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Opinion Surveys - Italy (564)

2011-09-08T01:48:00.001+04:00

Toluna

Influenza dei prodotti e servizi di domani!

Opinion Surveys è un’offerta unica e giornaliera sondaggio che ti invita a partecipare a progetti che sono importanti per te. Con una vasta gamma di studi su intrattenimento, viaggi, salute e molti altri servizi e prodotti che potresti utilizzare già da ora, sei sicuro di trovare quello giusto per te. Per la tua partecipazione il tuo nominativo verrà inserito in un sorteggio di 1000 Euro! Più esprimi la tua opinione, più possibilità avrai di vincere!

Utilizza questa come un'opportunità per far sentire la tua voce influenzare i prodotti e servizi di domani.

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Opinion Surveys - Hong Kong (762)

2011-09-08T01:47:00.001+04:00

Opinion Surveys - Greece (767)

2011-09-08T01:45:00.001+04:00

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Επηρεάστε τα προϊόντα και τις υπηρεσίες του αύριο!

Έρευνες Γνωμών είναι μια μοναδική καθημερινή προσφορά που σας προσκαλεί να συμμετάσχετε σε έργα που είναι σημαντικά για εσάς. Υπάρχουν πολλές διαφορετικές έρευνες με ενδιαφέροντα θέματα να εξερευνήσετε : διασκέδαση, ταξίδια, υγεία, και πολλά προϊόντα και υπηρεσίες που μπορεί ήδη να χρησιμοποιείτε σήμερα, να είστε βέβαιοι ότι θα βρείτε μια που είναι κατάλληλη για εσάς. Για τη συμμετοχή σας, θα λαμβάνετε ένα λαχνό για την κλήρωση των €1.000! Όσο περισσότερα εκφράσετε τη γνώμη σας τόσο περισσότερα θα αυξήσετε τις πιθανότητές σας να κερδίσετε!

Χρησιμοποιήστε αυτή την ευκαιρία για να εκφράσετε τη γνώμη σας και να αλλάξετε τα προϊόντα και τις υπηρεσίες του αύριο.

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Opinion Surveys - Ireland (615)

2011-09-08T01:44:00.001+04:00

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Influence the products and services of tomorrow!

Opinion Surveys is a unique daily survey offer that invites you to participate in projects that are of importance to you. With a wide range of studies about entertainment, travel, health and many more services and products that you may already use today, you are sure to find one that is right for you. For your participation you will be entered into a substantial prize draw of 1,000€ The more you express your opinion the better your chances are of winning!

Use this as an opportunity to make your voice heard and change tomorrow’s products and services.

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Opinion Surveys - Netherlands (567)

2011-09-08T01:41:00.005+04:00

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Heb invloed op de producten en services van morgen!

Opinion Surveys is een unieke dagelijks enquêteaanbod dat u uitnodigt deel te nemen

aan projecten die interessant zijn voor u. Met een groot aanbod aan studies betreffende vermaak, reizen, gezondheid en nog veel meer services en producten die u misschien vandaag al gebruikt, bent u verzekerd het juiste product te vinden. Door uw deelname doet u automatisch mee in een prijstrekking van €1.000, - ! Hoe vaker u uw mening geeft, des te groter uw kans om te winnen!

Pak nu uw kans om uw stem te laten horen en de producten en services van morgen te beïnvloeden.

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Opinion Surveys - New Zealand (779)

2011-09-08T01:41:00.002+04:00

Opinion Surveys - Norway (758)

2011-09-08T01:40:00.005+04:00

Toluna

Vær med å påvirk fremtidens produkter og tjenester!

Opinion Surveys er en unik daglig spørreundersøkelse som lar deg delta i prosjekter som

er viktige for deg. Med et bredt spekter av studier om underholdning, reise, helse og mange andre tjenester og produkter som du kanskje allerede tar nytte av i dag, vil du garantert finne en som passer deg. For din deltagelse vil du bli påmeldt på en 7.896,03NOK loddtrekning! Jo mere du uttrykker din mening, jo større er sjansene dine

til å vinne!

Bruk denne muligheten til å bli hørt, og til å forandre på fremtidens produkter og tjenester.

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Opinion Surveys - Norway (758)

2011-09-08T01:40:00.002+04:00

Toluna

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Opinion Surveys - Poland (759)

2011-09-08T01:39:00.001+04:00

Toluna

Miej wplyw na jakosc nadchodzacych produktów i uslug!

Ankiety Opinion Survey są unikatowymi codziennymi ankietami, które są jednocześnie zaproszeniami do udziału w projektach, które mają dla Ciebie znaczenie. Z szerokiej gamy badań na temat rozrywki, podróży, zdrowia i wielu innych usług i produktów, które możesz realizować już dzisiaj, na pewno znajdziesz taki, który jest odpowiedni dla Ciebie.

Za udział w nich, otrzymasz los na loterię o wartości 4600 złotych! Im więcej wygłaszasz opinii, tym większe są Twoje szanse na wygraną!

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Opinion Surveys - Sweden (763)

2011-09-08T01:35:00.005+04:00

Opinion Surveys - Spain (566)

2011-09-08T01:34:00.002+04:00

Su opinión le da la oportunidad de ganar 1000 € !

Influencia los productos y servicios del mañana que son de interés para usted!

Las encuestas de opinión es una oferta única que te invita a participar en las encuestas en las áreas que son de importancia para usted. Con una amplia gama de estudios sobre entretenimiento,
viajes, salud y muchos más servicios y productos, sólo tiene que seleccionar uno que le atraiga. Para su participación se le inscribirá en un gran premio de 1000€!
Mientras más se expresa mejor sus posibilidades de ganar!

Use esto como una oportunidad para hacer oír tu voz y cambiar los productos del mañana y servicios para satisfacer sus necesidades.

Opinion Surveys - Russia (634)

2011-09-08T01:33:00.002+04:00

Toluna

Изменить продукты и услуги завтрашнего дня!

Опросы общественного мнения это уникальное ежедневное предложение, которое приглашает вас принимать участие в проектах, которые являются важными для вас. С помощью широкого спектра освещения в сферах таких как: развлечения, путешествия, здоровье, многие другие услуги и продукты, которые вы можете использовать уже сегодня , вы получаете уверенность в том что вы приобретете именно то, что вам нужно. За ваше участие, вы получаете существенный приз 50,000руб! Чем шире вы отразите свое мнение, тем лучше ваши шансы в победе!

Используйте эту возможность быть услышанными и изменить продукты и услуги завтрашнего дня.

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Opinion Surveys - Portugal (663)

2011-09-08T01:32:00.002+04:00

Toluna

Influencie os produtos e serviços do futuro!

As Opinion Surveys proporcionam sondagens diárias , oferecem vantagens únicas e convidam-no ainda a participar em projectos que são do seu interesse. Apresentam uma vasta gama de estudos sobre entretenimento, viagens, saúde e muitos outros serviços e produtos que poderá usufruir ainda hoje. Habilite-se a ganhar um sorteio de 5000€ pela sua participação. Quanto mais exprimir a sua opinião, maiores serão as suas oportunidades de ganhar.

Aproveite para se fazer ouvir e contribuir para a mudança dos produtos e serviços de amanhã!

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Saving Energy Tips: Lighting as an example !!!!

2011-08-31T12:31:00.000+04:00

Tips: Lighting

Compact Fluorescent Bulbs—A Bright Idea!
ENERGY STAR qualified lighting provides bright, warm light and uses about 75% less energy than standard lighting, produces 75% less heat, and lasts up to 10 times longer.

Making improvements to your lighting is one of the fastest ways to cut your energy bills. An average household dedicates 11% of its energy budget to lighting. Using new lighting technologies can reduce lighting energy use in your home by 50% to 75%. Advances in lighting controls offer further energy savings by reducing the amount of time lights are on but not being used.

Indoor Lighting

Use linear fluorescent tubes and energy efficient compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs) in fixtures throughout your home to provide high-quality and high-efficiency lighting. Fluorescent lamps are much more efficient than incandescent (standard) bulbs and last about 6 to 12 times longer.

Today's CFLs offer brightness and color rendition that is comparable to incandescent bulbs. Although linear fluorescent and CFLs cost a bit more than incandescent bulbs initially, over their lifetime they are cheaper because of how little electricity they use. CFL lighting fixtures are now available that are compatible with dimmers and operate like incandescent fixtures.

Indoor Lighting Tips

CFLs contain a very small amount of mercury sealed within the glass tubing. Many retailers are offering free recycling services for consumers at their stores.

ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs are available in sizes and shapes to fit in almost any fixture.

Be sure to buy ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs.
- They will save you about $30 or more in electricity costs over each bulb's lifetime.
- Producing about 75% less heat, they are safer to operate and can cut home cooling costs.
- Visit www.energystar.gov to find the right light bulbs for your fixtures. They are available in sizes and shapes to fit in almost any fixture.
- They provide the greatest savings in fixtures that are on for a long time each day. The best fixtures to use qualified CFLs in are usually found in your family and living rooms, kitchen, dining room, bedrooms, and outdoors.
Consider purchasing ENERGY STAR qualified fixtures. They are available in many styles including table, desk and floor lamps — and hard-wired options for front porches, dining rooms, bathroom vanity fixtures, and more.
ENERGY STAR qualified fixtures distribute light more efficiently and evenly than standard fixtures and they deliver convenient features such as dimming on some indoor models.
Controls such as timers and photo cells save electricity by turning lights off when not in use. Dimmers save electricity when used to lower light levels. Be sure to select products that are compatible with CFL bulbs; not all products work with CFLs.
When remodeling, look for recessed downlights, or "cans", that are rated for contact with insulation (IC rated).
Take advantage of daylight by using light-colored, loose-weave curtains on your windows to allow daylight to penetrate the room while preserving privacy. Also, decorate with lighter colors that reflect daylight.
If you have torchiere fixtures with halogen lamps, consider replacing them with compact fluorescent torchieres. Compact fluorescent torchieres use 60% to 80% less energy and do not get as hot as halogen torchieres.

Outdoor Lighting

Many homeowners use outdoor lighting for decoration and security. When shopping for outdoor lights, you will find a variety of products, from low-voltage pathway lighting to motion-detector floodlights. Light emitting diodes, or LEDs, thrive in outdoor environments because of their durability and performance in cold weather. Look for ENERGY STAR LED products such as pathway lights, step lights, and porch lights for outdoor use.

Outdoor Lighting Tips

LED—A New Kind of Light

Light emitting diodes, or LEDs, offer better light quality than incandescent bulbs, last 25 times as long, and use even less energy than CFLs. Look for ENERGY STAR qualified LED products at home improvement centers and lighting showrooms.

Because outdoor lights are usually left on a long time, using CFLs in these fixtures will save a lot of energy. Most bare spiral CFLs can be used in enclosed fixtures that protect them from the weather.
CFLs are also available as flood lights. These models have been tested to withstand the rain and snow so they can be used in exposed fixtures. Most though, cannot be used with motion detectors.

Look for ENERGY STAR qualified fixtures that are designed for outdoor use and come with features like automatic daylight shut-off and motion sensors.

sources:

Passive house

2011-08-29T13:33:00.003+04:00

Passive house

The term passive house (Passivhaus in German) refers to the rigorous, voluntary, Passivhaus standard for energy efficiency in a building, reducing its ecological footprint. It results in ultra-low energy buildings that require little energy for space heating or cooling. A similar standard, MINERGIE-P, is used in Switzerland. The standard is not confined to residential properties; several office buildings, schools, kindergartens and a supermarket have also been constructed to the standard. Passive design is not an attachment or supplement to architectural design, but a design process that is integrated with architectural design. Although it is mostly applied to new buildings, it has also been used for refurbishments.

Estimates of the number of Passivhaus buildings around the world in late 2008 ranged from 15,000 to 20,000 structures. As of August 2010, there were approximately 25,000 such certified structures of all types in Europe, while in the United States there were only 13, with a few dozens more under construction. The vast majority of passive structures have been built in German-speaking countries and Scandinavia.

History

The Passivhaus standard originated from a conversation in May 1988 between Professors Bo Adamson of Lund University, Sweden, and Wolfgang Feist of the Institut für Wohnen und Umwelt (Institute for Housing and the Environment, Germany). Their concept was developed through a number of research projects, aided by financial assistance from the German state of Hessen.

First examples

The eventual building of four rows houses (terraced houses or town homes), was designed for four private clients by the architectural firm of professors Bott, Ridder and Westermeyer. The first Passivhaus residences were built in Darmstadt, Germany in 1990, and occupied by the clients by the following year.

Further implementation and councils

In September 1996 the Passivhaus-Institut was founded, also in Darmstadt, to promote and control the standards. Since then, thousands of Passivhaus structures have been built, to an estimated 25,000+ as of 2010. Most are located in Germany and Austria, with others in various countries worldwide.

After the concept had been validated at Darmstadt, with space heating 90% less than required for a standard new building of the time, the Economical Passive Houses Working Group was created in 1996. This group developed the planning package and initiated the production of the novel components that had been used, notably the windows and the high-efficiency ventilation systems. Meanwhile further passive houses were built in Stuttgart (1993), Naumburg, Hesse, Wiesbaden, and Cologne (1997).

The products developed for the Passivhaus standard were further commercialised during and following the European Union sponsored CEPHEUS project, which proved the concept in five European countries over the winter of 2000-2001. In North America the first Passivhaus was built in Urbana, Illinois in 2003, and the first to be certified was built in 2006 near Bemidji, Minnesota in Camp Waldsee of the German Concordia Language Villages.

The first US passive retrofit project was certified in July 2010: the remodeled 2,400 sf craftsman O'Neill house in Sonoma, California.

The world's first standardised passive prefabricated house was built in Ireland in 2005 by Scandinavian Homes.

A Swedish company that has since built more passive houses in England and Poland.

Present day

Estimates on the number of passive houses around the world range from 15,000 to 20,000. The vast majority have been built in German-speaking countries or Scandinavia.

Standards

The dark colours on this thermogram of a Passive house, at right, shows how little heat is escaping compared to a traditional building to the left.

While some techniques and technologies were specifically developed for the Passive House standard, others, such as superinsulation, already existed, and the concept of passive solar building design dates back to antiquity. There was also other previous experience with low-energy building standards, notably the German Niedrigenergiehaus (low-energy house) standard, as well as from buildings constructed to the demanding energy codes of Sweden and Denmark.

Requirements

The Passivhaus standard for central Europe requires that the building fulfills the following requirements:

The building must be designed to have an annual heating demand as calculated with the Passivhaus Planning Package of not more than 15 kWh/m² per year (4746 btu/ft² per year) in heating and 15 kWh/m² per year cooling energy OR to be designed with a peak heat load of 10W/m²

Total primary energy (source energy for electricity and etc.) consumption (primary energy for heating, hot water and electricity) must not be more than 120 kWh/m² per year (3.79 × 104 btu/ft² per year)

The building must not leak more air than 0.6 times the house volume per hour (n50 ≤ 0.6 / hour) at 50 Pa (N/m²) as tested by a blower door,

Recommendations

Further, the specific heat load for the heating source at design temperature is recommended, but not required, to be less than 10 W/m² (3.17 btu/h.ft²) per hour.

These standards are much higher than houses built to most normal building codes. For comparisons, see the international comparisons section below.

National partners within the 'consortium for the Promotion of European Passive Houses' are thought to have some flexibility to adapt these limits locally.

Space heating requirement

By achieving the Passivhaus standards, qualified buildings are able to dispense with conventional heating systems. While this is an underlying objective of the Passivhaus standard, some type of heating will still be required and most Passivhaus buildings do include a system to provide supplemental space heating. This is normally distributed through the low-volume heat recovery ventilation system that is required to maintain air quality, rather than by a conventional hydronic or high-volume forced-air heating system, as described in the space heating section below.

Construction costs

In Passivhaus buildings, the cost savings from dispensing with the conventional heating system can be used to fund the upgrade of the building envelope and the heat recovery ventilation system. With careful design and increasing competition in the supply of the specifically designed Passivhaus building products, in Germany it is now possible to construct buildings for the same cost as those built to normal German building standards, as was done with the Passivhaus apartments at Vauban, Freiburg. On average, however, passive houses are still up to 14% more expensive upfront than conventional buildings.

Evaluations have indicated that while it is technically possible, the costs of meeting the Passivhaus standard increase significantly when building in Northern Europe above 60° latitude. European cities at approximately 60° include Helsinki in Finland and Bergen in Norway. London is at 51°; Moscow is at 55°.

These facts have led a number of architects to construct buildings that use the ground under the building for massive heat storage to shift heat production from the winter to the summer. Some buildings can also shift cooling from the summer to the winter. At least one designer uses a passive thermosiphon carrying only air, so the process can be accomplished without expensive, unreliable machinery.

Design and construction

The Passivhaus uses a combination of low-energy building techniques and technologies.

Achieving the major decrease in heating energy consumption required by the standard involves a shift in approach to building design and construction. Design is carried out with the aid of the 'Passivhaus Planning Package' (PHPP), and uses specifically designed computer simulations.

To achieve the standards, a number of techniques and technologies are used in combination:

Passive solar design and landscape

Passive solar building design and energy-efficient landscaping support the Passive house energy conservation and can integrate them into a neighborhood and environment. Following passive solar building techniques, where possible buildings are compact in shape to reduce their surface area, with principal windows oriented towards the equator - south in the northern hemisphere and north in the southern hemisphere - to maximize passive solar gain. However, the use of solar gain, especially in temperate climate regions, is secondary to minimizing the overall house energy requirements. In climates and regions needing to reduce excessive summer passive solar heat gain, whether from the direct or reflected sources, can be done with a Brise soleil, trees, attached pergolas with vines, vertical gardens, green roofs, and other techniques.

Passive houses can be constructed from dense or lightweight materials, but some internal thermal mass is normally incorporated to reduce summer peak temperatures, maintain stable winter temperatures, and prevent possible over-heating in spring or autumn before the higher sun angle "shades" mid-day wall exposure and window penetration. Exterior wall color, when the surface allows choice, for reflection or absorption insolation qualities depends on the predominant year-round ambient outdoor temperature. The use of deciduous trees and wall trellised or self-attaching vines can assist in climates not at the temperature extremes.

Superinsulation

Passivhaus buildings employ superinsulation to significantly reduce the heat transfer through the walls, roof and floor compared to conventional buildings. A wide range of thermal insulation materials can be used to provide the required high R-values (low U-values, typically in the 0.10 to 0.15 W/(m².K) range). Special attention is given to eliminating thermal bridges.

A disadvantage resulting from the thickness of wall insulation required is that, unless the external dimensions of the building can be enlarged to compensate, the internal floor area of the building may be less compared to traditional construction.

In Sweden, to achieve passive house standards, the insulation thickness would be 335 mm (about 13 in) (0.10 W/(m².K)) and the roof 500 mm (about 20 in) (U-value 0.066 W/(m².K)).

Advanced window technology

Typical Passive House windows

To meet the requirements of the Passivhaus standard, windows are manufactured with exceptionally high R-values (low U-values, typically 0.85 to 0.70 W/(m².K) for the entire window including the frame). These normally combine triple-pane insulated glazing (with a good solar heat-gain coefficient, low-emissivity coatings, sealed argon or krypton gas filled inter-pane voids, and 'warm edge' insulating glass spacers) with air-seals and specially developed thermally broken window frames.

In Central Europe and most of the United States, for unobstructed south-facing Passivhaus windows, the heat gains from the sun are, on average, greater than the heat losses, even in mid-winter.

Airtightness

Building envelopes under the Passivhaus standard are required to be extremely airtight compared to conventional construction. Air barriers, careful sealing of every construction joint in the building envelope, and sealing of all service penetrations through it are all used to achieve this.

Airtightness minimizes the amount of warm - or cool- air that can pass through the structure, enabling the mechanical ventilation system to recover the heat before discharging the air externally.

Ventilation

Passive methods of natural ventilation by singular or cross ventilation; by a simple opening or enhanced by the stack effect from smaller ingress - larger egress windows and/or clerestory-openable skylight use; is obvious when the exterior temperature is acceptable.

When not, mechanical heat recovery ventilation systems, with a heat recovery rate of over 80% and high-efficiency electronically commutated motors (ECM), are employed to maintain air quality, and to recover sufficient heat to dispense with a conventional central heating system. Since the building is essentially air-tight, the rate of air change can be optimized and carefully controlled at about 0.4 air changes per hour. All ventilation ducts are insulated and sealed against leakage.

Although not compulsory, earth warming tubes (typically ≈200 mm (~7,9 in) diameter, ≈40 m (~130 ft) long at a depth of ≈1.5 m (~5 ft)) are often buried in the soil to act as earth-to-air heat exchangers and pre-heat (or pre-cool) the intake air for the ventilation system. In cold weather the warmed air also prevents ice formation in the heat recovery system's heat exchanger.

Alternatively, an earth to air heat exchanger, can use a liquid circuit instead of an air circuit, with a heat exchanger (battery) on the supply air.

Space heating

Passivhaus: In addition to the heat exchanger (centre), a micro-heat pump extracts heat from the exhaust air (left) and hot water heats the ventilation air (right). The ability to control building temperature using only the normal volume of ventilation air is fundamental.

In addition to using passive solar gain, Passivhaus buildings make extensive use of their intrinsic heat from internal sources—such as waste heat from lighting, white goods (major appliances) and other electrical devices (but not dedicated heaters)—as well as body heat from the people and other animals inside the building. This is due to the fact that people, on average, emit heat equivalent to 100 watts each of radiated thermal energy.

Together with the comprehensive energy conservation measures taken, this means that a conventional central heating system is not necessary, although they are sometimes installed due to client skepticism.

Instead, Passive houses sometimes have a dual purpose 800 to 1,500 watt heating and/or cooling element integrated with the supply air duct of the ventilation system, for use during the coldest days. It is fundamental to the design that all the heat required can be transported by the normal low air volume required for ventilation. A maximum air temperature of 50 °C (122 °F) is applied, to prevent any possible smell of scorching from dust that escapes the filters in the system.

The air-heating element can be heated by a small heat pump, by direct solar thermal energy, annualized geothermal solar, or simply by a natural gas or oil burner. In some cases a micro-heat pump is used to extract additional heat from the exhaust ventilation air, using it to heat either the incoming air or the hot water storage tank. Small wood-burning stoves can also be used to heat the water tank, although care is required to ensure that the room in which stove is located does not overheat.

Beyond the recovery of heat by the heat recovery ventilation unit, a well-designed Passive house in the European climate should not need any supplemental heat source if the heating load is kept under 10W/m².

Because the heating capacity and the heating energy required by a passive house both are very low, the particular energy source selected has fewer financial implications than in a traditional building, although renewable energy sources are well suited to such low loads.

Lighting and electrical appliances

To minimize the total primary energy consumption, the many passive and active daylighting techniques are the first daytime solution to employ. For low light level days, non-daylighted spaces, and nighttime; the use of creative-sustainable lighting design using low-energy sources such as 'standard voltage' compact fluorescent lamps and solid-state lighting with Light-emitting diode-LED lamps, organic light-emitting diodes, and PLED - polymer light-emitting diodes; and 'low voltage' electrical filament-Incandescent light bulbs, and compact Metal halide, Xenon and Halogen lamps, can be used.

Solar powered exterior circulation, security, and landscape lighting - with photovoltaic cells on each fixture or connecting to a central Solar panel system, are available for gardens and outdoor needs. Low voltage systems can be used for more controlled or independent illumination, while still using less electricity than conventional fixtures and lamps. Timers, motion detection and natural light operation sensors reduce energy consumption, and light pollution even further for a Passivhaus setting.

Appliance consumer products meeting independent energy efficiency testing and receiving Ecolabel certification marks for reduced electrical-'natural-gas' consumption and product manufacturing carbon emission labels are preferred for use in Passive houses. The ecolabel certification marks of Energy Star and EKOenergy are examples.

Traits of passive houses

Due to their design, passive houses usually have the following traits:

The air is fresh, and very clean. Note that for the parameters tested, and provided the filters (minimum F6) are maintained, HEPA quality air is provided. 0.3 air changes per hour (ACH) are recommended, otherwise the air can become "stale" (excess CO2, flushing of indoor air pollutants) and any greater, excessively dry (less than 40% humidity). This implies careful selection of interior finishes and furnishings, to minimize indoor air pollution from VOC's (e.g., formaldehyde). The use of a mechanical venting system also implies higher positive ion values. This can be counteracted somewhat by opening a window for a very brief time, by plants, and by indoor fountains. However, failure to exchange air with the outside during occupied periods is not advisable.

Because of the high resistance to heat flow (high R-value insulation), there are no "outside walls" which are colder than other walls.

Inside temperature is homogeneous; it is impossible to have single rooms (e.g. the sleeping rooms) at a different temperature from the rest of the house. Note that the relatively high temperature of the sleeping areas is physiologically not considered desirable by some building scientists. Bedroom windows can be cracked open slightly to alleviate this when necessary.

The temperature changes only very slowly - with ventilation and heating systems switched off, a passive house typically loses less than 0.5 °C (1 °F) per day (in winter), stabilizing at around 15 °C (59 °F) in the central European climate.

Opening windows or doors for a short time has only a very limited effect; after the windows are closed, the air very quickly returns to the "normal" temperature.

International comparisons

In the United States, a house built to the Passive House standard results in a building that requires space heating energy of 1 BTU per square foot per heating degree day, compared with about 5 to 15 BTUs per square foot per heating degree day for a similar building built to meet the 2003 Model Energy Efficiency Code. This is between 75 and 95% less energy for space heating and cooling than current new buildings that meet today's US energy efficiency codes. The Passivhaus in the German-language camp of Waldsee, Minnesota uses 85% less energy than a house built to Minnesota building codes.

In the United Kingdom, an average new house built to the Passive House standard would use 77% less energy for space heating, compared to the Building Regulations.

In Ireland, it is calculated that a typical house built to the Passive House standard instead of the 2002 Building Regulations would consume 85% less energy for space heating and cut space-heating related carbon emissions by 94%.

Tropical climate needs

In a tropical climate, it could be helpful for ideal internal conditions to use Energy Recovery Ventilation instead of Heat Recovery Ventilation to reduce the humidity load of ventilation on the mechanical dehumidification system. Although dehumidifiers might be used, heat pump hot water heaters also will act to cool and condense interior humidity (where it can be dumped into drains) and dump the heat into the hot water tank. Passive cooling, solar air conditioning, and other solutions in passive solar building design need to be studied to adapt the Passive house concept for use in more regions of the world.

There is a certified Passive House in the hot and humid climate of Lafayette, Louisiana, USA, which uses Energy Recovery Ventilation and an efficient one ton air-conditioner to provide cooling and dehumidification.

Solar access is a very important factor in any design of a passive house as it allows the structure to use the solar energy to heat and lighten the space naturally, replace electrical water heaters with solar-energy-based water heaters, in addition to providing a healthy environment inside the building.

sources

· Zeller, Jr., Tom. Beyond Fossil Fuels: Can We Build in a Brighter Shade of Green?, New York Times, September 26, 2010, p.BU1.

· Gröndahl, Mika & Gates, Guilbert. The Secrets of a Passive House, New York Times website, September 25, 2010. Retrieved September 27, 2010.

· Definition of Passive House

· Minergie-Standard

· Yan Ji and Stellios Plainiotis (2006): Design for Sustainability. Beijing: China Architecture and Building Press. ISBN 7-112-08390-7

· Rosenthal, Elisabeth (December 26, 2008). "Houses With No Furnace but Plenty of Heat". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-12-27. "There are now an estimated 15,000 passive houses around the world, the vast majority built in the past few years in German-speaking countries or Scandinavia."

· "Timber Frame takes the Passivhaus tour". January 23, 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-05.

· Institute for Housing and the Environment

· Evaluation of the First Passive House

· 11th International Passive House Conference 2007

· European Continental Passive Houses

· First US Passive House

· Certified US Passive House

· Solar Knights Construction Website has Passive House Institute U.S.certification and project details; this house is also the first certified passive house in California.

· Construct Ireland Articles - Passive Resistance

· Scandinavian Homes Ltd

· Diss Express, UK - How to build a house in days

· "Timber Frame takes the Passivhaus tour". January 23, 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-05.

· Passive House Requirements

· Concepts and market acceptance of a cold climate Passive House

· europeanpassivehouses(PEP)

· Cost Efficient Apartment Passive House

· "Passivhäuser im Bau bis zu 14% teurer". Franz Alt. Retrieved 2009-06-05.

· Passive Houses in High Latitudes

· Passive Houses in Norway

· Annualized Geo-Solar Heating, Don Stephens Accessed 2009-02-05

· Passivhaus Planning Package

· Swanson, Herb. "Energy Efficiency, a Step Further". New York Times. Retrieved September 29, 2010.

· Zeller, 2010. p.BU1. Example: in the case of the Landau home described in the NYT's article, several insurance companies refused to insure their home when they were told there was no home furnace in the structure, fearing that they would be held financially liable for frozen water pipe damage.

· Passive House Estate in Hannover-Kronsberg p72

· Waldsee BioHaus design

· Energy Saving Potential of Passive Houses in the UK

· Passive Houses in Ireland

· "Following Up on a Passive House in the Deep South".

· Clearfield, Lynne (2011). "Passive House, Aggressive Conservation". Solar Today 25 (1): 22-25.

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2011-08-27T04:54:00.003+04:00

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HomePlug

2011-08-27T04:40:00.003+04:00

HomePlug is the family name for various power line communications specifications that support networking over existing home electrical wiring. Several different, non-interoperable specifications exist under the HomePlug moniker, with each offering unique performance capabilities and variable compatibility with other HomePlug specifications.Some HomePlug specifications target broadband applications such as in-home distribution of low data rate IPTV, gaming, and Internet content, while others focus on low-power, low throughput, and extended operating temperatures for applications such as smart power meters and in-home communications between electric systems and appliances. All of the HomePlug specifications were developed by the HomePlug Powerline Alliance, which also owns the HomePlug trademark.

History
From its inception, HomePlug was intended to be a set of specifications that would allow products to use existing home electrical wiring to communicate with each other and connect to the Internet. The first HomePlug specification, HomePlug 1.0, was released in June 2001. The HomePlug AV specification, which was released in 2005, increased physical layer (PHY) peak data rates from 14 to 200 Mbit/s. The HomePlug Command and Control low frequency specification was released in 2007, and the HomePlug Green PHY specification in June 2010.
One of the greatest technical challenges was finding a way to reduce sensitivity to the electrical noise that is inevitably present on power lines. Whenever an appliance is turned on or off, it creates electrical noise that can interfere with data transfer through the wiring. Noise sensitivity was problematic in early HomePlug 1.0 technologies, though later versions have solved this problem.Another problem was the lack of standardization for powerline communication technologies, as the HomePlug Powerline Alliance had not succeeded in driving through the ITU-T their proprietary specification for the PLC mode of G.hn. With the ratification of the IEEE’s 1901 Broadband Powerline Standard on September 30, 2010, HomePlug AV technology, which was voted in as one of two disparate technologies for the standard. The HomePLug Powerline Alliance claims that HomePlug AV, by being a part of IEEE 1901, has been validated by both IEEE and the market, while the facts speak differently. There are two distinct PHys defined in 1901 and two distinct MACs defined. While verbiage was spun to make the MACs appears as one MAC with many options, the fact remains that with one 1901 PHY type there must be a MAC with specific options and with the other type of 1901 PHY there is need for a MAC with completely different options. And, the two technologies defined by IEEE 1901 do not interoperate; and the second technology, HD-PLC, in the standard completely disrupts the FFT OFDM technology of the HP AV technology in the standard. Note that the majority of members of IEEE 1901 meetings were members of the HomePlug Powerline Alliance, and so it is not some feat of technological excellence that brought HomePlug AV into the standard, but the force of their voting for it.The three major specifications published by HomePlug (HomePlug AV, HomePlug Green PHY and the developing HomePlug AV2) are all claimed to be compliant to IEEE 1901 and the HomePlug Powerline Alliance will be the certifying body for IEEE 1901 products. Note that as of June 2011 no products being sold on the market as "compliant with IEEE 1901" and based on HomePlug AV are fully tested for compliance, as there is no testing done to ensure they have ISp technology in them, a mandatory part of the 1901 standard that allows the 1901-based technologies to be coexistent with the ITU-T's defined G.hn powerline mode. The absence of ISP in these shipping products will expose the market to unneeded problems, and is contrary to the claims of there being 1901 compliant products shipping already as of June 2011.Earlier HomePlug technology could not reliably pass the communication signal through different electrical phases. This problem has subsequently been solved by increasing the communication carrier frequencies so that the signal will be conveyed by the neutral conductor, which is common to all phases.Newer versions of HomePlug support the use of Ethernet in bus topology. This is achieved by means of OFDM modulation that enables several distinct data carriers to coexist in the same wire. Also, HomePlug's OFDM technology can turn off (mask) any sub-carriers that overlap previously allocated radio spectrum in a given geographic region, thus preventing interference. In North America, for instance, HomePlug AV only uses 917 of 1155 sub-carriers

Usage

The major benefit of powerline networking is that users can easily establish a network using a home's existing electrical wiring as the communication medium. There is no need to drill holes in walls or ceiling to route new wiring and, as a result, installation is quick, easy and relatively inexpensive. In most homes throughout most geographies, power outlets are found in most rooms. For AC-powered devices that must already be near an outlet, powerline networking is a natural and easily accomplished networking method.The most widely deployed powerline networking devices are "adapters", which are standalone modules that plug into wall outlets (or power strips or extension cords) and provide one or more Ethernet ports. In a simple home network, the Internet gateway router connects via Ethernet cable to a powerline adapter, which in turn plugs into a nearby power outlet. A second adapter, plugged into any other outlet in the home, could connect via Ethernet cable to any Ethernet-enabled device (e.g., computer, printer, IP phone, gaming station). Data communications between the router and Ethernet devices would be conveyed over existing home electrical wiring. More complex networks with multiple adapters can be implemented by plugging in additional adapters as needed. A powerline adapter may also be plugged into a hub or switch so that it supports multiple Ethernet devices residing in a common room.Increasingly, the functionality found in standalone adapters is being built into end devices such as power control centers, digital media adapters, and Internet security cameras. It is anticipated that powerline networking functionality will be embedded in TVs, set-top boxes, DVRs, and other consumer electronics, especially with the emergence of global powerline networking standards such as the IEEE 1901 standard, ratified in September 2010

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Integrated WiFi Antennas

2011-08-24T12:12:00.000+04:00

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