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Career Opportunities: Manager - Electrical & Instrumentation (11041)

2015-07-05T13:27:00.003+05:30

Job Details

To formulate and implement various Electrical Maintenance Systems to ensure effective functioning of electrical department.
To implement effective energy conservation system
To prepare schedule for preventive maintenance and ensure regular PM to avoid unnecessary breakdown.
To ensure smooth functioning of Electrical Equipments for ensuring continuous functioning of Plants.
To maintain documents related to Electricity Board and ensure proper compliance under PGVCL rules.
To ensure optimum inventory of Electrical equipments in close co-ordination with Stores and Purchase.
Continuously review electrical department functioning and take steps cost effective majors to reduce power consumption.

Periodic review of preventive and predictive maintenance system.
Critical analysis of unscheduled down time to minimize the same.
Coordinate with production head for critical jobs.
To ensure timely maintenance of electrical equipments to ensure continuous running of plants.
Coordinate with Purchase Dept. vendor development & timely delivery of the spares.

Apply here

Jobs for fresher Instrumentation Engineers at Mott Macdonald July 2015 latest

2015-07-05T13:17:00.000+05:30

Job Position Engineer - Instrumentation
Job Ref 20045BR
Job Category Oil and gas
Job Profile Mott MacDonald is a £1.2 billion management, engineering and development consultancy with 16,000 staff and a global reach spanning six continents. Our network of 180 principal offices in 140 countries gives us local market insight backed by world class expertise to deliver excellence for every client.

For more information about working in our oil and gas sector click here
Job Description Reporting to the HOD - Instrumentation this role sits within the Instrumentation discipline and will be responsible for :

Key duties will include:
Acts as Leave replacement to other support engineers as appropriate
Performs discipline check and Inter-discipline check of documents
Ensures that the required integrity and quality of the work is maintained
Familiar with the Quality/HSE Management system and their procedures
Provides timely corrective actions for the identified non-conformities
Executes the engineering & design works within budget and schedule
Co-ordinates with other disciplines & resolves the engineering issues
Provides engineering inputs during all design phases including interpretation and challenge of standards
Actively communicates with other disciplines to optimise areas of interface, during the design development, review and check processes
Ensures design packages meet the relevant safety, environmental & ergonomic standards
Discusses with support Engineers & Designers regularly on scope, man-hours and schedule etc
Prepares material requisitions, evaluate technical bids & reviews vendor/ third party documents
Participates in the Technical reviews and progress review of projects
Familiar with the Company procedures and international standards & codes
Candidate Specification The successful applicant will have:
Qualification : B.E. – Instrumentation & Controls.
Experience in Oil & Gas project is must.
Should have experience in Detail Design & Engineering of Instrument Index, IO list, JB & Cable schedule, Hook up drawings, installation drawings etc.
Should have experience in preparation of technical specification of field instruments, control valves, shutdown valves, Datasheets, MR, Technical Bid Evaluation etc.
Should have experience in preparation / review of design documents like instrument location layouts, cable tray layouts, MTO etc.

Contract Type Contract
Work Pattern Full-Time
Country India
Country Region / State All - India
Position Location (published) Mott MacDonald House
Recruiter Contact rajesh.tamhane@mottmac.com
Removal Date 27-Sep-2015

God bless us all.....:)

PID Diagrams for Dummies with Examples.

2013-05-29T22:01:00.001+05:30

Hi all,

Before you read this post it is advised that you go through the post where we have discussed about various symbols that are used to make P&ID diagrams.
Now we have understood the symbols let us know see how P&ID diagrams are created and how processes are implemented using P&ID diagrams. This convention simplifies the many control devices that need to be used. For the sake of brevity, sensors, transmitters, indicators, and controllers will all be labeled on a P&ID as a controller. The type of controller specified (i.e. temperature or level) will depend on the variable one wished to control and not on the action needed to control it.

For instance, consider if one must control the temperature of fluid leaving a heat exchanger by changing the flow rate of cooling water. The actual variable to be controlled in this case is temperature, and the action taken to control this variable is changing a flow rate. In this case, a temperature controller will be represented schematically on the P&ID, not a flow controller. Adding this temperature controller to the P&ID also assumes that there is a temperature sensor, transmitter, and indicator also included in the process.

As you can see on the P&ID above, these controllers are represented as circles. Furthermore, each controller is defined by what it controls, which is listed within arrow boxes next to each controller. This simplifies the P&ID by allowing everyone the ability to interpret what each controller affects. Such P&IDs can be constructed in Microsoft Office Visio.

Sample Diagram

Below is a sample P&ID Diagram that is actually used in an industrial application. It is clearly more complicated than what has been detailed above, however, the symbols used throughout remain the same.
Table 10: Sample P&ID Diagram

Example 1

Describe the following controlled process in words:

Answer: Reactants enter a jacketed CSTR where a reaction takes place and the products exit. The reactor is cooled via a coolant water stream. The temperature inside the reactor vessel is monitored with a temperature controller (also contained in the controller is a sensor, indicator, and transmitter), which electrically controls a valve. The valve can alter the flowrate of the coolant water stream, thereby controlling the temperature inside the reactor. A pressure controller is also present which feeds back to an inlet valve. Therefore, we can deduce that this reaction is most likely gas phase and if the CSTR becomes too full (high pressure) the inlet valve will close.

Example 2

Draw a proper P&ID diagram of the following process:

A storage tank is filled with condensed products formed via the CSTR in Example 1. The tank contains a level controller at a set point on the top of the tank. If this tank were to fill, materials would get clogged up in the reactor. Therefore, if the tank reaches 90% of its total capacity, the level controller will send an electric signal, which opens an emergency drainage line located at the bottom of the tank. The level controller will also activate an alarm alerting plant engineers that there is a problem with the storage tank. Finally, the level controller will also close the inlet valve to the storage tank.

Example 3

Below is a P&ID diagram of the transesterification process to produce biodiesel. Soybean oil, methanol, and the sodium methoxide catalyst are pumped in to the reactor. The temperature of the reactor is regulated by the circulation water. The resulting biodiesel is then pumped out of the reactor and goes on to other processes so that it can be sold. Below is a P&ID of the process that is missing the valves, pumps, and sensors. Add the pumps, sensors, and valves that are needed to successfully control the process.

Solution:

Example 4

Below is a example problem of a typical P&ID problem. A is a liquid at Tamp but boils at Trx. B and P are high boiling point liquids and C is a solid. The reaction for the process is 2A+B+C-->P at Trx. Ais fed in excess.

Below is the solution to the problem above.

How to read PID Diagrams (Understanding the symbols)

2013-05-29T21:52:00.002+05:30

How to read PID Diagrams (Understanding the symbols)

Hi all,

This is the part 1 of the tutorial on How to read PID diagrams. In order to understand a diagram one should know what every symbols signifies so that it can be understood and used properly lets start with all the symbols in part 1.

Lines

Line symbols are used to describe connectivity between different units in a controlled system. Below is the list of most commonly used lines in a PID Diagram.

Each and every line has a different meaning kindly observe the differences keenly.

the "main process" refers to a pipe carrying a chemical. "Insulated" is straightforward, showing that the pipe has insulation. "Trace heated" shows that the pipe has wiring wrapped around it to keep the contents heated. "Lagged" indicates on a P&ID that the pipe is wrapped in a cloth or fiberglass wrap as an alternative to painting to improve the appearance of the pipe see here for more information. The last column in Table 1 shows pipes that are controlled by a controller. "Electrical impulse" shows that the manner in which information is sent from the controller to the the pipe is by an electrical signal, whereas "pneumatic impulse" indicates information sent by a gas.

In addition to line symbols, there are also line labels that are short codes that convey further properties of that line. These short codes consist of: diameter of pipe, service, material, and insulation. The diameter of the pipe is presented in inches. The service is what is being carried in the pipe, and is usually the major component in the stream. The material tells you what the that section of pipe is made out of. Examples are CS for carbon steel or SS for stainless steel. Finally a 'Y' designates a line with insulation and an 'N' designates one without it. Examples of line short codes on a P&ID are found below in Figure A.

Figure A: Line Labels
This is useful for providing you more practical information on a given pipe segment.
For example in stream 39 in Figure A, the pipe has a 4" diameter, services/carries the chemical denoted 'N', is made of carbon steel, and has no insulation.

Identification Letters

The following letters are used to describe the control devices involved in a process. Each device is labeled with two letters. The first letter describes the parameter the device is intended to control. The second letter describes the type of control device.

Table 2: First Identification Letter	Table 3: Second Identification Letter

For example, the symbol “PI,” is a “pressure indicator.”

Valve Symbols

The following symbols are used to represent valves and valve actuators in a chemical engineering process. Actuators are the mechanisms that activate process control equipment.

Table 4: Valve Symbols

Table 5: Valve Actuator Symbols

The following page offers an overview of different industrial valve types.

General Instrument or Function Symbols

Instruments can have various locations, accessibilities, and functionalities in the field for certain processes. It is important to describe this clearly in a P&ID. Below is a table of these symbols commonly used in P&IDs.

Discrete instruments are instruments separate or detached from other instruments in a process. Shared display, shared control instruments share functions with other instruments. Instruments that are controlled by computers are under the "computer function" category. Instruments that compute, relay, or convert information from data gathered from other instruments are under the "Programmable logic control" section.
For example, a discrete instrument for a certain process measures the flow through a pipe. The discrete instrument, a flow transmitter, transmits the flow to a shared display shared control instrument that indicates the flow to the operator. A computer function instrument would tell the valve to close or open depending on the flow. An instrument under the "Programmable logic control" category would control the valve in the field if it was pneumatically controlled, for instance. The instrument would gather information from discrete instruments measuring the position of the actuator on the valve, and would then adjust the valve accordingly.
In the chart above, it is necessary to know where the instrument is located and its function in order to draw it correctly on a P&ID. A primary instrument is an instrument that functions by itself and doesn't depend on another instrument. A field mounted instrument is an instrument that is physically in the field, or the plant. Field mounted instruments are not accessible to an operator in a control room. An auxiliary instrument is an instrument that aids another primary or auxiliary instrument. Primary and auxiliary instruments are accessible to operators in a control room.

Transmitter Symbols

Transmitters play an important role in P&IDs by allowing the control objectives to be accomplished in a process. The following are commonly used symbols to represent transmitters.

Below are three examples of flow transmitters. The first is using an orifice meter, the second is using a turbine meter, and the third is using an undefined type of meter.

Table 6: Transmitter Symbols

The location of the transmitter depends on the application. The level transmitter in a storage tank is a good example. For instance, if a company is interested in when a tank is full, it would be important for the level transmitter to be placed at the top of the tank rather than the middle. If the transmitter was misplaced in the middle because a P&ID was misinterpreted then the tank would not be properly filled. If it is necessary for the transmitter to be in a specific location, then it will be clearly labeled.

Miscellaneous Symbols

The following symbols are used to represent other miscellaneous pieces of process and piping equipment.

Table 7: Process Equipment

Table 8: Line Fittings

Table 9: Pipe Supports

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2013-04-07T10:59:00.001+05:30

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The scenario today is very very bad please make the fullest use of all the opportunities that you get.Please enhance your skills and keep yourself updated about things happening around you.Prepare for various govt exams and jobs.They pay you good and are secure and reliable compared to others.Please share your knowledge with others too. It will help
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LIC AAO 2013 Exams Reasoning and Numerical Ability sample solved paper.

2013-03-04T00:18:00.000+05:30

LIC AAO Numerical Ability Objective Solved Question Paper

1. In a division sum, the divisor is 10 times the quotient and 5 V times the remainder. If the
remainder is 46, the dividend is:

(1) 4236

(2) 4306

(3) 4336

(4) 5336

Ans. (4)

2. 15 men take 21 days of 8 hours each to do a piece of work. How many days of 6 hours
each would 21 women take, if 3 women do as much work as 2 men?

(1) 18

(2) 20

(3) 25

(4) 3

Ans. (4)

3. The mean temperature of Monday to Wednesday was 37°C and of Tuesday to Thursday
was 34° C. If the temperature on Thursday was 4/5th that of Monday, then what was the
temperature on Thursday?

(1) 36.5°C

(2) 36°C

(3) 35.5°C

(4) 34°C

Ans. (2)

4. On 1st January every year, a person buys N.S.C. (National Savings Certificates) of
value exceeding that of his last year’s purchase by Rs. 100. After 10 years he finds that
the total value of the certificates held by him is Rs.54.500. Find the value (in Rupees)
of the certificates purchased by him in the first year? Hint: consider NSC gives a return
at the rate of 8.00 % per annum.

(1) 4,000

(2) 4,800

(3) 5,000

(4) 6,000

Ans. (3)

5. An employee may claim Rs. 7.00 for each km when he travels by taxi and Rs. 6.00
for each km if he drives his own car. If in one week he claimed Rs. 675 for traveling
90km, how many kms did he travel by taxi?

(1) 135

(2) 155

(3) 162

(4) 170

Ans. (1)

6. A certain number of two digits is three times the sum of Its digits. If 45 be added
to it, the digits are reversed. The number is

(1) 72

(2) 32

(3) 27

(4) 23

Ans. (3)

7. On a Rs.10, 000 payment order, a person has choice between 3 successive
discounts of 10%, 10% and 30%, and 3 successive discounts of 40%, 5% and
5%. By choosing the better one he can save (in Rupees):

(1) 200

(2) 255

(3) 400

(4) 433

Ans. (2)

8. A, B and C started a business with their investment in the ratio l: 3:5. After
4 months, A invested the same amount as before and B as well as C withdrew
half of their Investments. The ratio of their profits at the end of the year was:

(1) 5: 6: 10

(2) 6: 5: 10

(3) 10:5:6

(4) 4:3:5

Ans. (1)

9. Three pipes A, B and C can fill a cistern in 6 hours. After working at it
together for 2 hours, C is closed and A and B can fill the remaining part in
7 hours. The number of hours taken by C alone to fill the cistern is:

(1) 12

(2) 14

(3) 16

(4) 18

Ans. (2)

10. River is running at 2 kmph. It took a man twice as long to row up as to
row down the river. The rate (in km ph) of the man in still water is:

(1) 8

(2) 10

(3) 4

(4) 6

Ans. (4)

11. A sum of money becomes Rs.13, 380 after 3 years and Rs. 20.070 after
6 years on compound interest. The sum (in Rupees) is:

(1) 8800

(2) 8890

(3) 8920

(4) 9040

Ans. (3)

12. A rectangular carpet has an area of 120sq. metres and a perimeter of 46
metres. The length of its diagonal (in metres) is:

(1) 11

(2) 13

(3) 15

(4) 17

Ans. (4)

13. Three yeas ago the average age of A and B was 18 years. While C Joining
them now, the average becomes 22 years. How old (in years) is C now?

(1) 24

(2) 27

(3) 28

(4) 30

Ans. (1)

14. A man’s basic pay for a 40 hours’ week is Rs. 200. Overtime Is paid at
25% above the basic rate. In a certain week, he worked overtime and his
total was Rs. 300. He therefore worked for a total of (in hours):

(1) 52

(2) 56

(3) 58

(4) 62

Ans. (2)

15. Rs. 600 are divided among A, B and C so that Rs. 40 more than 2/5th
of A’s share, Rs. 20 more than 2/7^th of B’s share and Rs.10 more
than 9/17th of C’s may all be equal. What is A’s share (in Rupees)?

(1) 150

(2) 170

(3) 200

(4) 280

Ans. (1)

16. A train B speeding with 120 kmph crosses another train C running in the
same direction, in 2 minutes. If the lengths of the trains B and C be l00m
and 200m respectively, what is the speed (In kmph) of the train C?

(1) 111

(2) 123

(3) 127

(4) 129

Ans. (1)

17. A merchant has 1000 kg of sugar, part of which he sells at 8% profit
and the rest at 18% profit. He gains 14% on the whole. The quantity (in kg.)
sold at l8% profit is:

(1) 560

(2) 600

(3) 400

(4) 640

Ans. (2)

18. A well with 14m inside diameter is dug l0m deep. Earth taken out of it,
has been evenly spread all around it to a width of 2lm to form an embankment
. The height (in metres) of the embankment is:

(1) ½

(2) 2/3

(3) ¾

(4) 3/5

Ans. (2)

19. What are the total marks obtained by L in History, Geography and Mathematics?

(1) 221.8

(2) 253

(3) 180.2

(4) 184

(5) None of these

Ans. (3)

20. What is the percentage of candidates qualified in. 1998 and
1999 together from all the States over the candidates appeared
from all the States in these two years
(the value upto two decimal points)?

(1) 10.84

(2) 10.32

(3) 10.62

(4) 10.34

(5) None of these

Ans. (4)

21. What approximately is the percentage of candidates qualified
from States C and D together over the candidates appeared from these two States in 1997?

(1) 10

(2) 12.5

(3) 15

(4) 20

(5) 9.5

Ans. (1)

22. I. 2x² - 7x + 6=0

II. 4y² =9

Ans. (5)

23. I. 4x² =49

II. 9y² – 66y + 121=0

Ans. (1)

24. I. 9x² – 18x + 5= 0

II. 2y² – 9y + 10 =0

Ans. (1)

25. If the income of Company A had increased by, 10% in year
2000 from year 1999 and profit earned in 1999 was 20% what
was its expenditure in 1999? (The value upto two decimal
places in crores)

(1) 36.36

(2) 32.32

(3) 30.30

(4) Can’t be determined

(5) None of these

Ans. (5)

God bless us all.....:)

Blackberry Messenger BBM for Android free Download

2012-10-28T13:13:00.000+05:30

Enjoy the Blackberry Messenger features for Android phone.
BBM for Android
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Boiler history structure and working construction etc

2012-08-29T19:36:00.001+05:30

Boiler feed water

A boiler is a device for generating steam, which consists of two principal parts: the furnace, which provides heat, usually by burning a fuel, and the boiler proper, a device in which the heat changes water into steam. The steam or hot fluid is then recirculated out of the boiler for use in various processes in heating applications.

The water circuit of a water boiler can be summarized by the following pictures:

The boiler receives the feed water, which consists of varying proportion of recovered condensed water (return water) and fresh water, which has been purified in varying degrees (make up water). The make-up water is usually natural water either in its raw state, or treated by some process before use. Feed-water composition therefore depends on the quality of the make-up water and the amount of condensate returned to the boiler. The steam, which escapes from the boiler, frequently contains liquid droplets and gases. The water remaining in liquid form at the bottom of the boiler picks up all the foreign matter from the water that was converted to steam. The impurities must be blown down by the discharge of some of the water from the boiler to the drains. The permissible percentage of blown down at a plant is strictly limited by running costs and initial outlay. The tendency is to reduce this percentage to a very small figure.

Proper treatment of boiler feed water is an important part of operating and maintaining a boiler system. As steam is produced, dissolved solids become concentrated and form deposits inside the boiler. This leads to poor heat transfer and reduces the efficiency of the boiler. Dissolved gasses such as oxygen andcarbon dioxide will react with the metals in the boiler system and lead to boiler corrosion. In order to protect the boiler from these contaminants, they should be controlled or removed, trough external or internal treatment. For more information check the boiler water treatment web page.

In the following table you can find a list of the common boiler feed water contaminants, their effect and their possible treatment.

Find extra information about the characteristics of boiler feed water.

IMPURITY	RESULTING IN	GOT RID OF BY	COMMENTS
*Soluble Gasses*
Hydrogen Sulphide (H₂S)	Water smells like rotten eggs: Tastes bad, and is corrosive to most metals.	Aeration, Filtration, and Chlorination.	Found mainly in groundwater, and polluted streams.
Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)	Corrosive, forms carbonic acid in condensate.	Deaeration, neutralization with alkalis.	Filming, neutralizing amines used to prevent condensate line corrosion.
Oxygen (O₂)	Corrosion and pitting of boiler tubes.	Deaeration & chemical treatment with (Sodium Sulphite or Hydrazine)	Pitting of boiler tubes, and turbine blades, failure of steam lines, and fittings etc.
*Suspended Solids*
Sediment & Turbidity	Sludge and scale carryover.	Clarification and filtration.	Tolerance of approx. 5ppm max. for most applications, 10ppm for potable water.
Organic Matter	Carryover, foaming, deposits can clog piping, and cause corrosion.	Clarification; filtration, and chemical treatment	Found mostly in surface waters, caused by rotting vegetation, and farm run offs. Organics break down to form organic acids. Results in low of boiler feed-water pH, which then attacks boiler tubes. Includes diatoms, molds, bacterial slimes, iron/manganese bacteria. Suspended particles collect on the surface of the water in the boiler and render difficult the liberation of steam bubbles rising to that surface.. Foaming can also be attributed to waters containing carbonates in solution in which a light flocculent precipitate will be formed on the surface of the water. It is usually traced to an excess of sodium carbonate used in treatment for some other difficulty where animal or vegetable oil finds its way into the boiler.
*Dissolved Colloidal Solids*
Oil & Grease	Foaming, deposits in boiler	Coagulation & filtration	Enters boiler with condensate
Hardness, Calcium (Ca), and Magnesium (Mg)	Scale deposits in boiler, inhibits heat transfer, and thermal efficiency. In severe cases can lead to boiler tube burn thru, and failure.	Softening, plus internal treatment in boiler.	Forms are bicarbonates, sulphates, chlorides, and nitrates, in that order. Some calcium salts are reversibly soluble. Magnesium reacts with carbonates to form compounds of low solubility.
Sodium, alkalinity, NaOH, NaHCO₃, Na₂CO₃	Foaming, carbonates form carbonic acid in steam, causes condensate return line, and steam trap corrosion, can cause embrittlement.	Deaeration of make-up water and condensate return. Ion exchange; deionization, acid treatment of make-up water.	Sodium salts are found in most waters. They are very soluble, and cannot be removed by chemical precipitation.
Sulphates (SO₄)	Hard scale if calcium is present	Deionization	Tolerance limits are about 100-300ppm as CaCO₃
Chlorides, (Cl)	Priming, i.e. uneven delivery of steam from the boiler (belching), carryover of water in steam lowering steam efficiency, can deposit as salts on superheaters and turbine blades. Foaming if present in large amounts.	Deionization	Priming, or the passage of steam from a boiler in "belches", is caused by the concentration sodium carbonate, sodium sulphate, or sodium chloride in solution. Sodium sulphate is found in many waters in the USA, and in waters where calcium or magnesium is precipitated with soda ash.
Iron (Fe) andManganese (Mn)	Deposits in boiler, in large amounts can inhibit heat transfer.	Aeration, filtration, ion exchange.	Most common form is ferrous bicarbonate.
Silica (Si)	Hard scale in boilers and cooling systems: turbine blade deposits.	Deionization; lime soda process, hot-lime-zeolite treatment.	Silica combines with many elements to produce silicates. Silicates form very tenacious deposits in boiler tubing. Very difficult to remove, often only by flourodic acids. Most critical consideration is volatile carryover to turbine components.

Source: http://energyconcepts.tripod.com/energyconcepts/water_treatment.htm

The principal difficulties caused by water in boiler are:

Scaling;

Foaming and priming;

Corrosion.

Posted by A long distance at 2:33 AM 0 comments Links to this post

Steam Plants

Water in the form of steam has the ability to store great amounts of energy. With it's ease of control and delivery, steam brought the advent of power to the shipping world.

There are still some steam powered vessels such as ULCC ( Ultra Large Crude Carrier ) where steam turbines can provide the necessary, high power shaft requirements to propel the ship. However it's time as passed, most ships nowadays use the more economical diesel burning heavy fuels.

Although boilers may no longer be commonplace for ship propulsion they are almost guaranteed to be one boiler for various duties on board a ship. Duties like heating cargo, fuel, and accommodations. Some ships also use boilers for auxiliary power. Such as deck winches and pumps, where electrical machines would prove to be a hazard as in the oil industry.

Steam Theory

Within the boiler, fuel and air are force into the furnace by the burner. There, it burns to produce heat. From there, the heat (flue gases) travel throughout the boiler. The water absorbs the heat, and eventually absorb enough to change into a gaseous state - steam.

To the left is the basic theoretical design of a modern boiler. Boiler makers have developed various designs to squeeze the most energy out of fuel and to maximized its transfer to the water. But it all boils down, pardon the pun, to the basic design shown here.

Below are a description of the most accepted variations of the basic principles ( above left ).

The water tube boiler

As you can see, the Babcock Marine Water Tube Boiler (below) looks very complicated. Thousands of tubes are placed in strategic location to optimize the exchange of energy from the heat to the water in the tubes. These types of boilers are most common because of their ability to deliver large quantities of steam.

The large tube like structure at the top of the boiler is called the steam drum. You could call it the heart of the boiler. That's where the steam collects before being discharged from the boiler. The hundreds of tube start and eventually end up at the steam drum.

Water enters the boiler, preheated, at the top. The hot water naturally circulates through the tubes down to the lower area where it is hot. The water heats up and flows back to the steam drum where the steam collects. Not all the water gets turn to steam, so the process starts again. Water keeps on circulating until it becomes steam.

Meanwhile, the control system is taking the temperature of the steam drum, along with numerous other readings, to determine if it should keep the burner burning, or shut it down.

As well, sensors control the amount of water entering the boiler, this water is know as feed water. Feed water is not your regular drinking water. It is treated with chemicals to neutralize various minerals in the water, which untreated, would cling to the tubes clogging or worst, rusting them. This would make the boiler expensive to operate because it would not be very efficient.

On the fire side of the boiler, carbon deposit resulting from improper combustion or impurities in the fuel can accumulate on the outer surface of the water tube. This creates an insulation which quickly decrease the energy transfer from the heat to the water. To remedy this problem the engineer will carry out soot blowing. At a specified time the engineer uses a long tool and insert it into the fire side of the boiler. This device, which looks like a lance, has a tip at the end which "blows" steam. This blowing action of the steam "scrubs" the outside of the water tubes, cleaning the carbon build up.

Water tube boilers can have pressures from 7 bar (one bar = ~15 psi) to as high as 250 bar. The steam temperature's can vary between saturated steam, 100 degrees Celsius steam with particle of water, or be as high as 600 - 650 degrees Celsius, know as superheated steam or dry steam (all water particle have been turn to a gaseous state).

The performance of boiler is generally referred to as tons of steam produced in one hour. In water tube boilers that could be as low as 1.5 t/hr to as high as 2500 t/hr. The larger boilers would be land based, your local power company would most likely operate one. In British Columbia, large boilers are most common at Pulp and Paper plants.

Foster Wheeler (USA/UK), Babcock (USA/UK/Ger), Combustion Engineering (USA), and Kawasaki Heavy Industries (Japan) are some of the more prominent manufacturer of boilers. Click on the picture to the right to view a full size diagram of a Foster Wheeler ESD III water tube boiler.

The fire tube boiler

This type of boilers started it all. This is the original design of boiler which brought the tide of power to the marine world. If you are ever in Vancouver, BC, the SS Master, a turn of the century tugboat, is open for the public to view at the Vancouver Maritime Museum. It is operational, and a fine example of ship using a fire tube boiler.

On a modern ship, the fire tube boiler meet the ship's heating needs and is generally not used for deck machinery. The steam produced will circulate through coils in the cargo tanks, fuel tanks, and accommodation heating system. They are generally supplied as a complete package, such as the one pictured above.

This is a single furnace, three pass type fire tube boiler. Heat - flue gases - travels through three different sets of tubes. All the tubes are surrounded by water which absorbs the heat. As the water turns to steam, pressure builds up within the boiler, once enough pressure has built up the engineer will open main steam outlet valve slowly, supplying steam for service. Fire tube boilers are also known as "smoke tube" and "donkey boiler".

. . . and the Auxiliary boiler

On smaller ships the auxiliary boiler can be a stand alone unit and would most likely be of the fire tube boiler arrangement as described above. But on a larger vessel it is more efficient for the auxiliary boiler to take advantage of the main engine's flue gases to heat the water. Basically this means that the hot gases from the main engine must pass through a heat exchanger (the auxiliary fire tube boiler) before exiting to the atmosphere

On this diagram, look for it above, and just aft of the main engine, near the exhaust stake of the ship. It is called the "cargo heating boiler".

As you can imagine if the ship's main engine was not running, there would be no hot flue gases to make steam. The auxiliary boiler also has a burner assembly which can be operated while the ship is in port or when the flue gases are not hot enough to provide the necessary steam.

With this Cochran type boiler, the flow of flue gases from the engine are controlled by a damper. Should the damper not allow engine flue gases through, the burner would automatically come on and provide heat for the water to absorb. It would do so until the controls of the damper allowed the flue gases to flow through the boiler providing the necessary heat for the water, the burner would then shut down.

Using the steam to make the ship go !

Rotating the propeller is the ultimate goal of any power plant. As you have probably noticed, from the text and pictures above, there is no shaft. Which leads to the question:

"now that you have all this super energized steam, how do you get work from it ? "

A boilers is only one part of a larger operation, granted, it's a large part but most important part of the operation is it's ability to apply all this steam power.

The reciprocating steam engine.

Theory

	Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
	Everything in nature reaches a balance.
	High pressure steam, 20bar, wants to 'go back' to being like everything else on the planet, which is water at 1 bar.

If you understand the above, basic, principle, engines become very logical machines.

In the earlier days the primary engine to transform the steam's heat energy to mechanical energy was done using a piston within a sealed housing. Valves in the sealed housing would allow steam to enter into the chamber, the steam restricted by the sealed housing would push on the piston, forcing it down. This downward motion of the piston was transmitted to the crankshaft by a connecting rod. The illustration below is the best way to view the basic principle of the piston action.

This illustration, courtesy of Rick Boggs' Merchant Marine and Maritime Pages, is of a Triple Expansion Steam Engine. This type of design was very common at the earlier part of the 20th century. The SS Master, a tugboat on display at the Vancouver Maritime Museum, has a good example of a working triple expansion steam engine. The Famous RMS Titanic had two similar engines, except the Titanic's had an additional stage. They were known as quadruple expansion engine and operated on the same principle.

Although the model rotates a little fast, it clearly illustrates the action of the steam. The superheated steam (steam @ 101+degrees Celsius) will be used to "push" up or "down" three times in this engine.

The first time, where the steam has the most energy, the valve allows it to enter the small cylinder, on the topside of the piston. The expansion (pressure) of the steam pushes down on the area of the piston, rotating the crankshaft. The steam is then release by ports, near the end of it's stroke. The steam is then directed to the following cylinder. Here for a second time, by way of a valve, the steam enters the medium size cylinder and exert it's pressure on the area of the piston forcing it down. Finally, with most of the energy already spent, the steam enters the third and final stage of the engine as it did in the two previous stages. The steam enters the large diameter cylinder, pushes down the piston and exits the engine. The steam is then collected in a vacuum environment called acondenser, where the remaining heat in the steam is dispelled and changes state, back to being water. The water is then fed, or should I say recycled, as feedwater for the boiler.

The pistons of this engine are called double acting, which means that, not only does the piston get "pushed down" but it also gets "pushed up". The three stages describe above are also, simultaneously, happening to the underside of the piston. So steam enters the top of the piston, pushes it down, then the valve allows steam to enter the bottom of the piston, pushing it up.

The Steam Turbine

The more modern method of extracting mechanical energy from heat energy is the steam turbine. Steam turbine have been the norm in various land based power plants for many years. BC Hydro's Burrard Thermal Plant just outside Vancouver is very similar to many power plants in most countries, and a good example of a steam power plant. The Burrard Generating Station is a 950 MW conventional natural gas-fired generating station. It's large boilers create large amounts of steam which is then fed to steam turbines. The turbines rotate large alternators, which produce electrical energy. On a ship, the operation is generally smaller, even on very large super tankers. On a ship, the turbine is connected to a reduction gear, which drives a propeller, producing motion instead of electrical energy.

If you can imagine a pinwheel, held solidly near your mouth, then blowing, at the right angle, air unto each "blade" of the pinwheel. You see the whole pinwheel turn. The principle of the impulse turbine is much the same.

The impulse turbine contains several "pinwheels" which are actually called turbine rotors, pictured to the right. The rotors can rotate on a shaft, but cannot slide for and aft. "In front" of these rotors are nozzles, drilled into the stationary part of the turbine. Because steam does not like to be confined, each nozzle ejects steam onto one blade of the rotor, much like we imagined with the "pinwheel". Because the shape of the blades is at an angle, the jet of steam must change direction. This change in direction results in a force, rotating the rotor which rotates the shaft.

One set of turbine rotor and stationary nozzles is called a stage. Much like the triple expansion piston type engine, mentioned above, the steam travels through many stages. In the case of steam turbines, the steam proceeds through one stage, then collects and proceeds to the second stage and so on. Each time, the steam proceeds to a larger diameter rotor turbine, until the most of it's energy has been exerted on the rotors of the turbine. The energy depleted steam is drawn, by vacuum, to thecondenser where it is cooled to form feed water, ready to feed the boiler once again.

As with any machine, improvements and specific designs have evolved to improve the overall efficiency of the machine. One turbine design is the impulse design as describe above. Another is the reaction type turbine, both types are illustrated below. A third is more of a hybrid design, combining, actually compounding, features from the impulse and reaction type steam turbines.

The impulse design (above left) relies on stationary ring of steam nozzles to direct flow onto the blades of a rotor. In the reaction type (above right), the flow of steam must pass through the rotor. The rotor is made up of blades, just like the impulse type, but in this case the blades are curved to provide a slight nozzle shape.

The blades on the impulse type change the direction of the steam, whilst in the reaction, the blades become the nozzles. The illustration above show the differences between the two types. The images to the right, courtesy of Rick Boggs' Merchant Marine and Maritime Pages, illustrates a reaction type steam turbine.

Steam turbines rotate at very high speeds but in order to get the most efficiency from the propeller, the propeller must turn slow. Therefore a marine gear must be used. Marine gears are very common place, they are used to transform power from an engine to the actual machine doing the work, in this case the propeller.

In the picture to the left, the gear is situated behind the turbine. This is a 20,000hp steam turbine package. You can notice the condenser just below the turbine assembly.

Want more steam ?

Then check the pages below.

Spirax Sarco has a great deal of information on steam systems and procedures

So who is the "father" of the steam engine? James Watt, read about him here.

Want to know allot more about the History of steam turbines, check here.

Here is a website for those allready involve in steam systems.

Visit an informative page on the skinner engine, a reciprocating steam engine.

An interesting site on steam - Steam Esteem from Lars Josefsson

God bless us all.....:)

Teamviewer

2012-04-29T00:04:00.003+05:30

Teamviewer

ABOUT TEAMVIEWER

TeamViewer is a complete, fast & secure Software solution for Remote Desktop Sharing
It is a a software package designed to assist people and used in following ways

- Remote support for technical issues
- Desktop Sharing and online meetings
- Web Conferencing
- Data Transferring between computers

SALIENT FEATURES

The Software was found in 2005 in Germany

Teamviewer is Compatible with the following Operating Systems

- Windows
- Linux
- Mac
- iOS ( i-phones & i-pads)
- The Android Systems

The main Advantage of Teamviewer is that it does require any configuration & it can run even through Firewalls & Proxy Servers

VERSIONS

There are many Versions of this Software .The latest Version is 7.0 and is absolutely free to download

  USABILITY

There is no need of installing the software.You can just run the setup file and us the software without any configuration.
It automatically detects the proxy configuration & the proxy script readouts.
If the Connection Fails you can Re-establish the Connection

  PURPOSE

1) Remote support for technical issues – Remote Support Is provided to people who have technical issues with their computers. A technician can take remote connection of the computer which has a software issue, and which can be resolved easily without visiting at the place where the computer is located. There are many technicians who are using this software for remote maintenance for computers and servers both. We can access our data and applications from anywhere, anytime. Also we can access our office computer from home. Remote support connects through VPN. VPN means Virtual Private Network.

VPN – VPN is a secure network that allows user to take control of a computer and work on it. It uses Internet to create a private connection or a gateway for a user. It is also used for file sharing, printers, database access from any place through remote server access.

2) Desktop sharing and online meetings – We can connect upto 25 people at one time for online meetings and presentations. Also online training can be provided through desktop sharing. We can also collaborate things and work real-time.

3) Web Conferencing - Web conferencing is similar as Video Conferencing. This is mostly used by business representatives for training and other purpose. This also requires Internet connection. This service allows a person to connect real-time and perform video and voice chat and share it to different locations for business purpose. This is also known as Web-seminar in a business term.

4) Data transfer between computers – Data transfer again requires Internet connection, and allows a user to transfer files from one computer to another computer. It also allows a user to transfer files from one location to another through the network.

HOW DOES IT WORKS

1- Download the Teamviewer Software and follow the Installation Routine

2- Start the Application and the software will generate the Automatic permanent ID and the a temporary password which changes randomly each and every time you start the application

3- you will have to enter the partners id and select the appropriate option & click on connect to partner which will then ask for partners password

4- click on log on and there you are connected to the computer remotely

  SECURE

The RSA public or Private key exchange & AES-256 session encoding ensures that no one can view our sessioned data and with every session a new password is generated from which any permanent acess support is been prevented

  OFFICIAL WEBSITE

www.teamviewer.com

CERTIFICATION

- The Software is certified with the Federal Association of IT Experts & Consultants
- The Teamviewer Downloads are signed by Verisign which guarantees that it is genuine & protects against infecting from virus
- It is also ISO 9001 authorised
- It has been awarded the maximum point score by BISG a registered society (Bundesverband der IT-Sachverständigen und Gutachte)

God bless us all.....:)

Solenoid Valves

2012-03-21T00:23:00.002+05:30

What is a Solenoid Valve?

A solenoid valve is an electromechanical device used for controlling liquid or gas flow. The solenid valve is controlled by electrical current, which is run through a coil. When the coil is energized, a magnetic field is created, causing a plunger inside the coil to move. Depending on the design of the valve, the plunger will either open or close the valve. When electrical current is removed from the coil, the valve will return to its de-energized state.

In direct-acting solenoid valves, the plunger directly opens and closes an orifice inside the valve. In pilot-operated valves (also called the servo-type), the plunger opens and closes a pilot orifice. The inletline pressure, which is led through the pilot orifice, opens and closes the valve seal.

The most common solenoid valve has two ports: an inlet port and an outlet port. Advanced desigs may have three or more ports. Some designs utilize a manifold-type design.

Solenoid valves make automation of fluid and gas control possible. Modern solenoid valves offer fast operation, high reliability, long service life, and compact design.

Please visit our Solenoid Valve Basics page for more detailed information on solenoid valve operation..

What are the different parts of a solenoid valve?

The illustration below depicts the basic components of a solenoid valve. The valve shown in the picture is a normally-closed, direct-acting valve. This type of solenoid valve has the most simple and easy to understand principle of operation.

1. Valve Body	4. Coil / Solenoid	7. Plunger
2. Inlet Port	5. Coil Windings	8. Spring
3. Outlet Port	6. Lead Wires	9. Orifice

How does a solenoid valve work?

The media controlled by the solenoid valve enters the valve through the inlet port (Part 2 in the illustration above). The media must flow through the orifice (9) before continuing into the outlet port (3). The orifice is closed and opened by the plunger (7).

The valve pictured above is a normally-closed solenoid valve. Normally-closed valves use a spring (8) which presses the plunger tip against the opening of the orifice. The sealing material at the tip of the plunger keeps the media from entering the orifice, until the plunger is lifted up by an electromagnetic field created by the coil.

The video animation below shows the operation sequence for a direct-acting solenoid valve.

God bless us all.....:)

DAQ data acquisition and logging system using 8051

2012-02-20T11:38:00.000+05:30

Data Acquisition (DAQ) technology provides the link between the data-generating sensors and data-storing recording devices. DAQ can also provide the means for driving external actuators from a computer, by the generation of external excitation signals. DAQ technology includes both hardware and software.

Thanks to the recent advancements in processor technology, the low cost personal computer is now the most important carrier for data acquisition cards. The high clock speeds of modern central processing units (CPUs), such as Pentium and PowerPC, enables higher sampling rates. This along with high performance bus architectures such as PCI, cheap RAM, and fast voluminous hard disks make long-term continuous measurements possible.

Traditionally, the clock speed of the computer CPU can significantly affect the performance of the DAQ system. However, newer direct memory access (DMA) transfer technology speeds up the system by using dedicated hardware to transfer data directly into system memory. Thus, the CPU is not burdened with moving data and is therefore free to engage in more complex processing tasks. In addition, if an application requires real-time processing of high-frequency signals, a dedicated digital signal processing (DSP) chip can be built-in on the DAQ board to share the work load of the main processor.

Another important development is portable data acquisition based on laptop computers with PCMCIA cards. This configuration allows more convenient field measurements that used to be troublesome for practicing engineers.

Emerging broadband internet and broadband cellular phones outperform traditional modem hookups using RS-232 or RS-485 serial communication ports. These emerging communication technologies will make remote monitoring and access measurements more achievable.

In short, the current level of data acquisition technology, although still not perfect, is far more effective and efficient than a decade ago. In the future, one can expect even more affordable and accurate measurement instruments, some that could be fitted into computers as small as modern hand-held calculators or personal digital assistants.

The source code for the project is written in Visual Basic and C-language. You can download the vb-code , c-code, schematic, and if you don't have a cross compiler then you can directly burn the HEX file on to your chip

God bless us all.....:)

RVDT( Rotary variable differential Transformer)

2012-02-20T11:26:00.000+05:30

The Rotational Variable Differential Transformer (RVDT) is used to measure rotational angles and operates under the same principles as the LVDT sensor. Whereas the LVDT uses a cylindrical iron core, the RVDT uses a rotary ferromagnetic core. A schematic is shown below.

Typical RVDT Sensor Top of Page Common Specifications Common specifications for commercially available RVDT's are listed below: Input: Power input is a 3 to 15 V (rms) sine wave with a frequency between 60 to 20,000 Hz.

Angle: Capable of continuous rotational measurement. However, most RVDTs have effective angle limits of up to ±60°. Nonlinearity: Higher accuracy in the smaller angle range: 0.25% @ ±30°, 0.50% @ ±40°, 1.50% @ ±60°.

Pros and Cons

• Pros: - Relative low cost due to its popularity. - Solid and robust, capable of working in a wide variety of environments. - No friction resistance, since the iron core does not contact the transformer coils, resulting in an very long service life. - High signal to noise ratio and low output impedance. - Negligible hysteresis. - Infinitesimal theoretical resolution. In reality, angle resolution is limited by the resolution of the amplifiers and voltage meters used to process the output signal. - No permanent damage to the RVDT if measurements exceed the designed range.

• Cons: - The core must be in contact (directly or indirectly) with the measured surface which is not always possible or desirable.

God bless us all.....:)

Working Of Spool valve with best Video

2012-02-15T00:58:00.002+05:30

Spool Valve : A valve that controls the direction of hydraulic fluid flow. A spool valve consists of cylindrical spools that alternately block and open channels in the hydraulic system.

God bless us all.....:)

4 Common Mistakes In Instrumentation And How To Avoid Them

2012-02-13T23:49:00.002+05:30

4 Mistakes and how to Avoid them .pdf

God bless us all.....:)

PLC DCS SCADA & HMI for Beginners

2012-02-10T18:15:00.001+05:30

PLC DCS SCADA & HMI for Beginners

Let's see how simple we can make it - by first building a SCADA system - and then by building a DCS system - each from the ground up.

Suppose that we're building a brand new factory - and suppose that our first piece of equipment is something like a big industrial oven. This thing will be made up of heaters, and valves, and conveyor motors, and other assorted machinery - so let's say we get to work and we build us an oven. Now that we've got the mechanical part of the oven built - we need some type of controller for it - something to accurately control all of those different parts in order to turn raw material into a sellable final product. So what type of control are we going to use? How about a PLC - a Programmable Logic Controller?

In very simple language a PLC is a type of computer. But the computers that most people are familiar with use a keyboard as an input device and a screen for an output device. PLC's don't have a keyboard. So for an input device, we use an "input module" which is basically a little box with a row of screws on the front of it. We wire up a bunch of pushbuttons, sensors, switches, etc. to the little screws ... and this will serve as the input device for our PLC "computer". We do something similar for an output device. Instead of using a screen for an output device, we use an "output module" which is basically another little box with a row of screws on the front of it. We wire up a bunch of solenoid valves, indicator lamps, motor starters, etc. to the little screws ... and this will serve as the output device for our PLC "computer".

So for this first example, let's say that we decide to go with a PLC system. We buy the PLC and install it by connecting wires between the oven and the PLC. Then we buy a copy of the programming software from the PLC manufacturer - and then we write a program for the PLC - we'll probably use "ladder logic" programming, since that's what most PLC's use as their native language. And now the PLC is just about ready to properly control the system - except that we still need some way for the operator to set and to monitor the temperatures - and to start and stop the conveyors and so forth.

Now for this small system, some meters and pushbuttons and some thumbwheel switches might do just fine. We could wire those up and build us an operator's control panel for our oven. But another (better?) way would be to use an HMI - a Human Machine Interface. (This used to be called an MMI - Man Machine Interface - but now-a-days we've got to be more politically correct.) So we buy us a nice desktop computer and some type of HMI software. We'll need to program the HMI - and usually this is done by dragging and dropping pictures of meters and knobs and buttons onto our computer screen. In other words, we build a "virtual" control panel for our operator to use. We link these on-screen controls to the PLC's memory through a communication cable. And now we're finally ready to go. Great so far - and we start making some money with our factory.

Later on, business is good and we decide that our factory could use two additional ovens. So we get the mechanical parts built - and now we need to decide how we're going to control these new ovens. Now the original PLC that we used for oven number one is quite capable of controlling the two additional ovens. We just might need to add a few additional I/O modules to the chassis - and we'll certainly need to run some more wires - but basically the same old PLC "brain" has plenty of extra horsepower to handle the new ovens. But - here's an idea: Suppose that we buy two new PLC's - one for each new oven. Now that's certainly going to cost us more money, but at least this way each oven could operate - or be shut down - completely separately from the other two systems. That's going to make scheduling maintenance a lot simpler - and generally give us a lot more flexibility in all of our operations. Plus - by having three controllers - we're not putting "all of our eggs in one basket" as the old saying goes.

We talk the boss into it - and we buy the new PLC's and install them - and download copies of the original program into them - and we're just about ready to go. But how about that operator control piece of the puzzle? Since we're already using an HMI for our operator's control panel, all we have to do is make two copies of the screens from our original oven - and set these new copies up on the operator's HMI computer. Finally, we extend the communication cable from the HMI station over to the two new PLC's - and now we're up and running.

Next the boss hires a bean-counter - someone whose job involves maximizing our factory's profits. Now this person requires data - he needs to know how much it costs to operate the ovens - and how much product we run through them - and how much of that product is "off-spec" and wasted. The best way to get all of this production data is to ask the PLC's - after all, they're the "brains" that are controlling the system. So let's upgrade the old HMI that the operator has been using - to something with more features. This will be called a SCADA system - for "Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition". It will still have control screens with all of the virtual buttons and meters and other whatnots that the operator needs to control the ovens - but it will also have some additional features beyond the HMI - features which will allow the SCADA system to suck the production data right out of the PLC's - and to store that data in some type of computer database. Later, the bean-counter can retrieve that production data and analyze it to his little heart's content. All is well.

Quick review so far: The machinery in our factory is being controlled by PLC's. For a little while we used an HMI (Human/Machine Interface) software package - so that the Human operator could Interface (that is, monitor and operate) the Machine. Later we moved from the HMI up to a more powerful software package - a SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) system. This new software still allowed our human operator to Supervise and Control the system - and it also added some features for Data Acquisition for the bean-counter's benefit.

Now let's start over with a new factory - and this time we'll use a DCS (Distributed Control System).

Suppose that this time we know in advance that the factory we're about to build is going to involve a rather sophisticated process - one which is going to require many interrelated steps - all of which must be carefully coordinated in order to produce a sellable final product. We're talking about chemicals - or pharmaceuticals - or something along those lines. (The term "continuous process" is a familiar buzzword for something like this.)

Now yes, we COULD use PLC's for this type of factory - and yes, we COULD use a SCADA system to supervise and control the whole thing. But - many engineers would decide to go with a DCS for something like this. And that's what we're going to do.

Now suppose that our new factory still needs something along the lines of our previous ovens - how would we control these? Instead of putting a PLC on each oven - we'll use a separate DCS "controller" for each oven. Now at first glance, these controllers will each look a lot like an individual "I/O module" or "I/O card" in a PLC system. They usually slide right into a chassis - and have wires for inputs and outputs connected to the front of them. So most DCS systems tend to look a lot like a PLC system. The big difference is that each of these DCS "controller/card" devices will be individually programmed. That's where the term "DISTRIBUTED" comes from - the control (or "brain-power" if you prefer) is DISTRIBUTED among many individual controllers. Specifically, in a typical PLC system we generally have only one "brain" (or processor) in each chassis - and then several I/O (input/output) modules in the chassis to handle the signal wires to-and-from the machinery. On the other hand, in a typical DCS system we'll have several "brains" (or controllers) in a chassis - and the I/O wiring associated with each particular "brain's" machinery will be connected directly to the front of that individual controller.

Now what about the operator control function? Well, one integral part of a DCS system is a large computer (usually a quite powerful one) which looks a lot like a SCADA terminal. And it does exactly the same job. First, it gives the operator a series of control screens with all of the virtual buttons and meters and other whatnots that he (or she) requires in order to control the machinery. Second, it also has the features required to suck the production data right out of the individual controllers - and to store that data in some type of computer database. And in most DCS systems, there is a third function of the DCS terminal: The programming software for the individual controllers is also usually available on this terminal - so that reprogramming the controllers is possible right over the existing data communication cables.

Quick review of the DCS approach: The machinery in our factory is being controlled by many individual little controllers. Our operator uses a DCS terminal (computer) to monitor and operate the machinery. This DCS terminal also has features to acquire production data and store it in a database for later analysis. Additionally, the DCS terminal usually has the programming software required for the individual controllers available. And all of the hardware and all of the software required for our DCS system is generally provided by just one manufacturer. Some people think that's a good thing - and other people think that's a bad thing.

So which is the better approach - PLC or DCS? This is usually decided by the engineers who initially design the factory. And in practice, there are a lot of factories out there who use combinations of the two approaches.

Finally: Please remember that this was intended to be a general "beginner level" discussion - there are exceptions to all of these "rules" ... but hopefully this will give you a "starting point" from which to build.

God bless us all.....:)

Level Measurement level sensor and level Transmitter

2012-02-10T18:04:00.000+05:30

This post is the starting of a series of post which will give you detailed explanation about level measurement, its types, principles, etc. I have divided this section into a number of post so that it becomes easy for readers to understand and follow. To see all the post published related to level measurement i.e to view the whole topic in a single page click the label titled ' LEVEL'

Introduction:

Measurement of liquid level is important in a variety of industrial processes. The liquid level may be expressed in terms of the pressure column exerts over a datum level or in terms of the length of the liquid column.

Liquid level may be measured by two methods:

1. Direct method
2. Indirect method

In direct methods the hydrostatic pressure of the liquid column is measured.

Indirect methods of liquid level measurements generally used in industries are:

1. Hydrostatic pressure type
2. Electrical methods.

Hydrostatic pressure type:

A liquid in a tank at rest exerts a force on the wall of the tank. This force in a liquid at rest is known as hydrostatic pressure. This is proportional to the depth (or height) of liquid in the tank.

Hydrostatic pressure methods used for liquid level measurement are listed below:

1. Pressure gauge method
2. Air Bellows
3. Air Purge System (or) bubbler system
4. Liquid purge system
5. Diaphragm box type
6. Force balance type

Electrical Methods:

In electrical methods, liquid levels are converted into electrical signals and it can be measured by electrical or electronic means.

The types of electrical methods are:

1. Resistive (or) contact point type
2. Inductive method.
3. Capacitive method

The upcoming posts will cover the above mentioned types and methods in detail.

God bless us all.....:)

PLC Simulation with software and Examples

2012-02-10T17:21:00.001+05:30

PLC Simulation with software and Examples

Programmable Logic Controller Simulation Kit

What is the PSIM PLC Simulator.?

PSIM is actually three distinct programs combined into a single package. First, PSIM contains a PLC Ladder Logic editor that allows users to create and edit PLC programs using Allen Bradley PLC-2 family instructions. Secondly, PSIM emulates the scanning sequence of a PLC. When placed into the "RUN" mode, the users program is scanned and the appropriate I/O is updated just as would occur in an actual PLC. Thirdly, PSIM contains a number of animated simulations which respond accurately to the inputs, and outputs of the emulated PLC. A conveyor based filling line, Traffic intersection and Batch mixing simulations present life-like challenges for the student programmer.

Why this PLC Simulator is now available Free.?
PSIM was developed in 1993 when training for Allen Bradley PLC2 and PLC3 processors was at its peak. At the same time computers were showing up everywhere in Educational and Training facilities. What was needed, was a software based PLC training package that would run on these new computers and reduce if not eliminate the need for $25K-$50K PLC training stations. Also, if the software could also simulate some real-time industrial processes, so much the better. We developed PSIM to do just that! Since 1993, thousands of students in both schools and industry have used PSIM in their PLC programming courses and we now feel that PSIM has more than paid for itself. Even though PSIM is DOS based and emulates an older generation of PLCs, it still remains an excellent tool for introducing students to the fundamentals of PLC programming. As a programmer I'm pleased to make a few extra dollars, but as a teacher, I am even more pleased to see students enthusiastically hone their talents with a tool of my making. I am intent on not letting dollars dull this enthusiasm.

SOFTWARE SPECIFICATIONS:
Industrial Applications Software (Simulations):
The PSIM software includes the following simulated processes:
(1) Automated filling system

Operator Station Panel and controls

Conveyor with position sensors (photo switch)

Hopper with motorized chute control

Product Level Sensor

Conveyor Motor

Visual PLC Data Table Display including timers and counters

(2) Batch Mixing system Simulation

Operator Control Panel

2 filler pumps and piping

2 flow meters on filler lines

1 mixing motor

1 high level sensor

1 low level sensor

1 gas fired heater (controlled valve)

1 temperature sensor

1 discharge pump

1 discharge flow meter

1 Visual PLC Data Table display including timers and counters

(3) Intersection Traffic Light Control Simulation

2-way traffic lights system

2 Green Lights

2 Red Lights

2 Amber Lights

Visual PLC Data Table Display including timers and counters

2 way traffic flow

(4) Hardware Input and Output Simulator

4 toggle switches (SPST)

2 momentary normally open switches

2 momentary normally closed switches

8 controllable lights

Visual PLC Data Table Display including timers and counters

PLC Emulator Software
The PSIM software includes a full-featured built-in PLC Emulator package that runs concurrently on the same computer with the Industrial applications software (simulations) described above. With a single keystroke, the user may toggle back and forth between the display of the animated process simulation and the Ladder Rung Program Editor of the emulated PLC.
The Program Editor is both user friendly and full-featured. Students may add, delete and modify program-rungs, branches and instructions using simple menu selections.
To test the new or modified ladder program, a single keystroke toggles the student back to the Process Simulation screen and places the PLC in the 'Run' mode. The process simulation will then react accurately to the student's newly programmed rungs which are constantly being scanned in the background by the PLC run-time emulator.
By incorporating the Editor and run-time scanning of a PLC into software capable of running and interacting with the industrial process simulations, PSIM provides a single computer hi-tech solution to Programmable controller student training, whether running on the network of a computer Lab, or on the users own laptop computer. The PSIM system allows a simple low-cost solution to PLC training while attaining superior student concept retention.

Minimum Hardware Requirements

Most Computers capable of running "DOSBox" software

640 KB RAM

EGA color display

Download link

Download Plcsimulator

Download Link 2

LogixPro v1.6.1_PLC Simulator_proffesional.rar

God bless us all.....:)

Stock market free tips 100%

2012-02-07T01:02:00.002+05:30

Hello evryone ,
i have recently started trading in the stock market and have become highly successful in the stockmarkets here are some of the stocks you need to watch out for.
1) Voltas
2) Shree Renuka Sugars
3) Essar Oil
4) Network 18
All of these are midcaps and will give you good returns....
Wishing you a happy investment

My personal website

God bless us all.....:)

Maintainence tips for windows XP

2011-03-02T16:41:00.002+05:30

I wud like to say these tips are really working and u can tell me if even one of it is not working.

1. Defragment Your Hard Disk
Imagine you are in a shopping mall, and the person you are with wants to visit fifteen different shops. However, this person ends up walking you up and down the mall six times. Does that make sense? Of course not – as human beings, we like to do things in order to save time.
When your hard drive becomes fragmented, it is literally wasting time by looking in all kinds of places on the disk for all of the pieces of one file. Defragmenting your drive is a great solution to speed up your computer as it puts all the files together in order.
• Click Start > All Programs > Accessories > System Tools > Disk Defragmenter
• Click the drives you want to defrag and click Analyze
• Click Defragment
2. Defragment you Hard Disk on Boot
To make windows XP start more quickly, you can defragment your boot files. This will decrease the time it takes for your computer to boot.
Boot defragment should be enabled by default; however, it might not be enabled on your computer. To ensure that boot defragment is enabled:
• Hold the Windows Key and press R.
• Type in Regedit
• Go to
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Dfrg\BootOptimizeFunction
• Ensure the Enable string value is set as Y
• Exit the Registry
• Reboot
3. Detect and Repair Disk Errors
Over time, your hard disk develops bad sectors. Bad sectors slow down hard disk performance and sometimes make data writing difficult or even impossible. To detect and repair disk errors, Windows has a built-in tool called the Error Checking utility. It’ll search the hard disk for bad sectors and system errors and repair them for faster performance.
• Follow Start > My Computer
• In My Computer right-click the hard disk you want to scan and click Properties
• Click the Tools tab
• Click Check Now
• Select the Scan for and attempt recovery of bad sectors check box
• Click Start
4. Use a Flash Memory to Boost Performance

" Contact me for free serials or crack"

Windows Vista comes with ReadyBoost; Windows XP does not have a tool like this – that’s why we’ll need eBoostr. eBoostr uses a USB thumb drive to create an extra cache of the most commonly used data.
Solid state memory (what your USB drive uses) has excellent transfer speeds; therefore, it can be used to store and access data that is needed quickly. Unlike RAM, the data is stored on your thumb drive and can be used next time you use your computer — a great time saver.
• Plug in a flash drive
• Windows XP will use eBoostr to utilize the flash memory to improve performance.
• Your drive will be configured and you are good to go. Don’t expect miracles – but stick with it and your computer will begin to perform more efficiently.
5. Optimize Your Pagefile.sys
The pagefile is used as another cache as well as RAM. The pagefile stores data on commonly used applications. If you have less than 512mb of ram, then your page file will be automatically configured. If you have more than 512mb of ram, please continue.
• Right click on My Computer and select Properties
• Select the Advanced tab
• Under Performance choose the Settings button
• Select the Advanced tab again and under Virtual Memory select Change
• Highlight the drive containing your page file and make the initial Size of the file the same as the Maximum Size of the file.
Windows XP sizes the page file to about 1.5X the amount of actual physical memory by default. While this is good for systems with smaller amounts of memory (under 512MB) it is unlikely that a typical XP desktop system will ever need 1.5 X 512MB or more of virtual memory – so change the ratio to 1:1 page file size to physical memory size.
6. Disable Indexing Services
Indexing Services is a little application that uses a lot of CPU. By indexing and updating lists of all the files on the computer, it helps you to do a search for something faster as it scans the index list. But if you know where your files are, you can disable this system service. It won’t do any harm to you machine, whether you search often or not very often.
• Go to Start
• Click Settings
• Click Control Panel
• Double-click Add/Remove Programs
• Click the Add/Remove Window Components
• Uncheck the Indexing services
• Click Next
7. Speedup Folder Browsing
You may have noticed that every time you open My Computer to browse folders that there is a little delay. Windows XP automatically searches for network files and printers every time you open Windows Explorer. To turn this off, do the following:
• Go to My Computer, click Tools > Folder Options…
• Click the View tab.
• Now find Automatically search for network folders and printers and uncheck the box.
• Press OK
• Problem solved!
8. Disable Performance Counters
Windows XP has a performance monitor utility which monitors several areas of your PC’s performance. These utilities take up system resources so disabling is a good idea.
• Download and install the Extensible Performance Counter List
• Then select each counter in turn in the ‘Extensible performance counters’ window and clear the ‘performance counters enabled’ checkbox at the bottom button below.
9. Optimize Display Settings
If you are happy to remove some of the flashy looks of Windows XP, do the following.
• Right click on the desktop and click Properties…
• Click on the Appearance tab.
• Click Effects
• Uncheck the following:
• Show shadows under menus.
• Show windows contents while dragging.
You may see other options you feel you can disable.
10. Remove Unused Fonts
Fonts, especially TrueType fonts, use quite a bit of system resources. For optimal performance, trim your fonts down to just those that you need to use on a daily basis and fonts that applications may require.
• Open Control Panel
• Open Fonts folder
• Move fonts you don’t need to a temporary directory (e.g. C:\OLDFONTS) just in case you need or want to bring a few of them back. The more fonts you uninstall, the more system resources you will gain.
God bless us all.....;-)

when a girl..... ?

2011-03-02T16:38:00.002+05:30

When a GIRL is quite,♥♥♥
Millions of thing is going in her mind.
When a GIRL is not arguing,♥♥♥
She is thinking deeply.
When a GIRL looks at u with eyes full of questions,♥♥♥
She is wondering how long you will be around.
When a GIRL answers “I’m fine” after a few seconds,♥♥♥
She is not at all fine.
When GIRL stares at you,♥♥♥
She is wondering why are u lying.
When a GIRL lays on your chest,
♥♥♥
She is wishing for you to be her’s forever.
Whe a GIRL calls you everyday,♥♥♥
She is seeking for your attention.
When a GIRL sms’s you evryday,♥♥♥
She wants you to reply at least once.
When a GIRL says “I LOVE YOU”,♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥
She means it.
When a GIRL says that she can’t live without you,♥♥♥
She had made up her mind that you are her future.
When a GIRL says “I MISS YOU”,
No one in this world can miss you more than her….!!!♥♥♥♥♥♥
God bless us all….

Control any device using SMS( Cell phone )

2011-03-02T16:37:00.000+05:30

Before I begin with the project description I consider it pretty important that you get to know how de communication with the mobile phone is done. For this you should check out the following links first.
The first link is a link to the wikipedia site that helps you udnerstand the basics of the AT (Hayes) Command Set:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayes_command_set
The following link is a .pdf file that lists the AT commands that you need to send to the mobile phone through the serial interface. The AT commands are basically the same for most GSM modules/phones with slight variations.
http://ebookbrowse.com/s35i-c35i-m35i-atc-commandset-v01-pdf-d29637636
Finally I added this link that explains in detail how to send and receive SMS messages with the help of AT commands and how exactly those messages are encoded (PDU format):
http://www.dreamfabric.com/sms/

2. Description of the individual blocks

As mentioned above I have chosen the ATmega16A microcontroller. The program I have written takes up less then 8kB so an ATmega8A would be just as good. You can look for microcontrollers from other manufacturers as well. All this project needs is a standard IO port with 8 pins and an asynchronous serial interface (RX and TX pins). Also for ease of programming ISP capability would be good.
The ISP interface is a simple 6 pin (3×2) header connected to the corresponding pins of the microcontroller. I have designed mine to work with the AVRISP mkII that connects to the USB port of the PC. There are many different possibilities to make your own in-system-programmer but most of them are either designed for a parallel or serial port or require a programmed microcontroller. Also the AVRISP mkII is very easy to use with AVR Studio and not too expensive.

Since I use the data cable of the Siemens M55 to communicate with it and didn’t want to destroy it I had to translate my TTL level serial communication from the microcontroller to RS-232 levels. If you have a GSM module that works with TTL levels (or connect directly to the corresponding pins of the phone, that also operate at TTL levels) you don’t need a level converter and can connect the module directly to the RX and TX pins of the microcontroller. If you use a data-cable that operates at RS-232 levels (designed to communicate with PC) then you need a MAX232 or similar IC. The MAX232 is very easily implemented. It only needs some capacitors and you can connect the RX and TX pins of the TTL levels on one side and get RS-232 levels on the other. The following image should give you a better idea of what I am talking about if you didn’t use this IC before. The picture is from the MAX232 datasheet

The capacitors are of 1uF each.

I will describe the relay driving circuit for 1 relay. It is the same for the other 3 relays. The relays that I have used are latching type relays with 2 coils. Both coils can be sued to set or reset the relay. To keep the command simple I have used one IO pin to set and one IO pin to reset the relay, commanding the two coils individually. To be able to supply the necessary current for the relay to latch, I have used npn transistors with a current limiting resistor in the base of the transistor, that is connected to the microcontroller IO pin. Since I use 2 IO pins to command each relay and those lines are always at different logic values (either the set or the reset line are at +5V) I have mounted a bicolor led and a current limiting resistor between the two IO lines to visualize the position of the relays. For a better understanding of the relay driving circuit look at the schematic further down.
The power supply consists of a 7805 voltage regulator. It can be supplied by any DC voltage between 7 and 35V (35V is the absolute maximum rating. I wouldn’t go that high ). Along with the 7805 I have added some filtering capacitors at the input and output of the IC.
3. Electrical schematic
I have designed this project in EAGLE. Since the dimensions are not that big the light (free) version of EAGLE was all I needed.
Also worth mentioning is that I have connected one of the pins of the ADC to a 3 pin header along with VCC and GND to be able to add a temperature sensor to the project in case I decide to modify the project. If you don’t want this you can also leave the AREF and AVCC pins unconnected.

4. Board layout

I will only post the complete layout with both Top and Bottom sides. The EAGLE file is linked below.
The drill sizes are rounded to mm’s. So if you’re living in the stone age and don’t use the metric system you will probably have to modify them.
I have uploaded the schematic and the board layout to a free file hosting server but I don’t know how long it will stay up. If you want it and the link isn’t working just send me a mail. The folder also contains the component library. Link: http://www.mediafire.com/?h6taq8dk9g2xq
4. Software
The software was written in AVR Studio with the WinAVR plugin installed. I have written it in c programming language since assembly is just a pain in the a**. Basically what the microcontroller is doing is initializing the serial interface and then the phone. Initialization of the phone means inserting the pin number (I have put it to 1234 in the program), selecting the storage for SMS messages (it selects the phone memory and not the SIM memory) and inserting the SMS service centre address. The current address is for a Vodafone Romania prepaid SIM. These parameters are at the beginning of the program so you shouldn’t have a hard time changing them even if you have no clue of C programming. Below is the block diagram of the software. It is written in romanian but basically the idea is:
- you initialize the serial port, the phone and set the IO pins to output;
- you keep asking the phone if it has any unread messages (with the AT command “at+cmgl=0″)
- if so you check whether the message starts with a ‘R’ or a ‘r’. This is because the message to change the relay positions has to be “R xxxx” where x is either 1 or 0 according to what position the relay has to have. Also this allows us to ignore messages from other people.
- if the message starts accordingly you modify the relay positions so that they correspond to the SMS.

The code for the programming is uploaded on mediafire here is the link >>http://www.mediafire.com/?p6ed2aevw7c447h just download it and burn it on the microcontroller using AVR studio 4 njoy…..

God bless us all..... :-)

A sad love story.

2010-12-06T15:42:00.001+05:30

India is a land of diverse cultures and customs…….
India is also the home of some of the most famous love stories in the world……Indian love stories reflect the societal norms and beliefs of the people of the land and reaffirm our faith in the power of love. A very famous Indian love story is that of Heer and Ranjha in the Punjab.
Heer Salati was the daughter of a very wealthy man in a village in Punjab. Ranjha was the native of another village (Takht Hazara) and he was the youngest son of an indulgent father. Because of his father’s indulgence, Ranjha did not have to work in the fields like his brothers, but played flute for the whole day and led a life of luxury…….He left his home after a quarrel with his brothers over farm land and came to Heer’s village……
Heer offered him a job as the caretaker of her father’s cattle and was enthralled by the way Ranjha played the flute…..:)
They fell in love with each other and met secretly for many years before Heer’s jealous uncle found out about them…… Heer was forced to marry another man named Saida Khera……. Heart broken, Ranjha left the village and wandered off to distant places……
After many trials and tribulations, the lovers were united but only in death, as Heer’s jealous uncle Kaido poisoned the food which the lovers were supposed to take on their wedding day…..A ver sad ending…..

: ” love is Indeed Blind “

God bless us all.....:)

Why wear a helmet.

2010-11-27T09:20:00.005+05:30

Filed under: Uncategorized by Gyani — Leave a comment

November 6, 2010

A request to each and everyone who is reading this please wear a helmet while driving atleast when you are on a highway…..please may his soul rest in peace amen…..God bless us all
U can follow me this will create an enthusiasm in me to write on some more topics......

I hate you coz you love me.

2010-11-27T09:20:00.001+05:30

It all started with my birthday and ended with u asking me for a promise a promise i never wanted to make.A promise so difficult to execute but finally on the eve of this Diwali i made ur wish come true…. I am happy that i was able to fulfill some1′s wish.

I was never this way nor i wanted to be wat i am now this is just not fare…..you hate me coz i love you….that’s strange.
I know, there might be some reason ….a reason so unexplained …so unanswered but not a problem i hav given u a reason….a reason to hate me….
I dunno how….why ….i made u cry…..

i am sorry i did not hurt you intentionally….i mean it…wen i say this

A poem for u ….
i am always inspired when i think of u
Always admired the things you do
i had planned to start a new world with you
And till the end it wud be the two of us
But is this wrong or right can we still hold on?
can we still be the reason for each others smile….
may i know who are u alone to decide what’s wrong or right….
but we have enuf time to decide…
Either we’ll go on and hold on each other tight or end up with this small fight.
U can follow me this will create an enthusiasm in me to write on some more topics......

I see my idol in you chetan bhagat.

2010-11-27T09:19:00.001+05:30

I Got My IDOL

I was in search of some1 whom I can call as a role model finally after months of search I came to conclusion that “ The Chetan Bhagat” has everything that’s needed in a person who could be my IDOL . Let me tell you some facts about him I mean something which every1 should know about his IDOL Chetan Bhagat was born on 22nd April 1974 in New Delhi, India. After finishing school at The Army Public School in New Delhi, he joined IIT Delhi. He completed a post graduation course from IIM Ahmedabad.

He worked as an investment banker and lived in Hong Kong for eleven years before moving to Mumbai. He is married to Anusha, whom he met at IIM. The couple have twins Ishaan and Shyam.

The beauty (Anusha) and the Geek (Chetan Bhagat)

U wud be wondering how could I call my IDOL a geek , I don’t mind calling my IDOL a geek coz he is a geek accepted and he has transformed himself from a geek to a personality to adapt the requirements of the present society in the above pic u can see how he looks like with those perfectly spherical glasses lol….he was a geek but its history the fact is he is now my IDOL he is not my IDOL coz he is very successful as an author I have been reading his columns in Times Of India which where so fantastic and finally I read wat he said at Symbiosis his thoughts wo so charismatic and so influencing that I am living life following his commands i.e. “Don’t be serious be sincere”

here are some of the links which u can read and i assure u wud njoy readin them …..and u will start following this Geek….;-)

http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/all-that-matters/How-to-deal-with-a-brat-like-Pakistan/articleshow/6212035.cms

http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/opinion/edit-page/Lets-Play-Drug-Olympics/articleshow/6531744.cms

http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Chetan-Bhagat-wont-be-an-idiot-again/articleshow/6467432.cms

See wat he said when his “Two States “was released while releasing he said he is 90 percent entertainer and 10 percent reformer. His book – an autobiographical tale about an inter-caste love marriage – was launched by

Minister of State for External Affairs Shashi Tharoor.

“But after seeing Shashi Tharoor taking time out to release my book and working so hard at the same time, I will become 20 per cent reformer and 80 per cent entertainer. If we could have 20 Shashi Tharoors in parliament, India would be a different country. He is the only minister who tweets and remains so closely connected to the country’s youth,” Bhagat said.

“Anyway, Bollywood, like writing, is always more fun than politics. I will stick to scripts, movies and newspaper columns for the time being,” he said with a laugh. However, Bhagat feels “he is already political in a way”.

“I tell 500 people how to do their job better everyday. People are inspired by me. Even if 10 people do it – that makes a difference and I succeed in my mission to change the system,” he said. Bhagat’s new book takes off on his own marriage to a Tamil Brahmin. ’2 States…’ is the story of my marriage and I have dedicated the book to my in-laws. I think this is the first time any Indian writer has dedicated a book to his in-laws,” he said.

“The book is funny and completely different from Five Point Someone, One Night@ the Call Centre and 3 Mistakes. I did not want to write about friends any more,” Bhagat said. 2 States… is about Krish and Ananya, who are from two different states of India. They are deeply in love and want to get married. But their parents do not agree. To convert the love story into a wedding, the couple have a tough fight ahead of them.

“Indian love marriages are not easy. It’s not just the boy and the girl who fall in love. Everyone – both their clans – have to fall in love. In the end, the boy and the girl start questioning whether there’s anything more left to it and even fight. But it’s important – at least for me – what parents think of your marriage,” Bhagat said.

“My wife read the book and loved the female lead, who is modern, liberated and educated. India is opening up and parents are learning to accept love marriages despite prejudices about caste,” the author explained. Bhagat has several offers from Bollywood for his new book. “It’s always easy to cast boy and girl in Bollywood than friends. The director has to look for the right people to gel as friends. But this story works,” Bhagat said.

Bhagat feels his best stories are “those drawn from his own life and experiences”. “The more personal the book, the more unusual and funny it becomes for me. People relate to it better because they know me – my wife, my twin boys and how I left my job as an investment banker to write,” Bhagat said.

As for the language – “seven editors worked on the book”. “I believe that the language should be colloquial – a popular fiction has to be a dialogue with the people on the streets,” he said. Bhagat is inspired by novelists George Orwell and Ayn Rand.

“I like Orwell’s social observations. After reading Ayn Rand, I felt capitalism was the best option in this work. But that was long ago,” Bhagat said. Publisher Rupa and Co is aiming to sell 10 lakh copies in 10 weeks.

“We have also kept the price unchanged since his first book in 2004. Its still Rs.95. The price of milk has gone up, but Chetan Bhagat’s books are still priced what it was five years ago,”….lolz

I will add some more unknown facts about him till then God bless us all ….;-)

U can follow me this will create an enthusiasm in me to write on some more topics......