of this life, and then on the Day
of Resurrection he will be of those who will be brought
arraigned before God? (28:61)
The Qur'an also states that this worldly life is a preparation for the
eternal life after death. But those who deny it become slaves of their
passions and desires and make fun of virtuous and God-conscious
persons. Such persons realize their folly only at the time of their
death, a time when their wish to be given a further return to this life
and make amends will be in vain. Their miserable state at the time
of death, the horror of the Day of Judgment, and the eternal bliss
guaranteed to sincere believers are presented very clearly and
powerfully in the Qur'an:
Until, when death comes unto one of them, he says, 'My Lord
send me back, that I may do right in that which I have left :
behind. ~ But nay! It is but a word that he speaks; and behind :
t hem is a barrier until the day when they are raised. And
when the Trumpet is blown there will be no kinship among
them that day nor will they ask of one another Then those
whose scales are heavy, they are successful. And those whose
scales are light are those who lose their souls, in hell abiding,
the fire burns their faces and they are alum therein. (23: 99-
104)
The belief in life after death guarantees success in the Hereafter and
also makes this world a place of peace and happiness by
transforming people into individuals who are more responsible and
dutiful in their activities.
Consider the example of the people who lived in the Arabian
peninsula before the appearance of the Prophet Muhammad. They
were great lovers of gambling, wine, tribal feuds, plundering, and
murdering. As they had no concept of an afterlife, why not enjoy
themselves as they saw fit? But as soon as they accepted the belief in
the One God and an afterlife, they became a very disciplined nation.
They gave up their vices, helped each other when requested to do so,
and settled all their disputes on the basis of justice and equality.
The denial of life after death also has consequences in this world.
When an entire nation denies belief in the afterlife, all kinds of evils
and corruption are unleashed and the society is set on the path to
ultimate destruction. The Qur'an mentions the terrible end of such
pre-Islamic peoples as the Aad, the Thamud, and the Pharaoh of
ancient Egypt:
(The tribes of) Thamud and 'Aad disbelieved in the judgment
to come. As for Thamud, they were destroyed by the lightning
and as for 'Aad, they were destroyed by a fierce roaring wind,
which He imposed on them for seven long nights and eight long
days so that you might see the people laid prostrate in it as if
they were the stumps of fallen down palm trees. Now do you
see a remnant of them? Pharaoh likewise and those before him,
and the subverted dines. They committed errors and they
rebelled against the Messenger of their Lord, and He seized
them with a surpassing grip. Lo, when the waters rose, We bore
you in the running ship that We might make it a reminder for
you and for heeding ears to hold. So when the [trumpet is
blown with a single blast and the earth and the mountains are
lifted up and crushed with a single blow, then on that day the
[error shall come to pass, and the heavens shall be split for
upon that day it shall be very frail. Then as or him who is
given his book in his right hand, he shall say: Here, take and
read my book! Certainly I thought that I should encounter my
reckoning' So he shall be in a pleasing life in a lofty garden, its
clusters nigh together 'Eat and drink with wholesome appetite
for that you did long ago, in the days gone by.' But as for him
who is given his book in his left hand, he shall say: -Would that
I had not been given my book and not known my reckoning!
Would that it had been the end. My wealth has not availed me,
my authority is gone from me. (69: 439)
There are very convincing reasons to believe in life after death.
First: All the prophets of God have called their people to believe in it.
Second: Whenever a society is built on the basis of this belief, it has
been the most ideal and peaceful society, free of social and moral
evils.
Third: History bears witness that whenever this belief has been
rejected collectively by a group of people in spite of the repeated
warning of the prophet, the group as a whole has been punished by
God even in this world.
Fourth: The moral, aesthetic, and rational faculties of man endorse
the possibility of life after death.
Fifth: God's attributes of justice and mercy have no meaning if there
is no life after death.

PLANNING INCOME AND EXPENSE EVERY MONTH

2009-01-15T10:37:00.001-08:00

# In my previous article, I said that there are several things to help your finance every month : Plan your income and expense every month
# Do the plan strictly
# Have reserves fund
# Take some insurances
This article will discuss point 1 and 2.

1. Plan your income and expense every month

Starting right now, plan when you will get your salary, how much its amount, and when you will spend your money, what the posts and how much the amount of expenses. The plan called Budget.

In example, you will receive this much on your salary on 27th, then from that amount you will use this much for this expense, that amount for that expense, and so on. So, if you make a budget first, you will detect on the first place whether there will be deficit or not in the middle of the month. If yes, you can revise the budget to avoid deficit.

Composing budget is very easy. If you have already known the amount of average income and expense every month, you could also predict how much income and expense for the next coming months.

Budget function

Many people feels uncomfortable to draw up and have budget. They think budget is the same with restrain their shopping desire.

NO. The function of a budget is to inform if your expense surpass your income or not. If yes, you ocan revise the budget so deficit can be avoided.

But, if you do not have budget, you will be difficult to know if your family expense has surpassed the income. So, if there is deficit at the end of the month, you just realize it at that time, after all has happened.

IMPORTANT

Include saving in your budget. Usually people save their money later, after their money was spent. So, sometimes they cannot save their money because all of their money was spent for shopping.

Thereby, it would be better if saving is not included later but earlier. Therefore, when you draw up a budget, insert saving as one of the posts that you must do earlier, at least after you repay your loan.

2. Do the plan strictly.

A plan is useless if it is not done. In here, plan of income and expense as much as Rp250,000, if you strictly obey and want to do according the budget, at the end of the month the discrepancy between income and expense of your family will be certainly figured out, namely Rp250,000.

Thereby, it would be easier to make another plan froward, because you have already known that every end of the month you surely have discrepancy of Rp250,000, which can be used for another purpose.

However, sometimes people, although have already made up a simple budget, is still unable to meet their budget. If he, i.e. allocated Rp500,000 per month for shopping, the figure could expand to Rp750,000.

This can be prevented with a harder system, namely 'envelope system'. If you have already drawn up a budget, you should allocate the amount right away according to each post. Each post is represented by one envelope. If the money in the envelope is empty, you don't have to try opening the other envelopes, because you have already known that budget for the related post has touched its limit. Envelope system is a little complicated, but perhaps it is the sacrifice that you should doso that you will not experience deficit. The most important, your expense now is more controllable.

A SECRET OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

2009-01-15T10:35:00.000-08:00

A huge earning is usually considered for measuring the wealth of someone. However, why do so many people with huge income frequently end up running out of money in the middle or at the end of the month? What is the problem?

If you have a job now, do you remember the first one you ever had? Usually, the first experience on work is the most unforgettable experience.

Let's take an example. Anto was still living with his family until he got a job at the age of 23, as a clerk in a trading company. At that time, he had just graduated. Although he had to go through a probationary period, Anto was so excited when he knew that he would get his first salary. His salary was Rp 600,000, which he would receive on the 27th.

We can guess what he would want to do: he wanted to treat his family. He wanted to express his gratitude for getting a salary for the first time in his life, and he also wanted to show them that he was independent now.

Let's see: he received the salary on the 27th. On the 29th he took his family out for a meal in an all-you-can-eat restaurant, so each of them could satisfy their appetite. The pre-tax cost for one person was Rp 22,000, and after tax was Rp 24,200 per person. All of his family members were 7, consisting of his father, mother, one big brother and 3 annoying younger brothers. All was 6, plus Anto made it 7. It means that he had to pay the dinner bill of Rp 169,400. Which means, only 2 days after he received his salary, he had already spent 28% out of his salary for that month. So, he had only Rp 430,600 left for the rest of the month.

"No problem", thought Anto. "It's my own family that I treated, not other people. Besides, it's not every day I do that. Once a month is enough." Days went by. One week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks. "Hmm…that stuff in the mall looks pretty good. There is a very interesting looking shirt. Okay, it costs Rp 28,000. There's also this nice pair of trousers to wear for work. Very cheap, costs only Rp 65,000. It won't hurt to look stylish at the office". He then started buying things. "Okay", Anto thought, "one shirt and a pair of pants for this month. The rest of my salary would be used for transportation and food until the end of the month" .

What happened? On the 24th of the next month, just three days before his second-month payday, he had only Rp 50,000 left.

Anto started thinking. Okay...., such was because he spent most of his money to treat his family. Also this was his first time working. Within the coming months, his finance would be better.

The second month, he got his salary again. Still in the same amount. No raise yet. The difference was no more treating the family. Days and weeks went by. A few days before his third salary, he only had Rp 75,000 left.

Three months passed by, he was finally accepted as permanent employee. He got a Rp 150,000 raise to Rp 750,000. "Not bad", Anto thought. This meant that I would be able to "breath" and save a little. But strangely, a few days before even one month period ended, his still had only little money left. The sixth month, the seventh month, the eight month, although he got a raise, but he still ran out of money and could not put any into savings.

As a matter of fact, Anto is not the only one, whose income is under Rp 1m, with this problem. Even people with millions per month income still have trouble saving money.

What is really happening? Many people think that by getting a raise, they will not run out of money in the middle of the month and they can save for sure. Every month they hope that they will get a raise the next months. But after they really get a raise, they still run out of money.

It is clear that the solution here lies not on how big your income is. The amount of your income does not guarantee that you will not run out of money in the middle of the month. The size of your income does not guarantee that you will be able to save. The key here is not how much money you make, but how you manage your income so that it can be stretched in a one-month period.

There is no fixed way on the right method to manage your finance. However, based from experiences, there are several things that can help you manage your finance well each month:

1. Plan your income and outcome every month.
2. Carry out the plan strictly.
3. Have reserved fund.
4. Join insurance plan.

In the next number, we will discuss each of the approaches.

SUMMARY ENGLAND HISTORY

2008-12-28T03:57:00.000-08:00

SUMMARY ENGLAND HISTORY
Prehistory

Stonehenge, thought to have been erected c.2500-2000BC
Archaeological evidence indicates that what was later southern Britannia was colonised by humans long before the rest of the British Isles because of its more hospitable climate between and during the various ice ages of the distant past.
The first historical mention of the region is from the Massaliote Periplus, a sailing manual for merchants thought to date to the 6th century BC, althoughcultural and trade links with the continent had existed for millennia prior to this. Pytheas of Massilia wrote of his trading journey to the island around 325 BC.
Later writers such as Pliny the Elder (quoting Timaeus) and Diodorus Siculus (probably drawing on Poseidonius) mention the tin trade from southern Britain, but there is little further historical detail of the people who lived there.
Tacitus wrote that there was no great difference in language between the people of southern Britannia and northern Gaul and noted that the various nations of Britons shared physical characteristics with their continental neighbours.
Roman Britain (Britannia)
Julius Caesar invaded southern Britain in 55 and 54 BC and wrote in De Bello Gallico that the population of southern Britannia was extremely large and shared much in common with the Belgae of the Low Countries. Coin evidence and the work of later Roman historians have provided the names of some of the rulers of the disparate tribes and their machinations in what was Britannia. Until the Roman Conquest of Britain, Britain's British population was relatively stable, and by the time of Julius Caesar's first invasion, the British population of what was old Britain was speaking a The Dark Ages: Arthurian England

The Dark Ages: Arthurian England

By the Fifth Century Britain was already a complex island of many different cultural influences. Until the Eleventh Century, Britain remained an island of changing boundaries, many rulers, and mysterious goings-on. This is the ‘dark ages’, a time we know little about (lending the air of mystery to this bit of history). It is out of this time that the Legends of King Arthur are born. Since there is very little written evidence that comes out of this time, and since archaeological evidence from this time period is just starting to gain the breadth and depth needed to make any broad conclusions, we are very dependent on later written sources (many of them writing about King Arthur) to create a picture of Britain in the early middle ages.

What we can definitely say is that certain traits from previous times remain in place through the middle ages. Celtic farming practices and family relations continue to be important to citizens of Britain. Contact with the worlds outside Britain was maintained, at least in a small part of their former glory. Celtic hill forts were still inhabited and were again the center of political life in Britain. Roman forts and defenses were maintained, sometimes successfully, sometimes with less than full success at varying times during this period. Though Roman cities and villas were still inhabited, they were not as well maintained as during Roman occupation. Roman citizens who stayed in Britain often formed the elite and the ruling class of the island, sometimes keeping their Roman culture, oftentimes becoming indistinguishable in culture from their Celtic neighbors.

During this time Christianity came to bear on Britain and the rest of the United Kingdom. By the end of occupation by the Romans, Christianity had made its way to England and was quickly adopted by all classes of people to varying degrees. Christianity and various local faiths were strong during the early middle ages. By the end, Christianity came out on top. Christianity brought many things to Britain. It served as a unifying force among the scattered tribes of Britons. Its priests and missionaries traveled widely, bringing wisdom and trade from distant parts. And, most importantly, monasteries valued writing and wrote down local history, knowledge, and legends.

Another way we get information on this time is by looking at the beginnings of the later middle ages and seeing what has changed since the Romans left Britain. By the time most history books look at England the feudal system of kings in castles is firmly in place, ruling over peasants, with knights to defend them.
Celtic language generally thought to be the forerunner of the modern Brythonic languages. After Julius Caesar abandoned Britain, it fell back into the hands of the Britons.
The Romans began their second conquest of Britain in 43 AD, during the reign of Claudius. They annexed the whole of modern England and Wales over the next forty years and periodically extended their control over much of lowland Scotland.

Anglo-Saxon Period

Kingdoms and tribes in Britain, c.600 AD
In approximately 495, at the Battle of Mount Badon, Britons inflicted a severe defeat on an invading Anglo-Saxon army which halted the westward Anglo-Saxon advance for some decades. Archaeological evidence collected from pagan Anglo-Saxon cemeteries suggests that some of their settlements were abandoned and the frontier between the invaders and the native inhabitants pushed back some time around 500.
Anglo-Saxon expansion resumed in the sixth century, although the chronology of its progress is unclear. One of the few individual events which emerges with any clarity before the seventh century is the Battle of Deorham, in 577, a West Saxon victory which led to the capture of Cirencester, Gloucester and Bath, bringing the Anglo-Saxon advance to the Bristol Channel and dividing the Britons in the West Country from those in Wales. The Northumbrian victory at the Battle of Chester around 616 may have had a similar effect in dividing Wales from the Britons of Cumbria.
Gradual Saxon expansion through the West Country continued through the seventh, eighth and ninth centuries. Meanwhile, by the mid-seventh century the Angles had pushed the Britons back to the approximate borders of modern Wales in the west and expanded northward as far as the River Forth.
Medieval England

Depiction of the Battle of Hastings (1066) on the Bayeux Tapestry
The Norman Conquest led to a sea-change in the history of the English state. William ordered the compilation of the Domesday Book, a survey of the entire population and their lands and property for tax purposes, which reveals that within twenty years of the conquest the English ruling class had been almost entirely dispossessed and replaced by Norman landholders, who also monopolised all senior positions in the government and the Church. William and his nobles spoke and conducted court in Norman French, in England as well as in Normandy. The use of the Anglo-Norman language by the aristocracy endured for centuries and left an indelible mark in the development of modern English.
The English Middle Ages were characterised by civil war, international war, occasional insurrection, and widespread political intrigue amongst the aristocratic and monarchic elite. England was more than self-sufficient in cereals, dairy products, beef and mutton. The nation's international economy was based on the wool trade, in which the produce of the sheepwalks of northern England was exported to the textile cities of Flanders, where it was worked into cloth. Medieval foreign policy was as much shaped by relations with Flemish textile industry as it was by dynastic adventures in western France. An English textile industry was established in the fifteenth century, providing the basis for rapid English capital accumulation.
Henry I, also known as "Henry Beauclerc" (so named because of his education—as his older brother William was the heir apparent and thus given the practical training to be king, Henry received the alternate, formal education), worked hard to reform and stabilise the country and smooth the differences between the Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman societies. The loss of his son, William Adelin, in the wreck of the White Ship in November 1120, undermined his reforms. This problem regarding succession cast a long shadow over English history.
During the confused and contested reign of Stephen, there was a major swing in the balance of power towards the feudal barons, as civil war and lawlessness broke out. In trying to appease Scottish and Welsh raiders, he handed over large tracts of land. His conflicts with his cousin The Empress Matilda (also known as Empress Maud), led to a civil war from 1139 - 1153. Matilda’s father, Henry I, had required the leading barons, ecclesiastics and officials in Normandy and England, to take an oath to accept Matilda as his heir. England was far less than enthusiastic to accept an outsider, and a woman, as their ruler. There is some evidence suggesting Henry was unsure of his own hopes and the oath to make Matilda his heir. In likelihood, Henry probably hoped Matilda would have a son and step aside as Queen Mother, making her son the next heir. Upon Henry’s death, the Norman and English barons ignored Matilda’s claim to the throne, and thus through a series of decisions, Stephen, Henry’s favourite nephew, was welcomed by many in England and Normandy as their new ruler. On December 22, 1135, Stephen was anointed king with the implicit support of the church and nation. Matilda and her own son stood for direct descent by heredity from Henry I, and she bided her time in France. In the autumn of 1139, she invaded England with her illegitimate half-brother Robert of Gloucester. Her husband, Geoffroy V of Anjou, conquered Normandy but did not cross the channel to help his wife, satisfied with Normandy and Anjou.
Stephen was captured, and his government fell. Matilda was proclaimed queen but was soon at odds with her subjects and was expelled from London. The period of insurrection and civil war that followed continued until 1148, when Matilda returned to France. Stephen effectively reigned unopposed until his death in 1154, although his hold on the throne was still uneasy.

England Reformation
These events were, in part, associated with the wider process of the European Protestant Reformation, a religious and political movement which affected the practice of Christianity across the whole of Europe during this period. Many factors contributed to the process: the decline of feudalism and the rise of nationalism, the rise of the common law, the invention of the printing press and increased circulation of the Bible texts, the transmission of new knowledge and ideas amongst scholars and the upper and middle classes. However the various phases of the English Reformation, which also covered Wales and Ireland, were largely driven by changes in government policy, to which public opinion gradually accommodated itself. The stories of why and how some states of Europe adhered to different forms of reformed churches, remained faithful to the Holy See, or allowed different regions within states to come to different conclusions, are highly complicated and specific to each state and remain the subject of debate among historians.
Based on Henry VIII's desire for an annulment, the English Reformation was, at the outset, more of a political than a theological dispute, but the reality of political differences between Rome and England nonetheless allowed growing theological disputes to come to the fore.[1] Before the break with Rome, it was the Pope and general councils of the church that decided doctrine. Church law was governed by the code of canon law with final jurisdiction in Rome. Church taxes were paid straight to Rome and it was the Pope who had the final say over the appointment of bishops. The split from Rome made the English monarch the Supreme Governor of the English church by "Royal Supremacy", thereby making the Church of England the established church of the nation. Doctrinal and legal disputes now rested with the monarch and the papacy was deprived of revenue and the final say on the appointment of bishops.
The structure and theology of the church was a matter of fierce dispute for generations. These disputes were finally ended by a coup d'état in 1688, from which emerged a church polity with an established church and a number of non-conformist churches whose members at first suffered various civil disabilities which were only removed over time, as did the substantial minority who remained Roman Catholic in England and Wales, whose church organization remained illegal until the nineteenth century.
Different opinions have been advanced as to why England adopted a reformed faith, unlike France for instance. Some have advanced the view that there was an inevitability about the triumph of the forces of new knowledge and a new sense of autonomy set over-against superstition and corruption;[2] others that it was a matter of chance: Henry VIII died at the wrong time; Mary had no child;[3] reform did not inevitably mean leaving the Roman Communion;[4] for others it was about the power of ideas which required only moderate assistance for people to see old certainties as uncertain;[5] while others have written that it was about the power of the state over vibrant, flourishing popular religion;[6] or that it was a 'cultural revolution'.[7] Some, on the contrary, have argued that, for most ordinary people there was a continuity across the divide, which was as significant as any changes.[8] The recent revival of scholarly interest may indicate that the argument is not yet over.

some software

2008-12-28T03:54:00.001-08:00

this is some software which can you take
.1.Microsoft Office 2003 Word And Excel http://rapidshare.com/files/79367130/Portable_MS_Office_2003_Word-Excel.rar
2.You Tube Downloader http://rapidshare.com/files/80413578/YouTube_Downloader_2.5.2_Portable.rar
3. Nero 7 http://rapidshare.com/files/70703920/Nero_7.10.1.0_Portablee.rar
4. IDM 5.12 http://www.box.net/shared/89w1r2hwkw
5. Adobe Ilustrator CS3 Extended http://rapidshare.com/files/64291303/Portable_Adobe_Illustrator_CS3.rar
6. Google Earth 4.2 Incl. Sky http://rapidshare.com/files/52121889/Goog.Ear.v4.2.with.Sky.rar
7. Microsoft Visual http://rapidshare.com/files/52180282/Portable_Microsoft_Virtual_Pc_2007.rar
8. Winrar 3.7 http://rapidshare.com/files/52290029/PortableWinRar3.70Final.rar
9. Kaspersky AntiVirus 6.0.1.41 Portable http://rapidshare.com/files/55518424/Kaspersky_AntiVirus_6.0.1.41_Portable.rar
10. Win XP Portable 4 USB http://rapidshare.com/files/54548860/WINDOWS.XP.USB.STICK.EDITION.zip
11. Norton Ghost 11 http://depositfiles.com/files/1094916
13. Yahoo Messenger 8.5 http://files.filefront.com/portableym85rar/;5955355;/fileinfo.html/1/1
14. Real Player 11 http://rapidshare.com/files/71972376/PortableRv11.0.0.372Final.rar.html

moga belum suspend deh hehe

TECHNOLOGY

2008-12-28T03:47:00.001-08:00

TECHNOLOGY
In general technology is the relationship that society has with its tools and crafts, and to what extent society can control its environment. The Merriam-Webster dictionary offers a definition of the term: "the practical application of knowledge especially in a particular area" and "a capability given by the practicalapplication of knowledge". Ursula Franklin, in her 1989 "Real World of Technology" lecture, gave another definition of the concept; it is "practice, the way we do things around here". The term is often used to imply a specific field of technology, or to refer to high technology or just consumer electronics, rather than technology as a whole. Bernard Stiegler, in Technics and Time, 1, defines technology in two ways: as "the pursuit of life by means other than life", and as "organized inorganic matter.
Technology can be most broadly defined as the entities, both material and immaterial, created by the application of mental and physical effort in order to achieve some value. In this usage, technology refers to tools and machines that may be used to solve real-world problems. It is a far-reaching term that may include simple tools, such as a crowbar or wooden spoon, or more complex machines, such as a space station or particle accelerator. Tools and machines need not be material; virtual technology, such as computer software and business methods, fall under this definition of technology.
The word "technology" can also be used to refer to a collection of techniques. In this context, it is the current state of humanity's knowledge of how to combine resources to produce desired products, to solve problems, fulfill needs, or satisfy wants; it includes technical methods, skills, processes, techniques, tools and raw materials. When combined with another term, such as "medical technology" or "space technology", it refers to the state of the respective field's knowledge and tools. "State-of-the-art technology" refers to the high technology available to humanity in any field.

Grow Up Guy’s

2008-12-28T03:45:00.000-08:00

lihat dirimu...

Dewasalah my friend’s

Suatu saat apakah anda pernah berfikir, merenung bahkan melamun”

apa yg sudah kita dapat dalam hidup ini……

cobalah rool back diri anda, review your life…..

sudah berapa tahun, bulan, hari, jam, menit, bahkan detik anda bercokol d bumi ini

waktu berjalan dengan dengan cepatnya, umur kian bertambah

apa yang anda dapatkan sampai saat ini, apakah anda mendapatkan sesuatu yg baik, buruk atau hanya NOL BESAR stak begitu saja

hidup bervariasi guy’s jgn selalu mengandalkan orang lain, be smart inovatif and penuh inisiatif

” janganlah menganggap hidup terlalu santai “
yg pasti “slow but sure” [bondan bgt boo..]

jangan kekanak-kanakan, ada saatnya melewati masa tersebut sekarang anda sedang melewati masa ap? soo cepatlah beradaptasi and GROW UP GUY’S