<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21072581</id><updated>2026-06-26T00:23:48.864-04:00</updated><category term="Hormigon Concreto"/><category term="Ingenieria Civil"/><category term="Puentes"/><category term="Construccion de Tuneles"/><category term="Sistemas Constructivos"/><category term="Edificacion"/><category term="Mecanica de Suelos"/><category term="Mega Proyectos"/><category term="Agua Potable"/><category term="Represas Centrales"/><category term="Estabilizacion de Taludes"/><category term="Pavimentos"/><category term="Bombas Hidraulicas"/><category term="Construccion de 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Estructuras"/><category term="Sistemas Post y Pre Tensados"/><category term="Tecnologia sin Zanjas"/><category term="Termografia"/><category term="Topografia"/><category term="Tuneles"/><category term="Agotamiento de Niveles Freatico"/><category term="Aseo Industrial"/><category term="Calefaccion"/><category term="Construccion de Canales Navegables"/><category term="Construcción 3D"/><category term="Corrosion"/><category term="Edificacion Ecologica"/><category term="Energia Hidraulica"/><category term="Energia Termica Oceanica"/><category term="Ensayos de Materiales para La Construccion"/><category term="Eventos Desastrosos"/><category term="Fichas Catalogos"/><category term="Ingenieria de Rocas"/><category term="Instrumentos de Medicion"/><category term="Obras Propias"/><category term="Prevencion de Riesgo"/><category term="Revestimientos"/><title type='text'>                  Ingeniería y Construcción</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://facingyconst.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21072581/posts/default?max-results=3&amp;redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://facingyconst.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21072581/posts/default?start-index=4&amp;max-results=3&amp;redirect=false'/><author><name>Fernando Arancibia C</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04363612098670082489</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' 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scroll-mb-[calc(var(--scroll-root-safe-area-inset-bottom,0px)+var(--thread-response-height))] scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]&quot; data-testid=&quot;conversation-turn-2&quot; data-turn-id-container=&quot;23471326-409e-4109-a35a-8249f14fd268&quot; data-turn-id=&quot;23471326-409e-4109-a35a-8249f14fd268&quot; data-turn=&quot;assistant&quot; dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;text-base my-auto mx-auto [--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-xs,calc(var(--spacing)*4))] @w-sm/main:[--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-sm,calc(var(--spacing)*6))] @w-lg/main:[--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-lg,calc(var(--spacing)*16))] px-(--thread-content-margin)&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;[--thread-content-max-width:40rem] @w-lg/main:[--thread-content-max-width:48rem] mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn&quot; data-conversation-screenshot-content=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;flex max-w-full flex-col gap-4 grow&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal outline-none keyboard-focused:focus-ring [.text-message+&amp;amp;]:mt-1&quot; data-message-author-role=&quot;assistant&quot; data-message-id=&quot;5a8e74ff-2918-4409-9280-2269f2e7e830&quot; data-message-model-slug=&quot;gpt-5-5-thinking&quot; dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;markdown prose dark:prose-invert wrap-break-word w-full light markdown-new-styling&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 data-end=&quot;55&quot; data-section-id=&quot;ps8pcs&quot; data-start=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Concepto técnico: licuación de suelos en fundaciones&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p data-end=&quot;522&quot; data-start=&quot;57&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;La &lt;strong data-end=&quot;73&quot; data-start=&quot;60&quot;&gt;licuación&lt;/strong&gt; es un fenómeno geotécnico que ocurre principalmente durante terremotos, cuando un suelo granular &lt;strong data-end=&quot;223&quot; data-start=&quot;171&quot;&gt;suelto, saturado y con baja capacidad de drenaje&lt;/strong&gt; pierde temporalmente su resistencia al corte y se comporta como si fuera un fluido. Según el USGS, sucede cuando sedimentos sueltos y saturados pierden resistencia por la vibración sísmica intensa, pudiendo generar daños severos bajo edificios y obras civiles. &lt;span class=&quot;&quot; data-state=&quot;closed&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p data-end=&quot;713&quot; data-start=&quot;524&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;En términos simples:&lt;br data-end=&quot;547&quot; data-start=&quot;544&quot; /&gt;
&lt;strong data-end=&quot;647&quot; data-start=&quot;547&quot;&gt;el suelo deja de actuar como “terreno firme” y pasa a comportarse como una masa blanda o líquida&lt;/strong&gt;, reduciendo drásticamente su capacidad para sostener fundaciones.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr data-end=&quot;718&quot; data-start=&quot;715&quot; /&gt;
&lt;h2 data-end=&quot;756&quot; data-section-id=&quot;1l9b67g&quot; data-start=&quot;720&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;1. ¿Cómo se produce la licuación?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p data-end=&quot;794&quot; data-start=&quot;758&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;El mecanismo básico es el siguiente:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ol data-end=&quot;1240&quot; data-start=&quot;796&quot;&gt;
&lt;li data-end=&quot;857&quot; data-section-id=&quot;ki72v3&quot; data-start=&quot;796&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;
Existe un suelo arenoso o limoso, generalmente &lt;strong data-end=&quot;856&quot; data-start=&quot;846&quot;&gt;suelto&lt;/strong&gt;.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li data-end=&quot;931&quot; data-section-id=&quot;c78e2o&quot; data-start=&quot;858&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;
El suelo está &lt;strong data-end=&quot;887&quot; data-start=&quot;875&quot;&gt;saturado&lt;/strong&gt;, es decir, sus vacíos están llenos de agua.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li data-end=&quot;999&quot; data-section-id=&quot;1dqob9k&quot; data-start=&quot;932&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;
Durante un sismo, el suelo intenta compactarse por la vibración.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li data-end=&quot;1081&quot; data-section-id=&quot;1dmr1ku&quot; data-start=&quot;1000&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;
Como el agua no alcanza a drenar rápidamente, aumenta la &lt;strong data-end=&quot;1080&quot; data-start=&quot;1060&quot;&gt;presión de poros&lt;/strong&gt;.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li data-end=&quot;1169&quot; data-section-id=&quot;t7xzcb&quot; data-start=&quot;1082&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;
Al aumentar la presión del agua, disminuye la &lt;strong data-end=&quot;1151&quot; data-start=&quot;1131&quot;&gt;tensión efectiva&lt;/strong&gt; entre partículas.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li data-end=&quot;1240&quot; data-section-id=&quot;1sdvc92&quot; data-start=&quot;1170&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;
Si la tensión efectiva baja demasiado, el suelo pierde resistencia.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;p data-end=&quot;1303&quot; data-start=&quot;1242&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;La resistencia real del suelo depende de la tensión efectiva:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-display&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot;&gt;&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot; xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;σ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo lspace=&quot;0em&quot; mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot; rspace=&quot;0em&quot;&gt;′&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;σ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;\sigma&#39; = \sigma - u&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot;&gt;σ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mtight&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mtight&quot;&gt;′&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mspace&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrel&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mspace&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot;&gt;σ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mspace&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mbin&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mspace&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p data-end=&quot;1339&quot; data-start=&quot;1333&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Donde:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul data-end=&quot;1444&quot; data-start=&quot;1341&quot;&gt;
&lt;li data-end=&quot;1375&quot; data-section-id=&quot;1whtc95&quot; data-start=&quot;1341&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;σ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo lspace=&quot;0em&quot; mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot; rspace=&quot;0em&quot;&gt;′&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;\sigma&#39;&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot;&gt;σ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mtight&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mtight&quot;&gt;′&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; = tensión efectiva
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li data-end=&quot;1406&quot; data-section-id=&quot;1kv1xcz&quot; data-start=&quot;1376&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;σ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;\sigma&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot;&gt;σ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; = tensión total
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li data-end=&quot;1444&quot; data-section-id=&quot;rbyr66&quot; data-start=&quot;1407&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;u&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; = presión de poros del agua
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p data-end=&quot;1616&quot; data-start=&quot;1446&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Cuando &lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;u&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; aumenta mucho durante el sismo, &lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;σ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo lspace=&quot;0em&quot; mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot; rspace=&quot;0em&quot;&gt;′&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;\sigma&#39;&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot;&gt;σ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mtight&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mtight&quot;&gt;′&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; disminuye. Si &lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;σ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo lspace=&quot;0em&quot; mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot; rspace=&quot;0em&quot;&gt;′&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;\sigma&#39;&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot;&gt;σ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mtight&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mtight&quot;&gt;′&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; se aproxima a cero, el suelo prácticamente pierde contacto resistente entre partículas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr data-end=&quot;1621&quot; data-start=&quot;1618&quot; /&gt;
&lt;h2 data-end=&quot;1651&quot; data-section-id=&quot;1kis2qi&quot; data-start=&quot;1623&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;2. Suelos más vulnerables&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p data-end=&quot;1698&quot; data-start=&quot;1653&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Los suelos con mayor riesgo de licuación son:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;TyagGW_tableContainer&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;group TyagGW_tableWrapper flex flex-col-reverse w-fit&quot; tabindex=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;table class=&quot;w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)&quot; data-end=&quot;2048&quot; data-start=&quot;1700&quot;&gt;&lt;thead data-end=&quot;1726&quot; data-start=&quot;1700&quot;&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;1726&quot; data-start=&quot;1700&quot;&gt;&lt;th class=&quot;last:pe-10&quot; data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;1716&quot; data-start=&quot;1700&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Tipo de suelo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th class=&quot;last:pe-10&quot; data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;1726&quot; data-start=&quot;1716&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Riesgo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;&lt;tbody data-end=&quot;2048&quot; data-start=&quot;1738&quot;&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;1785&quot; data-start=&quot;1738&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;1773&quot; data-start=&quot;1738&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Arenas limpias sueltas saturadas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;1785&quot; data-start=&quot;1773&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Muy alto&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;1819&quot; data-start=&quot;1786&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;1811&quot; data-start=&quot;1786&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Arenas limosas sueltas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;1819&quot; data-start=&quot;1811&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Alto&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;1886&quot; data-start=&quot;1820&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;1874&quot; data-start=&quot;1820&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Rellenos hidráulicos o artificiales mal compactados&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;1886&quot; data-start=&quot;1874&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Muy alto&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;1934&quot; data-start=&quot;1887&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;1918&quot; data-start=&quot;1887&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Limos no plásticos saturados&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;1934&quot; data-start=&quot;1918&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Medio a alto&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;1970&quot; data-start=&quot;1935&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;1961&quot; data-start=&quot;1935&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Gravas arenosas sueltas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;1970&quot; data-start=&quot;1961&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Medio&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;2010&quot; data-start=&quot;1971&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;2002&quot; data-start=&quot;1971&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Arcillas plásticas compactas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;2010&quot; data-start=&quot;2002&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Bajo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;2048&quot; data-start=&quot;2011&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;2036&quot; data-start=&quot;2011&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Roca o suelo cementado&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;2048&quot; data-start=&quot;2036&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Muy bajo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p data-end=&quot;2219&quot; data-start=&quot;2050&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Los sectores costeros, portuarios, dunas antiguas, rellenos ganados al mar, riberas de ríos, vegas, humedales y suelos con napa alta son zonas típicamente más sensibles.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr data-end=&quot;2224&quot; data-start=&quot;2221&quot; /&gt;
&lt;h2 data-end=&quot;2270&quot; data-section-id=&quot;14qzrex&quot; data-start=&quot;2226&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;3. Efectos sobre fundaciones de edificios&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p data-end=&quot;2346&quot; data-start=&quot;2272&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;La licuación puede afectar tanto fundaciones superficiales como profundas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3 data-end=&quot;2380&quot; data-section-id=&quot;18f0v2r&quot; data-start=&quot;2348&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;A. Fundaciones superficiales&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p data-end=&quot;2467&quot; data-start=&quot;2382&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;En zapatas, losas de fundación o radieres estructurales, los efectos más comunes son:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;TyagGW_tableContainer&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;group TyagGW_tableWrapper flex flex-col-reverse w-fit&quot; tabindex=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;table class=&quot;w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)&quot; data-end=&quot;2880&quot; data-start=&quot;2469&quot;&gt;&lt;thead data-end=&quot;2506&quot; data-start=&quot;2469&quot;&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;2506&quot; data-start=&quot;2469&quot;&gt;&lt;th class=&quot;last:pe-10&quot; data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;2478&quot; data-start=&quot;2469&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Efecto&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th class=&quot;last:pe-10&quot; data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;2506&quot; data-start=&quot;2478&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Consecuencia estructural&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;&lt;tbody data-end=&quot;2880&quot; data-start=&quot;2517&quot;&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;2577&quot; data-start=&quot;2517&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;2549&quot; data-start=&quot;2517&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Pérdida de capacidad portante&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;2577&quot; data-start=&quot;2549&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Hundimiento del edificio&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;2651&quot; data-start=&quot;2578&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;2608&quot; data-start=&quot;2578&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Asentamientos diferenciales&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;2651&quot; data-start=&quot;2608&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Inclinación, fisuras y daño estructural&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;2714&quot; data-start=&quot;2652&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;2680&quot; data-start=&quot;2652&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Expulsión de arena y agua&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;2714&quot; data-start=&quot;2680&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Formación de volcanes de arena&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;2811&quot; data-start=&quot;2715&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;2761&quot; data-start=&quot;2715&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Flotación parcial de estructuras enterradas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;2811&quot; data-start=&quot;2761&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Levantamiento de cámaras, estanques o tuberías&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;2880&quot; data-start=&quot;2812&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;2849&quot; data-start=&quot;2812&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Desplazamiento lateral del terreno&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;2880&quot; data-start=&quot;2849&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Daño en fundaciones y redes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p data-end=&quot;3042&quot; data-start=&quot;2882&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;El caso clásico es el de edificios que no colapsan completamente, pero quedan &lt;strong data-end=&quot;2985&quot; data-start=&quot;2960&quot;&gt;inclinados o hundidos&lt;/strong&gt;, porque el suelo dejó de sostenerlos de manera uniforme.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr data-end=&quot;3047&quot; data-start=&quot;3044&quot; /&gt;
&lt;h3 data-end=&quot;3094&quot; data-section-id=&quot;1x3a66t&quot; data-start=&quot;3049&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;B. Fundaciones profundas: pilotes y pilas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p data-end=&quot;3480&quot; data-start=&quot;3096&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;En pilotes, la licuación no solo reduce el apoyo lateral del suelo, sino que también puede generar &lt;strong data-end=&quot;3216&quot; data-start=&quot;3195&quot;&gt;fricción negativa&lt;/strong&gt; o &lt;em data-end=&quot;3229&quot; data-start=&quot;3219&quot;&gt;downdrag&lt;/em&gt;. La FHWA explica que, después de la licuación, al disiparse las presiones de poros, el suelo licuado puede asentarse respecto del pilote y arrastrarlo hacia abajo, generando cargas adicionales sobre la fundación. &lt;span class=&quot;&quot; data-state=&quot;closed&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p data-end=&quot;3513&quot; data-start=&quot;3482&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Efectos principales en pilotes:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;TyagGW_tableContainer&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;group TyagGW_tableWrapper flex flex-col-reverse w-fit&quot; tabindex=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;table class=&quot;w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)&quot; data-end=&quot;3867&quot; data-start=&quot;3515&quot;&gt;&lt;thead data-end=&quot;3536&quot; data-start=&quot;3515&quot;&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;3536&quot; data-start=&quot;3515&quot;&gt;&lt;th class=&quot;last:pe-10&quot; data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;3526&quot; data-start=&quot;3515&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Fenómeno&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th class=&quot;last:pe-10&quot; data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;3536&quot; data-start=&quot;3526&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Riesgo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;&lt;tbody data-end=&quot;3867&quot; data-start=&quot;3547&quot;&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;3617&quot; data-start=&quot;3547&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;3582&quot; data-start=&quot;3547&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Pérdida de confinamiento lateral&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;3617&quot; data-start=&quot;3582&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Pandeo o deformación del pilote&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;3684&quot; data-start=&quot;3618&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;3653&quot; data-start=&quot;3618&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Desplazamiento lateral del suelo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;3684&quot; data-start=&quot;3653&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Flexión excesiva del pilote&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;3731&quot; data-start=&quot;3685&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;3705&quot; data-start=&quot;3685&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Fricción negativa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;3731&quot; data-start=&quot;3705&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Aumento de carga axial&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;3782&quot; data-start=&quot;3732&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;3766&quot; data-start=&quot;3732&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Reducción de capacidad de punta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;3782&quot; data-start=&quot;3766&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Asentamiento&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;3867&quot; data-start=&quot;3783&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;3825&quot; data-start=&quot;3783&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Empuje lateral por extensión de terreno&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;3867&quot; data-start=&quot;3825&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Daño en cabezales y vigas de fundación&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p data-end=&quot;4076&quot; data-start=&quot;3869&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;En obras portuarias, puentes y muelles, este efecto puede ser crítico, porque la licuación puede combinarse con &lt;strong data-end=&quot;4040&quot; data-start=&quot;3981&quot;&gt;desplazamiento lateral del terreno hacia el borde libre&lt;/strong&gt;, conocido como &lt;em data-end=&quot;4075&quot; data-start=&quot;4056&quot;&gt;lateral spreading&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr data-end=&quot;4081&quot; data-start=&quot;4078&quot; /&gt;
&lt;h2 data-end=&quot;4113&quot; data-section-id=&quot;19ntijf&quot; data-start=&quot;4083&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;4. Efectos en obras civiles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p data-end=&quot;4174&quot; data-start=&quot;4115&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;La licuación no afecta solo edificios. También puede dañar:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;TyagGW_tableContainer&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;group TyagGW_tableWrapper flex flex-col-reverse w-fit&quot; tabindex=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;table class=&quot;w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)&quot; data-end=&quot;4747&quot; data-start=&quot;4176&quot;&gt;&lt;thead data-end=&quot;4204&quot; data-start=&quot;4176&quot;&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;4204&quot; data-start=&quot;4176&quot;&gt;&lt;th class=&quot;last:pe-10&quot; data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;4189&quot; data-start=&quot;4176&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Obra civil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th class=&quot;last:pe-10&quot; data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;4204&quot; data-start=&quot;4189&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Daño típico&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;&lt;tbody data-end=&quot;4747&quot; data-start=&quot;4215&quot;&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;4288&quot; data-start=&quot;4215&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;4225&quot; data-start=&quot;4215&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Puentes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;4288&quot; data-start=&quot;4225&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Asentamiento de estribos, daño en pilotes, pérdida de apoyo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;4340&quot; data-start=&quot;4289&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;4299&quot; data-start=&quot;4289&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Caminos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;4340&quot; data-start=&quot;4299&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Grietas, hundimientos y deformaciones&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;4390&quot; data-start=&quot;4341&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;4355&quot; data-start=&quot;4341&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Terraplenes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;4390&quot; data-start=&quot;4355&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Asentamiento y falla de taludes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;4467&quot; data-start=&quot;4391&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;4413&quot; data-start=&quot;4391&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Muros de contención&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;4467&quot; data-start=&quot;4413&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Aumento de empujes y pérdida de resistencia pasiva&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;4549&quot; data-start=&quot;4468&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;4487&quot; data-start=&quot;4468&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Redes sanitarias&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;4549&quot; data-start=&quot;4487&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Rotura de tuberías, cámaras flotadas, pérdida de pendiente&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;4629&quot; data-start=&quot;4550&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;4569&quot; data-start=&quot;4550&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Obras portuarias&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;4629&quot; data-start=&quot;4569&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Desplazamiento de muelles, falla de pilotes y explanadas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;4682&quot; data-start=&quot;4630&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;4653&quot; data-start=&quot;4630&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Estanques enterrados&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;4682&quot; data-start=&quot;4653&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Flotación o levantamiento&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;4747&quot; data-start=&quot;4683&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;4706&quot; data-start=&quot;4683&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Plantas industriales&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;4747&quot; data-start=&quot;4706&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Daños por asentamientos diferenciales&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p data-end=&quot;5027&quot; data-start=&quot;4749&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;En muros de contención, la licuación detrás del muro puede aumentar el empuje activo, mientras que la licuación delante del muro puede reducir la resistencia pasiva; bajo el muro puede producir pérdida de capacidad portante y deslizamiento. &lt;span class=&quot;&quot; data-state=&quot;closed&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr data-end=&quot;5032&quot; data-start=&quot;5029&quot; /&gt;
&lt;h2 data-end=&quot;5078&quot; data-section-id=&quot;12wbw9s&quot; data-start=&quot;5034&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;5. Señales en terreno después de un sismo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p data-end=&quot;5122&quot; data-start=&quot;5080&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Algunos indicios típicos de licuación son:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;TyagGW_tableContainer&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;group TyagGW_tableWrapper flex flex-col-reverse w-fit&quot; tabindex=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;table class=&quot;w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)&quot; data-end=&quot;5619&quot; data-start=&quot;5124&quot;&gt;&lt;thead data-end=&quot;5160&quot; data-start=&quot;5124&quot;&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;5160&quot; data-start=&quot;5124&quot;&gt;&lt;th class=&quot;last:pe-10&quot; data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;5142&quot; data-start=&quot;5124&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Señal observada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th class=&quot;last:pe-10&quot; data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;5160&quot; data-start=&quot;5142&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Interpretación&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;&lt;tbody data-end=&quot;5619&quot; data-start=&quot;5171&quot;&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;5241&quot; data-start=&quot;5171&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;5191&quot; data-start=&quot;5171&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Volcanes de arena&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;5241&quot; data-start=&quot;5191&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Expulsión de agua y arena por presión de poros&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;5314&quot; data-start=&quot;5242&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;5267&quot; data-start=&quot;5242&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Grietas longitudinales&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;5314&quot; data-start=&quot;5267&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Deformación o extensión lateral del terreno&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;5375&quot; data-start=&quot;5315&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;5342&quot; data-start=&quot;5315&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Hundimientos localizados&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;5375&quot; data-start=&quot;5342&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Pérdida de capacidad portante&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;5427&quot; data-start=&quot;5376&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;5399&quot; data-start=&quot;5376&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Edificios inclinados&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;5427&quot; data-start=&quot;5399&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Asentamiento diferencial&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;5503&quot; data-start=&quot;5428&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;5461&quot; data-start=&quot;5428&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Cámaras o estanques levantados&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;5503&quot; data-start=&quot;5461&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Flotación por pérdida de confinamiento&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;5563&quot; data-start=&quot;5504&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;5527&quot; data-start=&quot;5504&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Pavimentos ondulados&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;5563&quot; data-start=&quot;5527&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Deformación del suelo subyacente&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;5619&quot; data-start=&quot;5564&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;5581&quot; data-start=&quot;5564&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Tuberías rotas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;5619&quot; data-start=&quot;5581&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Movimiento diferencial del terreno&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr data-end=&quot;5624&quot; data-start=&quot;5621&quot; /&gt;
&lt;h2 data-end=&quot;5663&quot; data-section-id=&quot;e1usiq&quot; data-start=&quot;5626&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;6. Factores que aumentan el riesgo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p data-end=&quot;5718&quot; data-start=&quot;5665&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;La licuación depende de una combinación de variables:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;TyagGW_tableContainer&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;group TyagGW_tableWrapper flex flex-col-reverse w-fit&quot; tabindex=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;table class=&quot;w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)&quot; data-end=&quot;6265&quot; data-start=&quot;5720&quot;&gt;&lt;thead data-end=&quot;5743&quot; data-start=&quot;5720&quot;&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;5743&quot; data-start=&quot;5720&quot;&gt;&lt;th class=&quot;last:pe-10&quot; data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;5729&quot; data-start=&quot;5720&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Factor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th class=&quot;last:pe-10&quot; data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;5743&quot; data-start=&quot;5729&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Influencia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;&lt;tbody data-end=&quot;6265&quot; data-start=&quot;5754&quot;&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;5830&quot; data-start=&quot;5754&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;5775&quot; data-start=&quot;5754&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Magnitud del sismo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;5830&quot; data-start=&quot;5775&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;A mayor magnitud, mayor duración de ciclos de carga&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;5899&quot; data-start=&quot;5831&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;5853&quot; data-start=&quot;5831&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Aceleración sísmica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;5899&quot; data-start=&quot;5853&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;A mayor aceleración, mayor demanda cíclica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;5954&quot; data-start=&quot;5900&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;5922&quot; data-start=&quot;5900&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Nivel freático alto&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;5954&quot; data-start=&quot;5922&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Aumenta saturación del suelo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;6018&quot; data-start=&quot;5955&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;5980&quot; data-start=&quot;5955&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Baja densidad relativa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;6018&quot; data-start=&quot;5980&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Suelos sueltos son más vulnerables&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;6069&quot; data-start=&quot;6019&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;6044&quot; data-start=&quot;6019&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Suelo arenoso o limoso&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;6069&quot; data-start=&quot;6044&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Mayor susceptibilidad&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;6112&quot; data-start=&quot;6070&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;6097&quot; data-start=&quot;6070&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Rellenos mal compactados&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;6112&quot; data-start=&quot;6097&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Alto riesgo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;6196&quot; data-start=&quot;6113&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;6146&quot; data-start=&quot;6113&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Cercanía a ríos, mar o esteros&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;6196&quot; data-start=&quot;6146&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Mayor presencia de napa y sedimentos recientes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;6265&quot; data-start=&quot;6197&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;6223&quot; data-start=&quot;6197&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Pendiente o borde libre&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;6265&quot; data-start=&quot;6223&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Mayor riesgo de desplazamiento lateral&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr data-end=&quot;6270&quot; data-start=&quot;6267&quot; /&gt;
&lt;h2 data-end=&quot;6314&quot; data-section-id=&quot;1qonkcr&quot; data-start=&quot;6272&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;7. Cómo se evalúa en mecánica de suelos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p data-end=&quot;6359&quot; data-start=&quot;6316&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Un estudio serio de licuación debe incluir:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;TyagGW_tableContainer&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;group TyagGW_tableWrapper flex flex-col-reverse w-fit&quot; tabindex=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;table class=&quot;w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)&quot; data-end=&quot;6883&quot; data-start=&quot;6361&quot;&gt;&lt;thead data-end=&quot;6388&quot; data-start=&quot;6361&quot;&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;6388&quot; data-start=&quot;6361&quot;&gt;&lt;th class=&quot;last:pe-10&quot; data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;6381&quot; data-start=&quot;6361&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Ensayo / análisis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th class=&quot;last:pe-10&quot; data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;6388&quot; data-start=&quot;6381&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Uso&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;&lt;tbody data-end=&quot;6883&quot; data-start=&quot;6399&quot;&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;6462&quot; data-start=&quot;6399&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;6405&quot; data-start=&quot;6399&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;SPT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;6462&quot; data-start=&quot;6405&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Evaluar resistencia a penetración y densidad relativa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;6523&quot; data-start=&quot;6463&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;6470&quot; data-start=&quot;6463&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;CPTu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;6523&quot; data-start=&quot;6470&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Perfil continuo de resistencia y presión de poros&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;6577&quot; data-start=&quot;6524&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;6540&quot; data-start=&quot;6524&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Granulometría&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;6577&quot; data-start=&quot;6540&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Identificar arenas, limos y finos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;6640&quot; data-start=&quot;6578&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;6601&quot; data-start=&quot;6578&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Límites de Atterberg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;6640&quot; data-start=&quot;6601&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Distinguir limos/arcillas plásticas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;6683&quot; data-start=&quot;6641&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;6658&quot; data-start=&quot;6641&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Nivel freático&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;6683&quot; data-start=&quot;6658&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Determinar saturación&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;6746&quot; data-start=&quot;6684&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;6716&quot; data-start=&quot;6684&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Velocidad de onda de corte Vs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;6746&quot; data-start=&quot;6716&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Rigidez dinámica del suelo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;6808&quot; data-start=&quot;6747&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;6777&quot; data-start=&quot;6747&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Ensayos triaxiales cíclicos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;6808&quot; data-start=&quot;6777&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Evaluar resistencia cíclica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;6883&quot; data-start=&quot;6809&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;6830&quot; data-start=&quot;6809&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Análisis CSR / CRR&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;6883&quot; data-start=&quot;6830&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Comparar demanda sísmica vs resistencia del suelo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p data-end=&quot;6906&quot; data-start=&quot;6885&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;La lógica general es:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-display&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot;&gt;&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot; xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;F&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;S&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;R&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;R&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;S&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;R&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;FS = \frac{CRR}{CSR}&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot;&gt;FS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mspace&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrel&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mspace&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mopen nulldelimiter&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t vlist-t2&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot;&gt;CSR&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;frac-line&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot;&gt;CRR&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-s&quot;&gt;​&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mclose nulldelimiter&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p data-end=&quot;6942&quot; data-start=&quot;6936&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Donde:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul data-end=&quot;7077&quot; data-start=&quot;6944&quot;&gt;
&lt;li data-end=&quot;6987&quot; data-section-id=&quot;17l2tej&quot; data-start=&quot;6944&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong data-end=&quot;6953&quot; data-start=&quot;6946&quot;&gt;CRR&lt;/strong&gt; = resistencia cíclica del suelo
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li data-end=&quot;7025&quot; data-section-id=&quot;1bcj4ds&quot; data-start=&quot;6988&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong data-end=&quot;6997&quot; data-start=&quot;6990&quot;&gt;CSR&lt;/strong&gt; = demanda sísmica cíclica
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li data-end=&quot;7077&quot; data-section-id=&quot;ugu714&quot; data-start=&quot;7026&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong data-end=&quot;7034&quot; data-start=&quot;7028&quot;&gt;FS&lt;/strong&gt; = factor de seguridad frente a licuación
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p data-end=&quot;7082&quot; data-start=&quot;7079&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Si:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-display&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot;&gt;&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot; xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;F&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;S&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;FS &amp;lt; 1&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot;&gt;FS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mspace&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrel&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mspace&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p data-end=&quot;7128&quot; data-start=&quot;7098&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;existe potencial de licuación.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr data-end=&quot;7133&quot; data-start=&quot;7130&quot; /&gt;
&lt;h2 data-end=&quot;7176&quot; data-section-id=&quot;17ceyxp&quot; data-start=&quot;7135&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;8. Consecuencias estructurales típicas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p data-end=&quot;7206&quot; data-start=&quot;7178&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;La licuación puede producir:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ol data-end=&quot;7797&quot; data-start=&quot;7208&quot;&gt;
&lt;li data-end=&quot;7304&quot; data-section-id=&quot;qndnoj&quot; data-start=&quot;7208&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong data-end=&quot;7235&quot; data-start=&quot;7211&quot;&gt;Hundimiento uniforme&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br data-end=&quot;7238&quot; data-start=&quot;7235&quot; /&gt;
El edificio baja, pero sin grandes deformaciones diferenciales.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li data-end=&quot;7425&quot; data-section-id=&quot;e7ro0a&quot; data-start=&quot;7306&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong data-end=&quot;7337&quot; data-start=&quot;7309&quot;&gt;Asentamiento diferencial&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br data-end=&quot;7340&quot; data-start=&quot;7337&quot; /&gt;
Una parte del edificio se hunde más que otra. Es más peligroso para la estructura.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li data-end=&quot;7494&quot; data-section-id=&quot;1t8luq4&quot; data-start=&quot;7427&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong data-end=&quot;7452&quot; data-start=&quot;7430&quot;&gt;Inclinación global&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br data-end=&quot;7455&quot; data-start=&quot;7452&quot; /&gt;
El edificio gira como bloque rígido.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li data-end=&quot;7594&quot; data-section-id=&quot;9zq4ib&quot; data-start=&quot;7496&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong data-end=&quot;7530&quot; data-start=&quot;7499&quot;&gt;Pérdida de apoyo de zapatas&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br data-end=&quot;7533&quot; data-start=&quot;7530&quot; /&gt;
Algunas fundaciones quedan con menor reacción del terreno.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li data-end=&quot;7690&quot; data-section-id=&quot;1iqr175&quot; data-start=&quot;7596&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong data-end=&quot;7619&quot; data-start=&quot;7599&quot;&gt;Falla de pilotes&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br data-end=&quot;7622&quot; data-start=&quot;7619&quot; /&gt;
Por pérdida de confinamiento, flexión, corte o fricción negativa.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li data-end=&quot;7797&quot; data-section-id=&quot;1hwq4gx&quot; data-start=&quot;7692&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong data-end=&quot;7723&quot; data-start=&quot;7695&quot;&gt;Daño en redes enterradas&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br data-end=&quot;7726&quot; data-start=&quot;7723&quot; /&gt;
Especialmente alcantarillado, agua potable, gas y ductos eléctricos.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;hr data-end=&quot;7802&quot; data-start=&quot;7799&quot; /&gt;
&lt;h2 data-end=&quot;7831&quot; data-section-id=&quot;1hjnfmw&quot; data-start=&quot;7804&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;9. Medidas de mitigación&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p data-end=&quot;8100&quot; data-start=&quot;7833&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;La FHWA enumera diversas técnicas de mejoramiento de suelos aplicables a problemas geotécnicos, incluyendo vibrocompactación, columnas de grava, drenajes verticales, inyecciones, compactación dinámica y mezcla profunda de suelos. &lt;span class=&quot;&quot; data-state=&quot;closed&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;TyagGW_tableContainer&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;group TyagGW_tableWrapper flex flex-col-reverse w-fit&quot; tabindex=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;table class=&quot;w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)&quot; data-end=&quot;8688&quot; data-start=&quot;8102&quot;&gt;&lt;thead data-end=&quot;8127&quot; data-start=&quot;8102&quot;&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;8127&quot; data-start=&quot;8102&quot;&gt;&lt;th class=&quot;last:pe-10&quot; data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;8113&quot; data-start=&quot;8102&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Solución&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th class=&quot;last:pe-10&quot; data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;8127&quot; data-start=&quot;8113&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Aplicación&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;&lt;tbody data-end=&quot;8688&quot; data-start=&quot;8138&quot;&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;8184&quot; data-start=&quot;8138&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;8158&quot; data-start=&quot;8138&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Vibrocompactación&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;8184&quot; data-start=&quot;8158&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Arenas limpias sueltas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;8238&quot; data-start=&quot;8185&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;8205&quot; data-start=&quot;8185&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Columnas de grava&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;8238&quot; data-start=&quot;8205&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Mejoran drenaje y resistencia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;8295&quot; data-start=&quot;8239&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;8263&quot; data-start=&quot;8239&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Compactación dinámica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;8295&quot; data-start=&quot;8263&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Rellenos y suelos granulares&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;8344&quot; data-start=&quot;8296&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;8316&quot; data-start=&quot;8296&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Drenes verticales&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;8344&quot; data-start=&quot;8316&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Disipan presión de poros&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;8403&quot; data-start=&quot;8345&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;8375&quot; data-start=&quot;8345&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Inyecciones de compactación&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;8403&quot; data-start=&quot;8375&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Densificación localizada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;8447&quot; data-start=&quot;8404&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;8423&quot; data-start=&quot;8404&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Deep soil mixing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;8447&quot; data-start=&quot;8423&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Mezcla suelo-cemento&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;8518&quot; data-start=&quot;8448&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;8479&quot; data-start=&quot;8448&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Pilotes a estrato competente&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;8518&quot; data-start=&quot;8479&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Transmiten carga bajo capa licuable&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;8584&quot; data-start=&quot;8519&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;8546&quot; data-start=&quot;8519&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Losa rígida de fundación&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;8584&quot; data-start=&quot;8546&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Reduce asentamientos diferenciales&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;8642&quot; data-start=&quot;8585&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;8606&quot; data-start=&quot;8585&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Reemplazo de suelo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;8642&quot; data-start=&quot;8606&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Para capas superficiales débiles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;8688&quot; data-start=&quot;8643&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;8664&quot; data-start=&quot;8643&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Precarga y drenaje&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;8688&quot; data-start=&quot;8664&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Consolidación previa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr data-end=&quot;8693&quot; data-start=&quot;8690&quot; /&gt;
&lt;h2 data-end=&quot;8736&quot; data-section-id=&quot;1clath7&quot; data-start=&quot;8695&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;10. Soluciones según tipo de fundación&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;TyagGW_tableContainer&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;group TyagGW_tableWrapper flex flex-col-reverse w-fit&quot; tabindex=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;table class=&quot;w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)&quot; data-end=&quot;9299&quot; data-start=&quot;8738&quot;&gt;&lt;thead data-end=&quot;8774&quot; data-start=&quot;8738&quot;&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;8774&quot; data-start=&quot;8738&quot;&gt;&lt;th class=&quot;last:pe-10&quot; data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;8750&quot; data-start=&quot;8738&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Situación&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th class=&quot;last:pe-10&quot; data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;8774&quot; data-start=&quot;8750&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Solución recomendada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;&lt;tbody data-end=&quot;9299&quot; data-start=&quot;8785&quot;&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;8867&quot; data-start=&quot;8785&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;8822&quot; data-start=&quot;8785&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Edificio bajo sobre arena saturada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;8867&quot; data-start=&quot;8822&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Mejoramiento de suelo + losa de fundación&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;8962&quot; data-start=&quot;8868&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;8903&quot; data-start=&quot;8868&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Edificio mediano en zona costera&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;8962&quot; data-start=&quot;8903&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;CPTu + análisis licuación + columnas de grava o pilotes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;9041&quot; data-start=&quot;8963&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;8976&quot; data-start=&quot;8963&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Torre alta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;9041&quot; data-start=&quot;8976&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Pilotes profundos a estrato no licuable + análisis cinemático&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;9106&quot; data-start=&quot;9042&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;9051&quot; data-start=&quot;9042&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Puente&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;9106&quot; data-start=&quot;9051&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Pilotes diseñados para lateral spreading y downdrag&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;9159&quot; data-start=&quot;9107&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;9116&quot; data-start=&quot;9107&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Muelle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;9159&quot; data-start=&quot;9116&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Pilotes con capacidad lateral reforzada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;9228&quot; data-start=&quot;9160&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;9179&quot; data-start=&quot;9160&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Planta sanitaria&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;9228&quot; data-start=&quot;9179&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Mejoramiento bajo estanques y redes flexibles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;9299&quot; data-start=&quot;9229&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;9246&quot; data-start=&quot;9229&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Terraplén vial&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;9299&quot; data-start=&quot;9246&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Drenes, columnas de grava o reemplazo de material&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr data-end=&quot;9304&quot; data-start=&quot;9301&quot; /&gt;
&lt;h2 data-end=&quot;9361&quot; data-section-id=&quot;1fb4v8o&quot; data-start=&quot;9306&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;11. Diferencia entre asentamiento normal y licuación&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;TyagGW_tableContainer&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;group TyagGW_tableWrapper flex flex-col-reverse w-fit&quot; tabindex=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;table class=&quot;w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)&quot; data-end=&quot;9827&quot; data-start=&quot;9363&quot;&gt;&lt;thead data-end=&quot;9407&quot; data-start=&quot;9363&quot;&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;9407&quot; data-start=&quot;9363&quot;&gt;&lt;th class=&quot;last:pe-10&quot; data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;9373&quot; data-start=&quot;9363&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Aspecto&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th class=&quot;last:pe-10&quot; data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;9394&quot; data-start=&quot;9373&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Asentamiento común&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th class=&quot;last:pe-10&quot; data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;9407&quot; data-start=&quot;9394&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Licuación&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;&lt;tbody data-end=&quot;9827&quot; data-start=&quot;9422&quot;&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;9486&quot; data-start=&quot;9422&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;9430&quot; data-start=&quot;9422&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Causa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;9460&quot; data-start=&quot;9430&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Carga estática del edificio&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;9486&quot; data-start=&quot;9460&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Sismo + suelo saturado&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;9530&quot; data-start=&quot;9487&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;9499&quot; data-start=&quot;9487&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Velocidad&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;9520&quot; data-start=&quot;9499&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Lenta o progresiva&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;9530&quot; data-start=&quot;9520&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Súbita&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;9602&quot; data-start=&quot;9531&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;9546&quot; data-start=&quot;9531&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Suelo típico&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;9576&quot; data-start=&quot;9546&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Arcillas blandas o rellenos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;9602&quot; data-start=&quot;9576&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Arenas/limos saturados&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;9677&quot; data-start=&quot;9603&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;9610&quot; data-start=&quot;9603&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Daño&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;9630&quot; data-start=&quot;9610&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Fisuras graduales&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;9677&quot; data-start=&quot;9630&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Hundimiento, inclinación, volcanes de arena&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;9754&quot; data-start=&quot;9678&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;9691&quot; data-start=&quot;9678&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Evaluación&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;9726&quot; data-start=&quot;9691&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Consolidación/capacidad portante&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;9754&quot; data-start=&quot;9726&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Análisis cíclico sísmico&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr data-end=&quot;9827&quot; data-start=&quot;9755&quot;&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;9766&quot; data-start=&quot;9755&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Solución&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;sm&quot; data-end=&quot;9795&quot; data-start=&quot;9766&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Mejor fundación o precarga&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td data-col-size=&quot;md&quot; data-end=&quot;9827&quot; data-start=&quot;9795&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Mitigación sísmica del suelo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr data-end=&quot;9832&quot; data-start=&quot;9829&quot; /&gt;
&lt;h2 data-end=&quot;9859&quot; data-section-id=&quot;rhzjac&quot; data-start=&quot;9834&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;12. Ejemplo conceptual&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p data-end=&quot;9917&quot; data-start=&quot;9861&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Imagine un edificio fundado sobre arena saturada suelta:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p data-end=&quot;10004&quot; data-start=&quot;9919&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong data-end=&quot;9939&quot; data-start=&quot;9919&quot;&gt;Antes del sismo:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br data-end=&quot;9942&quot; data-start=&quot;9939&quot; /&gt;
Las partículas de arena están en contacto y soportan la carga.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p data-end=&quot;10101&quot; data-start=&quot;10006&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong data-end=&quot;10027&quot; data-start=&quot;10006&quot;&gt;Durante el sismo:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br data-end=&quot;10030&quot; data-start=&quot;10027&quot; /&gt;
La arena intenta compactarse, pero el agua atrapada aumenta su presión.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p data-end=&quot;10209&quot; data-start=&quot;10103&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong data-end=&quot;10123&quot; data-start=&quot;10103&quot;&gt;Momento crítico:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br data-end=&quot;10126&quot; data-start=&quot;10123&quot; /&gt;
La presión de agua separa parcialmente las partículas. El suelo pierde resistencia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p data-end=&quot;10304&quot; data-start=&quot;10211&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong data-end=&quot;10225&quot; data-start=&quot;10211&quot;&gt;Resultado:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br data-end=&quot;10228&quot; data-start=&quot;10225&quot; /&gt;
El edificio puede hundirse, inclinarse o sufrir asentamientos diferenciales.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr data-end=&quot;10309&quot; data-start=&quot;10306&quot; /&gt;
&lt;h2 data-end=&quot;10332&quot; data-section-id=&quot;ntbo81&quot; data-start=&quot;10311&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Conclusión técnica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p data-end=&quot;10632&quot; data-start=&quot;10334&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;La licuación es uno de los fenómenos más peligrosos para edificios y obras civiles en zonas sísmicas, especialmente en terrenos costeros, portuarios, fluviales o con rellenos saturados. Su gravedad está en que &lt;strong data-end=&quot;10597&quot; data-start=&quot;10544&quot;&gt;la falla no parte necesariamente en la estructura&lt;/strong&gt;, sino en el suelo que la sostiene.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p data-end=&quot;10999&quot; data-is-last-node=&quot;&quot; data-is-only-node=&quot;&quot; data-start=&quot;10634&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Una estructura bien calculada puede dañarse gravemente si se apoya en un terreno susceptible a licuación sin tratamiento adecuado. Por eso, en proyectos relevantes debe exigirse un estudio geotécnico con evaluación sísmica, ensayos SPT/CPTu, nivel freático, granulometría, análisis CSR/CRR y, si corresponde, diseño de mejoramiento de suelo o fundaciones profundas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;z-0 flex min-h-[46px] justify-start&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/section&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;section class=&quot;text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none has-data-writing-block:pointer-events-none [&amp;amp;:has([data-writing-block])&amp;gt;*]:pointer-events-auto R6Vx5W_threadScrollVars scroll-mb-[calc(var(--scroll-root-safe-area-inset-bottom,0px)+var(--thread-response-height))] scroll-mt-(--sticky-padding-top)&quot; data-testid=&quot;conversation-turn-3&quot; data-turn-id-container=&quot;6335221f-5ff2-46ee-8206-e22320a17712&quot; data-turn-id=&quot;6335221f-5ff2-46ee-8206-e22320a17712&quot; data-turn=&quot;user&quot; dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;text-base my-auto mx-auto pt-12 [--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-xs,calc(var(--spacing)*4))] @w-sm/main:[--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-sm,calc(var(--spacing)*6))] @w-lg/main:[--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-lg,calc(var(--spacing)*16))] px-(--thread-content-margin)&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;[--thread-content-max-width:40rem] @w-lg/main:[--thread-content-max-width:48rem] mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col&quot; data-conversation-screenshot-content=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;flex max-w-full flex-col gap-4 grow&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal outline-none keyboard-focused:focus-ring [.text-message+&amp;amp;]:mt-1&quot; data-message-author-role=&quot;user&quot; data-message-id=&quot;6335221f-5ff2-46ee-8206-e22320a17712&quot; dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden items-end rtl:items-start&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;user-message-bubble-color corner-superellipse/0.98 relative min-w-0 overflow-hidden rounded-[22px] px-4 py-2.5 leading-6 max-w-(--user-chat-width,70%)&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;max-w-full min-w-0 [overflow-wrap:anywhere] whitespace-pre-wrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;crea unas imagenes explicando el fe&lt;/span&gt;nomeno&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/section&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;Ingenieria y Construccion&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21072581/posts/default/2432275136631907175'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21072581/posts/default/2432275136631907175'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://facingyconst.blogspot.com/2026/06/licuefaccion-en-obras-civiles.html' title='licuefacción en Obras Civiles'/><author><name>Fernando Arancibia C</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04363612098670082489</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQPBipn6GBSdAyr9OcMIJ6OLs0OcEu9XAHWTcRvL8osA2HsMJlKG8h1_3YPL5UU3BGBJEVbTyICuo6k3rQc3CdHd7P41QZNKLpN4_kuanzWUIYEuWHyJdWr2ImwnV63TA/s220/Perfil.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj05TefkbhRDS8NQyR5cWMbOH5Oa687ZYuMgVPeT-v26vUAZEYKNfHLZYi1SVemNGcxDci_Z0zQ5f2Q0_-_z-28mo8HJ1jyBT4mT7OGplQkLNZArUcPagI9WthcHbu3ngdJl3S6LTg64GAxffb3GAEwVkFgRU6jlkXKfKJlKK8DjR0UPUkgKXNI=s72-w400-h300-c" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21072581.post-3342256477302666008</id><published>2023-11-11T19:35:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2023-11-11T19:35:00.032-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Fallas    de  puentes  hidráulicos  en  China</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfTgQnrhAmUIbXRTfW1kdDxykG02xABy-UCH2r9RvHrwTx85nO9sh7B5xUl4tLZRXIFELtVu2xsrPZHEIsntMTCy7v6xR3s_9P44KqG6mY7ttvfgTDG7mQAQfPwj-Lj18kFZJ-t_OLnccpYeKZJQxHcECQGgIwQ8DhAY2l5gYwPhRijmg82LVl/s578/Captura%20de%20pantalla%206.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;418&quot; data-original-width=&quot;578&quot; height=&quot;289&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfTgQnrhAmUIbXRTfW1kdDxykG02xABy-UCH2r9RvHrwTx85nO9sh7B5xUl4tLZRXIFELtVu2xsrPZHEIsntMTCy7v6xR3s_9P44KqG6mY7ttvfgTDG7mQAQfPwj-Lj18kFZJ-t_OLnccpYeKZJQxHcECQGgIwQ8DhAY2l5gYwPhRijmg82LVl/w400-h289/Captura%20de%20pantalla%206.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Resumen:&amp;nbsp; Este&amp;nbsp; artículo&amp;nbsp; estudia&amp;nbsp; 123&amp;nbsp; fallas&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; puentes&amp;nbsp; hidráulicos&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; China&amp;nbsp; entre&amp;nbsp; 1998&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; 2018.&amp;nbsp; Se&amp;nbsp; analiza&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; distribución&amp;nbsp; geográfica,&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; distribución&amp;nbsp; por&amp;nbsp; edades,&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; distribución&amp;nbsp; del&amp;nbsp; tipo&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; puente,&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; distribución&amp;nbsp; temporal&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; las&amp;nbsp; causas&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; las&amp;nbsp; fallas&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; los&amp;nbsp; puentes&amp;nbsp; hidráulicos.&amp;nbsp; Se&amp;nbsp; analizan&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; detalle&amp;nbsp; seis&amp;nbsp; casos&amp;nbsp; típicos&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; falla&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; puentes&amp;nbsp; hidráulicos.&amp;nbsp; Se&amp;nbsp; produjeron&amp;nbsp; 100&amp;nbsp; fallas&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; puentes&amp;nbsp; hidráulicos&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; sur&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; China,&amp;nbsp; por&amp;nbsp; lo&amp;nbsp; que&amp;nbsp; las&amp;nbsp; fallas&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; puentes&amp;nbsp; hidráulicos&amp;nbsp; son&amp;nbsp; mucho&amp;nbsp; más&amp;nbsp; comunes&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; esta&amp;nbsp; área.&amp;nbsp; La&amp;nbsp; vida&amp;nbsp; útil&amp;nbsp; media&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; estos&amp;nbsp; puentes&amp;nbsp; es&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; 28,9&amp;nbsp; años.&amp;nbsp; El&amp;nbsp; puente&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; vigas&amp;nbsp; representa&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; mayor&amp;nbsp; proporción&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; fallas&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; puentes&amp;nbsp; hidráulicos&amp;nbsp; porque&amp;nbsp; 71&amp;nbsp; (57,7%)&amp;nbsp; puentes&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; vigas&amp;nbsp; fueron&amp;nbsp; destruidos&amp;nbsp; por&amp;nbsp; las&amp;nbsp; inundaciones.&amp;nbsp; Las&amp;nbsp; fallas&amp;nbsp; del&amp;nbsp; puente&amp;nbsp; hidráulico&amp;nbsp; ocurrieron&amp;nbsp; principalmente&amp;nbsp; entre&amp;nbsp; 2009&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; 2014,&amp;nbsp; lo&amp;nbsp; que&amp;nbsp; estuvo&amp;nbsp; relacionado&amp;nbsp; con&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; impacto&amp;nbsp; del&amp;nbsp; terremoto&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; Wenchuan.&amp;nbsp; Las&amp;nbsp; principales&amp;nbsp; causas&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; los&amp;nbsp; incidentes&amp;nbsp; incluyen&amp;nbsp; inundaciones&amp;nbsp; inesperadas,&amp;nbsp; terremotos,&amp;nbsp; puentes&amp;nbsp; viejos,&amp;nbsp; sobreexplotación&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; arena,&amp;nbsp; poca&amp;nbsp; conciencia&amp;nbsp; sobre&amp;nbsp; los&amp;nbsp; daños&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; los&amp;nbsp; puentes&amp;nbsp; hidráulicos,&amp;nbsp; morfología&amp;nbsp; extrema&amp;nbsp; del&amp;nbsp; río,&amp;nbsp; etc.&amp;nbsp; Hay&amp;nbsp; tanto&amp;nbsp; factores&amp;nbsp; naturales&amp;nbsp; como&amp;nbsp; factores&amp;nbsp; provocados&amp;nbsp; por&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; hombre.&amp;nbsp; Estos&amp;nbsp; resultados&amp;nbsp; muestran&amp;nbsp; que&amp;nbsp; se&amp;nbsp; debe&amp;nbsp; prestar&amp;nbsp; atención&amp;nbsp; a&amp;nbsp; tres&amp;nbsp; aspectos:&amp;nbsp; (1)&amp;nbsp; inundaciones&amp;nbsp; inesperadas;&amp;nbsp; (2)&amp;nbsp; tipo&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; puente&amp;nbsp; apropiado;&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; (3)&amp;nbsp; morfología&amp;nbsp; extrema&amp;nbsp; del&amp;nbsp; río.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hay&amp;nbsp; muchos&amp;nbsp; puentes&amp;nbsp; rotos&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; mundo.&amp;nbsp; La&amp;nbsp; falla&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; un&amp;nbsp; puente&amp;nbsp; es&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; problema&amp;nbsp; que&amp;nbsp; más&amp;nbsp; preocupa&amp;nbsp; a&amp;nbsp; los&amp;nbsp; ingenieros&amp;nbsp; (Wesley&amp;nbsp; Cook,&amp;nbsp; Bar,&amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;&amp;nbsp; Halling,&amp;nbsp; 2015;&amp;nbsp; Harik,&amp;nbsp; Shaaban,&amp;nbsp; Gesund,&amp;nbsp; Valli,&amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;&amp;nbsp; Wang,&amp;nbsp; 1990;&amp;nbsp; Rodrigo,&amp;nbsp; Olària,&amp;nbsp; Fernández-Ordoñez,&amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;&amp;nbsp; Gómez,&amp;nbsp; 2015). Las&amp;nbsp; consecuencias&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; falla&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; un&amp;nbsp; puente&amp;nbsp; pueden&amp;nbsp; variar&amp;nbsp; desde&amp;nbsp; necesidades&amp;nbsp; inesperadas&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; mantenimiento&amp;nbsp; hasta&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; pérdida&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; vidas&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; prosperidad&amp;nbsp; económica. Los&amp;nbsp; tipos&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; fallas&amp;nbsp; incluyen&amp;nbsp; hidráulicas,&amp;nbsp; colisión,&amp;nbsp; sobrecarga,&amp;nbsp; deterioro,&amp;nbsp; incendio,&amp;nbsp; construcción,&amp;nbsp; fatiga&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; varias&amp;nbsp; (Duntemann&amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;&amp;nbsp; Subrizi,&amp;nbsp; 2000;&amp;nbsp; Moroni,&amp;nbsp; Sarrazin,&amp;nbsp; Venegas,&amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;&amp;nbsp; Villarroel,&amp;nbsp; 2015;&amp;nbsp; Wardhana&amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;&amp;nbsp; Hadipriono,&amp;nbsp; 2003).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;El&amp;nbsp; daño&amp;nbsp; causado&amp;nbsp; por&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; socavación&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; los&amp;nbsp; cimientos&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; asentamiento&amp;nbsp; por&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; erosión&amp;nbsp; del&amp;nbsp; suelo&amp;nbsp; es&amp;nbsp; una&amp;nbsp; gran&amp;nbsp; amenaza&amp;nbsp; para&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; estructura&amp;nbsp; del&amp;nbsp; puente.&amp;nbsp; La&amp;nbsp; socavación&amp;nbsp; es&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; principal&amp;nbsp; causa&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; falla&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; los&amp;nbsp; puentes&amp;nbsp; (Duntemann&amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;&amp;nbsp; Subrizi,&amp;nbsp; 2000;&amp;nbsp; Harik&amp;nbsp; et&amp;nbsp; al.,&amp;nbsp; 1990).&amp;nbsp; Wadhana&amp;nbsp; descubrió&amp;nbsp; que&amp;nbsp; las&amp;nbsp; inundaciones&amp;nbsp; o&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; socavación&amp;nbsp; eran&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; principal&amp;nbsp; causa&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; fallas&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; puentes&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; los&amp;nbsp; Estados&amp;nbsp; Unidos&amp;nbsp; (Wardhana&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; Hadipriono,&amp;nbsp; 2003).&amp;nbsp; Cook&amp;nbsp; estimó&amp;nbsp; una&amp;nbsp; frecuencia&amp;nbsp; anual&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; fallas&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; puentes&amp;nbsp; hidráulicos&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; aproximadamente&amp;nbsp; 1/8500&amp;nbsp; (W.&amp;nbsp; Cook,&amp;nbsp; Barr&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; Halling,&amp;nbsp; 2014).&amp;nbsp; Montalvo&amp;nbsp; informó&amp;nbsp; que&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; Estados&amp;nbsp; Unidos,&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; 55%&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; los&amp;nbsp; puentes&amp;nbsp; colapsados&amp;nbsp; fueron&amp;nbsp; causados&amp;nbsp; por&amp;nbsp; colapso&amp;nbsp; hidráulico&amp;nbsp; (Montalvo,&amp;nbsp; Cook,&amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;&amp;nbsp; Keeney,&amp;nbsp; 2020).&amp;nbsp; Flint&amp;nbsp; indicó&amp;nbsp; que&amp;nbsp; las&amp;nbsp; fallas&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; puentes&amp;nbsp; pueden&amp;nbsp; aumentar&amp;nbsp; debido&amp;nbsp; a&amp;nbsp; inundaciones&amp;nbsp; más&amp;nbsp; frecuentes&amp;nbsp; o&amp;nbsp; intensas&amp;nbsp; (Madeleine&amp;nbsp; M.&amp;nbsp; Flint,&amp;nbsp; Oliver&amp;nbsp; Fringe,&amp;nbsp; Sarah&amp;nbsp; L.&amp;nbsp; Billington,&amp;nbsp; David&amp;nbsp; Freyberg&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; Diffenbaugh,&amp;nbsp; 2017).&amp;nbsp; Lin&amp;nbsp; seleccionó&amp;nbsp; 45&amp;nbsp; puentes&amp;nbsp; como&amp;nbsp; estudio&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; caso&amp;nbsp; para&amp;nbsp; evaluar&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; rendimiento&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; socavación&amp;nbsp; utilizando&amp;nbsp; el desarrolló&amp;nbsp; una&amp;nbsp; técnica&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; análisis&amp;nbsp; integrado&amp;nbsp; (Lin,&amp;nbsp; Bennett,&amp;nbsp; Han&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; Parsons,&amp;nbsp; 2012).&amp;nbsp; Hung&amp;nbsp; examinó&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; influencia&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; socavación&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; comportamiento&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; los&amp;nbsp; pilares&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; puentes&amp;nbsp; sujetos&amp;nbsp; a&amp;nbsp; cargas&amp;nbsp; inducidas&amp;nbsp; por&amp;nbsp; inundaciones&amp;nbsp; (Hung&amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;&amp;nbsp; Yau,&amp;nbsp; 2014).&amp;nbsp; Hager&amp;nbsp; investigó&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; profundidad&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; socavación&amp;nbsp; final&amp;nbsp; debido&amp;nbsp; a&amp;nbsp; una&amp;nbsp; única&amp;nbsp; onda&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; inundación&amp;nbsp; máxima&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; un&amp;nbsp; lecho&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; sedimento&amp;nbsp; rectangular&amp;nbsp; esencialmente&amp;nbsp; plano&amp;nbsp; que&amp;nbsp; contiene&amp;nbsp; un&amp;nbsp; solo&amp;nbsp; muelle&amp;nbsp; para&amp;nbsp; condiciones&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; agua&amp;nbsp; clara&amp;nbsp; (Hager&amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;&amp;nbsp; Unger,&amp;nbsp; 2010).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;El&amp;nbsp; asentamiento&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; los&amp;nbsp; cimientos&amp;nbsp; es&amp;nbsp; causado&amp;nbsp; por&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; erosión&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; las&amp;nbsp; condiciones&amp;nbsp; débiles&amp;nbsp; del&amp;nbsp; suelo.&amp;nbsp; Cuando&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; muelle&amp;nbsp; se&amp;nbsp; inclina,&amp;nbsp; existe&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; posibilidad&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; que&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; puente&amp;nbsp; colapse&amp;nbsp; sin&amp;nbsp; previo&amp;nbsp; aviso.&amp;nbsp; Después&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; construcción&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; pilares&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; estribos,&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; área&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; sección&amp;nbsp; transversal&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; inundación&amp;nbsp; disminuye&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; velocidad&amp;nbsp; del&amp;nbsp; flujo&amp;nbsp; aumenta,&amp;nbsp; lo&amp;nbsp; que&amp;nbsp; provoca&amp;nbsp; socavación&amp;nbsp; local&amp;nbsp; alrededor&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; los&amp;nbsp; pilares&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; deja&amp;nbsp; los&amp;nbsp; cimientos&amp;nbsp; vacíos.&amp;nbsp; En&amp;nbsp; los&amp;nbsp; últimos&amp;nbsp; años,&amp;nbsp; a&amp;nbsp; nivel&amp;nbsp; mundial El&amp;nbsp; cambio&amp;nbsp; climático&amp;nbsp; ha&amp;nbsp; provocado&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; concentración&amp;nbsp; gradual&amp;nbsp; del&amp;nbsp; agua&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; lluvia&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; aparición&amp;nbsp; frecuente&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; inundaciones.&amp;nbsp; Una&amp;nbsp; vez&amp;nbsp; que&amp;nbsp; se&amp;nbsp; sumerge&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; base&amp;nbsp; sin&amp;nbsp; suficiente&amp;nbsp; profundidad,&amp;nbsp; es&amp;nbsp; fácil&amp;nbsp; colapsar.&amp;nbsp; Hoy&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; día,&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; cambio&amp;nbsp; climático&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; los&amp;nbsp; fenómenos&amp;nbsp; meteorológicos&amp;nbsp; extremos&amp;nbsp; asociados&amp;nbsp; están&amp;nbsp; causando&amp;nbsp; más&amp;nbsp; daños&amp;nbsp; a&amp;nbsp; los&amp;nbsp; puentes&amp;nbsp; relacionados&amp;nbsp; con&amp;nbsp; las&amp;nbsp; inundaciones&amp;nbsp; (Choudhury&amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;&amp;nbsp; Hasnat,&amp;nbsp; 2015;&amp;nbsp; Wardhana&amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;&amp;nbsp; Hadipriono,&amp;nbsp; 2003).&amp;nbsp; La&amp;nbsp; mayor&amp;nbsp; parte&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; los&amp;nbsp; daños&amp;nbsp; no&amp;nbsp; son&amp;nbsp; causados&amp;nbsp; sólo&amp;nbsp; por&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; agua.&amp;nbsp; Durante&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; período&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; inundación,&amp;nbsp; los&amp;nbsp; sedimentos&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; otros&amp;nbsp; pequeños&amp;nbsp; objetos&amp;nbsp; flotantes&amp;nbsp; son&amp;nbsp; fáciles&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; depositar&amp;nbsp; en el&amp;nbsp; cauce&amp;nbsp; del&amp;nbsp; río,&amp;nbsp; lo&amp;nbsp; que&amp;nbsp; afecta&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; descarga&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; inundación&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; hace&amp;nbsp; que&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; puente&amp;nbsp; sea&amp;nbsp; fácilmente&amp;nbsp; arrastrado&amp;nbsp; por&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; agua.&amp;nbsp; Los&amp;nbsp; objetos&amp;nbsp; flotantes&amp;nbsp; grandes,&amp;nbsp; como&amp;nbsp; árboles,&amp;nbsp; impactarán&amp;nbsp; directamente&amp;nbsp; los&amp;nbsp; cimientos&amp;nbsp; del&amp;nbsp; puente&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; dañarán&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; muelle&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; canal&amp;nbsp; del&amp;nbsp; río.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A&amp;nbsp; finales&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; 2017,&amp;nbsp; se&amp;nbsp; habían&amp;nbsp; construido&amp;nbsp; más&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; 830.000&amp;nbsp; puentes&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; China&amp;nbsp; (Zhou&amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;&amp;nbsp; Zhang,&amp;nbsp; 2019).&amp;nbsp; Las&amp;nbsp; fallas&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; puentes&amp;nbsp; ocurren&amp;nbsp; con&amp;nbsp; frecuencia&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; China&amp;nbsp; (Hong,&amp;nbsp; Chiew,&amp;nbsp; Lu,&amp;nbsp; Lai&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; Lin,&amp;nbsp; 2012;&amp;nbsp; Ji&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; Fu,&amp;nbsp; 2010;&amp;nbsp; D.&amp;nbsp; Xu,&amp;nbsp; 2003;&amp;nbsp; HT&amp;nbsp; Xu,&amp;nbsp; Guo,&amp;nbsp; Pu&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; Yuan,&amp;nbsp; 2007;&amp;nbsp; Zhuang,&amp;nbsp; Xiao,&amp;nbsp; Jia,&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; sol,&amp;nbsp; 2020).&amp;nbsp; En&amp;nbsp; este&amp;nbsp; artículo,&amp;nbsp; se&amp;nbsp; analizan&amp;nbsp; retrospectivamente&amp;nbsp; las&amp;nbsp; enfermedades&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; los&amp;nbsp; puentes&amp;nbsp; hidráulicos&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; China&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; 1998&amp;nbsp; a&amp;nbsp; 2018. La&amp;nbsp; investigación&amp;nbsp; constituye&amp;nbsp; los&amp;nbsp; tipos&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; causas&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; fallas&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; puentes&amp;nbsp; hidráulicos&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; China.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;2.&amp;nbsp; Estudio&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; caso&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; falla&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; un&amp;nbsp; puente&amp;nbsp; hidráulico Este&amp;nbsp; artículo&amp;nbsp; analiza&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; falla&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; un&amp;nbsp; puente&amp;nbsp; hidráulico&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; China&amp;nbsp; entre&amp;nbsp; 1998&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; 2018. 2.1.&amp;nbsp; Puente&amp;nbsp; Gaoping&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; Taiwán&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;El&amp;nbsp; puente&amp;nbsp; Taiwan&amp;nbsp; Gaoping&amp;nbsp; era&amp;nbsp; un&amp;nbsp; puente&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; vigas&amp;nbsp; continuas&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; tenía&amp;nbsp; unos&amp;nbsp; 1990&amp;nbsp; metros&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; largo.&amp;nbsp; El&amp;nbsp; 27&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; agosto&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; 2000,&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; fuerte&amp;nbsp; tormenta&amp;nbsp; tropical&amp;nbsp; Bilis&amp;nbsp; destruyó&amp;nbsp; algunos&amp;nbsp; pilares&amp;nbsp; del&amp;nbsp; puente&amp;nbsp; Gaoping.&amp;nbsp; El&amp;nbsp; tablero&amp;nbsp; del&amp;nbsp; puente&amp;nbsp; se&amp;nbsp; desplomó&amp;nbsp; unos&amp;nbsp; 100&amp;nbsp; metros,&amp;nbsp; un&amp;nbsp; total&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; 17&amp;nbsp; vehículos&amp;nbsp; colisionaron&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; vía&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; 22&amp;nbsp; personas&amp;nbsp; resultaron&amp;nbsp; gravemente&amp;nbsp; heridas,&amp;nbsp; como&amp;nbsp; se&amp;nbsp; muestra&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; Figura&amp;nbsp; 1&amp;nbsp; (Sina,&amp;nbsp; 2000).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv0DAYsK-8X0b0sa3DRm3qwsN2O3Dw3O6tFLCmueZeMhgSo1V5x9PaDD6BJNndYBOQ5NF2q6jnPCqj8qw3fMXsHVlA1zqhdHuR6a1pp1QVSskwDbhdwdNze_Q7cIUBr45oZw5BwzYwbrBZRWZXis3U0xKTlHb2RgSX4uI1R9Mr_eK__Pputx9y/s758/Captura%20de%20pantalla%201.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;501&quot; data-original-width=&quot;758&quot; height=&quot;265&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv0DAYsK-8X0b0sa3DRm3qwsN2O3Dw3O6tFLCmueZeMhgSo1V5x9PaDD6BJNndYBOQ5NF2q6jnPCqj8qw3fMXsHVlA1zqhdHuR6a1pp1QVSskwDbhdwdNze_Q7cIUBr45oZw5BwzYwbrBZRWZXis3U0xKTlHb2RgSX4uI1R9Mr_eK__Pputx9y/w400-h265/Captura%20de%20pantalla%201.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;El&amp;nbsp; Segundo&amp;nbsp; Puente&amp;nbsp; Qujiang&amp;nbsp; era&amp;nbsp; un&amp;nbsp; puente&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; arco,&amp;nbsp; ubicado&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; ciudad&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; Dazhou,&amp;nbsp; provincia&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; Sichuan.&amp;nbsp; Tenía&amp;nbsp; 573&amp;nbsp; metros&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; largo&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; 15,5&amp;nbsp; metros&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; ancho.&amp;nbsp; La&amp;nbsp; construcción&amp;nbsp; comenzó&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; 2008&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; se&amp;nbsp; esperaba&amp;nbsp; que&amp;nbsp; estuviera&amp;nbsp; terminada&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; 2011.&amp;nbsp; Pero&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; julio&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; 2010,&amp;nbsp; después&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; que&amp;nbsp; se&amp;nbsp; completaron&amp;nbsp; dos&amp;nbsp; tercios&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; construcción&amp;nbsp; total,&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; proyecto&amp;nbsp; fue&amp;nbsp; destruido&amp;nbsp; por&amp;nbsp; las&amp;nbsp; inundaciones,&amp;nbsp; como&amp;nbsp; se&amp;nbsp; muestra&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; Figura&amp;nbsp; 2&amp;nbsp; (Xinhuashe,&amp;nbsp; 2010). El&amp;nbsp; puente&amp;nbsp; estaba&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; construcción,&amp;nbsp; por&amp;nbsp; lo&amp;nbsp; que&amp;nbsp; era&amp;nbsp; un&amp;nbsp; sistema&amp;nbsp; estructural&amp;nbsp; no&amp;nbsp; integrado.&amp;nbsp; La&amp;nbsp; inestabilidad&amp;nbsp; del&amp;nbsp; puente&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; erosión&amp;nbsp;ausado&amp;nbsp; por&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; inundación&amp;nbsp; excesiva&amp;nbsp; provocó&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; destrucción&amp;nbsp; del&amp;nbsp; puente.&amp;nbsp; Pearson:&amp;nbsp; 􀀁&amp;nbsp; las&amp;nbsp; curvas&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; frecuencia&amp;nbsp; teórica&amp;nbsp; se&amp;nbsp; utilizan&amp;nbsp; ampliamente&amp;nbsp; para&amp;nbsp; calcular&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; tasa&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; inundaciones&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; China.&amp;nbsp; La&amp;nbsp; predicción&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; tasa&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; inundación&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; diseño&amp;nbsp; se&amp;nbsp; basa&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; mediciones&amp;nbsp; históricas.&amp;nbsp; Más&amp;nbsp; mediciones&amp;nbsp; históricas&amp;nbsp; pueden&amp;nbsp; mejorar&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; precisión&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; predicción.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTbmcTyj0Y-4WcsNPbfsexaVviQiurbnFU-3w0NPvD9tAc7-qCwBEKdoWweo_NKrMG4mhVBtW28CA6xhFLmFJ4HOYvIvgI6UEM7VJjevNpLuuoUAEeeO8rcazkuJLNofe30W0yvnwiaUbby1pgqR-G-DUCKgD8TvmSEXfkNh2WRalMcCh3ZOqE/s825/Captura%20de%20pantalla%202.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;492&quot; data-original-width=&quot;825&quot; height=&quot;239&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTbmcTyj0Y-4WcsNPbfsexaVviQiurbnFU-3w0NPvD9tAc7-qCwBEKdoWweo_NKrMG4mhVBtW28CA6xhFLmFJ4HOYvIvgI6UEM7VJjevNpLuuoUAEeeO8rcazkuJLNofe30W0yvnwiaUbby1pgqR-G-DUCKgD8TvmSEXfkNh2WRalMcCh3ZOqE/w400-h239/Captura%20de%20pantalla%202.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;El&amp;nbsp; 24&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; julio&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; 2010,&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; puente&amp;nbsp; Tangying&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; ciudad&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; Luoyang,&amp;nbsp; provincia&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; Henan,&amp;nbsp; se&amp;nbsp; derrumbó&amp;nbsp; debido&amp;nbsp; a&amp;nbsp; una&amp;nbsp; tormenta,&amp;nbsp; lo&amp;nbsp; que&amp;nbsp; provocó&amp;nbsp; 53&amp;nbsp; muertes. y&amp;nbsp; 13&amp;nbsp; desaparecidos,&amp;nbsp; como&amp;nbsp; se&amp;nbsp; muestra&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; Figura&amp;nbsp; 3&amp;nbsp; (Zhaoting,&amp;nbsp; 2010).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;El&amp;nbsp; puente&amp;nbsp; Tangying&amp;nbsp; era&amp;nbsp; un&amp;nbsp; puente&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; vigas&amp;nbsp; continuas&amp;nbsp; con&amp;nbsp; 233,7&amp;nbsp; metros&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; largo&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; 8&amp;nbsp; metros&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; ancho.&amp;nbsp; El&amp;nbsp; puente,&amp;nbsp; construido&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; década&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; 1980,&amp;nbsp; era&amp;nbsp; un&amp;nbsp; puente&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; arco&amp;nbsp; continuo&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; cinco&amp;nbsp; vanos&amp;nbsp; con&amp;nbsp; una&amp;nbsp; luz&amp;nbsp; neta&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; 40&amp;nbsp; metros.&amp;nbsp; Estaba&amp;nbsp; hecha&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; piedra&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; argamasa&amp;nbsp; sin&amp;nbsp; ningún&amp;nbsp; tipo&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; refuerzo. Este&amp;nbsp; tipo&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; estructura&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; puente&amp;nbsp; es&amp;nbsp; sensible&amp;nbsp; al&amp;nbsp; asentamiento&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; los&amp;nbsp; cimientos.&amp;nbsp; Cualquier&amp;nbsp; asentamiento&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; cimentación&amp;nbsp; inclinado&amp;nbsp; producirá&amp;nbsp; una&amp;nbsp; enorme&amp;nbsp; fuerza&amp;nbsp; interna&amp;nbsp; secundaria.&amp;nbsp; La&amp;nbsp; inundación&amp;nbsp; arrasó&amp;nbsp; una&amp;nbsp; parte&amp;nbsp; inclinada&amp;nbsp; del&amp;nbsp; puente&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; provocó&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; asentamiento&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; los&amp;nbsp; cimientos.&amp;nbsp; Luego,&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; puente&amp;nbsp; se&amp;nbsp; derrumbó&amp;nbsp; bajo&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; acción&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; una&amp;nbsp; enorme&amp;nbsp; fuerza&amp;nbsp; interna&amp;nbsp; secundaria.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj09w3FzVJ1MsjanJIyhhqnt1EQqRpk-MeW8n8-D67ppBUuLeFDcvqsoowUDGoNxxjWUhObQ5ZwVsNPQscUod3Mzshj3HRuM9Iw1EZPlLCAVbs3vPR6lzAh4TiaR3zvygbQBui2742G5kffpjPECwh84E_I5HL9YeIw5nTarH-odSRUb2tzjkSl/s823/Captura%20de%20pantalla%203.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;496&quot; data-original-width=&quot;823&quot; height=&quot;241&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj09w3FzVJ1MsjanJIyhhqnt1EQqRpk-MeW8n8-D67ppBUuLeFDcvqsoowUDGoNxxjWUhObQ5ZwVsNPQscUod3Mzshj3HRuM9Iw1EZPlLCAVbs3vPR6lzAh4TiaR3zvygbQBui2742G5kffpjPECwh84E_I5HL9YeIw5nTarH-odSRUb2tzjkSl/w400-h241/Captura%20de%20pantalla%203.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;El&amp;nbsp; 19&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; agosto&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; 2010,&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; puente&amp;nbsp; Shiting&amp;nbsp; del&amp;nbsp; ferrocarril&amp;nbsp; Baocheng&amp;nbsp; fue&amp;nbsp; destruido&amp;nbsp; por&amp;nbsp; una&amp;nbsp; inundación,&amp;nbsp; lo&amp;nbsp; que&amp;nbsp; provocó&amp;nbsp; dos&amp;nbsp; secciones&amp;nbsp; del&amp;nbsp; tren&amp;nbsp; K165. cayendo&amp;nbsp; al&amp;nbsp; río,&amp;nbsp; como&amp;nbsp; se&amp;nbsp; muestra&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; Figura&amp;nbsp; 4&amp;nbsp; (Mengqi,&amp;nbsp; 2010).&amp;nbsp; Afortunadamente&amp;nbsp; no&amp;nbsp; hubo&amp;nbsp; víctimas.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHaN-fE4MPbO0guI419kgsKrIxYrCbmSOiQ4vXE9brF_ZH210wcPGVzvJfPUPu30QKrOHI4ZsN5ZjjoEdkepHFpD70wX21_zTFptYe6lO6_h_75ewsEvIEHub9KIDyZifGkcMqjOI5a3yfkquutlKqTO69fycY5SZyFoKjrDbeH8lqnHdO5KjK/s747/Captura%20de%20pantalla%204.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;400&quot; data-original-width=&quot;747&quot; height=&quot;214&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHaN-fE4MPbO0guI419kgsKrIxYrCbmSOiQ4vXE9brF_ZH210wcPGVzvJfPUPu30QKrOHI4ZsN5ZjjoEdkepHFpD70wX21_zTFptYe6lO6_h_75ewsEvIEHub9KIDyZifGkcMqjOI5a3yfkquutlKqTO69fycY5SZyFoKjrDbeH8lqnHdO5KjK/w400-h214/Captura%20de%20pantalla%204.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Este&amp;nbsp; puente&amp;nbsp; fue&amp;nbsp; construido&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; década&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; 1950.&amp;nbsp; Se&amp;nbsp; trataba&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; una&amp;nbsp; viga&amp;nbsp; continua&amp;nbsp; con&amp;nbsp; una&amp;nbsp; luz&amp;nbsp; neta&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; 16&amp;nbsp; m.&amp;nbsp; Los&amp;nbsp; pilares&amp;nbsp; eran&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; piedra&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; los&amp;nbsp; pilotes&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; madera.&amp;nbsp; La&amp;nbsp; cubierta&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; pilotes&amp;nbsp; tenía&amp;nbsp; sólo&amp;nbsp; 5&amp;nbsp; metros&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; profundidad.&amp;nbsp; Debido&amp;nbsp; a&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; débil&amp;nbsp; capacidad&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; descarga&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; los&amp;nbsp; puentes&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; luces&amp;nbsp; pequeñas,&amp;nbsp; las&amp;nbsp; cimentaciones&amp;nbsp; poco&amp;nbsp; profundas&amp;nbsp; son&amp;nbsp; particularmente&amp;nbsp; propensas&amp;nbsp; a&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; erosión.&amp;nbsp; Luego,&amp;nbsp; dos&amp;nbsp; pilares&amp;nbsp; del&amp;nbsp; puente&amp;nbsp; se&amp;nbsp; inclinaron&amp;nbsp; debido&amp;nbsp; a&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; inundación. Cuando&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; tren&amp;nbsp; pasó&amp;nbsp; por&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; puente,&amp;nbsp; dos&amp;nbsp; pilares&amp;nbsp; del&amp;nbsp; puente&amp;nbsp; se&amp;nbsp; derrumbaron.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;El&amp;nbsp; puente&amp;nbsp; Mianzu,&amp;nbsp; una&amp;nbsp; viga&amp;nbsp; continua&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; hormigón,&amp;nbsp; estaba&amp;nbsp; ubicado&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; ciudad&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; Mianzu,&amp;nbsp; al&amp;nbsp; otro&amp;nbsp; lado&amp;nbsp; del&amp;nbsp; río&amp;nbsp; Shiting.&amp;nbsp; Tenía&amp;nbsp; 366,5&amp;nbsp; metros&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; largo&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; 10,75&amp;nbsp; metros&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; ancho.&amp;nbsp; El&amp;nbsp; 18&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; agosto&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; 2012,&amp;nbsp; dos&amp;nbsp; pilotes&amp;nbsp; desaparecieron&amp;nbsp; debido&amp;nbsp; a&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; socavación&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; las&amp;nbsp; inundaciones,&amp;nbsp; como&amp;nbsp; se&amp;nbsp; muestra&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; Figura&amp;nbsp; 5&amp;nbsp; (Guang,&amp;nbsp; 2012). Las&amp;nbsp; líneas&amp;nbsp; discontinuas&amp;nbsp; representan&amp;nbsp; los&amp;nbsp; montones&amp;nbsp; desaparecidos&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; Figura&amp;nbsp; 5.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnfFgWh3OY3P8aZNmovhUq5l9Fk1Cj8Z3r8NcJSjklzyYX6OZ4wYhkYcXfqIQxlc1boTWiDDyM1JY8lGzGHwST1uXXX5OuEx5j7Gbzu2zGBwomSJsmrsBbytxhODQ3vxToCFpR1j76eeYHglCDm5CSERU5Wi1Ij8OHPqeOyTxwFbj9slWyYpO4/s626/Captura%20de%20pantalla%205.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;372&quot; data-original-width=&quot;626&quot; height=&quot;238&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnfFgWh3OY3P8aZNmovhUq5l9Fk1Cj8Z3r8NcJSjklzyYX6OZ4wYhkYcXfqIQxlc1boTWiDDyM1JY8lGzGHwST1uXXX5OuEx5j7Gbzu2zGBwomSJsmrsBbytxhODQ3vxToCFpR1j76eeYHglCDm5CSERU5Wi1Ij8OHPqeOyTxwFbj9slWyYpO4/w400-h238/Captura%20de%20pantalla%205.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;El&amp;nbsp; terremoto&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; Wenchuan&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; 2008&amp;nbsp; provocó&amp;nbsp; que&amp;nbsp; una&amp;nbsp; gran&amp;nbsp; cantidad&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; grava&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; piedras&amp;nbsp; cayeran&amp;nbsp; al&amp;nbsp; río&amp;nbsp; Shiting,&amp;nbsp; lo&amp;nbsp; que&amp;nbsp; provocó&amp;nbsp; que&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; canal&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; agua&amp;nbsp; angosto&amp;nbsp; aumentara&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; velocidad&amp;nbsp; del&amp;nbsp; flujo&amp;nbsp; aguas&amp;nbsp; abajo&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; parte&amp;nbsp; bloqueada&amp;nbsp; del&amp;nbsp; río.&amp;nbsp; Esto&amp;nbsp; mejoró&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; fregado&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;efecto.&amp;nbsp; Además,&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; excesiva&amp;nbsp; explotación&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; los&amp;nbsp; sedimentos&amp;nbsp; fluviales&amp;nbsp; agravó&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; descenso&amp;nbsp; del&amp;nbsp; caudal&amp;nbsp; fluvial.&amp;nbsp; Por&amp;nbsp; lo&amp;nbsp; tanto,&amp;nbsp; los&amp;nbsp; pilotes&amp;nbsp; fueron&amp;nbsp; arrastrados&amp;nbsp; por&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; inundación.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;El&amp;nbsp; puente&amp;nbsp; Huaiyuan&amp;nbsp; era&amp;nbsp; un&amp;nbsp; puente&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; vigas&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; varios&amp;nbsp; tramos&amp;nbsp; simplemente&amp;nbsp; soportados&amp;nbsp; con&amp;nbsp; una&amp;nbsp; longitud&amp;nbsp; total&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; 135&amp;nbsp; metros.&amp;nbsp; El&amp;nbsp; 19&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; agosto&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; 2010,&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; puente&amp;nbsp; colapsó&amp;nbsp; debido&amp;nbsp; a&amp;nbsp; una&amp;nbsp; inundación,&amp;nbsp; como&amp;nbsp; se&amp;nbsp; muestra&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; Figura&amp;nbsp; 6&amp;nbsp; (Mingkang,&amp;nbsp; 2010).&amp;nbsp; Más&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; 60&amp;nbsp; metros&amp;nbsp; del&amp;nbsp; puente&amp;nbsp; cayeron&amp;nbsp; al&amp;nbsp; río.&amp;nbsp; Murieron&amp;nbsp; dos&amp;nbsp; personas.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeghVIMDgXckVZV_mR3V8xiEaxlAG3k40yNjqgmwzQ1BxmHzuo_1f__7ZG7ln1uceN2FVuRPLQLFefc0iYczOG6ljFwFnO8454bKetR9p7F-qyIBmKbE4gU-cvWgxTdb9Ql2QKXlZSdZwYU3djiuNcrIEg1_h-PfxvES0PdzAPM9CZSyVvgzRL/s578/Captura%20de%20pantalla%206.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;418&quot; data-original-width=&quot;578&quot; height=&quot;289&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeghVIMDgXckVZV_mR3V8xiEaxlAG3k40yNjqgmwzQ1BxmHzuo_1f__7ZG7ln1uceN2FVuRPLQLFefc0iYczOG6ljFwFnO8454bKetR9p7F-qyIBmKbE4gU-cvWgxTdb9Ql2QKXlZSdZwYU3djiuNcrIEg1_h-PfxvES0PdzAPM9CZSyVvgzRL/w400-h289/Captura%20de%20pantalla%206.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;El&amp;nbsp; puente&amp;nbsp; fue&amp;nbsp; construido&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; década&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; 1960&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; fue&amp;nbsp; identificado&amp;nbsp; como&amp;nbsp; un&amp;nbsp; puente&amp;nbsp; inseguro&amp;nbsp; con&amp;nbsp; capacidad&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; carga&amp;nbsp; limitada&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; 2008.&amp;nbsp; Después&amp;nbsp; del&amp;nbsp; terremoto&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; Wenchuan&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; 2008,&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; río&amp;nbsp; se&amp;nbsp; estrechó&amp;nbsp; debido&amp;nbsp; a&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; deposición&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; piedras&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; dedos.&amp;nbsp; Como&amp;nbsp; resultado,&amp;nbsp; se&amp;nbsp; aceleró&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; velocidad&amp;nbsp; del&amp;nbsp; flujo&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; se&amp;nbsp; intensificó&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; socavación.&amp;nbsp; Esto&amp;nbsp; socavó&amp;nbsp; los&amp;nbsp; cimientos&amp;nbsp; del&amp;nbsp; puente.&amp;nbsp; Luego&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; puente&amp;nbsp; fue&amp;nbsp; destruido&amp;nbsp; por&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; inundación.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Algunos&amp;nbsp; casos&amp;nbsp; típicos&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; falla&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; un&amp;nbsp; puente&amp;nbsp; hidráulico&amp;nbsp; se&amp;nbsp; enumeran&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; Tabla&amp;nbsp; 1.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHnSZOU_R3MzWd2puuD2B0PnCyt1kNvvP4gEis-E8w3TRdG0Wdm2RQoHvPBYp64Rj_QInh7TYuhc78lMY2r4tpRuLwBeTs2yNzlkedNtq1YBU7UhyphenhypheniCVkf9d94F7BLkGsRiGJaaPPEFFD5gSYeid_Vjqx192GRSTWn9zi20C_JxloE45MTwgfy/s1248/T1.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;777&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1248&quot; height=&quot;249&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHnSZOU_R3MzWd2puuD2B0PnCyt1kNvvP4gEis-E8w3TRdG0Wdm2RQoHvPBYp64Rj_QInh7TYuhc78lMY2r4tpRuLwBeTs2yNzlkedNtq1YBU7UhyphenhypheniCVkf9d94F7BLkGsRiGJaaPPEFFD5gSYeid_Vjqx192GRSTWn9zi20C_JxloE45MTwgfy/w400-h249/T1.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;De&amp;nbsp; 1998&amp;nbsp; a&amp;nbsp; 2018,&amp;nbsp; se&amp;nbsp; produjeron&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; China&amp;nbsp; 123&amp;nbsp; desastres&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; puentes&amp;nbsp; por&amp;nbsp; inundaciones,&amp;nbsp; como&amp;nbsp; se&amp;nbsp; muestra&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; Tabla&amp;nbsp; 2.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKQzeu_5Wojvx31q4UFWIHjo0GqmPQRpJHLUOM8qUm_XoqSBrxSkyPrjbRc-YrYh8SALMkisKOUJ9I6PwV0ZAeyQT5uEB7iSpEpipbWVYYyAyuVjEamZrjhx6jMW3Tx5W-JOaFtRtM2NhejgWGNtuuXT1XQANZEcTkfweyGoFPIiG7TFHw2RTU/s626/T2.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;427&quot; data-original-width=&quot;626&quot; height=&quot;272&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKQzeu_5Wojvx31q4UFWIHjo0GqmPQRpJHLUOM8qUm_XoqSBrxSkyPrjbRc-YrYh8SALMkisKOUJ9I6PwV0ZAeyQT5uEB7iSpEpipbWVYYyAyuVjEamZrjhx6jMW3Tx5W-JOaFtRtM2NhejgWGNtuuXT1XQANZEcTkfweyGoFPIiG7TFHw2RTU/w400-h272/T2.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Los&amp;nbsp; datos&amp;nbsp; están&amp;nbsp; trazados&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; mapa&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; China,&amp;nbsp; como&amp;nbsp; se&amp;nbsp; muestra&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; Figura&amp;nbsp; 7.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1DwsoOkadr386760Jj9cG8CUWRbRVNe2LnTASHlScGwL20Ul4V5Yi9lmjFHACaWBuF3YfSRGq6o-GoJIvnsu4xFcW2SEAIhGjzmdRn27qVt9z1XA4tFlrQit1Hkyfry-mbWHbo7MoWB2p0WG_L5Co87lwecfl9MF0ajNHm0UFlvCNngOFOPiX/s657/Captura%20de%20pantalla%207.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;545&quot; data-original-width=&quot;657&quot; height=&quot;331&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1DwsoOkadr386760Jj9cG8CUWRbRVNe2LnTASHlScGwL20Ul4V5Yi9lmjFHACaWBuF3YfSRGq6o-GoJIvnsu4xFcW2SEAIhGjzmdRn27qVt9z1XA4tFlrQit1Hkyfry-mbWHbo7MoWB2p0WG_L5Co87lwecfl9MF0ajNHm0UFlvCNngOFOPiX/w400-h331/Captura%20de%20pantalla%207.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;La&amp;nbsp; provincia&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; Sichuan&amp;nbsp; tiene&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; mayor&amp;nbsp; número&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; fallas&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; puentes&amp;nbsp; hidráulicos,&amp;nbsp; lo&amp;nbsp; que&amp;nbsp; está&amp;nbsp; relacionado&amp;nbsp; con&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; impacto&amp;nbsp; del&amp;nbsp; terremoto&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; Wenchuan.&amp;nbsp; El&amp;nbsp; terremoto&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; Wenchuan&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; 2008&amp;nbsp; provocó&amp;nbsp; que&amp;nbsp; una&amp;nbsp; gran&amp;nbsp; cantidad&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; arena&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; piedras&amp;nbsp; cayeran&amp;nbsp; al&amp;nbsp; río,&amp;nbsp; lo&amp;nbsp; que&amp;nbsp; resultó&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; un&amp;nbsp; paso&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; agua&amp;nbsp; estrecho&amp;nbsp; que&amp;nbsp; aumentó&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; velocidad&amp;nbsp; del&amp;nbsp; flujo&amp;nbsp; aguas&amp;nbsp; abajo&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; parte&amp;nbsp; bloqueada&amp;nbsp; del&amp;nbsp; río.&amp;nbsp; Además,&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; parte&amp;nbsp; rota&amp;nbsp; del&amp;nbsp; canal&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; agua&amp;nbsp; bloqueado&amp;nbsp; provocó&amp;nbsp; un&amp;nbsp; rápido&amp;nbsp; aumento&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; velocidad&amp;nbsp; del&amp;nbsp; flujo&amp;nbsp; cargado&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; sedimentos&amp;nbsp; que&amp;nbsp; tenía&amp;nbsp; suficiente&amp;nbsp; fuerza&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; arrastre&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; tensión&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; corte&amp;nbsp; del&amp;nbsp; lecho&amp;nbsp; para&amp;nbsp; erosionar&amp;nbsp; aún&amp;nbsp; más&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; lecho&amp;nbsp; que&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; socavación&amp;nbsp; normal.&amp;nbsp; (Ko,&amp;nbsp; Chiou,&amp;nbsp; Tsai&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; Chen,&amp;nbsp; 2014).&amp;nbsp; Además,&amp;nbsp; algunos&amp;nbsp; puentes&amp;nbsp; han&amp;nbsp; resultado&amp;nbsp; dañados&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; diversos&amp;nbsp; grados&amp;nbsp; durante&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; terremoto.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hubo&amp;nbsp; 100&amp;nbsp; fallas&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; puentes&amp;nbsp; hidráulicos&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; sur&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; China&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; 23&amp;nbsp; fallas&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; puentes&amp;nbsp; hidráulicos&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; norte&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; China,&amp;nbsp; lo&amp;nbsp; que&amp;nbsp; resultó&amp;nbsp; en en&amp;nbsp; 67&amp;nbsp; muertos&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; 138&amp;nbsp; heridos.&amp;nbsp; Los&amp;nbsp; resultados&amp;nbsp; se&amp;nbsp; enumeran&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; Tabla&amp;nbsp; 3.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtoPfcX6GVUEa6h18OJDRf-UFiDjlcpP6Yj5kC6r4Vdvb-gGe7cPWiT8mZYNC5BASZvjR_pTXuXqijxFB3Xt15xx15LBgVvhw03LuKOqOa8v4Ni58rHSOx0G3bU3tB_qzNDpq_Sokl4w-QFonvesipybeLI2rd6gQnrXFtYVYVy226KT_hjzkA/s1212/T3.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;143&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1212&quot; height=&quot;77&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtoPfcX6GVUEa6h18OJDRf-UFiDjlcpP6Yj5kC6r4Vdvb-gGe7cPWiT8mZYNC5BASZvjR_pTXuXqijxFB3Xt15xx15LBgVvhw03LuKOqOa8v4Ni58rHSOx0G3bU3tB_qzNDpq_Sokl4w-QFonvesipybeLI2rd6gQnrXFtYVYVy226KT_hjzkA/w640-h77/T3.png&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;La&amp;nbsp; probabilidad&amp;nbsp; media&amp;nbsp; anual&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; fallo&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; un&amp;nbsp; puente&amp;nbsp; hidráulico&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; sur&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; China&amp;nbsp; es&amp;nbsp; mayor&amp;nbsp; que&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; norte&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; China.&amp;nbsp; Esto&amp;nbsp; se&amp;nbsp; debe&amp;nbsp; a&amp;nbsp; las&amp;nbsp; frecuentes&amp;nbsp; lluvias&amp;nbsp; intensas&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; sur&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; China&amp;nbsp; y&amp;nbsp; a&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; alta&amp;nbsp; probabilidad&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; que&amp;nbsp; se&amp;nbsp; produzcan&amp;nbsp; inundaciones.&amp;nbsp; Sin&amp;nbsp; embargo,&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; tasa&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; víctimas&amp;nbsp; por&amp;nbsp; fallas&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; puentes&amp;nbsp; hidráulicos&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; sur&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; China&amp;nbsp; es&amp;nbsp; menor&amp;nbsp; que&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; norte&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; China.&amp;nbsp; Esto&amp;nbsp; se&amp;nbsp; debe&amp;nbsp; a&amp;nbsp; que&amp;nbsp; la&amp;nbsp; conciencia&amp;nbsp; sobre&amp;nbsp; los&amp;nbsp; daños&amp;nbsp; a&amp;nbsp; los&amp;nbsp; puentes&amp;nbsp; hidráulicos&amp;nbsp; en&amp;nbsp; el&amp;nbsp; norte&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp; China&amp;nbsp; es&amp;nbsp; relativamente&amp;nbsp; débil.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;Ingenieria y Construccion&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21072581/posts/default/3342256477302666008'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21072581/posts/default/3342256477302666008'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://facingyconst.blogspot.com/2023/11/fallas-de-puentes-hidraulicos-en-china.html' title='Fallas    de  puentes  hidráulicos  en  China'/><author><name>Fernando Arancibia C</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04363612098670082489</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQPBipn6GBSdAyr9OcMIJ6OLs0OcEu9XAHWTcRvL8osA2HsMJlKG8h1_3YPL5UU3BGBJEVbTyICuo6k3rQc3CdHd7P41QZNKLpN4_kuanzWUIYEuWHyJdWr2ImwnV63TA/s220/Perfil.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfTgQnrhAmUIbXRTfW1kdDxykG02xABy-UCH2r9RvHrwTx85nO9sh7B5xUl4tLZRXIFELtVu2xsrPZHEIsntMTCy7v6xR3s_9P44KqG6mY7ttvfgTDG7mQAQfPwj-Lj18kFZJ-t_OLnccpYeKZJQxHcECQGgIwQ8DhAY2l5gYwPhRijmg82LVl/s72-w400-h289-c/Captura%20de%20pantalla%206.png" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21072581.post-3048994169727585317</id><published>2023-10-14T09:05:00.006-03:00</published><updated>2023-10-14T09:13:49.085-03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Aguas Servidas"/><title type='text'>La recuperación del calor del alcantarillado como fuente de energía renovable</title><content type='html'>Para acelerar el proceso de revisión de cualquier solicitud futura relacionada
con la recuperación de calor de alcantarillado, el WTD ha desarrollado un
enfoque estándar para su uso en tales situaciones. &quot;Esta vez trabajamos en la
creación de un modelo de acuerdo de usuario, con aportes generales de la
comunidad de desarrolladores, que el consejo podría considerar, revisar y
aprobar si así lo deseaba&quot;, dice Fiore. Con su ordenanza de septiembre, el
Consejo del Condado de King hizo precisamente eso. &quot;Eso es lo que tenemos ahora,
un modelo de acuerdo de usuario que estamos listos para firmar y que los
usuarios potenciales pueden consultar desde el principio para ver si encaja
bien&quot;, afirma Fiore. Se utiliza una cantidad considerable de energía para
calentar agua para fines domésticos, comerciales e industriales, y gran parte de
esa energía literalmente se va por el desagüe. Después de que el agua caliente
ingresa a un sistema de recolección, su calor persiste, lo que ofrece una fuente
de energía térmica renovable y libre de carbono que rara vez se ha aprovechado
en América del Norte. Con el objetivo de promover la adopción de fuentes de
energía sostenibles, el condado de King, Washington, hogar de la ciudad de
Seattle, está llevando a cabo un programa piloto para trabajar con propietarios
y desarrolladores que desean recuperar el calor residual no utilizado en el
sistema de alcantarillado del condado. Al momento de escribir esta edición, el
condado estaba en el proceso de revisar las solicitudes de entidades interesadas
en participar en el programa.
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  &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-IQo8D789kSeo-FqH1LA0wj4a_ByO6s0R_dnk6tuTWiRpe6wjV4uZAQfTM6lfIZLdpiM4TBM5bEpoweqf4BVBlgfUomj9XqRaObDvxTZUhORCoYMaBWh2mfanD4qmDXH5NcdCGjl2PU6ZhW44eSivmGoZ9JINB39033u-gznzCTJvirE1I5JJ/s1800/thom-milkovic-skUTVJi8-jc-unsplash%20copy%20RESIZED.jpg&quot; style=&quot;display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;928&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1800&quot; height=&quot;330&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-IQo8D789kSeo-FqH1LA0wj4a_ByO6s0R_dnk6tuTWiRpe6wjV4uZAQfTM6lfIZLdpiM4TBM5bEpoweqf4BVBlgfUomj9XqRaObDvxTZUhORCoYMaBWh2mfanD4qmDXH5NcdCGjl2PU6ZhW44eSivmGoZ9JINB39033u-gznzCTJvirE1I5JJ/w585-h330/thom-milkovic-skUTVJi8-jc-unsplash%20copy%20RESIZED.jpg&quot; width=&quot;585&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
La ciudad de Seattle, que se encuentra en el condado de King, Washington. (Foto
de Thom Milkovic en Unsplash) En septiembre de 2020, el Consejo del Condado de
King aprobó una ordenanza que autoriza a la División de Tratamiento de Aguas
Residuales del condado a celebrar acuerdos para hasta tres proyectos de
recuperación de calor de alcantarillado. Podrán participar tanto proyectos de
nueva construcción como de modernización. Desarrollando el piloto El programa
piloto se desarrolló en respuesta a solicitudes anteriores de entidades privadas
que buscaban recuperar el calor residual del sistema de recolección de aguas
residuales del condado de King, que comprende más de 390 millas de tuberías,
troncales e interceptores. “Ninguno de estos proyectos llegó a buen término por
diversas razones”, afirma Marie Fiore, portavoz del WTD. Esto se debió a que el
proceso de aprobación del consejo tomó más tiempo del que tenía un usuario para
tomar una decisión sobre la inclusión de dicho sistema, explica.
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mapa de plantas de tratamiento en la División de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales
del Condado de King Para acelerar el proceso de revisión de cualquier solicitud
futura relacionada con la recuperación de calor de alcantarillado, el WTD ha
desarrollado un enfoque estándar para su uso en tales situaciones. &quot;Esta vez
trabajamos en la creación de un modelo de acuerdo de usuario, con aportes
generales de la comunidad de desarrolladores, que el consejo podría considerar,
revisar y aprobar si así lo deseaba&quot;, dice Fiore. Con su ordenanza de
septiembre, el Consejo del Condado de King hizo precisamente eso. &quot;Eso es lo que
tenemos ahora, un modelo de acuerdo de usuario que estamos listos para firmar y
que los usuarios potenciales pueden consultar desde el principio para ver si
encaja bien&quot;, afirma Fiore.
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&lt;span&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;En respuesta a su solicitud de solicitantes, el WTD recibió “múltiples
solicitudes” y las está revisando para asegurarse de que califiquen, dice Fiore,
quien se negó a proporcionar información sobre solicitantes específicos y sus
proyectos propuestos. Aunque el WTD había fijado como fecha límite el 18 de
diciembre para la presentación de solicitudes, cualquier solicitud recibida
después de esa fecha “se conservará y revisará por orden de llegada hasta que el
programa piloto esté completo”, dice Fiore. Para ser elegible para participar,
un proyecto debe estar ubicado dentro del área de servicio del Condado de King o
tener acceso a su sistema de alcantarillado. El diseño de un proyecto potencial
también debe estar completo al menos en un 30 por ciento. Múltiples beneficios
&quot;Nuestro nuevo programa de recuperación de calor de alcantarillado es una gran
oportunidad para nosotros de asociarnos con propietarios de propiedades
comerciales del condado de King&quot;, dijo Mark Isaacson, director de WTD, en un
comunicado de prensa del 5 de noviembre. “Esta tecnología reducirá las emisiones
de carbono de un edificio conectado y ayudará a los propietarios a disminuir su
huella ambiental. La recuperación del calor del alcantarillado también puede
ayudar a los propietarios y desarrolladores a cumplir con códigos energéticos
más estrictos y brindarles la oportunidad de aprovechar estrategias de ocupación
que podrían atraer a inquilinos, compradores e inversores potenciales”. La
naturaleza esencialmente continua de los flujos de aguas residuales ofrece un
suministro confiable de energía térmica con características predecibles. Por
ejemplo, las aguas residuales en el sistema de recolección del condado de King
varían desde una temperatura mínima promedio de 54 F entre febrero y abril hasta
una temperatura máxima promedio de 67 F durante agosto y septiembre.
Normalmente, la recuperación de calor del alcantarillado se realiza mediante un
intercambiador de calor (consulte el diagrama a continuación ). El proceso
comienza capturando las aguas residuales de una alcantarilla en un tanque de
retención, que incluye una bomba para transportar las aguas residuales al
intercambiador de calor. Dentro del intercambiador de calor, el calor del agua
residual se transfiere indirectamente a otro fluido, ya sea refrigerante o agua.
Luego, una bomba de calor extrae el fluido recién calentado y lo transporta al
sistema de calefacción de un edificio. Por el contrario, durante el verano,
cuando los edificios dependen en gran medida del aire acondicionado, la bomba de
calor puede invertirse, transfiriendo calor del sistema de refrigeración del
edificio a las aguas residuales más frías. La recuperación de calor de
alcantarillado es especialmente adecuada para edificios que utilizan sistemas
hidrónicos que hacen circular agua con fines de calefacción y refrigeración. Sin
embargo, estos sistemas no son necesarios para aprovechar la recuperación de
calor del alcantarillado, afirma Fiore. ilustración de recuperación de calor de
alcantarillado Aunque es más común en Europa, la recuperación de calor de
alcantarillado está comenzando a ganar atención en América del Norte. Por
ejemplo, la empresa de servicios públicos de energía vecinal de False Creek en
Vancouver, Columbia Británica, Canadá, captura energía térmica de las aguas
residuales en el sistema de recolección de la ciudad para proporcionar
calefacción y agua caliente a los edificios en áreas cercanas. Desde que comenzó
a operar en 2010, la instalación de propiedad municipal “se ha expandido
rápidamente para dar servicio a 584.000 metros cuadrados (6.290.000 pies
cuadrados) de superficie residencial, comercial e institucional”, dice Linda
Parkinson, gerente de sucursal de False Creek Neighborhood Energy Utility. . En
última instancia, se prevé que la empresa de servicios públicos preste servicio
a una superficie de hasta 2,1 millones de metros cuadrados, o 22,6 millones de
pies cuadrados, afirma Parkinson. Detalles del acuerdo A pesar de la naturaleza
confiable del calor de las aguas residuales como fuente de energía, el Condado
de King recomienda que las entidades involucradas en la recuperación del calor
del alcantarillado incluyan una fuente de calefacción de respaldo como parte de
sus proyectos. La WTD “no puede garantizar el flujo o la temperatura de las
aguas residuales en nuestras tuberías de transporte, por lo que lo más probable
es que se necesite un sistema de calefacción de respaldo”, según información en
el sitio web de la división . Según los términos del acuerdo estándar que
desarrolló el condado de King para proyectos de recuperación de calor de
alcantarillado, los participantes deben presentar diseños de proyectos al WTD
para su aprobación en las fases del 30 por ciento, 60 por ciento, 90 por ciento
y final. Los participantes deben reembolsar al WTD los costos de personal
asociados con las revisiones de diseño, que son necesarias para garantizar que
el proyecto será compatible con el sistema de alcantarillado. Los participantes
deben asumir todos los costos y riesgos asociados con sus proyectos, aunque el
WTD instalará sensores para la medición. El WTD cobrará una tarifa anual por
transferencia de energía de 0,005 dólares por tonelada hora de energía
transferida, lo que equivale a 12.000 Btu. Sin embargo, el WTD renunciará a la
tarifa durante los primeros tres años a cambio de los siguientes datos: los
costos de construcción y operación del sistema de transferencia de energía y el
sistema de energía de respaldo, el uso de energía de los dos sistemas, los
costos de una energía comparable sistema que de otro modo se habría utilizado en
lugar de calefacción de alcantarillado, y cualquier beneficio fiscal,
subvención, créditos de energía renovable o similares recibidos por el
participante del programa.&amp;nbsp;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Via:Autor Jay Landers&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Mapa e ilustración, arriba,
cortesía de la División de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales del Condado de King
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;Ingenieria y Construccion&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21072581/posts/default/3048994169727585317'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21072581/posts/default/3048994169727585317'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://facingyconst.blogspot.com/2023/10/la-recuperacion-del-calor-del.html' title='La recuperación del calor del alcantarillado como fuente de energía renovable'/><author><name>Fernando Arancibia C</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04363612098670082489</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQPBipn6GBSdAyr9OcMIJ6OLs0OcEu9XAHWTcRvL8osA2HsMJlKG8h1_3YPL5UU3BGBJEVbTyICuo6k3rQc3CdHd7P41QZNKLpN4_kuanzWUIYEuWHyJdWr2ImwnV63TA/s220/Perfil.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-IQo8D789kSeo-FqH1LA0wj4a_ByO6s0R_dnk6tuTWiRpe6wjV4uZAQfTM6lfIZLdpiM4TBM5bEpoweqf4BVBlgfUomj9XqRaObDvxTZUhORCoYMaBWh2mfanD4qmDXH5NcdCGjl2PU6ZhW44eSivmGoZ9JINB39033u-gznzCTJvirE1I5JJ/s72-w585-h330-c/thom-milkovic-skUTVJi8-jc-unsplash%20copy%20RESIZED.jpg" height="72" width="72"/></entry></feed>