IRTT Techzone

2012-04-28T19:07:00.001+05:30

The Indian Premier League (IPL) is a professional league for Twenty20 cricket championship in India. It was initiated by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI), headquartered in Mumbai,[3][4] and is supervised by BCCI Vice President Rajeev Shukla,[5] who serves as the league's Chairman and Commissioner. It is currently contested by nine teams, consisting of players from around the world, except players from Pakistan who are prohibited by the Indian government to participate in Indian sporting events[citation needed]. It was started after an altercation between the BCCI and the Indian Cricket League.[6]

DSP questions with the solutions!!!

2011-04-14T07:22:00.001+05:30

                               R.M.D ENGINEERING COLLEGE
                           DEPARTMENT OF ECE
                                 QUESTION BANK
                       DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
                       BRANCH/SEM/SEC:CSE/IV/A& B
                                       UNIT I
                            SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
                                      Part – A
1. What do you understand by the terms : signal and signal processing
2. Determine which of the following signals are periodic and compute their
    fundamental period                                           (AU DEC 07)
    a) sin√2 Лt              b)sin20 Лt+sin5Лt
3. What are energy and power signals?                            (MU Oct. 96)
4. State the convolution property of Z transform                 (AU DEC 06)
5. Test the following systems for time invariance:               (DEC 03)
                2              x(n)
    a) y(n)=n x (n)        b)a
6. Define symmetric and antisymmetric signals. How do you prevent alaising while
                                           (AU MAY 07)(EC 333, May „07)
    sampling a CT signal?
7. What are the properties of region of convergence(ROC) ?(AU MAY 07)
8. Differentiate between recursive and non recursive difference equations
                                                                (AU APR 05)
9. What are the different types of signal representation?
10. Define correlation                                          (AU DEC 04)
11. what is the causality condition for LTI systems?            (AU DEC 04)
12. define linear convolution of two DT signals                 (AU APR 04)
13. Define system function and stability of DT system           (AU APR 04)
14. Define the following (a) System (b) Discrete-time system
15. What are the classifications of discrete-time system?
16. What is the property of shift-invariant system?
17. Define (a) Static system (b) Dynamic system?                (AU DEC 03)
18. define cumulative and associative law of convolution        (AU DEC 03)
19. Define a stable and causal system
20. What is the necessary and sufficient condition on the impulse response for
    stability?                                                 (MU APR.96)
21. What do you understand by linear convolution?              (MU APR. 2000)
22. What are the properties of convolution?                     (AU IT Dec. 03)
23. State Parseval‟s energy theorem for discrete-time aperiodic signals(AU DEC 04)
24. Define DTFT pair                                           (MU Apr. 99)
25. What is aliasing effect?                 (AU MAY 07) (EC 333 DEC 03)
26. State sampling theorem
27. What is an anti-aliasing filter?
28. What is the necessary and sufficient condition on the impulse response for
    stability?                                                       (EC 333, May „07)
22. State the condition for a digital filter to be causal and stable
                                           Part-B
1. a) Compute the convolution y(n) of the signals                      (AU DEC 07)
    x(n)= an      -3≤n≤5
            0    elsewhere        and
                    0≤n≤4
    h(n)= 1
            0       elsewhere
     b) A discrete time system can be static or dynamic, linear or non-linear, Time
variant or time invariant, causal or non causal, stable or unstable. Examine the
following system with respect to the properties also                  (AU DEC 07)
1) y(n)=cos(x(n))
2) y(n)=x(-n+2)
3) y(n)=x(2n)
4)y(n)=x(n) cos ωn
2. a) Determine the response of the causal system
    y(n)-y(n-1)=x(n)+x(n-1) to inputs x(n)=u(n) and x(n)=2 –n u(n).Test its stability
    b) Determine the IZT of X(Z)=1/(1-Z-1)(1-Z-1)2                (AU DEC 07)
Determine whether each of the following systems defined below is (i) casual (ii)
linear (iii) dynamic (iv) time invariant (v) stable
    (a) y(n) = log10[{x(n)}]
    (b) y(n) = x(-n-2)
    (c) y(n) = cosh[nx(n) + x(n-1)]
3. Compute the convolution of the following signals
      x(n) = {1,0,2,5,4} h(n) = {1,-1,1,-1}
               ↑                    ↑
      h(n) = {1,0,1} x(n) = {1,-2,-2,3,4}
               ↑               ↑
4. Find the convolution of the two signals
      x(n) = 3nu(-n); h(n) = (1/3)n u(n-2)
      x(n) = (1/3) –n u(-n-1); h(n) = u(n-1)
      x(n) = u(n) –u(n-5); h(n) = 2[u(n) – u(n-3)]
5. Find the discrete-time Fourier transform of the following
        x(n) = 2-2n for all n
        x(n) = 2nu(-n)
        x(n) = n [1/2] (n)
6. Determine and sketch the magnitude and phase response of the following systems
       (a) y(n) = 1/3 [x(n) + x(n-1) + x(n-2)]
       (b) y(n) = 1⁄2[x(n) – x(n-1)]
       (c) y(n) - 1/2y(n-1)=x(n)
7. a) Determine the impulse response of the filter defined by y(n)=x(n)+by(n-1)
    b) A system has unit sample response h(n) given by
        h(n)=-1/δ(n+1)+1/2δ(n)-1-1/4 δ(n-1). Is the system BIBO stable? Is the filter
        causal? Justify your answer                                        (DEC 2003)
8. Determine the Fourier transform of the following two signals(CS 331 DEC 2003)
                     a) a n u(n) for a<1
                     b) cos ωn u(n)
9. Check whether the following systems are linear or not        (AU APR 05)
        a) y(n)=x 2 (n)              b) y(n)=n x(n)
10. For each impulse response listed below, dtermine if the corresponding system is
     i) causal ii) stable                                        (AU MAY 07)
              1) 2 n u(-n)
              2) sin nЛ/2                                        (AU DEC 04)
              3) δ(n)+sin nЛ
              4) e 2n u(n-1)
11. Explain with suitable block diagram in detail about the analog to digital
     conversion and to reconstruct the analog signal             (AU DEC 07)
12. Find the cross correlation of two sequences
        x(n)={1,2,1,1} y(n)={1,1,2,1}                            (AU DEC 04)
13. Determine whether the following systems are linear , time invariant
             1) y(n)=A x(n)+B
             2) y(n)=x(2n)
       Find the convolution of the following sequences:          (AU DEC 04)
             1) x(n)=u(n) h(n)=u(n-3)
             2) x(n)={1,2,-1,1} h(n)={1,0,1,1}
                                       UNIT II
                         FAST FOURIER TRANSFORMS
                        1) THE DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM
                                       PART A
1. Find the N-point DFT of a sequence x(n) ={1 ,1, 2, 2}
2. Determine the circular convolution of the sequence x1(n)={1,2,3,1} and
    x2(n)={4,3,2,1}                                                        (AU DEC 07)
3. Draw the basic butterfly diagram for radix 2 DIT-FFT and DIF-FFT(AU DEC 07)
4. Determine the DTFT of the sequence x(n)=a n u(n) for a<1               (AU DEC 06)
5. Is the DFT of the finite length sequence periodic? If so state the reason
                                                                         (AU DEC 05)
6. Find the N-point IDFT of a sequence X(k) ={1 ,0 ,0 ,0}                  (Oct 98)
7. what do you mean by „in place‟ computation of FFT?                  (AU DEC 05)
8. What is zero padding? What are its uses?                            (AU DEC 04)
9. List out the properties of DFT                             (MU Oct 95,98,Apr 2000)
10. Compute the DFT of x(n)=∂(n-n0)
11. Find the DFT of the sequence of x(n)= cos (n∏/4) for 0≤n≥ 3             (MU Oct 98)
12. Compute the DFT of the sequence whose values for one period is given by
    x(n)={1,1,-2,-2}.                                          (AU Nov 06,MU Apr 99)
13. Find the IDFT of Y(k)={1,0,1,0}                                        (MU Oct 98)
14. What is zero padding? What are its uses?
15. Define discrete Fourier series.
16. Define circular convolution
17. Distinguish between linear convolution and Circular Convolution.
                                            (MU Oct 96,Oct 97,Oct 98)
18. Obtain the circular convolution of the following sequences x(n)={1, 2, 1} and
    h(n)={1, -2, 2}
19. Distinguish between DFT and DTFT                                   (AU APR 04)
20. Write the analysis and synthesis equation of DFT                   (AU DEC 03)
21. Assume two finite duration sequences x1(n) and x2(n) are linearly combined.
    What is the DFT of x3(n)?(x3(n)=Ax1(n)+Bx2(n))                          (MU Oct 95)
22. If X(k) is a DFT of a sequence x(n) then what is the DFT of real part of x(n)?
23. Calculate the DFT of a sequence x(n)=(1/4)^n for N=16                  (MU Oct 97)
24. State and prove time shifting property of DFT                          (MU Oct 98)
25. Establish the relation between DFT and Z transform (MU Oct 98,Apr 99,Oct 00)
26. What do you understand by Periodic convolution?                        (MU Oct 00)
27. How the circular convolution is obtained using concentric circle method?
                                                                           (MU Apr 98)
28. State the circular time shifting and circular frequency shifting properties of DFT
29. State and prove Parseval‟s theorem
30. Find the circular convolution of the two sequences using matrix method
    X1(n)={1, 2, 3, 4} and x2(n)={1, 1, 1, 1}
31. State the time reversal property of DFT
32. If the DFT of x(n) is X(k) then what is the DFT of x*(n)?
33. State circular convolution and circular correlation properties of DFT
34. Find the circular convolution of the following two sequences using concentric
    circle method
    x1(n)={1, 2, 3, 4} and x2(n)={1, 1, 1, 1}
35. The first five coefficients of X(K)={1, 0.2+5j, 2+3j, 2 ,5 }Find the remaining
    coefficients
                                          PART B
1. Find 4-point DFT of the following sequences
(a) x(n)={1,-1,0,0}
(b) x(n)={1,1,-2,-2}                                                  (AU DEC 06)
(c) x(n)=2n
(d) x(n)=sin(n∏/2)
   2. Find 8-point DFT of the following sequences
(a) x(n)={1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0}
(b) x(n)={1,2,1,2}
3. Determine IDFT of the following
(a)X(k)={1,1-j2,-1,1+j2}
(b)X(k)={1,0,1,0}
(c)X(k)={1,-2-j,0,-2+j}
4. Find the circular convolution of the following using matrix method and
concentric circle method
(a) x1(n)={1,-1,2,3}; x2(n)={1,1,1};
(b) x1(n)={2,3,-1,2}; x2(n)={-1,2,-1,2};
(c) x1(n)=sin n∏/2; x2(n)=3n 0≤n≥7
5.Calculate the DFT of the sequence x(n)={1,1,-2,-2}
    Determine the response of the LTI system by radix2 DIT-FFT?            (AU Nov 06).
    If the impulse response of a LTI system is h(n)=(1,2,3,-1)
6. Determine the impulse response for the cascade of two LTI systems having
impulse responses h1(n)=(1/2)^n* u(n),h2(n)=(1/4)^n*u(n)               (AU May 07)
7. Determine the circular convolution of the two sequences x1(n)={1, 2, 3, 4}
x2(n)={1, 1, 1, 1} and prove that it is equal to the linear convolution of the same.
8. Find the output sequence y(n)if h(n)={1,1,1,1} and x(n)={1,2,3,1} using circular
convolution                                                           (AU APR 04)
       9. State and prove the following properties of DFT                    (AU DEC 03)
         1) Cirular convolution 2) Parseval‟s relation
         2) Find the circular convolution of x1(n)={1,2,3,4} x2(n)={4,3,2,1}
                                   2) FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM
                                                PART A
    1.   Why FFT is needed?                            (AU DEC 03) (MU Oct 95,Apr 98)
    2.   What is FFT?                                                   (AU DEC 06)
    3.   Obtain the block diagram representation of the FIR filter (AU DEC 06)
    4.   Calculate the number of multiplications needed in the calculation of DFT and FFT
         with 64 point sequence.                                        (MU Oct 97, 98).
    5. What is the main advantage of FFT?
    6. What is FFT?                                                    (AU Nov 06)
    7. How many multiplications and additions are required to compute N-point DFT
         using radix 2 FFT?                                              (AU DEC 04)
    8. Draw the direct form realization of FIR system                    (AU DEC 04)
    9. What is decimation-in-time algorithm?                          (MU Oct 95).
    10. What do you mean by „in place‟ computation in DIT-FFT algorithm?
                                                                         (AU APR 04)
    11. What is decimation-in-frequency algorithm?                    (MU Oct 95,Apr 98).
    12. Mention the advantage of direct and cascade structures (AU APR 04)
    13. Draw the direct form realization of the system y(n)=0.5x(n)+0.9y(n-1)
                                                                         (AU APR 05)
    14. Draw the flow graph of a two point DFT for a DIT decomposition.
    15. Draw the basic butterfly diagram for DIT and DIF algorithm. (AU 07).
    16. How do we can calculate IDFT using FFT algorithm?
    17. What are the applications of FFT algorithms?
    18. Find the DFT of sequence x(n)={1,2,3,0} using DIT-FFT algorithms
    19. Find the DFT of sequence x(n)={1,1, 1, 1} using DIF-FFT algorithms
                                                                         (AU DEC 04)
                                             PART B
1. Compute an 8-point DFT of the following sequences using DIT and DIF
         algorithms
         (a)x(n)={1,-1,1,-1,0,0,0,0}
         (b)x(n)={1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1}                                           (AU APR 05)
         (c)x(n)={0.5,0,0.5,0,0.5,0,0.5,0}
         (d)x(n)={1,2,3,2,1,2,3,2}
         (e)x(n)={0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0}                                           (AU APR 04)
2. Compute the 8 point DFT of the sequence x(n)={0.5, 0.5 ,0.5,0.5,0,0,0,0} using
        radix 2 DIF and DIT algorithm                                     (AU DEC 07)
3. a) Discuss the properties of DFT
    b) Discuss the use of FFT algorithm in linear filtering              (AU DEC 07)
4. How do you linear filtering by FFT using save-add method             (AU DEC 06)
5. Compute the IDFT of the following sequences using (a)DIT algorithm (b)DIF
         algorithms
         (a)X(k)={1,1+j,1-j2,1,0,1+j2,1+j}
         (b)X(k)={12,0,0,0,4,0,0,0}
         (c)X(k)={5,0,1-j,0,1,0,1+j,0}
         (d)X(k)={8,1+j2,1-j,0,1,0,1+j,1-j2}
         (e)X(k)={16,1-j4.4142,0,1+j0.4142,0,1-j0.4142,0,1+j4.4142}
6. Derive the equation for DIT algorithm of FFT.
How do you do linear filtering by FFT using Save Add method?          (AU Nov 06)
7. a) From first principles obtain the signal flow graph for computing 8 point DFT
        using radix 2 DIT-FFT algorithm.
    b) Using the above signal flow graph compute DFT of x(n)=cos(n*Л)/4 ,0<=n<=7
                                                                       (AU May 07).
8. Draw the butterfly diagram using 8 pt DIT-FFT for the following sequences
        x(n)={1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0}                                        (AU May 07).
9. a) From first principles obtain the signal flow graph for computing 8 point DFT
        using radix 2 DIF-FFT algorithm.
        b) Using the above signal flow graph compute DFT of x(n)=cos(n*Л)/4 ,0<=n<=7
10. State and prove circular time shift and circular frequency shift properties of DFT
11. State and prove circular convolution and circular conjugate properties of DFT
12. Explain the use of FFT algorithms in linear filtering and correlation
13. Determine the direct form realization of the following system
     y(n)=-0.1y(n-1)+0.72y(n-2)+0.7x(n)-0.252x(n-2)                        (AU APR 05)
14. Determine the cascade and parallel form realization of the following system
y(n)=-0.1y(n-1)+0.2y(n-2)+3x(n)+3.6x(n-1)+0.6x(n-2)
     Expalin in detail about the round off errors in digital filters       (AU DEC 04)
                                          UNIT-III
                                  IIR FILTER DESIGN
                                          PART-A
1. Distinguish between Butterworth and Chebyshev filter
2. What is prewarping?                                                       (AU DEC 03)
                                                                             (AU DEC 07)
3. Distinguish between FIR and IIR filters
4. Give any two properties of Butterworth and chebyshev filters              (AU DEC 06)
5. Give the bilinear transformation                                          (AU DEC 03)
6. Determine the order of the analog butterworth filter that has a -2 dB pass band
    attenuation at a frequency of 20 rad/sec and atleast -10 dB stop band attenuation at 30
                                                                             (AU DEC 07)
    rad/sec
7. By impulse invariant method obtain the digital filter transfer function and
    differential equation of the analog filter H(S)=1/S+1                    (AU DEC 07)
8. Give the expression for location of poles of normalized butterworth filter
                                                                        (EC 333, May „07)
                                                                       (EC 333, May „07)
9. What are the parameters(specifications) of a chebyshev filter
10. Why impulse invariance method is not preferred in the design of IIR filter other than low
    pass filter?
11. What are the advantages and disadvantages of bilinear transformation?(AU DEC 04)
12. Write down the transfer function of the first order butterworth filter having low pass
    behavior                                                            (AU APR 05)
13. What is warping effect? What is its effect on magnitude and phase response?
14. Find the digital filter transfer function H(Z) by using impulse invariance method for the
                                                                       (MAY AU ‟07)
    analog transfer function H(S)= 1/S+2
15. Find the digital filter transfer function H(Z) by using bilinear transformation method for
    the analog transfer function H(S)= 1/S+3
16. Give the equation for converting a normalized LPF into a BPF with cutoff frequencies l
    and u
17. Give the magnitude function of Butterworth filter. What is the effect of varying order of
    N on magnitude and phase response?
18. Give any two properties of Butterworth low pass filters.         (MU NOV 06).
19. What are the properties of Chebyshev filter?                     (AU NOV 06).
20. Give the equation for the order of N and cut off frequency c of Butterworth filter.
21. Give the Chebyshev filter transfer function and its magnitude response.
22. Distinguish between the frequency response of Chebyshev Type I filter for N odd and N
    even.
23. Distinguish between the frequency response of Chebyshev Type I & Type II filter.
24. Give the Butterworth filter transfer function and its magnitude characteristics for
    different order of filters.
25. Give the equations for the order N, major, minor and axis of an ellipse in case of
    Chebyshev filter.
26. What are the parameters that can be obtained from the Chebyshev filter specification?
                                                                   (AU MAY 07).
27. Give the expression for the location of poles and zeros of a Chebyshev Type II filter.
28. Give the expression for location of poles for a Chebyshev Type I filter. (AU MAY 07)
29. Distinguish between Butterworth and Chebyshev Type I filter.
30. How one can design Digital filters from Analog filters.
31. Mention any two procedures for digitizing the transfer function of an analog filter.
                                                                              (AU APR 04)
32. What are properties that are maintained same in the transfer of analog filter into a digital
    filter.
33. What is the mapping procedure between s-plane and z-plane in the method of mapping of
    differentials? What is its characteristics?
34. What is mean by Impulse invariant method of designing IIR filter?
35. What are the different types of structures for the realization of IIR systems?
36. Write short notes on prewarping.
37. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Bilinear transformation?
38. What is warping effect? What is its effect on magnitude and phase response?
39. What is Bilinear Transformation?
40. How many numbers of additions, multiplications and memory locations are required to
    realize a system H(z) having M zeros and N poles in direct form-I and direct form –II
    realization?
41. Define signal flow graph.
42. What is the transposition theorem and transposed structure?
43. Draw the parallel form structure of IIR filter.
    Give the transposed direct form –II structure of IIR second order system.
44.
45. What are the different types of filters based on impulse response? (AU 07)
46. What is the most general form of IIR filter?
                                             PART B
1. a) Derive bilinear transformation for an analog filter with system function
    H(S)=b/S+a                                                                   (AU DEC 07)
    b) Design a single pole low pass digital IIR filter with-3 Db bandwidth of 0.2Л by using
       bilinear transformation
2. a) Obtain the direct form I, Direct form II, cascade and parallel realization for the
    following
    Systems
    y(n)=-0.1x(n-1)+0.2y(n-2)+3x(n)+3.6x(n-1)+0.6x(n-2)
    b) Discuss the limitation of designing an IIR filetr using impulse invariant method
                                                                               (AU DEC 07)
3. Determine H(Z) for a Butterworth filter satisfying the following specifications:
                    0.8  H(e j 1, for 0  /4
                          H(e j 0.2, for /2  
    Assume T= 0.1 sec. Apply bilinear transformation method                   (AU MAY 07)
4.Determine digital Butterworth filter satisfying the following specifications:
                    0.707  H(e j 1, for 0  /2
                              H(e j 0.2, for3/4  
    Assume T= 1 sec. Apply bilinear transformation method. Realize the filter in mose
convenient form                                                              (AU DEC 06)
5. Design a Chebyshev lowpass filter with the specifications p=1 dB ripple in the pass
    band 00.2, s=15 dB ripple in the stop band 0.3  using impulse invariance
    method(AU DEC 06)
6. Design a Butterworth high pass filter satisfying the following specifications.
    p =1 dB; s=15 dB
     p =0.4;  s =0.2
7. Design a Butterworth low pass filter satisfying the following specifications.
                                                                         (AU DEC 04)
     p=0.10 Hz;p=0.5 dB
    s=0.15 HZ;s=15 dB:F=1Hz.
8. Design (a) a Butterworth and (b) a Chebyshev analog high pass filter that will
    pass all radian frequencies greater than 200 rad/sec with no more that 2 dB
    attuenuation and have a stopband attenuation of greater than 20 dB for all  less
    than 100 rad/sec.
9. Design a digital filter equivalent to this using impulse invariant method
    H(S)=10/S2+7S+10                                 (AU DEC 03)(AU DEC 04)
10. Use impulse invariance to obtain H(Z) if T= 1 sec and H(s) is
    1/(s3 +3s2 +4s+1)
    1/(s2+2 s +1)
11. Use bilinear transformation method to obtain H(Z) if T= 1 sec and H(s) is
    1/(s+1)(S+2)                                     (AU DEC 03)
        2
    1/(s +2 s +1)
12. Briefly explain about bilinear transformation of digital filter design(AU APR 05)
13. Use bilinear transform to design a butterworth LPF with 3 dB cutoff frequeny of
    0.2                                                                (AU APR 04)
14. Compare bilinear transformation and impulse invariant mapping
15. a) Design a chebyshev filter with a maxmimum pass band attenuation of 2.5 Db;
    at Ωp=20 rad/sec and the stop band attenuation of 30 Db at Ωs=50 rad/sec.
    b)Realize the system given by difference equation
    y(n)=-0.1 y(n-1)+0.72y(n-2)+0.7x(n)-0.25x(n-2) in parallel form
                                                                      (EC 333 DEC „07 )
                                              UNIT IV
                                   FIR FILTER DESIGN
                                              PART A
1. What are the desirable and undesirable features of FIR filter?
2. Discuss the stability of the FIR filters                         (AU APR 04) (AU DEC 03)
3. What are the main advantages of FIR over IIR                     (AU APR 04)
    What is the condition satisfied by Linear phase FIR filter? (DEC 04)
4.                                                                                (EC      333
    MAY 07)
5. What are the design techniques of designing FIR filters?
6. What condition on the FIR sequence h(n) are to be imposed in order that this filter can be
    called a Linear phase filter?                                                 (AU 07)
7. State the condition for a digital filter to be a causal and stable.           (AU 06)
                                                             (AU DEC 04)      (AU DEC 07)
8. What is Gibbs phenomenon?
    Show that the filter with h(n)={-1, 0, 1} is a linear phase filter
9.
10. Explain the procedure for designing FIR filters using windows.                (MU 02)
11. What are desirable characteristics of windows?
12. What is the principle of designing FIR filters using windows?
13. What is a window and why it is necessary?
14. Draw the frequency response of N point rectangular window.                   (MU 03)
15. Give the equation specifying Hanning and Blackman windows.
16. Give the expression for the frequency response of
17. Draw the frequency response of N point Bartlett window
18. Draw the frequency response of N point Blackman window
19. Draw the frequency response of N point Hanning window.                       (AU DEC 03)
20. What is the necessary and sufficient condition for linear phase characteristics in FIR
    filter.                                                                 (MU Nov 03)
21. Give the equation specifying Kaiser window.
22. Compare rectangular and hanning window functions
23. Briefly explain the frequency sampling method of filter design
24. Compare frequency sampling and windowing method of filter design
                                           PART-B
1. Use window method with a Hamming window to design a 13-tap differentiator
                                                                           (AU „07)
    (N=13).
2. i) Prove that FIR filter has linear phase if the unit impulse responsesatisfies the
    condition h(n)=h(N-1-n), n=0,1,......M-1. Also discuss symmetric and
    antisymmetric cases of FIR filter                                     (AU DEC 07)
3. What are the issues in designing FIR filter using window method?(AU APR 04,
    DEC 03)
4. ii) Explain the need for the use of window sequences in the design of FIR filter.
    Describe the window sequences generally used and compare their properties
5. Derive the frequency response of a linear phase FIR filter when impulse responses
    symmetric & order N is EVEN and mention its applications
6. i) Explain the type I design of FIR filter using frequency sampling method
    ii) A low pass filter has the desired response as given below
           Hd(ej)= e –j3, 0≤≤Л/2
                               Л/2≤≤Л
                      0
     Determine the filter coefficients h(n) for M=7 using frequency sampling
     technique                                                            (AU DEC 07)
7. i) Derive the frequency response of a linear phase FIR filter when impulse responses
    antisymmetric & order N is odd
    ii) Explain design of FIR filter by frequency sampling technique (AU MAY 07)
7. Design an approximation to an ideal bandpass filter with magnitude response
    H(ej) = 1 ; 434
               0 ; otherwise
     Take N=11.                                                          (AU DEC 04)
8. Design a 15-tap linear phase filter to the following discrete frequency response
    (N=15) using frequency sampling method                                (MU 03)
                           0k4
     H(k) = 1
           = 0.5           k=5
           = 0.25          k=6
           = 0.1           k=7
           =0            elsewhere
9. Design an ideal band pass digital FIR filter with desired frequency response
         H(e j )= 1 for 0.25   0.75
                    0 for 0.25 and 0.75 
       by using rectangular window function of length N=11.             (AU DEC 07)
10. Design an Ideal Hilbert transformer using hanning window and
    Blackman window for N=11. Plot the frequency response in both
    Cases
11. a) How is the design of linear phase FIR filter done by frequency sampling method?
    Explain.
    b) Determine the coefficients of a linear phase FIR filter of length N=15 which has
        Symmetric unit sample response and a frequency response that satisfies the following
        conditions
         H r (2 k/15) = 1 for k=0,1,2,3
                             0 for k=4
                             0 for k=5,6,7
12. An FIR filter is given by the difference equation
y(n)=2x(n)+4/5 x(n-1)+3/2 x(n-2)+2/3 x(n-3) Determine its lattice form(EC 333 DEC 07)
13. Using a rectangular window technique design a low pass filter with pass band gain of unity
     cut off frequency of 1000 Hz and working at a sampling frequency of 5 KHz. The length
     of the impulse response should be 7.( EC 333 DEC 07)
16. Design an Ideal Hilbert transformer using rectangular window and Black man window
      for N=11. Plot the frequency response in both Cases (EC 333 DEC ‟07)
9. 17. Design an approximation to an ideal lowpass filter with magnitude response
      H(ej) = 1 ; 04
                  0 ; otherwise
       Take N=11.Use hanning and hamming window (AU DEC 04)
                                             UNIT V
                            FINITE WORD LENGTH EFFECTS
                                            PART –A
                                                                             (MU Oct‟95)
1. What do you understand by a fixed point number?
2. Express the fraction 7/8 and -7/8 in sign magnitude, 2‟s complement and 1‟s
                                                                             (AU DEC 06)
     complement
3. What are the quantization errors due to finite word length registers in digital filters?
                                                                             (AU DEC 06)
4. What are the different quantization methods?                             (AU DEC 07)
5. What are the different types of fixed point number representation?
6. What do you understand by sign-magnitude representation?
7. What do you understand by 2‟s complement representation?
8. Write an account on floating point arithmetic?                          (MU Apr 2000)
9. What is meant by block floating point representation? What are its advantages?
10. what are advantages of floating point arithmetic?
11. Compare the fixed point and floating point arithmetic.                (MU Oct‟96)
12. What are the three quantization errors due to finite word length registers in
                                                                           (MU Oct‟98)
      digital filters?
13. How the multiplication and addition are carried out in floating point
      arithmetic?
14. Brief on co-efficient inaccuracy.
15. What do you understand by input quantization error?
16. What is product quantization error?
17. What is meant by A/D conversion mode?
18. What is the effect of quantization on pole locations?
19. What are the assumptions made concerning the statistical independence of
     various noise sources that occur in realizing the filter?           (M.U. Apr 96)
20. What is zero input limit cycle overflow oscillation                  (AU 07)
21. What is meant by limit cycle oscillations?(M.U Oct 97, 98, Apr 2000) (AU DEC 07)
29. Explain briefly the need for scaling digital filter implementation?
                                                               (M.U Oct 98)(AU-DEC 07)
30. Why rounding is preferred than truncation in realizing digital filter? (M.U. Apr 00)
31. Define the deadband of the filter?                                     (AU 06)
25. Determine the dead band of the filter with pole at 0.5 and the number of bits used
    for quantization is 4(including sign bit)
26. Draw the quantization noise model for a first order IIR system
27. What is meant by rounding? Draw the pdf of round off error
28. What is meant by truncation? Draw the pdf of round off error
29. What do you mean by quantization step size?
30. Find the quantization step size of the quantizer with 3 bits
31. Give the expression for signal to quantization noise ratio and calculate the
    improvement with an increase of 2 bits to the existing bit.
32. Express the following binary numbers in decimal
         A) (100111.1110)2      (B) (101110.1111)2        C (10011.011)2
33.Why rounding is preferred to truncation in realizing digital filter? (EC 333, May „07)
34. List the different types of frequency domain coding                 (EC 333 MAY 07)
35. What is subband coding?                                             (EC 333 MAY 07)
                                          PART-B
1. Draw the quantization noise model for a second order system and explain
    H(z)=1/(1-2rcosz-1+r2z-2) and find its steady state output noise variance (ECE AU‟ 05)
2. Consider the transfer function H(z)=H1(z)H2(z) where
     H1(z)=1/(1-a1z-1) , H2(z)=1/(1-a2z-2).Find the output round off noise power.
     Assume a1=0.5 and a2=0.6 and find out the output round off noise power.
                                                                 (ECE AU‟ 04)(EC 333 DEC 07)
3. Find the effect of coefficient quantiztion on pole locations of the given second
    order IIR system when it is realized in direct form –I and in cascade form. Assume a
    word length of 4-bits through truncation.
     H(z)= 1/(1-0.9z-1+0.2z –2)                                 (AU‟ Nov 05)
4. Explain the characteristics of Limit cycle oscillations with respect to the system described
    by the differential equations.
    y(n)=0.95y(n-1)+x(n) and
                                                               (AU‟ Nov 04)
    determine the dead band of the filter
5. i) Describe the quantization errors that occur in rounding and truncation in two‟s
       complement
    ii) Draw a sample/hold circuit and explain its operation
    iii) What is a vocoder? Expalin with a block diagram       (AU DEC 07)
6. Two first order low pass filter whose system functions are given below are connected in
    cascade. Determine the overall output noise power
    H1(Z)=1/(1-0.9Z-1) H2(Z)=1/(1-0.8Z-1)                       (AU DEC 07)
7. Consider a Butterworth lowpass filter whose transfer function is
     H(z)=0.05( 1+z-1)2 /(1-1.2z-1 +0.8 z-2 ).
    Compute the pole positions in z-plane and calculate the scale factor So to prevent
     overflow in adder 1.
8. Express the following decimal numbers in binary form
   A) 525          B) 152.1875    C) 225.3275
10. Express the decimal values 0.78125 and -0.1875 in
          One‟s complement form
          sign magnitude form
          Two‟s complement form.
11. Express the decimal values -6/8 and 9/8 in (i) Sign magnitude form (ii) One‟s complement
    form (iii) Two‟s complement form
12. Study the limit cycle behavior of the following systems
                     i. y(n) = 0.7y(n-1) + x (n)
                    ii. y(n) = 0.65y(n-2) + 0.52y (n-1) + x (n)
13. For the system with system function H (z) =1+0.75z-1 / 1-0.4z-1 draw the signal flow graph
14. and find scale factor s0 to prevent overflow limit cycle oscillations
15. Derive the quantization input nose power and determine the signal to noise ratio of the system
16. Derive the truncation error and round off error noise power and compare both errors
17. Explain product quantization error and coefficient quantization error with examples
18. Derive the scaling factor So that prevents the overflow limit cycle oscillations in a second
    order IIR system.
19. The input to the system y(n)=0.999y(n-1)+x(n) is applied to an ADC. What is the power
    produced by the quantization noise at the output of the filter if the input is quantized to
    1) 8 bits      2) 16 bits                                                (EC 333 DEC 07)
19. Convert the following decimal numbers into binary:                       (EC 333 DEC 07)
     1) (20.675)        2) (120.75)
                  10                10
20. Find the steady state variance of the noise in the output due to quantization of input for the
                                                                            (EC 333 DEC 07)
   first order filter y(n)=ay(n-1)+x(n)
                      ANAND INSTITUTE OF HIGHER TECHNOLOGY
                               KAZHIPATTUR, CHENNAI –603 103
                                     DEPARTMENT OF ECE
                                                                Date: 15-05-2009
                             PART-A QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Subject       : Digital signal Processing                   Sub Code : IT1252
           Staff Name: Robert Theivadas.J                     Class     : VII Sem/CSE A&B
                               UNIT-1 - SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
                                              PART A
1. Determine which of the following sinusoids are periodic and compute their fundamental
period
         (a) Cos 0.01πn
         (b) sin (π62n/10)                                  Nov/Dec 2008 CSE
         a) Cos 0.01 πn
                  Wo=0.01 π the fundamental frequency is multiply of π .Therefore the signal is
                  periodic
               Fundamental period
                     N=2π [m/wo]
                             =2π(m/0.01π)
                       Choose the smallest value of m that will make N an integer
               M=0.1
                            N=2π(0.1/0.01π)
                N=20
         Fundamental period N=20
         b) sin (π62n/10)
             Wo=0.01 π the fundamental frequency is multiply of π .Therefore the signal is
             periodic
             Fundamental period
                     N=2π [m/wo]
                               =2π(m/(π62/10))
                       Choose the smallest value of m that will make N an integer
             M=31
                           N=2π(310/62π)
                     N=10
             Fundamental period N=10
2. State sampling theorem                                  Nov/Dec 2008 CSE
         A band limited continuous time signal, with higher frequency f max Hz can be uniquely
recovered from its samples provided that the sampling rate Fs>2fmax samples per second
3. State sampling theorem , and find Nyquist rate of the signal
          x(t)=5 sin250 t + 6cos300 t                     April/May2008 CSE
                  A band limited continuous time signal, with higher frequency f max Hz can be
         uniquely recovered from it‟s samples provided that the sampling rate Fs>2f max samples
         per second.
        Nyquist rate
             x(t)=5 sin250t+ 6cos300 t
      Frequency present in the signals
        F1=125Hz            F2=150Hz
        Fmax=150Hz
        Fs>2Fmax=300 Hz
               The Nyquist rate is FN= 300Hz
4. State and prove convolution property of Z transform.       April/May2008      CSE
         Convolution Property                         (MAY 2006 ECESS)
5. Determine which of the following signals are periodic and compute their
       fundamental period.                        Nov/Dec 2007 CSE
       (a) sin √2пt
       (b) sin 20пt + sin 5пt
       (a) sin √2пt
            wo=√2п .The Fundamental frequency is multiply of п.Therefore, the signal is
            Periodic .
             Fundamental period
                  N=2п [m/wo]
                    = 2п [m/√2п]
                                 m=√2
                       =2п [√2/√2п]
                  N=2
       (b) sin 20пt + sin 5пt
        wo=20п, 5п .The Fundamental frequency is multiply of п.Therefore, the signal is
       Periodic .
        Fundamental period of signal sin 20пt
                       N1=2п [m/wo]
                          =2п [m/20п]         m=1
                          =1/10
            Fundamental period of signal sin 5пt
                       N2=2п [m/wo]
                          =2п [m/5п]        m=1
                          =2/5
                       N1/N2=(1/10)/(2/5)
                       =1/4
                          4N1=N2
                             N= 4N1=N2
                             N=2/5
6. Determine the circular convolution of the sequence x1(n)={1,2,3,1} and
       x2(n)={4,3,2,1}.                                   Nov/Dec 2007 CSE
   Soln:
               x1(n)={1,2,3,1}
               x2(n)={4,3,2,1}.
         Y(n)=     15,16,21,15
7. Define Z transform for x(n)=-nan u(-n-1)                April/May 2008 IT
    X(n) =-nan u(-1-n)
    X (z)=
          =                                               u(-n-1)=0for n>1
          =
          =-
          = -z d/dz X(z)
         =z d/dz(        )=
8. Find whether the signal y= n2 x(n) is linear             April/May 2008 IT
    Y= x(n)
    Y1(n)=T[x1(n)]=       x1(n)
    Y2(n)= T[x2(n)]=      x2(n)
                 The weighted sum of input is
      a1 T[x1(n)]+a2 T[x2(n)]=a1 x1(n)+a2 x2(n)-----------1
      the output due to weighted sum of input is
                       y3(n)=T[a1X1(n)+a2X2(n)]
                                  = a1 x1(n)+a2 x2(n)----------------------------------2
9. Is the system y(n)=ln[x(n)] is linear and time invariant?          (MAY 2006 IT)
         The system y(n)=ln[x(n)] is non-linear and time invariant
         alnx1(n)+blnx2(n) ≠ ln(ax1(n)+bx2(n)  Non-linear system
         lnx (n)=lnx (n-n0)  Time invariant system
10. Write down the expression for discrete time unit impulse and
         unit step function.                                     (APR 2005 IT).
         Discrete time unit impulse function
            δ(n) =1, n=0
                 =0, n≠0
      Discrete time step impulse function.
                  u(n) = 1, for n≥0
                                 = 0 for n<0
11. List the properties of DT sinusoids.                           (NOV 2005 IT)
          DT sinusoid is periodic only if its frequency f is a rational number.
          DT sinusoid whose frequencies are separated by an integer multiple of 2π are
               identical.
12. Determine the response a system with y(n)=x(n-1) for the input signal
             x(n) = |n| for -3≤n≤3
                = 0 otherwise                                (NOV 2005 IT)
          x(n)= {3,2,1,0,1,2,3}
           y(n) = x(n-1) ={3,2,1,0,1,2,3}
13. Define linear convolution of two DT signals.                            (APR 2004 IT)
          y(n)=x(n)*h(n), * represent the convolution operator
          y(n), x(n)&h(n), Output, Input and response of the system respectively.
14. Define system function and stability of a DT system.                   (APR 2004 IT)
         H(z)=Y(z)/X(z)
         H(z),Y(z) & X(z)z-transform of the system impulse, output and input respectively.
15. What is the causality condition for an LTI system?                 (NOV 2004 IT)
         Conditions for the causality
         h(n)=0 for n<0
16. What are the different methods of evaluating inverse z transform.
                                                   (NOV 2004 IT)
                  Long division method
                  Partial fraction expansion method
                  Residue method
                  Convolution method
                             UNIT-II - FAST FOURIER TRANSFORMS
1. Find out the DFT of the signal X(n)=       (n)                Nov/Dec 2008 CSE
               X(n)={1,0,0,0}
               X(k)={1,1,1,1}
2. What is meant by bit reversal and in place commutation as applied to FFT?
                                                                                      Nov/Dec 2008
                                                                                      CSE
                "Bit reversal" is just what it sounds like: reversing the bits in a binary word from
       left to write. Therefore the MSB's become LSB's and the LSB's become MSB's.The data
       ordering required by radix-2 FFT's turns out to be in "bit reversed" order, so bit-reversed
       indexes are used to combine FFT stages.
       Input sample       Binary                 Bit reversed      Bit reversal
       index              Representation         binary            sample index
       0                  000                    000               0
       1                  001                    100               4
       2                  010                    010               2
       3                  011                    110               6
       4                  100                    001               1
       5                  101                    101               5
       6                  110                    011               3
       7                  111                    111               7
       3. Draw radix 4 butterfly structure for (DIT) FFT algorithm
       April/May2008 CSE
4. Find DFT for {1,0,0,1}.                                  April/May2008 CSE /April/May
2008 IT
5. Draw the basic butterfly diagram for radix 2 DIT-FFT and DIF-FFT.
                                                                               Nov/Dec
2007 CSE
     Butterfly Structure for DIT FFT                              MAY 2006 ECESS
                                                                         &(NOV 2006 ITSS)
        The DIT structure can be expressed as a butterfly diagram
        The DIF structure expressed as a butterfly diagram
6. What are the advantages of Bilinear mapping                        April/May 2008 IT
              Aliasing is avoided
              Mapping the S plane to the Z plane is one to one
              The closed left half of the S plane is mapped onto the unit disk of the Z plane
7. How may multiplication and addition is needed for radix-2 FFT? April/May 2008 IT
             Number of complex addition is given by N
             Number of complex multiplication is given by N/2
8. Define DTFT pair?                               (May/June 2007)-ECE
                The DTFT pairs are                           (MAY 2006 IT)
                               -j2πkn/N
                X(k) = x(n)e
                X(n) = x(k)ej2πkn/N
9. Define Complex Conjugate of DFT property.                          (May/Jun 2007)-ECE
                                   DFT
             If              x(n)↔X(k) then
                                    N
                       X*(n)↔(X*(-k))N = X*(N- K)
10.Differentiate between DIT and DIF FFT algorithms.                       (MAY 2006 IT)
    S.No              DIT FFT algorithm                       DIF FFT algorithm
      1     Decimation in time FFT algorithm          Decimation in frequency FFT
                                                      algorithm
            Twiddle factor k=(Nt/2m)                  Twiddle factor k=(Nt/2M-m+1)
      2
11.Give any two properties of DFT                                 (APR 2004 IT SS)
        Linearity : DFT [ax(n)+b y(n)]=a X(K)+bX(K)
        Periodicity: x(n+N)=x(n) for all n
                    X(K+N)=X(K) for all n
12.What are the advantages of FFT algorithm over direct computation of DFT?
                                                        (May/June 2007)-ECE
        The complex multiplication in the FFT algorithm is reduced by (N/2) log2N times.
        Processing speed is very high compared to the direct computation of DFT.
13. What is FFT?                                                                   (Nov/Dec 2006)-
ECE
        The fast Fourier transform is an algorithm is used to calculate the DFT. It is based on
fundamental principal of decomposing the computation of DFT of a sequence of the length N in
to successively smaller discrete Fourier Transforms. The FFT algorithm provides speed increase
factor when compared with direct computation of the DFT.
14.Determine the DIFT of a sequence x(n) = an u(n)                           (Nov/Dec 2006)-ECE
                            x(n) ej2πkn/N
                 X(K) =
                 The given sequence x(n) = an u(n)
                                       x(n) ej2πkn/N
                 DTFT{x(n)} =
                                      j2πk/N n
                           =      (a e      )
                             an = 1-an/(1-a)
                 Where
                 X(K) = (1 – aNej2πk)/ (1-aej2πk/N)
15. What do you mean by in place computation in FFT.                    (APR 2005 IT)
              FFT algorithms, for computing the DFT when the size N is a power of 2 and when it
        is a power of 4
16.Is the DFT is a finite length sequence periodic. Then state the reason                 (APR 2005
ITDSP)
        DFT is a finite length sequence periodic.
                                         N-1
                        X(ej )= Σ x(n) e-jn
                                     n =0
         X(e ) is continuous & periodic in , with period 2π.
             j
                                UNIT-III - IIR FILTER DESIGN
1. What are the requirements for converting a stable analog filter into a stable digital filter?
                                                             Nov/Dec 2008 CSE
     The JΩ axis in the s plane should be map into the unit circle in the Z plane .thus there
        will be a direct relationship between the two frequency variables in the two domains
     The left half plane of the s plane should be map into the inside of the unit circle in the z –
        plane .thus the stable analog filter will be converted to a stable digital filter
    2. Distinguish between the frequency response of chebyshev type I and Type II filter
                                                     Nov/Dec 2008 CSE
        Type I chebyshev filter
        Type II chebyshev filter
        Type I chebyshev filters are all pole filters that exhibit equirpple behavior in the pass
        band and monotonic in stop band .Type II chebyshev filters contain both poles and zeros
        and exhibits a monotonic behavior in the pass band and an equiripple behavior in the stop
        band
3. What is the need for prewraping in the design of IIR filter                 Nov/Dec 2008 CSE
        The warping effect can be eliminated by prewarping the analog filter .This can be done
by finding prewarping analog frequencies using the formula
                                  Ω = 2tan-1ΩT/2
4.Write frequency translation for BPF from LPF                           April/May2008 CSE
        Low pass with cut – off frequency ΏC to band –pass with lower cut-off frequency Ώ1 and
higher cut-off frequency Ώ2:
        S ------------- ΏC (s2 + Ώ1 Ώ2) / s (Ώ2 - Ώ1)
            The system function of the high pass filter is then
            H(s) = Hp { ΏC ( s2 + Ώ1 Ώ2) / s (Ώ2 - Ώ1)}
5.Compare Butterworth, Chebyshev filters                                           April/May2008
CSE
        Butter Worth Filter                               Chebyshev filters.
        Magnitude response of Butterworth filter          Magnitude response of chebyshev filter
        decreases monotonically, as frequency             exhibits ripple in pass band
         increases from 0       ∞
         Poles on the butter worth lies on the circle        Poles of the chebyshev filter lies on the
                                                             ellipse
6. Determine the order of the analog Butterworth filter that has a -2 db pass band
   attenuation at a frequency of 20 rad/sec and atleast -10 db stop band attenuation at 30
    rad/sec.
                                                                                      Nov/Dec 2007CSE
              αp =2 dB; Ωp =20 rad/sec
             αs = 10 dB; Ωs = 30 rad/sec
                                log√100.1 αs -1/ 100.1 αp -1
                         N≥
                                  Log αs/ αp
                                log√10 -1/ 100.2 -1
                         N≥
                               Log 30/ 20
                           ≥3.37
             Rounding we get N=4
7. By Impulse Invariant method, obtain the digital filter transfer function
        and differential equation of the analog filter H(s)=1 / (s+1)                  Nov/Dec 2007
     CSE
                       H(s) =1/(s+1)
           Using partial fraction
                       H(s) =A/(s+1)
                            = 1/(s-(-1)
           Using impulse invariance method
                       H (z) =1/1-e-Tz-1
           AssumeT=1sec
                    H(z)=1/1-e-1z-1
                    H(z)=1/1-0.3678z-1
8.Distinguish between FIR and IIR filters.                                  Nov/Dec 2007 CSE
          Sl.No     IIR                                        FIR
          1         H(n) is infinite duration                  H(n) is finite duration
          2         Poles as well as zeros are                 These are all zero filters.
                    present. Sometimes all pole
                    filters are also designed.
          3         These filters use feedback                 These filters do not use
                    from output. They are                      feedback. They are nonrecursive.
                    recursive filters.
          4         Nonlinear phase response. Linear           Linear phase response for
                    phase is obtained if                        h(n) = ± h(m-1-n)
                    H(z) = ±Z-1H(Z-1)
          5         These filters are to be designed for       These are inherently stable
                    stability                                   filters
         6         Number of                                  More
                   multiplication requirement is less.
         7         More complexity of implementation Less complexity of implementation
         8         Less memory is required                    More memory is requied
         9         Design procedure is complication           Less complicated
         10        Design methods:                            Design methods:
                       1. Bilinear Transform                      1. Windowing
                       2. Impulse invariance.                     2. Frequency sampling
         11        Can be used where sharp                    Used where linear phase
                   cutoff characteristics                     characteristic is essential.
                   with minimum order are required
9.Define Parsevals relation                                     April/May 2008 IT
         If X1(n) and X2(n) are complex valued sequences ,then
                              = 1/2∏j
        10.What are the advantages and disadvantages of bilinear transformation?
        (May/June 2006)-ECE                Advantages:
            1. Many to one mapping.
            2. linear frequency relationship between analog and its transformed digital frequency,
            Disadvantage:
                 Aliasing
11.What is frequency warping? (MAY 2006 IT DSP)
                  The bilinear transform is a method of compressing the infinite, straight analog
            frequency axis to a finite one long enough to wrap around the unit circle only once.
            This is also sometimes called frequency warping. This introduces a distortion in the
            frequency. This is undone by pre-warping the critical frequencies of the analog filter
            (cutoff frequency, center frequency) such that when the analog filter is transformed
            into the digital filter, the designed digital filter will meet the desired specifications.
12. Give any two properties of Butterworth filter and chebyshev filter. (Nov/Dec 2006)
            a. The magnitude response of the Butterworth filter decreases monotonically as the
                     frequency increases (Ώ) from 0 to ∞.
            b. The magnitude response of the Butterworth filter closely approximates the ideal
                     response as the order N increases.
            c. The poles on the Butterworth filter lies on the circle.
            d. The magnitude response of the chebyshev type-I filter exhibits ripple in the pass
                     band.
            e. The poles of the Chebyshev type-I filter lies on an ellipse.
                         S = (2/T) (Z-1) (Z+1)
13.Find the transfer function for normalized Butterworth filter of order 1 by determining
the pole values.                                                      (MAY 2006 IT DSP)
            Poles = 2N
            N=1
            Poles = 2
14..Differentiate between recursive and non-recursive difference equations.
                                                    (APR 2005 ITDSP)
          The FIR system is a non-recursive system, described by the difference
            equation              M-1
                             y(n) = Σ bkx(n-k)
                                      k=0
                   The IIR system is a non-recursive system, described by the difference
         equation                  N           M
                             y(n) = Σ bkx(n-k)- Σ aky(n-k)
                                      k=0       k=1
15.Find the order and poles of Butterworth LPF that has -3dB bandwidth of 500 Hz and an
attenuation of -40 dB at 1000 Hz.              (NOV 2005 ITDSP)
              αp = -3dB αs = -40dB Ωs = 1000*2π rad/sec Ωp=500*2π
              The order of the filter N ≥(log(λ/ε))/(log(Ωs/Ωp))
                λ = (100.1αs-1)1/2 = 99.995
                ε = (100.1αp-1)1/2 = 0.9976
                N = (log(99.995/0.9976))/(log(2000π/1000π)) = 2/0.3 = 6.64
                N ≥ 6.64 = 7
               Poles=2N=14
16.What is impulse invariant mapping? What is its limitation?                  (Apr/May 2005)-ECE
                 The philosophy of this technique is to transform an analog prototype filter into an
    IIR discrete time filter whose impulse response [h(n)] is a sampled version of the analog
    filter‟s impulse response, multiplied by T.This procedure involves choosing the response of
    the digital filter as an equi-spaced sampled version of the analog filter.
17.Give the bilinear transformation.                                 (Nov/Dec 2003)-ECE
                   The bilinear transformation method overcomes the effect of aliasing that is
             caused due to the analog frequency response containing components at or beyond the
             nyquist frequency. The bilinear transform is a method of compressing the infinite,
             straight analog frequency axis to a finite one long enough to wrap around the unit
             circle only once.
18.Mention advantages of direct form II and cascade structures.                    (APR 2004
ITDSP)
              (i) The main advantage direct form-II structure realization is that the number of delay
              elements is reduced by half. Hence, the system complexity drastically reduces the
              number of memory elements .
              (ii) Cascade structure realization, the system function is expressed as a product of
              several sub system functions. Each sum system in the cascade structure is realized in
              direct form-II. The order of each sub system may be two or three (depends) or more.
19. What is prewarping?                                        (Nov/Dec 2003)-ECE
                   When bilinear transformation is applied, the discrete time frequency is related
              continuous time frequency as,
                      Ω = 2tan-1ΩT/2
                   This equation shows that frequency relationship is highly nonlinear. It is also
              called frequency warping. This effect can be nullified by applying prewarping. The
              specifications of equivalent analog filter are obtained by following relationship,
                            Ω = 2/T tan ω/2
                 This is called prewarping relationship.
                                        UNIT-IV - FIR FILTER DESIGN
1.What is gibb’s Phenomenon.                                         April/May2008 CSE
                                         The oscillatory behavior of the approximation XN(W) to the
         function X(w) at a point of discontinuity of X(w) is called Gibb‟s Phenomenon
2.Write procedure for designing FIR filter using windows.                     April/May2008 CSE
              1. Begin with the desired frequency response specification Hd(w)
            2. Determine the corresponding unit sample response hd(n)
            3. Indeed hd(n) is related to Hd(w) by the Fourier Transform relation.
3.What are Gibbs oscillations?                                                    Nov/Dec 2007
CSE
               Oscillatory behavior observed when a square wave is reconstructed from finite
        number of harmonics.
                 The unit cell of the square wave is given by
                 Its Fourier series representation is
4. Explain briefly the need for scaling in the digital filter realization         Nov/Dec 2007
CSE
                 To prevent overflow, the signal level at certain points in the digital filters must be
        scaled so that no overflow occur in the adder
5. What are the advantages of FIR filters?                              April/May 2008 IT
              1.FIR filter has exact linear phase
              2.FIR filter always stable
              3.FIR filter can be realized in both recursive and non recursive structure
              4.Filters wit h any arbitrary magnitude response can be tackled using FIR sequency
6. Define Phase Dealy                                    April/May 2008 IT
              When the input signal X(n) is applied which has non zero response
                                  the output signal y(n) experience a delay with respect to the input
        signal .Let the input signal be
        X(n)=A                   , +
        Where A= Maximum Amplitude of the signal
        Wo=Frequency in radians
        f=phase angle
        Due to the delay in the system response ,the output signal lagging in phase             but the
        frequency remain the same
        Y(n)=            A                            ,
        In This equation that the output is the time delayed signal and is more commonly known
        as phase delayed at w=wo                          Is called phase delay
        7. State the advantages and disadvantages of FIR filter over IIR filter.
                                                         (MAY 2006 IT DSP) & (NOV 2004
        ECEDSP)
             Advantages of FIR filter over IIR filter
               It is a stable filter
               It exhibit linear phase, hence can be easily designed.
               It can be realized with recursive and non-recursive structures
               It is free of limit cycle oscillations when implemented on a finite word length
                   digital system
            Disadvantages of FIR filter over IIR filter
               Obtaining narrow transition band is more complex.
               Memory requirement is very high
               Execution time in processor implementation is very high.
8. List out the different forms of structural realization available for realizing a FIR system.
                                                                                (MAY 2006 IT DSP)
                  The different types of structures for realization of FIR system are
               1.Direct form-I 2. Direct form-II
9. What are the desirable and undesirable features of FIR Filters?                   (May/June        2006)-
ECE
             The width of the main lobe should be small and it should contain as much of total
energy as possible.The side lobes should decease in energy rapidly as w tends to π
10. Define Hanning and Blackman window functions.                 (May/June 2006)-ECE
             The window function of a causal hanning window is given by
                  WHann(n) = 0.5 – 0.5cos2πn/ (M-1), 0≤n≤M-1
                               0,           Otherwise
             The window function of non-causal Hanning window I s expressed by
                  WHann(n) = 0.5 + 0.5cos2πn/ (M-1), 0≤|n|≤(M-1)/2
                               0,           Otherwise
             The width of the main lobe is approximately 8π/M and thee peak of the first side lobe is
             at -32dB.
         The window function of a causal Blackman window is expressed by
          WB(n) = 0.42 – 0.5 cos2πn/ (M-1) +0.08 cos4πn/(M-1), 0≤n≤M-1
                     = 0,             otherwise
         The window function of a non causal Blackman window is expressed by
          WB(n) = 0.42 + 0.5 cos2πn/ (M-1) +0.08 cos4πn/(M-1), 0≤|n|≤(M-1)/2
                     = 0,              otherwise
             The width of the main lobe is approximately 12π/M and the peak of the first side lobe is
             at -58dB.
11. What is the condition for linear phase of a digital filter?                (APR 2005 ITDSP)
                h(n) = h(M-1-n) Linear phase FIR filter with a nonzero response at ω=0
                h(n) = -h(M-1-n)Low pass Linear phase FIR filter with a nonzero
                response at ω=0
12. Define backward and forward predictions in FIR lattice filter.                  (NOV 2005 IT)
         The reflection coefficient in the lattice predictor is the negative of the cross correlation
coefficients between forward and backward prediction errors in the lattice.
13. List the important characteristics of physically realizable filters. (NOV 2005 ITDSP)
Symmetric and anti- symmetric
                  Linear phase frequency response
                  Impulse invariance
14. Write the magnitude function of Butterworth filter. What is the effect of varying order of N
on magnitude and phase response? (Nov/Dec2005) -ECE
               |H(jΏ)|2 = 1 / [ 1 + (Ώ/ΏC)2N] where N= 1,2,3,....
15. List the characteristics of FIR filters designed using window functions. NOV 2004
ITDSP
                  the Fourier transform of the window function W(ejw) should have a small width
                  of main lobe containing as much of the total energy as possible
             the fourier transform of the window function W(ejw) should have side lobes that
                  decrease in energy rapidly as w to π. Some of the most frequently used window
                  functions are described in the following sections
16. Give the Kaiser Window function.                               (Apr/May 2004)-ECE
                  The Kaiser Window function is given by
                       WK(n) = I0(β) / I0(α) , for |n| ≤ (M-1)/2
                  Where α is an independent variable determined by Kaiser.
                       Β = α[ 1 – (2n/M-1)2]
17. What is meant by FIR filter? And why is it stable?                 (APR 2004 ITDSP)
            FIR filter  Finite Impulse Response. The desired frequency response of a FIR
            filter can be represented as
                         ∞
            Hd(ejω)= Σ hd(n)e-jωn
                      n= -∞
                       If h(n) is absolutely summable(i.e., Bounded Input Bounded Output Stable).
                  So, it is in stable.
18. Mention two transformations to digitize an analog filter.              (APR 2004 ITDSP)
                  (i)       Impulse-Invariant transformation techniques
                  (ii)      Bilinear transformation techniques
19. Draw the direct form realization of FIR system.                             (NOV        2004
ITDSP)
20.Give the equation specifying Barlett and hamming window.                (NOV 2004 ITDSP)
The transfer function of Barlett window
             wB(n) = 1-(2|n|)/(N-1), ((N-1)/2)≥n≥-((N-1)/2)
             The transfer function of Hamming window
             whm(n) = 0.54+0.46cos((2πn)/(N-1), ((N-1)/2)≥n≥-((N-1)/2) α = 0.54
                           UNIT-V - FINITE WORD LENGTH EFFECTS
1. Compare fixed point and floating point arithmetic. Nov/Dec 2008 CSE&MAY 2006 IT
         Fixed Point Arithmetic                    Floating Point Arithmetic
                                                    It covers a large range of numbers
              It covers only the dynamic
                                                     It attains its higher accuracy
              range.
                                                    Hardware implementation is costlier
              Compared to FPA, accuracy
              is poor                              and difficult to design
                                                    It is not preferred for real time
              Compared to FPA it is low
              cost and easy to design              operations.
                                                    Truncation and rounding errors occur
              It is preferred for real time
              operation system                     both for multiplication and addition
                                                    Processing speed is low
              Errors occurs only for
                                                     Overflow is a range phenomenon
              multiplication
             Processing speed is high
             Overflow         is        rare
              phenomenon
2.What are the errors that arise due to truncation in floating point numbers
                                                                                     Nov/Dec 2008
                                                                            CSE
                 1.Quantization error
                 2.Truncation error
                 Et=Nt-N
3.What are the effects of truncating an infinite flourier series into a finite series?
                                                                                    Nov/Dec 2008
                                                                                    CSE
4. Draw block diagram to convert a 500 m/s signal to 2500 m/s signal and state the problem
due to this conversion                                                           April/May2008
CSE
5.List errors due to finite world length in filter design                       April/May2008
CSE
                 Input quantization error
                 Product quantization error
                 Coefficient quantization error
5. What do you mean by limit cycle oscillations in digital filter?                  Nov/Dec 2007
CSE
               In recursive system the nonlinearities due to the finite precision arithmetic
        operations often cause periodic oscillations to occur in the output ,even when the input
        sequence is zero or some non zero constant value .such oscillation in recursive system
        are called limit cycle oscillation
7.Define truncation error for sign magnitude representation and for 2’s complement
   Representation                              April/May 2008 IT&APR 2005 IT
               Truncation is a process of discarding all bits less significant than least significant bit
        that is retained For truncation in floating point system the effect is seen only in
        mantissa.if the mantissa is truncated to b bits ,then the error satisfies
               0≥ > -2.2-b for x >0 and
               0≤ < -2.2-b for x <0
8. What are the types of limit cycle oscillation?                          April/May 2008 IT
        i.Zero input limit cycle oscillation
         ii.overflow limit cycle oscillation
9. What is meant by overflow limit cycle oscillations? (May/Jun 2006 )
                  In fixed point addition, overflow occurs due to excess of results bit, which are
        stored at the registers. Due to this overflow, oscillation will occur in the system. Thus
        oscillation is called as an overflow limit cycle oscillation.
10. How will you avoid Limit cycle oscillations due to overflow in addition(MAY 2006 IT
DSP)
             Condition to avoid the Limit cycle oscillations due to overflow in addition
             |a1|+|a2|<1
                a1 and a2 are the parameter for stable filter from stability triangle.
11.What are the different quantization methods?                       (Nov/Dec 2006)-ECE
                   amplitude quantization
                   vector quantization
                   scalar quantization
12.List the advantages of floating point arithmetic.                 (Nov/Dec 2006)-ECE
                Large dynamic range
                Occurrence of overflow is very rare
                Higher accuracy
13.Give the expression for signal to quantization noise ratio and calculate the improvement
with an increase of 2 bits to the existing bit.
                                                    (Nov/Dec 2006, Nov/Dec 2005)-ECE
                  SNRA / D = 16.81+6.02b-20log10 (RFS /ζx) dB.
                  With b = 2 bits increase, the signal to noise ratio will increase by 6.02
                  X 2 = 12dB.
14. What is truncation error?                                        (APR 2005 ITDSP)
                           Truncation is an approximation scheme wherein the rounded number or
                  digits after the pre-defined decimal position are discarded.
15. What are decimators and interpolators?                                (APR 2005 ITDSP)
                           Decimation is a process of reducing the sampling rate by a factor D, i.e.,
                  down-sampling. Interpolation is a process of increasing the sampling rate by a
                  factor I, i.e., up-sampling.
16.What is the effect of down sampling on the spectrum of a signal?
                                                     (APR 2005 ITDSP) & (APR 2005 ITDSP)
                The signal (n) with spectrum X(ω) is to be down sampled by the factor D. The
        spectrum X(ω) is assumed to be non-zero in the frequency interval 0≤|ω|≤π.
17.Give the rounding errors for fixed and floating point arithmetic.
                                                                                 (APR 2004 ITDSP)
                   A number x represented by b bits which results in bR after being
            Rounded off. The quantized error εR due to rounding is given by
                           εR=QR(x)-x
                 where QR(x) = quantized number(rounding error)
                    The rounding error is independent of the types of fixed point arithmetic, since
                it involves the magnitude of the number. The rounding error is symmetric about
                zero and falls in the range.
                            -((2-bT-2-b)/2)≤ εR ≤((2-bT-2-b)/2)
                εR may be +ve or –ve and depends on the value of x.
                The error εR incurred due to rounding off floating point number is in the range
                    -2E.2-bR/2)≤ εR ≤2E.2-bR/2
18.Define the basic operations in multirate signal processing.
                                                                                 (APR 2004 ITDSP)
                The basic operations in multirate signal processing are
                      (i)Decimation
                      (ii)Interpolation
                Decimation is a process of reducing the sampling rate by a factor D, i.e., down-
                sampling. Interpolation is a process of increasing the sampling rate by a factor I,
                i.e., up-sampling.
19. Define sub band coding of speech.                           (APR 2004 ITDSP)
                                             & (NOV 2003 ECEDSP) & (NOV 2005 ECEDSP)
                      Sub band coding of speech is a method by which the speech signal is
                subdivided into several frequency bands and each band is digitally encode
                separately. In the case of speech signal processing, most of its energy is
                contained in the low frequencies and hence can be coded with more bits then
                high frequencies.
20.What is the effect of quantization on pole locations?            (NOV 2004 ITDSP)
                  N
          D(z) = Π (1-pkz-1)
                 k=1
                ▲pk is the error or perturbation resulting from the quantization of the filter
                coefficients
21.What is an anti-imaging filter?                                 (NOV 2004 ITDSP)
                      The image signal is due to the aliasing effect. In caseof decimation by M,
                there will be M-1 additional images of the input spectrum. Thus, the input
                spectrum X(ω) is band limited to the low pass frequency response. An anti-
                aliasing filter eliminates the spectrum of X(ω) in the range (л/D≤ ω ≤π.
               The anti-aliasing filter is LPF whose frequency response HLPF(ω) is given by
               HLPF(ω) = 1, |ω|≤ л/M
                       = 0, otherwise.
                D  Decimator
22.What is a decimator? If the input to the decimator is x(n)={1,2,-1,4,0,5,3,2}, What is the
output?                                                       (NOV 2004 ITDSP)
                 Decimation is a process of reducing the sampling rate by a factor D, I.e., down-
                 sampling.
                 x(n)={1,2,-1,4,0,5,3,2}
                 D=2
                 Output y(n) = {1,-1,0,3}
23.What is dead band?                              (Nov/Dec 2004)-ECE
                   In a limit cycle the amplitude of the output are confined to a range of value,
          which is called dead band.
24.How can overflow limit cycles be eliminated?                    (Nov/Dec 2004)-ECE
              Saturation Arithmetic
              Scaling
25.What is meant by finite word length effects in digital filters?
                                                                              (Nov/Dec 2003)-ECE
                   The digital implementation of the filter has finite accuracy. When numbers are
          represented in digital form, errors are introduced due to their finite accuracy. These
          errors generate finite precision effects or finite word length effects.
                 When multiplication or addition is performed in digital filter, the result is to be
          represented by finite word length (bits). Therefore the result is quantized so that it can
          be represented by finite word register. This quantization error can create noise or
          oscillations in the output. These effects are called finite word length effects.
                                              PART B
                               UNIT-1 - SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
1.Determine whether the following signals are Linear ,Time Variant, causal and stable
        (1) Y(n)=cos[x(n)]                                    Nov/Dec 2008 CSE
        (2) Y(n)=x(-n+2)
        (3) Y(n)=x(2n)
        (4) Y(n)=x(n)+nx(n+1)
            Refer book : Digital signal processing by Ramesh Babu .(Pg no 1.79)
2. Determine the causal signal x(n) having the Z transform              Nov/Dec 2008 CSE
              X(z)=
        Refer book : Digital signal processing by Ramesh Babu .(Pg no 2.66)
3. Use convolution to find x(n) if X(z) is given by                     Nov/Dec 2008 CSE
                                              for ROC
        Refer book : Digital signal processing by Ramesh Babu .(Pg no 2.62)
4.Find the response of the system if the input is {1,4,6,2} and impulse response of the
system is {1,2,3,1}
                                        April/May2008CSE
                Refer book: Digital signal processing by A.Nagoor kani .(Pg no 23-24)
5.find rxy and r yx for x={1,0,2,3} and y={4,0,1,2}.                             April/May2008
CSE
      Refer book : Digital signal processing by Ramesh Babu .(Pg no 1.79)
6. (i) Check whether the system y(n)=ay(n-1)+x(n) is linear ,casual,
              shift variant, and stable
                 Refer book : Digital signal processing by Ramesh Babu .(Pg no 1.51-1.57)
   (ii) Find convolution of {5,4,3,2} and {1,0,3,2}                       April/May2008 CSE
                 Refer book : Digital signal processing by Ramesh Babu .(Pg no 1.79)
7. (i) Compute the convolution y(n) of the signals
                       an, -3≤n≤5
           x(n)=
                       0 , elsewhere
                        and
                     h (n)=      1, 0≤n≤4
                                 0, elsewhere                      Nov/Dec 2007 CSE
8.A discrete-time system can be static or dynamic, linear or nonlinear,
          Time invariant or time varying, causal or non causal, stable or unstable. Examine
          the following system with respect to the properties also.
          (1) y(n) = cos [x(n)]
          (2) y(n)=x(-n+2)
          (3) y(n)=x(2n)
          (4) y(n)=x(n).cosWo(n)
                                                                            Nov/Dec 2007 CSE
                 Refer book : Digital signal processing by Ramesh Babu .(Pg no 1.185-1.197)
9.(i) Determine the response of the casual system.
      y(n)-y(n-1)=x(n)+x(n-1) to inputs x(n)=u(n) and x(n)=2-n u(n). Test its
               stability.
              (ii) Determine the IZT of X(z)=1 / [(1-z-1)(1-z-1)2]         Nov/Dec 2007 CSE
                       Refer book : Digital signal processing by A.Nagoor kani .
                   (Pg no 463)
10.(i)Determine the Z-transform of the signal x(n)=anu(n)-bnu(-n-1), b>a and plot the
             ROC.
                   Refer John G Proakis and Dimtris G Manolakis, “Digital Signal Processing
                   Principles, Algorithms and Application”, PHI/Pearson Education, 2000, 3rd
                   Edition. Page number (157)
(ii) Find the steady state value given Y(z)={0.5/[(1-0.75z-1)(1-z-1)]}
                   Refer John G Proakis and Dimtris G Manolakis, “Digital Signal Processing
                   Principles, Algorithms and Application”, PHI/Pearson Education, 2000, 3rd
                   Edition. Page number (207)
(iii) Find the system function of the system described by
                       y(n)-0.75y(n-1)+0.125y(n-2)=x(n)-x(n-1) and plot the poles and zeroes of
11.(i) find the convolution and correlation for x(n)={0,1,-2,3,-4} and h(n)={0.5,1,2,1,0.5}.
                 Refer book : Digital signal processing by Ramesh Babu .(Pg no 1.79)
(ii)Determine the Impulse response for the difference equation
          Y(n) + 3 y(n-1)+2y(n-2)=2x(n)-x(n-1)                     April/May2008 IT
                Refer book : Digital signal processing by Ramesh Babu .(Pg no 2.57)
12. (i) Compute the z-transform and hence determine ROC of x(n) where
                                          u(n).n ≥ 0
                                (1/3) n
          X (n) =
                                 (1/2) -n u(n).n<0
                Refer book : Digital signal processing by Ramesh Babu .(Pg no 2.20)
    (iii)   prove the property that convolution in Z-domains multiplication in time domain
                                                         April/May2008 IT
                Refer book : Digital signal processing by Ramesh Babu .(Pg no 1.77)
13.Find the response of the system if the input is {1,4,6,2} and impulse response of the
system is {1,2,3,1}                                                      April/May2008CSE
               Refer book: Digital signal processing by A.Nagoor kani .(Pg no 23-24)
14.find rxy and r yx for x={1,0,2,3} and y={4,0,1,2}.                      April/May2008 CSE
       Refer book : Digital signal processing by Ramesh Babu .(Pg no 1.79)
15.(i) Check whether the system y(n)=ay(n-1)+x(n) is linear ,casual,
              shift variant, and stable
                Refer book : Digital signal processing by Ramesh Babu .(Pg no 1.51-1.57)
   (ii) Find convolution of {5,4,3,2} and {1,0,3,2}                      April/May2008 CSE
                Refer book : Digital signal processing by Ramesh Babu .(Pg no 1.79)
16. (i) Compute the convolution y(n) of the signals
                       an, -3≤n≤5
           x(n)=
                       0 , elsewhere
                        and
                     h (n)=      1, 0≤n≤4
                                 0, elsewhere                      Nov/Dec 2007 CSE
17.A discrete-time system can be static or dynamic, linear or nonlinear,
          Time invariant or time varying, causal or non causal, stable or unstable. Examine
          the following system with respect to the properties also.
          (1) y(n) = cos [x(n)]
          (2) y(n)=x(-n+2)
          (3) y(n)=x(2n)
          (4) y(n)=x(n).cosWo(n)
                                                                             Nov/Dec 2007 CSE
                 Refer book : Digital signal processing by Ramesh Babu .(Pg no 1.185-1.197)
18.(i) Determine the response of the casual system.
      y(n)-y(n-1)=x(n)+x(n-1) to inputs x(n)=u(n) and x(n)=2-n u(n). Test its
               stability.
              (ii) Determine the IZT of X(z)=1 / [(1-z-1)(1-z-1)2]          Nov/Dec 2007 CSE
                       Refer book : Digital signal processing by A.Nagoor kani .
                   (Pg no 463)
19.(i)Determine the Z-transform of the signal x(n)=anu(n)-bnu(-n-1), b>a and plot the
             ROC.
                   Refer John G Proakis and Dimtris G Manolakis, “Digital Signal Processing
                   Principles, Algorithms and Application”, PHI/Pearson Education, 2000, 3 rd
                   Edition. Page number (157)
(ii) Find the steady state value given Y(z)={0.5/[(1-0.75z-1)(1-z-1)]}
                   Refer John G Proakis and Dimtris G Manolakis, “Digital Signal Processing
                   Principles, Algorithms and Application”, PHI/Pearson Education, 2000, 3 rd
                   Edition. Page number (207)
(iii) Find the system function of the system described by
              y(n)-0.75y(n-1)+0.125y(n-2)=x(n)-x(n-1) and plot the poles and zeroes of
              H(z).                                            (MAY 2006 ITDSP)
                  Refer signals and systems by P. Ramesh babu , page no:10.65
                   (To find the impulse response h(n) and take z-transform.)
20.(i)Using Z-transform, compute the response of the system
            y(n)=0.7y(n-1)-0.12y(n-2+x9n-1)+x(n-2) to the input x(n)=nu(n). Is the system
            stable?
              Refer signals and systems by chitode, page no:4.99
     (ii)State and prove the properties of convolution sum.            (MAY 2006 ECESS)
              Refer signals and systems by chitode, page no:4.43 to 4.45
21.State and prove the sampling theorem. Also explain how reconstruction of original signal
is done from the sampled signal.                        (NOV 2006 ECESS)
         Refer signals and systems by chitode, page no:3-2 to 3-7
22.Explain the properties of an LTI system.                       (NOV 2006 ECESS)
          Refer signals and systems by chitode, page no:4.47 to 4.49
23.a. Find the convolution sum for the x(n) =(1/3)-n u(-n-1) and h(n)=u(n-1)
              Refer signals and systems by P. Ramesh babu , page no:3.76,3.77
    b. Convolve the following two sequences linearly x(n) and h(n) to get y(n).
           x(n)= {1,1,1,1} and h(n) ={2,2}.Also give the illustration
              Refer signals and systems by chitode, page no:67
    c. Explain the properties of convolution.                         (NOV2006 ECESS)
              Refer signals and systems by chitode, page no:4.43 to 4.45
24. Check whether the following systems are linear or not
              1. y(n) = x2(n)
              2. y(n) = nx(n)                                    (APRIL 2005 ITDSP)
                  Refer John G Proakis and Dimtris G Manolakis, “Digital Signal Processing
              Principles, Algorithms and Application”, PHI/Pearson Education, 2000, 3rd Edition.
              Page number (67)
25.(i)Determine the response of the system described by,
            y(n)-3y(n-1)-4y(n- 2)=x(n)+2x(n-1) when the input sequence is x(n)=4n u(n).
            Refer signals and systems by P. Ramesh babu , page no:3.23
     (ii)Write the importance of ROC in Z transform and state the relationship between Z
             transforms to Fourier transform.                (APRIL 2004 ITDSP)
                  Refer John G Proakis and Dimtris G Manolakis, “Digital Signal Processing
              Principles, Algorithms and Application”, PHI/Pearson Education, 2000, 3rd Edition.
              Page number (153)
              Refer S Poornachandra & B Sasikala, “Digital Signal Processing”,
             Page number (6.10)
                           UNIT-II - FAST FOURIER TRANSFORMS
1.By means of DFT and IDFT ,Determine the sequence x3(n) corresponding to the circular
convolution of the sequence x1(n)={2,1,2,1}.x2(n)={1,2,3,4}.               Nov/Dec 2008 CSE
           Refer book : Digital signal processing by Ramesh Babu .(Pg no 3.46)
2. State the difference between overlap save method and overlap Add method
                                                                  Nov/Dec 2008 CSE
          Refer book : Digital signal processing by Ramesh Babu .(Pg no 3.88)
3. Derive the key equation of radix 2 DIF FFT algorithm and draw the relevant flow graph
taking the computation of an 8 point DFT for your illustration                 Nov/Dec 2008
CSE
          Refer book : Digital signal processing by Nagoor Kani .(Pg no 215)
4. Compute the FFT of the sequence x(n)=n+1 where N=8 using the in place radix 2
decimation in frequency algorithm.                                Nov/Dec 2008 CSE
          Refer book : Digital signal processing by Nagoor Kani .(Pg no 226)
5. Find DFT for {1,1,2,0,1,2,0,1} using FFT DIT butterfly algorithm and
            plot the spectrum                                                   April/May2008
CSE
          Refer book : Digital signal processing by Ramesh Babu .(Pg no 4.17)
6. (i)Find IDFT for {1,4,3,1} using FFT-DIF method                              April/May2008
CSE
    (ii)Find DFT for {1,2,3,4,1}                                                 (MAY 2006
ITDSP)
                   Refer book : Digital signal processing by Ramesh Babu .(Pg no 4.29)
7.Compute the eight point DFT of the sequence x(n)={ 1⁄2,1⁄2,1⁄2,1⁄2,0,0,0,0} using radix2
decimation in time and radix2 decimation in frequency algorithm. Follow exactly the
corresponding signal flow graph and keep track of all the intermediate quantities by
putting them on the diagram.                                                Nov/Dec 2007 CSE
                   Refer book : Digital signal processing by Ramesh Babu .(Pg no 4.30)
8.(i) Discuss the properties of DFT.
                Refer book : Digital signal processing by S.Poornachandra.,B.sasikala.
                 (Pg no 749)
(ii)Discuss the use of FFT algorithm in linear filtering.                     Nov/Dec 2007
CSE
                Refer book : Digital signal processing by John G.Proakis .(Pg no 447)
9.(i) if x(n)      N pt DFT      X(k) then, prove that
       X1(n)x2(n)=1/N [Xt(k) X2(k)].                                 April/May2008 IT
                                     N
                   Refer book : Digital signal processing by Ramesh Babu .(Pg no 3.34)
   (ii) Find 8 Point DFT of x(n)=0.5,0≤n≤3 Using DIT FFT
                                           0, 4≤n≤7                  April/May2008 IT
                   Refer book : Digital signal processing by Ramesh Babu .(Pg no 4.32)
10.Derive the equation for radix 4 FFT for N=4 and Draw the butterfly Diagram.
                                                                                April/May2008 IT
11. (i) Compute the 8 pt DFT of the sequence
             x(n)={0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0,0,0,0} using radix-2 DIT FFT
          Refer P. Ramesh babu, “Signals and Systems”.Page number (8.89)
(ii) Determine the number of complex multiplication and additions involved in a N-
             point Radix-2 and Radix-4 FFT algorithm.                 (MAY 2006 ITDSP)
          Refer John G Proakis and Dimtris G Manolakis, “Digital Signal Processing Principles,
          Algorithms and Application”, PHI/Pearson Education, 2000, 3 rd Edition. Page number
          (456 & 465)
12.Find the 8-pt DFT of the sequence x(n)={1,1,0,0}                             (APRIL      2005
ITDSP)
            Refer P. Ramesh babu, “Signals and Systems”. Page number (8.58)
13.Find the 8-pt DFT of the sequence
          x(n)= 1, 0≤n≤7
                 0, otherwise
          using Decimation-in-time FFT algorithm                           (APRIL 2005 ITDSP)
            Refer P. Ramesh babu, “Signals and Systems”.Page number (8.87)
14.Compute the 8 pt DFT of the sequence
           x(n)={0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0,0,0,0} using DIT FFT                     (NOV 2005 ITDSP)
          Refer P. Ramesh babu, “Signals and Systems”.Page number (8.89)
15.By means of DFT and IDFT , determine the response of an FIR filter with impulse
response h(n)={1,2,3},n=0,1,2 to the input sequence x(n) ={1,2,2,1}.
                                                                 (NOV 2005 ITDSP)
        Refer P. Ramesh babu, “Signals and Systems”.Page number (8.87)
16.(i)Determine the 8 point DFT of the sequence
                         x(n)= {0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0}
            Refer P. Ramesh babu, “Signals and Systems”.Page number (8.58)
    (ii)Find the output sequence y(n) if h(n)={1,1,1} and x(n)={1,2,3,4} using circular
           convolution                                       (APR 2004 ITDSP)
              Refer P. Ramesh babu, “Signals and Systems”.Page number (8.65)
17. (i)What is decimation in frequency algorithm? Write the similarities and differences
between DIT and DIF algorithms.                     (APR 2004 ITDSP) & (MAY 2006 ECEDSP)
             Refer P. Ramesh babu, “Signals and Systems”. Page number (8.70-8.80)
18.Determine 8 pt DFT of x (n)=1for -3≤n≤3 using DIT-FFT algorithm                (APR 2004
ITDSP)
            Refer P. Ramesh babu, “Signals and Systems”. Page number (8.58)
19.Let X(k) denote the N-point DFT of an N-point sequence x(n).If the DFT of X(k)is
   computed to obtain a sequence x1(n). Determine x1(n) in terms of x(n)              (NOV 2004
ITDSP)
         Refer John G Proakis and Dimtris G Manolakis, “Digital Signal Processing Principles,
     Algorithms and Application”, PHI/Pearson Education, 2000, 3rd Edition. Page number (456 &
     465)
                                 UNIT-III - IIR FILTER DESIGN
1.Design a digital filter corresponding to an analog filter H(s)=             using the impulse
invariant method to work at a sampling frequency of 100 samples/sec
                                                                Nov/Dec 2008 CSE
          Refer book : Digital signal processing by Ramesh Babu .(Pg no5.40)
2.Determine the direct form I ,direct form II ,Cascade and parallel structure for the system
          Y(n)=-0.1y(n-1)+0.72y(n-2)+0.7x(n)-0.25x(n-2)              Nov/Dec 2008 CSE
          Refer book : Digital signal processing by Ramesh Babu .(Pg no5.61)
3.What is the main drawback of impulse invariant method ?how is this overcome by
bilinear transformation?                                  Nov/Dec 2008 CSE
          Refer book : Digital signal processing by Ramesh Babu .(Pg no5.46)
4.Design a digital butter worth filter satisfying the constraints         Nov/Dec 2008 CSE
          0.707≤         ≤1 for 0 ≤w≤
                          ≤0.20 for     ≤w≤
          With T=1 sec using bilinear transformation .realize the same in Direct form II
          Refer book : Digital signal processing by Ramesh Babu .(Pg no5.79)
5. (i)Design digital filter with H(s) =                     using T=1sec.
(ii)Design a digital filter using bilinear transform for H(s)=2/(s+1)(s+2)with cutoff
frequency as 100 rad/sec and sampling time =1.2 ms                              April/May2008
CSE
                Refer book : Digital signal processing by A.Nagoor kani .(Pg no 341)
6. (i) Realize the following filter using cascade and parallel form with
              direct form –I structure
                          1+z-1 +z -2+ 5z-3
                        ( 1+Z-1)(1+2Z-1+4Z-2)
          ( ii) Find H(s) for a 3 rd order low pass butter worth filter         April/May2008
          CSE
                   Refer book : Digital signal processing by Ramesh Babu .(Pg no 5.8)
7.(i) Derive bilinear transformation for an analog filter with system function
           H(s) =b / (s+a)
                 Refer book: Digital signal processing by John G.Proakis .(Pg no 676-679)
   (ii)Design a single pole low pass digital IIR filter with -3 db bandwidth of
              0.2п by use of bilinear transformation.                           Nov/Dec 2007
CSE
8.(i) Obtain the Direct Form I, Direct Form II, cascade and parallel realization for the
following system Y(n)= -0.1y(n-1)+0.2y(n-2)+3x(n)+3.6x(n-1)+0.6x(n-2)
                   Refer book : Digital signal processing by Ramesh Babu .(Pg no 5.68)
   (ii) Discuss the limitation of designing an IIR filter using impulse
        invariant method.                                     Nov/Dec 2007 CSE
          Refer book : Digital signal processing by A.Nagoor kani . (Pg no 330)
9. Design a low pass Butterworth filter that has a 3 dB cut off frequency of 1.5 KHz and an
attenuation of 40 dB at 3.0 kHz                                         April/May2008 IT
                   Refer book : Digital signal processing by Ramesh Babu .(Pg no 5.14)
10. (i) Use the Impulse invariance method to design a digital filter from an analog
     prototype that has a system function
                                  April/May2008 IT
                                  Ha(s)=s+a/((s+a)2 +b2 )
                   Refer book : Digital signal processing by Ramesh Babu .(Pg no 5.42)
(ii) Determine the order of Cheybshev filter that meets the following specifications
      (1) 1 dB ripple in the pass band 0≤|w| ≤ 0.3 b
      (2) Atleast 60 dB attrnuation in the stop band 0.35∏ ≤|w| ≤∏ Use Bilinear
          Transformation
                   Refer book : Digital signal processing by Ramesh Babu .(Pg no 5.27)
11.(i) Convert the analog filter system functionHa(s)={(s+0.1)/[(s+0.1)2+9]} into a digital IIR
filter using impulse invariance method.(Assume T=0.1sec)                (APR 2006 ECEDSP)
           Refer John G Proakis and Dimtris G Manolakis, “Digital Signal Processing Principles,
           Algorithms and Application”, PHI/Pearson Education, 2000, 3rd Edition. Page number
           (675)
12.Determine the Direct form II realization for the following system:
    y(n)=-0.1y(n-1+0.72y(n-2)+0.7x(n)-0.252x(n-2). (APRIL 2005 ITDSP)
          Refer John G Proakis and Dimtris G Manolakis, “Digital Signal Processing Principles,
          Algorithms and Application”, PHI/Pearson Education, 2000, 3 rd Edition. Page number
          (601-7.9b)
13.Explain the method of design of IIR filters using bilinear transform method.
                                                      (APRIL 2005 ITDSP)
                Refer John G Proakis and Dimtris G Manolakis, “Digital Signal Processing
        Principles, Algorithms and Application”, PHI/Pearson Education, 2000, 3 rd Edition. Page
        number (676-8.3.3)
14.Explain the following terms briefly:
               (i)Frequency sampling structures
               (ii)Lattice structure for IIR filter                (NOV 2005 ITDSP)
                Refer John G Proakis and Dimtris G Manolakis, “Digital Signal Processing
        Principles, Algorithms and Application”, PHI/Pearson Education, 2000, 3 rd Edition. Page
        number (506 &531)
15.Consider the system described by
                y(n)-0.75y(n-1)+0.125y(n-2)=x(n)+0.33x(n-1).
                Determine its system function                   (NOV 2005 ITDSP)
                Refer John G Proakis and Dimtris G Manolakis, “Digital Signal Processing
        Principles, Algorithms and Application”, PHI/Pearson Education, 2000, 3 rd Edition. Page
        number (601-7.37)
16.Find the output of an LTI system if the input is x(n)=(n+2) for 0≤n≤3 and h(n)=a nu(n) for
all n                                             (APR 2004 ITDSP)
            Refer signals and systems by P. Ramesh babu , page no:3.38
17.Obtain cascade form structure of the following system:
y(x)=-0.1y(n-1)+0.2y(n-2)+3x(n)+3.6x(n-1)+0.6x(n-2)              (APR 2004 ITDSP)
                Refer John G Proakis and Dimtris G Manolakis, “Digital Signal Processing
            Principles, Algorithms and Application”, PHI/Pearson Education, 2000, 3 rd Edition.
            Page number (601-7.9c)
18.Verify the Stability and causality of a system with
        H(z)=(3-4Z-1)/(1+3.5Z-1+1.5Z-2)                        (APR 2004 ITDSP)
                Refer John G Proakis and Dimtris G Manolakis, “Digital Signal Processing
            Principles, Algorithms and Application”, PHI/Pearson Education, 2000, 3rd Edition.
            Page number (209)
                                   UNIT-IV - FIR FILTER DESIGN
1.Design a FIR linear phase digital filter approximating the ideal frequency response
                                                              Nov/Dec 2008 CSE
        With T=1 Sec using bilinear transformation .Realize the same in Direct form II
        Refer book : Digital signal processing by Nagoor Kani .(Pg no 367)
2.Obtain direct form and cascade form realizations for the transfer function of the system
given by
                                                                           Nov/Dec 2008
                         CSE
        Refer book : Digital signal processing by Nagoor Kani .(Pg no 78)
3.Explain the type I frequency sampling method of designing an FIR filter.
                                                                                  Nov/Dec 2008
                                                                                  CSE
          Refer book : Digital signal processing by Ramesh Babu .(Pg no6.82)
4.Compare the frequency domain characteristics of various window functions .Explain how
a linear phase FIR filter can be used using window method.                Nov/Dec 2008 CSE
          Refer book : Digital signal processing by Ramesh Babu .(Pg no6.28)
5. Design a LPF for the following response .using hamming window with
             N=7
                                                                          April/May2008 CSE
6. (i) Prove that an FIR filter has linear phase if the unit sample response satisfies the
condition h(n)= ±h(M-1-n), n=0,1,....M-1. Also discuss symmetric and antisymmetric cases
of FIR filter. Nov/Dec 2007
                  Refer book: Digital signal processing by John G.Proakis .
                  (Pg no 630-632)
(ii) Explain the need for the use of window sequences in the design of FIR filter. Describe
the window sequences generally used and compare their properties.
                                               Nov/Dec 2007 CSE
                  Refer book : Digital signal processing by A.Nagoor kani .(Pg no 292-295)
7.(I) Explain the type 1 design of FIR filter using frequency sampling
       technique.                                                    Nov/Dec 2007 CSE
                  Refer book : Digital signal processing by A.Nagoor kani .(Pg no 630-632)
   (ii)A low pass filter has the desired response as given below
                                         e-i3w, 0≤w<∏/2
                              jw
                         Hd(e )=
                                            0, ∏/2≤<∏
Determine the filter coefficients h(n) for M=7 using frequency sampling
method.
                                                                                  Nov/Dec 2007
                                                                          CSE
8.(i) For FIR linear phase Digital filter approximating the ideal frequency response
                                  Hd(w) = 1 ≤|w| ≤∏ /6
                                            0 ∏ /6≤ |w| ≤∏
Determine the coefficients of a 5 tap filter using rectangular Window
                   Refer book : Digital signal processing by A.Nagoor kani .(Pg no 415
    (ii) Determine the unit sample response h(n) of a linear phase FIR filter of Length M=4
for which the frequency response at w=0 and w= ∏/2 is given as Hr(0) ,Hr(∏/2) =1/2
                                                                       April/May2008 IT
                   Refer book : Digital signal processing by A.Nagoor kani .(Pg no 310)
9.(i) Determine the coefficient h(n) of a linear phase FIR filter of length M=5 which has
symmetric unit sample response and frequency response
                                  Hr(k)=1      for k=0,1,2,3
                                          0.4 for k=4
                                          0     for k=5, 6, 7 April/May2008 IT(NOV 2005 ITDSP)
                   Refer book : Digital signal processing by A.Nagoor kani .(Pg no 308)
                                  m-1
(ii) Show that the equation ∑ h(n)=sin (wj-wn)=0,is satisfied for a linear phase FIR filter
                                  n=0
      of length 9
                                                     April/May2008 IT
10. Design linear HPF using Hanning Window with N=9
                                                    -п to Wc and Wc to п
                                       H(w) =1
                                            =0     otherwise
                                                                                 April/May2008 IT
                     Refer book : Digital signal processing by A.Nagoor kani .(Pg no 301)
11.Explain in detail about frequency sampling method of designing an FIR filter.
                                      (NOV 2004 ITDSP) & ( NOV 2005 ITDSP)
           Refer John G Proakis and Dimtris G Manolakis, “Digital Signal Processing
          Principles, Algorithms and Application”, PHI/Pearson Education, 2000, 3 rd
           Edition. Page number (630)
12.Explain the steps involved in the design of FIR Linear phase filter using window method.
                                                  (APR 2005 ITDSP)
                   Refer John G Proakis and Dimtris G Manolakis, “Digital Signal Processing
          Principles, Algorithms and Application”, PHI/Pearson Education, 2000, 3rd
           Edition. Page number (8.2.2 & 8.2.3)
13.(i)What are the issues in designing FIR filter using window method?
           Refer John G Proakis and Dimtris G Manolakis, “Digital Signal Processing
           Principles, Algorithms and Application”, PHI/Pearson Education, 2000, 3rd
           Edition. Page number (8.2)
    (ii)An FIR filter is given by
           y(n)=2x(n)+(4/5)x(n-1)+(3/2)x(n-2)+(2/3)x(n-3) find the lattice structure
                  coefficients                                              (APR 2004 ITDSP)
                   Refer S Poornachandra & B Sasikala, “Digital Signal Processing”,
                                         Page number (FIR-118)
                           UNIT-V - FINITE WORD LENGTH EFFECTS
1.Draw the circuit diagram of sample and hold circuit and explain its operation
                                                              Nov/Dec 2008 CSE/ Nov/Dec 2007
                                                              CSE
           Refer book : Digital signal processing by Ramesh Babu .(Pg no1.172)
2. The input of the system y(n)=0.99y(n-1)+x(n) is applied to an ADC .what is the power
produced by the quantization noise at the output of the filter if the input is quantized to 8
bits
                                                                                   Nov/Dec 2008
                                                                           CSE
          Refer book : Digital signal processing by Nagoor Kani .(Pg no 423)
3.Discuss the limit cycle in Digital filters                     Nov/Dec 2008 CSE
          Refer book : Digital signal processing by Nagoor Kani .(Pg no 420)
4.What is vocoder? Explain with a block diagram Nov/Dec 2008 CSE/ Nov/Dec 2007 CSE
          Refer book : Digital signal processing by Ramesh Babu .(Pg no10.7)
    (ii) Discuss about multirate Signal processing                    April/May 2008 CSE
                  Refer book : Digital signal processing by Ramesh Babu .(Pg no 8.1)
5. (i) Explain how the speech compression is achieved .
   (ii) Discuss about quantization noise and derive the equation for
       finding quantization noise power.                           April/May2008CSE
                  Refer book : Digital signal processing by Ramesh Babu.(Pg no 7.9-7.14)
6. Two first order low pass filter whose system functions are given below are connected in
cascade. Determine the overall output noise
   power. H1(z) = 1/ (1-0.9z-1) and H2(z) = 1/ (1-0.8z-1)                  Nov/Dec 2007 CSE
                  Refer book: Digital signal processing by Ramesh Babu. (Pg no 7.24)
7. Describe the quantization errors that occur in rounding and
        truncation in two’s complement.                          Nov/Dec 2007 CSE
                  Refer book : Digital signal processing by John G.Proakis .(Pg no 564)
                                                       m
8. Explain product quantization and prove бerr2 =∑ б2oi                    April/May2008 IT
                                                        i=1
                 Refer book : Digital signal processing by A.Nagoor kani .(Pg no 412)
9.A cascade Realization of the first order digital filter is shown below ,the system function
of the individual section are H1(z)=1/(1-0.9z-1 ) and H2(z) =1/(1-0.8z-1) .Draw the product
quantization noise model of the system and determine the overall output noise power
                                                                 April/May2008 IT
                  Refer book : Digital signal processing by A.Nagoor kani .(Pg no 415)
9. (i) Show dead band effect on y(n) = .95 y(n-1)+x(n) system restricted to 4 bits .Assume
       x(0) =0.75 and y(-1)=0
             Refer book : Digital signal processing by A.Nagoor kani .(Pg no 423-426)
11. Explain the following terms briefly:
                (i)Perturbation error
                (ii)Limit cycles                                    (NOV 2005 ITDSP)
                  Refer John G Proakis and Dimtris G Manolakis, “Digital Signal Processing
              Principles, Algorithms and Application”, PHI/Pearson Education, 2000, 3 rd Edition.
              Page number(7.7.1 &7.7.2)
12.(i) Explain clearly the downsampling and up sampling in multirate signal
       processing.                                           (APRIL 2005 ITDSP)
                  Refer John G Proakis and Dimtris G Manolakis, “Digital Signal Processing
                 Principles, Algorithms and Application”, PHI/Pearson Education, 2000, 3 rd
                 Edition. Page number (784-790)
   (ii)Explain subband coding of speech signal
                      (NOV 2003 ITDSP) & (NOV 2004 ITDSP) & (NOV 2005 ITDSP)
                 Refer John G Proakis and Dimtris G Manolakis, “Digital Signal Processing
                 Principles, Algorithms and Application”, PHI/Pearson Education, 2000, 3 rd
                 Edition. Page number(831-833)
13.(i) Derive the spectrum of the output signal for a decimator
(ii) Find and sketch a two fold expanded signal y(n) for the input
                                        (APR 2004 ITDSP) &(NOV 2004 ITDSP)
                 Refer John G Proakis and Dimtris G Manolakis, “Digital Signal Processing
                 Principles, Algorithms and Application”, PHI/Pearson Education, 2000, 3 rd
                 Edition. Page number (788)
14.(i)Propose a scheme for sampling rate conversion by a rational factor I/D.
                                                                          (NOV 2004 ITDSP)
                  Refer John G Proakis and Dimtris G Manolakis, “Digital Signal Processing
                 Principles, Algorithms and Application”, PHI/Pearson Education, 2000, 3 rd
                 Edition. Page number (790)
15. Write applications of multirate signal processing in Musical sound processing
                                                    (NOV 2004 ITDSP)
                 Refer John G Proakis and Dimtris G Manolakis, “Digital Signal Processing
             Principles, Algorithms and Application”, PHI/Pearson Education, 2000, 3 rd Edition.
             Page number (952)
16. With examples illustrate (i) Fixed point addition (ii) Floating point multiplication (iii)
Truncation (iv) Rounding.(APR 2005 ITDSP) & (NOV 2003 ITDSP)
                 Refer John G Proakis and Dimtris G Manolakis, “Digital Signal Processing
             Principles, Algorithms and Application”, PHI/Pearson Education, 2000, 3 rd Edition.
             Page number (7.5)
17. Describe a single echo filter using in musical sound processing.
                                                 (APRIL 2004 ITDSP)
             Refer John G Proakis and Dimtris G Manolakis, “Digital Signal Processing
             Principles, Algorithms and Application”, PHI/Pearson Education, 2000, 3 rd Edition.
             Page number (12.5.3)


BEST OF LUCK......

To all my BROTHERS and SISTERS great wishes to all..

2011-04-03T08:04:00.000+05:30

Enjoy the victory...
Proud to be an INDIAN...

Regards,
NIRMAL KUMAR.
DEPT OF IT.
IRTT.

Yuvi..............

2011-04-03T07:53:00.000+05:30

Yuvraj Singh portfolio

Yuvraj Singh is born 12 December 1981 in Chandigarh, India. His father is Yograj Singh is former Indian fast bowler and Punjabi movie star .

Yuvraj first came to attention when he captained the Under-19 Punjab cricket team in the final of the Cooch-Behar Trophy against Bihar Under-19s, in which he scored 358 runs. He then gained selection for the Under-19 World Cup in Sri Lanka in January 2000, where he was part of a team lead by Mohammed Kaif which won the tournament. Yuvraj was subsequently selected in 2000 for the first intake of the National Cricket Academy in Bangalore.

Yuvraj made his One Day International debut against Kenya at Nairobi in 2000, at the ICC KnockOut Trophy. He showed his potential in his second ODI which was against the Australians where he scored a quickfire 84 off 82 balls against a quality pace attack consisting of bowlers like Glenn McGrath, Brett Lee and Jason Gillespie.

One of his most memorable innings was a partnership with Mohammad Kaif in the NatWest Series final against England in July 2002 which led India to victory. He scored his first century in his fourth season with the Indian team against Bangladesh in 2003.

Yuvraj had a good run of form late in 2005 and early in 2006, in the ODI format of the game. He was named as the man of the series in three consecutive series, against South Africa and then against Pakistan and England, in which he scored three centuries and four half-centuries in fifteen matches, which propelled him into the top ten of the ICC ODI batting rankings.

During the Pakistan tour, at times when captain and vice-captain Rahul Dravid and Virender Sehwag were absent, Yuvraj was the on-field captain, indicating that he may be seen as a potential captain.

His performance was recognised with his shortlisting by the ICC as one of four nominees for the Internation One Day player of the year award.

In September 2007, he was named as the ODI vice captain of Mahendra Singh Dhoni after the resignation of Rahul Dravid. In November 2008, he hit 138* from 78 balls against England at Rajkot, taking 64 balls to reach his century, which at the time was the second fastest by an Indian in ODIs, after Mohammad Azharuddin's century in 1988 against New Zealand came off 62 balls. After reaching 50 from 42 balls, he added a further 88 in the next 36 balls.

Yuvraj made his Test debut against New Zealand in Mohali in late 2003 in front of his home crowd in Punjab due to the absence of regular captain Sourav Ganguly in the No. 6 position. He scoredhis first Test century in a losing effort against Pakistan in the second Test at Lahore.

Yuraj made T20 debut against Scotland at Kingsmead, Durban - Sep 13, 2007. On 19 September 2007 against England in the ICC World Twenty20 Super 8 match held at Kingsmead in Durban, he hit 6 sixes in an over up against Stuart Broad. This helped him to reach the fastest fifty ever in Twenty20 game, off just 12 balls and also the fastest in any form of international cricket. This was the fourth time that six sixes had been hit in one over in senior cricket, the first time in Twenty20 cricket, and the first time in any form of international cricket against a bowler from a test playing nation. (Garfield Sobers and Ravi Shastri did it in first class matches, and Herschelle Gibbs did it in a 2007 Cricket World Cup match against Dutch bowler Daan van Bunge.) He has also hit the longest six of the tournament:119 meters off of Australian bowler Brett Lee.

Yuvraj was awarded a Porsche 911 car for his 6 sixes achievement by the Vice President of the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI), Lalit Modi. Yuvraj also received Rs.10,000,000 (US$252,716) in cash from the BCCI for his splendid performance in the tournament. Yuvraj also scored 70 runs off 30 balls and went on to claim the Man of the Match against Australia in the World Twenty20 semifinals at Durban.

He was the icon player and captain for Indian Premier League team Kings XI Punjab in the first two seasons; in 2010, the third season, icon player status was abolished and the captaincy given to Kumar Sangakkara. On 1 May 2009, Yuvraj picked uphis first hat-trick in T20 cricket against Royal Challengers Bangalore at Kingsmead in Durban, the same ground where he hit his six sixes. He dismissed Robin Uthappa, Mark Boucher and Jacques Kallis. On 17 May 2009, Yuvraj picked up his second Twenty20 hat-trick against Deccan Chargers at the Wanderers Stadium in Johannesburg. Yuvraj dismissed Herschelle Gibbs, Andrew Symonds and Venugopal Rao.

FORMAT	Vs	VENUE	DATE
TESTS	New Zealand	Mohali	Oct 16, 2003
ODIS	Kenya	Nairobi	Oct 03, 2000
T20	Scotland	Durban	Jan 09, 2011

our team leader!!!

2011-04-03T07:49:00.000+05:30

INDIA'S HERO

M.S. Dhoni with
1^st ICC T20 World Cup

Mahendra Singh Dhoni, is born on 7^th June, 1981. Dhoni was born and brought up in Ranchi, Bihar (now Jharkhand). His father’s name is Pan Singh and mother’s name is Devki Devi. Dhoni has a sister Jayanti and a brother Narendra.

Dhoni studied at DAV Jawahar Vidya Mandir, Shyamali, Ranchi, Jharkhand where he initially excelled in badminton and football and was selected at district and club level in these sports.Dhoni was a goalkeeper for his football team and was sent to play cricket for a local cricket club by his football coach. Though he had not played cricket, Dhoni impressed with his wicket keeping skills and became the regular wicketkeeper at the Commandocricket club. Based on his performance at club cricket, he was picked for the 1997/98 season Vinoo Mankad Trophy Under-16 Championship and he performed well.

Mahendra Singh Dhoni played for the Bihar cricket team during the 1998/99 cricket season and was selected to represent India-A for a tour to Kenya in 2004. Dhoni made multiple centuries against the Pakistan-A team in a tri-nation seriesand was selected in the Indian national team later in that year.

His one day international debut came after playing five years of first class cricket on the 23^rd December, 2004 Vs Bangladesh at Chittagong, Bangladesh. Unfortunately, he was run out on the first ball he faced. It wasn’t a great debut for him where batting is concerned. Luck wasn’t on his side in the first four matches he played. Where as on the fifth match which was played against Pakistan at Visakhapatnam, Dhoni came to the crease at one down and scored 148 runs from just 123 balls. He hit 15 boundaries and four sixes. He got his first Man of the match award that day. This is the highest score by an Indian wicketkeeper. Later in the year, he broke his own record as well as set the current world record for the highest score in the second innings in ODI matches as he scored 183* on 31^st of October, 2005 against Srilanka which was played at Sawai Mansingh Stadium, Jaipur. Adam Gilchrist was the former record holder with 172 runs. Sri Lanka had set India a target of 299 after a Kumar Sangakkara century and in reply, India lost Tendulkar early. Dhoni was promoted to accelerate the scoring and ended the game with an unbeaten 183 off 145 balls, winning the game for India – an innings described in Wisden Almanack (2006) as "Uninhibited, yet anything but crude".

Dhoni's success in the limited overs format secured him a place in the test team. On the 2^nd of December 2005, Dhoni made his Test cricket debut against Srilanka which was played in Chennai. Dhoni replaced Dinesh Karthik in December 2005 as the Indian Test wicket-keeper.

Dhoni scored 30 runs in his debut match that was marred by rain. Dhoni came to the crease when the team was struggling at 109/5 and as wickets kept falling around him, he played an aggressive inningsand was the last man dismissed. Dhoni made his maiden half-century in the second Test and his quick scoring rate (half century came off 51 balls) aided India to set a target of 436 and the Sri Lankans were bowled out for 247

India toured Pakistan in January/February 2006 and Dhoni scored his maiden century in the second Test at Faisalabad. India were left in a tight spot as Dhoni was joined by Irfan Pathan with the team still 107 away from avoiding follow-on. Dhoni played his typical aggressive innings as he scored his maiden test century in just 93 balls after scoring his first fifty in just 34 deliveries.

Consistent performances in ODI cricket through the end of the 2005/06 season saw Dhoni briefly ranked as the No. 1 batsman in the ICC ODI ratings. Dhoni overtook Ricky Ponting as number one in the ICC ODI rankings for batsmen on 20 April 2006. Dhoni topped the ICC ODI Batsman rankings for several months continuously in 2009, it was Hussy from Australia who replaced him for the top spot in the beginning of 2010.

Dhoni's form dipped through 2006 as India lost matches at the ICC Champions trophy, DLF Cup, away bilateral series against West Indies and South Africa. A return to form in the home series against West Indies and Sri Lanka in early 2007 proved to be an inaccurate indicator of Dhoni's form as India crashed out of the first round in the 2007 Cricket World Cup. Dhoni was out for a duck in both India's losses. After the World Cup, Dhoni won the Man of the series award in the bilateral ODI tournament against Bangladesh.

Dhoni was nominated as the vice-captain of the ODI team for the series against South Africa in Ireland and the subsequent India-England 7-match ODI series. And was elected as captain of Indian Twenty-20 Cricket Team for the World Twenty20 in September 2007. He led India to the ICC World Twenty 20 trophy in South Africa with a victory over arch rivals Pakistan in an intensely fought final on 24 September 2007, and became the second Indian captain to have won a World cup in any form of cricket, after Kapil Dev.

He, then went on to become the ODI captain of the Indian team for the seven-match ODI series against Australia in September 2007.

He made his debut as full-time Test captain of India during the fourth and final test against Australia at Nagpur in November 2008 replacing Anil Kumble who retired from cricket after the third test. India eventually won that Test thus clinching the series 2–0 and retained the Border-Gavaskar Trophy. Dhoni had previously captained India on a stand-in basis againstSouth Africa and Australia in 2008 and 2009 respectively.

Dhoni also led team India to number one position in ICC rankings in test cricket for the first time. Dhoni has also been the recipient of many awards including the ICC ODI Player of the Year award in 2008 and 2009 (the first Indian player to achieve this feat), the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award and the Padma Shri, India's fourth highest civilian honour in 2009.

As of January 2010, Dhoni is the highest ranked ODI batsman on the ICC Rankings List. Dhoni was named as captain of Wisden's first-ever Dream Test XI Team in 2009 and has topped the list of world’s top 10 earning cricketers compiled by Forbes. He was named as the captain of ICC World Test and ICC ODI teams for 2009.

Today's Review..

2011-04-03T07:40:00.000+05:30

Quickly Copy Any Youtube Video Embed Code For Website or Blog

Posted: 02 Apr 2011 02:03 AM PDT

There are times when you will need to embed a video in a website or blog in such cases there are 2 ways you can get the embed code, youtube has recently made some changes to their user interface design with which they made copying the embed code of a video so easy and quick.
Today we will discuss all the possible ways to copy the youtube video embed and also on how you can customize the code as per your preference.

The best and easiest way to copy the embed code for a youtube video is to just right click on the video while its playing and then select the option to copy the embed code as shown in the image below.

Please note that the above method will copy the embed code in the form of Object Code, with size ratio of Width x Height [ 640 x 390 ] pixels by default. Another method to copy and customize the youtube video embed code is to just click the embed button the bottom of the video frame as shown in the image below.

It will show the embed code, which you can copy as shown in the image below, but this will be the new video embed code with the iframe tag.

As you can see in the image above, you can also select different sizes for video frame from different size options shown above or else you can specify the custom width and height too.
Quickly Copy Any Youtube Video Embed Code For Website or Blog is a post from Technix Update

Skip, Play Youtube Video From Some Time Point In Between The Video

Posted: 02 Apr 2011 12:34 AM PDT

There times when you may want to share a youtube video with some of your friends, but you may realize that you want to share a part of the youtube video which is interesting enough. In such case you will might need to tell your friend to skip to certain time while playing the youtube video link, Telling the specific times could a pain task as you and for your friend some times.
Youtube now allows you to copy the youtube video URL at current time from which you can share with your friend and the video will start playing from that time at which you copied the video URL as you can understand more through the screenshot below.

In order to copy the video URL at a current time, you just need to right click on the video at time which you want to make start point at which it should start playing. Once you have copied the URL at current time, share it with others and the youtube video will automatically start playing at that time where you copied the youtube video URL.
Skip, Play Youtube Video From Some Time Point In Between The Video is a post from Technix Update

Angry Birds Movie Theme UI For Windows 7

Posted: 01 Apr 2011 01:54 PM PDT

Angry Birds has become more and more popular since the day it has been launched, The game is available to play for all the common mobile platform including ios, Symbian, android and recently Rovio the company behind this game launched the PC version of the game as well.
Now the craze has gone to the next level as a new movie is coming soon, see the official video trailer below new movie on angry birds

Official Trailer For Angry Birds Movie Theme

Now the craze is gone to a further level, as Microsoft has recently released a windows 7 theme based on the movie angry birds and it is listed on the official Microsoft personalization gallery under windows 7 themes. Below are some screenshots we took after applying this theme on our windows 7 machine.

Download Angry Birds Rio Movie Windows 7 Theme [Windows 7 Personalization Gallery]
Angry Birds Movie Theme UI For Windows 7 is a post from Technix Update

Firefox 4 for Android Review!!!

2011-04-02T07:31:00.000+05:30

Firefox 4 For Android Detailed Review – Sync With Computer Explained

Posted: 31 Mar 2011 01:35 AM PDT

The mobile phone market has seen a serious changeover with the introduction of Android based smart phones and the change is slowly forcing older phones put of the market. The new phones are extremely potent in terms of functionality, gaming experience, useful applications, web browsing and a lot of other things which otherwise were lacking.
Out of all the qualities mentioned above the one finding maximum use is the Internet browsing one and with no surprise, developers from across the world have been working on providing the best browsing experience with some of the best browser applications like Opera, Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer etc.
Mozilla Firefox has moved one step ahead and has released the latest Firefox 4 Mobile version on Android Market website recently which provides some improved features including:

Tabbed Browsing
Add On Compatibility
Synchronization With Computer Firefox Version
One Touch Bookmarking
Auto Hiding Controls

The above features are self explanatory but the synchronization feature is the most unique one as it would hardly 10 min to sync your phone browser with the desktop browser and then you can see all the tabs, bookmarks etc of your PC browser on your Firefox mobile. Isn’t it great ? If you say no then I would request you to think over again.

How To Sync Your Firefox Mobile Browser With PC Firefox Browser

The Firefox sync feature shares the bookmarks,passwords, settings, history and tabs of course and the following steps will guide you through the procedure.

On your desktop browser click the Firefox button on the top left corner and go to options and then click on the sync tab. Further create a new account with a valid email id, password and a SYNC key which has to be kept secret.

Once you are done with adding all the details and noting down the key, the next window asks you to enter text so as to confirm that you are not a robot and after all this just click the finish button and the first part ends there.
Next important step is to sync your phone browser, for which you need to swipe on the screen after opening the browser and then going to the preferences. Under sync section, click connect after which a code will be displayed.

Lastly it’s the part where the you have to create a connection between your device and your desktop. Once the sync on the browser is completed the Sync tab in the same, instead of showing the Set Up Sync option will now show let you decide what you wish to sync i .e. tabs, bookmarks etc. Just above the section you would see ADD A DEVICE option. Click on it and add the code that you had noted down from you phone browser and then finish the setup.

This will be it and you are done with the Sync process. In case you are not near you computer you can also click on I’m not near my computer option provided on the browser window where the code was provided.

Note: – The key provided by your desktop browser needs to be kept secret and is non recoverable. SO we would recommend you to save it at a safe place.

Download Mozilla Firefox – [Android Market]

Amazon Cloud Drive!!!

2011-04-02T07:29:00.000+05:30

Cloud computing, is one of the technologies which is revolutionizing the technology these days and after reading the news mentioned below you will also agree with me. Amazon is ready to provide you a space of 5GB for free; you must have got the idea of the news after taking a look at the title of the post. You need not to worry about keeping the music files on your system; rather you can use that space for storing something confidential on your system. Just take a look at the post to get to know more about this cloud space offer.

Amazon has started to offer 5GB space to all the users for free, but if you are not satisfied with this space and you wish to extend this space by more space like 20 Gb or 50GB then you will have to pay $20 and $50 respectively per year and if you still lots of more space than the previous one, then they have got a deal for you which is worth $1000 per year for every Terabyte. Let me tell you about a punch in this whole information, if you go for buying a Music album from Amazon then your cloud space will be upgraded to 20 GB and I think that it’s a great deal.
You just have to get an Amazon account and then you will be able to get that 5GB space. If you have got some of the music on that cloud space, then you can go for playing that music from the Amazon Application for the Android but till one iOS users cannot get this feature for them. I think free 5GB space will be very much helpful for the users who tend to keep most of their documents online which can help them to access it from anywhere in this world. Just click the link mentioned below to go for registering for the cloud drive.
So, go on sharing this piece of information with your friends and then please let us know about your own views and suggestion or if you have got anything new related to this post then just put them down in the comments sections and we will be glad to share it with all the readers on your behalf (if we found it genuine and useful). I am sure that this will really help you to work intelligently on internet. So, keep reading and surfing!!!
Amazon Cloud Drive

Do an Magic in Facebook from your mobile!!!!!!

2011-03-14T07:14:00.000+05:30

Hide, Delete Facebook Navigation Links Of Apps, Options In Left Side Bar List

Posted: 13 Mar 2011 05:07 AM PDT

Facebook with time has gone through many changes, if you are frequent user of facebook you might have added different applications on your facebook profile which keeps appearing on the left side navigation menu as shown in the image below.

Just in case you don’t want to see some links of apps and other options you can easily delete them in some options and they will be shown and will go the normally hidden list of options which are not shown as usual.
In order to delete or hide any of these apps or options you just need to place your cursor on the left side where it shows you a cross to hide these apps as shown in the image below.

You just need to click cross icon shown on the left side of the app or option entry to hide it. Just in case when ever you want to see all hidden apps, you just need to click see hidden link to access all the hidden apps and options which are not shown in the left side bar list as shown in the image below.

Hide, Delete Facebook Navigation Links Of Apps, Options In Left Side Bar List is a post from Technix Update

How To Find Facebook Pages You Have Created Or Managing

Posted: 13 Mar 2011 03:54 AM PDT

With time facebook design keeps changing and some of the issues I see being faced by many people is to locate different options on facebook. One of that issue which was faced by me was I could not locate the option to manage the facebook pages you have created and managing.
As per the new design, here is how you can access the facebook pages as illustrated in procedure below.

1. Firstly make sure that you are logged into facebook.com
2. Once you are logged in, go to the facebook homepage by clicking the facebook logo on the left top corner on facebook page.
Note: Once you are on the facebook home page, the URL you see in address bar will be www.facebook.com as shown in the image below.

3. Now scroll down the page, and click on more link as shown in the image.

4. Once you click more, you will see more options expanded in the left side navigation panel on facebook, there you will see facebook pages and ads which you need to click to access or manage the facebook pages you have created or you are admin of as shown in the image below.

or else if you still cant locate it, you can go to the URL below directly.
http://www.facebook.com/pages/manage
How To Find Facebook Pages You Have Created Or Managing is a post from Technix Update

Funny Webcam Capture Tool – Make Videos And Take Pictures With Effects

Posted: 13 Mar 2011 01:36 AM PST

We like to take the pictures with our webcam. But it seems to be very boring to take pictures with no additional features. Or the other way is use picasa or some other software. But it will only make changes in the pictures and any additional feature. If you like the funky stuff or some additional accessories, you have to search a lot. Sometimes you may end up with paying for the just adding few features to your pictures. So, today I would like to review a freeware known as ManyCam to resolve the matter that to completely free of cost.
ManyCam is a small freeware of 14.4 MB. You can add all the funky features like masks, funny eyeglasses and many more. You can have wonderful backgrounds, effects or drawings etc. Also, various sources can be used to add to your pictures or videos. The user interface has been displayed in the snapshot below.

You might feel that every next software just blabber about the features but when you download them, you find nothing. So, lets see what are the additional features actually presented by the tool. Firstly, I would like to discuss about the effects:

Objects: The further subheadings and the features are as: Avatars for the animal faces, flags of various countries, fun with funky small pictures, holidays with Christmas pictures and others.

Backgrounds: There are two types of backgrounds: Dynamic and Static.

Effects: It can be the colors as are present in your cell phones or digicams like Ghost, Sepia etc.; Dynamic for fire, snow; Lens for few funny effects and lines for different types of boundaries our the person.

Face Accessories: It consists of 3D Masks, various eyebrows, eyeglasses as are in cartoons, faces like clowns etc, hair styles (especially for girls) and the beautiful hats.

Text Over Video: You can enter the text that be added over the picture. Also, you can set the transparency level and the colors.

Date & Time: There are various formats, fonts and colors in which you can add the time and date.

Drawing Over Video: You can draw with the pen or brush.Then lets see the different sources available. You can use the webcam with your system or the google camera adaptor. You can add the movies, still images, snapshot images, desktop. Also, there can be blank image and the playlist. On the right hand side, there are grayscales for change the color effects. You can chnage the pixel size. Apart form all these if you want to search for any of the additional feature, there link to the website is link alongwith every option. So that, you can easily do that also.The freeware has been tested on Windows 7, and it is also compatible with XP and Vista. The freeware is also designed for Mac OSX 10.5 or greater. Download ManyCam

Funny Webcam Capture Tool – Make Videos And Take Pictures With Effects is a post from Technix Update

Watch IBNLive News On Nokia Symbian Mobile Phone [For S60 5th Edition]

Posted: 13 Mar 2011 01:31 AM PST

Nokia Ovi store is evolving very rapidly and undoubtedly the number of applications are increasing every second. Till date we have talked about many applications for touch screen phones of which most perform the task of tweaking or gaming or messaging etc but today we are going to talk about an app that would keep you updated with the latest ongoing in the country.
Available on the Ovi store website is the application called IBNLive which is capable of transforming your touch screen mobile phone into a typical news material. The application weighs just 1.40 MB and is available for free. Its feature rich, it is informational and covers a number of sections including the following:

India
World
Sports
Cricket
Politics
Business
Tech
Football etc

The app is completely customizable according to the taste of different users and the type of news they want to read. One can even filter the news according to the categories as the Cities category would let you select news for Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore etc. while Cricket category lets you see the live scores, fixtures of matches etc. It also lets you surf through photo galleries and videos of the recent news and even some blogs can be accessed under the blogs section.

Delivering news is what this app does and other than providing news in text, one can also stream IBN live news channel. This indeed is a very unique feature since it lets you watch live news on the go with your GPRS and EDGE but using a 3G or Wifi is recommended. We have tested this app and surprisingly it is fast and more importantly useful.
If you like knowing about the latest happenings around, this app from CNN IBN is a must for you touch based phone. So don’t waste anymore time and download it.
Download IBNLive – [Nokia Ovi Store]
Watch IBNLive News On Nokia Symbian Mobile Phone [For S60 5th Edition] is a post from Technix Update

Reminder, Alarm Software For Mac OS X

Posted: 13 Mar 2011 01:28 AM PST

Most of us have physical alarm clocks beside by our bedsides, or an alarm feature in our mobile phone. But if you like to wake up in style, you can convert your Mac OS X machine (MacBook, iMac, Mac Mini/Pro) into a giant alarm clock.
Pester is a minimal, free app that allows you to easily set alarms on Mac OS X. Not only can you set alarms, but also reminders for tasks/events. This feature can come in handy for people who do not like taking their hands off their keyboards once in place. Although a phone makes more sense as a reminder device (as it is always with you) but for some purpose-specific tasks such as online payment of bills or updating apps on your Mac, an alarm on the machine itself makes more sense.

Pester provides you just the right amount of features you need in an alarm clock app. Some of them are:

Timer – If you’re taking a sample paper at home and want to time yourself, Pester is the quickest way to countdown and alert you when your time is up.

System Sounds and Custom Music – You can use any of the standard Mac OS X alert sounds such as Glass, Ping, Morse or Purr, or set your own favorite music for the alarm.

Pop Up Message Display – When your alarm goes off, a pop up message appears that floats above all other windows and is persistent across Spaces so that you don’t miss an alarm. You get a snooze option right from the pop-up.

Growl Support – Pester can use the Growl notification system to generate a standard notification when your alarm goes off.
Persistent Dock Notif – Pester stays in your dock until the alarm goes off, and displays a countdown timer until the next alarm.

Pester indeed is true to its name: once you set an alarm, it will pester you incessantly until the alarm goes off.
Download Pester

Mobile Applications!!!!!!!!

2011-03-08T19:46:00.000+05:30

Sleep, Turn Off Touch Screen On Nokia Symbian Phones Using Light Sensor

Posted: 08 Mar 2011 03:31 AM PST

Are you the owner of a fully touch screen Nokia mobile phone or have you ever used one for an appreciable time? What is the most annoying thing about such phones? Although the problem is not big enough yet it is considered as one because of the fact that it troubles people sometimes.
We are talking about the keypad lock of such phones which most of the users like us forget to activate in situations of hurry. Sometimes it is our carelessness which leaves the keypad unlocked and prone to possibilities of getting touched not by our own fingers but by things around it. So when we put the phone with an unlocked keypad in our pocket or any bag, the phone is likely to come in contact the surrounding and such touches eventually open unwanted apps or the messages or dial numbers and a number of other things.

Ironically such unwanted activities explore your phone more than you do and sometimes even amaze us by opening windows which were unexplored otherwise. So can we do anything to avoid such minor troubles ? Well we can and impressively, without pressing any button. Yes you get me right. PocketLock is an app developed by Nokia specifically for touch phones which lets you lock the keypad every time you put it in compact spaces like you pocket or bag and importantly you need not press the lock button.
The app even starts automatically when the phone is switched on and runs in the background all the time. The interface literally is the simplest one and powerful enough to impress you. How it works? The time you put the phone in a closed space it senses it and locks the keypad and the moment you pull the phone out, it unlocks it. Convenient enough?
So what are you waiting for, download it and bring your keypad problem to an end.
Sleep, Turn Off Touch Screen On Nokia Symbian Phones Using Light Sensor is a post from Technix Update

Play Angry Birds On Facebook

Posted: 08 Mar 2011 03:08 AM PST

One of the mostly played games on your iPhone and Android phones is Angry birds and as the OS of mobile are developing at a higher rate, this game is also getting popular. We mentioned that this game will have its 3D version for the Windows Phone 7 Operating system as it will be seen with new Nokia phones so this new improvisation was done in favor of Windows Phone 7. In this post I will be giving you a great news related to this famous game but this time this game will not be related to any phone OS, just read the post below to get the complete info.

Now you will be able to enjoy Angry Birds on Facebook also. We all know that most of the users spend their time of Facebook by playing the game applications on it and it do pleases them a lot. Now for the first time all the users will be able to enjoy this game on Facebook also and so this simply means that now you do not have to get an Android or any iPhone to play this game rather Facebook is bringing this to all the users on their social networking website.
As per the resources, this game will be improvised little bit and then it will be available on Facebook, they sat that now Pigs will have some more versatile role to play, now this simply means that this game is going to be more interesting and users will love to see it on Facebook. This will also help Facebook to increase their traffic on their website. As per my opinion this was a smart initiative taken by Facebook and this will also help Angry Birds to increase their popularity.
We will keep you updated with any new changes found related to Angry Birds on Facebook or any other topic which is related to it and anyhow if you get to know anything related to the news topics mentioned above then please do not hesitate to share it with us, just put it down in the comments section and if we found it genuine then we will be sharing that piece of information with all the other readers on your behalf, so keep searching something useful and then let us know about it. Till then keep reading and surfing.

Latest Silver Light books!!!

2011-03-08T18:34:00.001+05:30

Latest 10 SILVERLIGHT EBooks

Foundation Silverlight 3 Animation
http://www.bestebooksworld.com/ebook/32953/

Apress Pro Telerik ASP NET And Silverlight Controls (Jul 2010)
http://www.bestebooksworld.com/ebook/32952/

3D Game Development with Microsoft Silverlight 3 Beginner's Guide
http://www.bestebooksworld.com/ebook/32951/

Silverlight 4 User Interface Cookbook
http://www.bestebooksworld.com/ebook/32950/

Beginning Silverlight 3 (PDF)
http://www.bestebooksworld.com/ebook/32949/

Building a Bing Web Using Blend and Silverlight
http://www.bestebooksworld.com/ebook/32948/

Microsoft Silverlight 4 For Dummies
http://www.bestebooksworld.com/ebook/32947/

Silverlight 2 in Action
http://www.bestebooksworld.com/ebook/32946/

Silverlight 4 in Action
http://www.bestebooksworld.com/ebook/32945/

Microsoft Silverlight 4 Business Application Development: Beginners Guide
http://www.bestebooksworld.com/ebook/32944/

Latest Android books!!!

2011-03-08T18:32:00.000+05:30

Latest 10 ANDROID - MOBILE OS EBooks

Pragmatic Bookshelf Hello Android 2nd Edition Nov 2009
http://www.bestebooksworld.com/ebook/32920/

Getting Started with iPhone SDK, Android and others: Mobile Application Development
http://www.bestebooksworld.com/ebook/32919/

Android latest eBooks from 2010
http://www.bestebooksworld.com/ebook/32918/

Sams Teach Yourself Android Application Development in 24 Hours
http://www.bestebooksworld.com/ebook/32917/

Web Geek’s Guide to the Android-Enabled Phone
http://www.bestebooksworld.com/ebook/32916/

Google on the Go: Using an Android-Powered Mobile Phone
http://www.bestebooksworld.com/ebook/32915/

Android Application Development: Programming with the Google SDK
http://www.bestebooksworld.com/ebook/32914/

Building Android Apps with HTML, CSS, and JavaScript
http://www.bestebooksworld.com/ebook/32913/

Pro Android
http://www.bestebooksworld.com/ebook/32912/

Beginning Android
http://www.bestebooksworld.com/ebook/32911/

KURUKSHETRA 2011!!!

2010-12-23T22:09:00.001+05:30

Hi friends!!! I happy to say that i has been selected as a "KURUKSHETRA 2011 STUDENT AMBASSADOR" to our college..I hearty welcome you all to attend the workshops,participate in the events....Here i am putting the website link of KURUKSHETRA 2011..So,you all be ready to participate and win the prizes..

CLICK HERE TO REGISTER IN KURUKSHETRA 2011!!!

Windows Phone 7 features!!!

2010-12-19T19:04:00.000+05:30

Windows Phone 7 – Pair With Bluetooth Headphones Or Other Accessories

Just like any other smart phone windows phone 7 also can be paired with Bluetooth headphone and other bluetooth accessories, such as headsets, car kits or speakers. One of the most common types is the Bluetooth headset, for making hands-free calls.

To pair a bluetooth device with your headphone, follow the procedure given below.

1. From Start, flick left to the Applications list and then press Settings.
2. On the Settings screen, press Bluetooth. (By default, Bluetooth is set to Off.)
3. Turn Status to On.
This starts a search for any discoverable Bluetooth accessories.
4. Make sure that the accessory you want to pair is turned on so that your phone can discover it.
5. Press the name of the accessory that you want to pair with your phone.
Tips

If the accessory requires that you enter a PIN to pair it with your phone, make sure that both the phone and the accessory are displaying the same PIN before pressing Done.
If you no longer want to use a connected accessory with your phone, press and hold the name of the accessory in the list and then press Delete.

You can read more windows phone 7 tips here
Windows Phone 7 – Pair With Bluetooth Headphones Or Other Accessories is a post from Technix Update

Computer Basics For Parents, Layman People From Google

Google not only thinks about marketing of its product (like others) but also tries its best to facilitate the users with the best technology which can be offered by them. Google has huge number of open source tool as they want to be the important part of the life of their users. In this post I will be telling you about a news which will tell you about the extent to which Google can think for you. They have launched a site for your parents which can make them learn lot about the basics of computer.

Parents now a days their best to learn this complex device but then there are certain things which they should know in order to make their lives simpler. Some of the Googlers have taken the initiative to develop a website which will help your parents to learn lot about computer and they will not even have to go for reading long tutorials instead they will have to watch small videos which will help them to learn the new things interactively. You can take a glance at the website by clicking the link mentioned below.

Now you will see that the tutorial videos have been divided into certain categories like basics, World Wide web and few more. You can select some of the lessons and then you will have to fill that form on the first page, then you will be directed to another page which will ask your e-mail address and the recipient e-mail address, on that you can also see the mail which will be send on your behalf. You mail will consist of the link to the videos which can be viewed on the website. The videos are quite interactive you can have a glance at them before sending them. I am sure that any new learner will love it.
Use this feature of Google for your Mom and Dad and then let us know about your experience. If you discover anything new then please let us know by putting that down in the comments section or even if you come across any flaw associated with this news then please let us know know about the same. If we found it genuine then we will be glad to share it with our other readers on your behalf and we may reply back with a solution to any of the problem as we have already used this new feature of Google. Till then keep reading and have a nice day!!!
Check out Teachparentstech.org
Computer Basics For Parents, Layman People From Google is a post from Technix Update

Windows Phone 7 – Use Voice or Speech To Control It and Do Tasks On It

Speech recognition is one of the main feature of windows phone 7, It is one of the hidden gems on Windows Phone. Many of the things you do day-to-day on your phone can be accomplished using only your voice.

To open Speech, press and hold the Start button on your phone.

When you have opened speech, the phone will start listening to your voice commands, following are some voice commands you can use on your windows phone 7
Call someone from your contact list
“Call contact name”
(where contact name is the name of someone in your contact list)
Call any phone number
“Call phone number”
(where phone number is any phone number, whether it belongs to a contact or not)
Search the web
“Find search term” or “Search for search term”
(where search term is the term you want to search the web with)
Open an application
“Open application” or “Start application”
(where application is the name of any application on your phone, such as “Calendar,” “Maps” or “Music”)
For Example
“Call Sean Bentley”
If Sean Bentley has only one phone number in your contact card, the call will start. If he has multiple phone numbers, you’ll see an option to choose one.
“Call Sean Bentley mobile”
This will call Sean Bentley’s mobile phone number.
“Find local pizza”
This will perform a Bing search for “local pizza” which will bring up a map of pizza places in your area.
“Open Music”
This will open Music + Videos.
When you’ve finished talking, press Go or simply wait a couple of seconds.
Tips

If you want to cancel, press the Back button on your phone.
Using your voice to make a phone call also works through a Bluetooth headset.

Windows Phone 7 – Use Voice or Speech To Control It and Do Tasks On It is a post from Technix Update

Windows Phone 7 – Back, Start and Search Button Explained

Windows Phone 7 is all together new approach towards windows phones, all the windows phone 7 will have 3 common buttons which helps you getting started with it. These buttons or functions forms the basis of windows phone 7.

Following is the descriptive information about these Back, Start and Search buttons on windows phone 7, which helps you understand them better.

Back – The Back button, as you might expect, takes you back one screen from where you are. Your phone remembers all the applications and websites you’ve visited since the last time your screen was locked and will take you back one page each time you press Back, until you get to the Start screen.
The one exception is when you’re in Internet Explorer Mobile. If you’re browsing the web and press Back, you’ll return to the previous webpage you visited, rather than to the previous application. But once you’re out of it, Back goes back to taking you back again.
Start and Speech
With the Start button, you get a two-for-one deal. Whenever you press Start, you go back to Start, no matter where you are or what you’re doing on your phone (as long as it isn’t locked). Although, if you press and hold the Start button, you’ll activate Speech.
Search
You can use the Search button to find what you need, anywhere on the phone. Need to find something on the web? Press Search from Start or in Internet Explorer. Looking for a contact? Press Search from the People hub. Trying to find a particular application? Press Search in Marketplace.
Windows Phone 7 – Back, Start and Search Button Explained is a post from Technix Update

Call International Number Of Any Country Free From iPhone With Viber [Free App]

Today I am here with a very nice tool for all the Apple lovers. Calling over Internet or I should say that VoIP is getting popular day by day and the application which I will be mentioning now uses this technology. You can call this tool as Viper and in this post I will be telling you that how you can use this tool to get facilitated.

This tool has been developed for iOS which can be used in iPhone, iPad or iPod. This tool will help you to make calls for free over internet using VoIP. This application will not even create any separate friend-list for the contacts. This application will use the contacts book of you Apple device and then users which are already using this application will be highlighted in you contacts book by a small mark in front of their contact name.
In the snapshot you can see the icon which will be placed in front of their names. Moreover the quality of the calls is also flawless. So, if you want to make any call then you will just have to jump to the contacts but then make sure that the application is currently running in the background. Let me tell you a nice fact about this tool, even if this tool is not running in the background and then some Viper user calls you then as soon as you press the answer call button, this tool will launched automatically and then your call will be made on Viper. The only drawback that this tool offers is the high data usage charges of internet, but then this problem will be solved once different data subscribers start offering unlimited packages. This tool will be released for all the other phones like Blackberry and Android.
We will keep you updated with any new changes found related to this news topic or any other topic which is related to it and anyhow if you get to know anything related to the news topics mentioned above then please do not hesitate to share it with us, just put it down in the comments section and if we found it genuine then we will be sharing that piece of information with all the other readers on your behalf, so keep searching something useful and then let us know about it. Till then keep reading, take care of yourself and have a nice day!!!
Call International Number Of Any Country Free From iPhone With Viber [Free App] is a post from Technix Update

Mac OS X Cydia Apps Store Coming Soon

Google has been working on Google Web app store for different applications which will be supported by Google browser and Google Chrome OS. They have a good collection of tools and games which will be further improved. Apple has also aimed to the store of the application for their MAC OS. The already have a store for iOS and now they are heading towards MAC OS, but they are worried about Freeman. In this post I will tell you about the next step which has already been decided by Cydia in response to the new MAC OS app-store which is going to launched in few weeks.

After iOS now it is the turn of MAC OS to be shot by Cydia. Jay Freeman has decided that soon after the launch of the MAC OS app store they will be launching the app store for the same OS which might be called as Mac Cydia. They have promise that they will be unleashing the full power of MAC OS through all the application which will be provided by them through the store. If we take a glance at the type of software which are offered by Cydia App-store for iPhone then they are not the cracked or the pirated version of the softwares offered at Apple store instead they are other tools which are really useful in taking full advantage of jailbroken iOS and currently they offer more than 30,000 application for iPhone.
Similarly we can assume that they will not be offering any pirated tool for Mac OS also and instead they will be developing their own tools. Obviously they will be launching it after the official launch of MAC OS app-store by Apple. Jay Freeman has criticized about the careless documentation done by Apple and thus they will be releasing their app-store as early as possible.
We will keep you updated with any new changes found related to this news topic or any other topic which is related to it and anyhow if you get to know anything related to the news topics mentioned above then please do not hesitate to share it with us, just put it down in the comments section and if we found it genuine then we will be sharing that piece of information with all the other readers on your behalf, so keep searching something useful and then let us know about it. Till then keep reading, take care of yourself and have a nice day!!!

List Of Commands That Can Run During Windows Server Installation!!

2010-12-19T19:00:00.002+05:30

List Of Commands That Can Run During Windows Server Installation

There may be times when you forget to perform a preinstallation task prior to starting the Windows Server 2008 R2 installation. Rather than restarting the operating system, you can access a command prompt from Setup or use advanced drive options to perform the necessary administrative tasks.
Using the Command Line During Installation
When you access a command prompt from Setup, you access the MINWINPC (mini Windows PC) environment used by Setup to install the OS. During installation, on the Where Do You Want To Install Windows page, you can access a command prompt by pressing Shift+F10. The mini Windows PC environment provides access to many of the same command-line tools that are available in a standard installation of Windows Server 2008 R2.
Here’s a look on all the available commands, mentioned below
ARP Displays and modifies the IP-to-physical address translation tables used by the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP).
ASSOC Displays and modifies file extension associations.
ATTRIB Displays and changes file attributes.
CALL Calls a script or script label as a procedure.
CD/CHDIR Displays the name of or changes the current directory.
CHKDSK Checks a disk for errors and displays a report.
CHKNTFS Displays the status of volumes. Sets or excludes volumes from automatic system checking when the computer is started.
CHOICE Creates a list from which users can select one of several choices in a batch script.
CLS Clears the console window.
CMD Starts a new instance of the Windows command shell.
COLOR Sets the colors of the command-shell window.
CONVERT Converts FAT volumes to NTFS.
COPY Copies or combines files.
DATE Displays or sets the system date.
DEL Deletes one or more files.
DIR Displays a list of files and subdirectories within a directory.
DISKPART Invokes a text-mode command interpreter so thatyou can manage disks, partitions, and volumes using a separate command prompt and commands that are internal to DISKPART.
DISM Services and manages Windows images.
DOSKEY Edits command lines, recalls Windows commands, and creates macros.
ECHO Displays messages or turns command echoing on or off.
ENDLOCAL Ends localization of environment changes in a batch file.
ERASE Deletes one or more files.
EXIT Exits the command interpreter.
EXPAND Uncompresses files.
FIND Searches for a text string in files.
FOR Runs a specified command for each file in a set of files.
FORMAT Formats a floppy disk or hard drive.
FTP Transfers files.
FTYPE Displays or modifies file types used in file extension associations.
GOTO Directs the Windows command interpreter to a labeled line in a script.
HOSTNAME Prints the computer’s name.
IF Performs conditional processing in batch programs.
IPCONFIG Displays TCP/IP configuration.
LABEL Creates, changes, or deletes the volume label of a disk.
MD/MKDIR Creates a directory or subdirectory.
MORE Displays output one screen at a time.
MOUNTVOL Manages a volume mount point.
MOVE Moves files from one directory to another directory on the same drive.
NBTSTAT Displays the status of NetBIOS.
NET ACCOUNTS Manages user account and password policies.
NET COMPUTER Adds or removes computers from a domain.
NET CONFIG SERVER Displays or modifies configuration of a server service.
NET CONFIG WORKSTATION Displays or modifies configuration of a workstation service.
NET CONTINUE Resumes a paused service.
NET FILE Displays or manages open files on a server.
NET GROUP Displays or manages global groups.
NET LOCALGROUP Displays or manages local group accounts.
NET NAME Displays or modifies recipients for messenger service messages.
NET PAUSE Suspends a service.
NET PRINT Displays or manages print jobs and shared queues.
NET SEND Sends a messenger service message.
NET SESSION Lists or disconnects sessions.
NET SHARE Displays or manages shared printers and directories.
NET START Lists or starts network services.
NET STATISTICS Displays workstation and server statistics.
NET STOP Stops services.
NET TIME Displays or synchronizes network time.
NET USE Displays or manages remote connections.
NET USER Displays or manages local user accounts.
NET VIEW Displays network resources or computers.
NETSH Invokes a separate command prompt that allows you to manage the configuration of various network services on local and remote computers.
NETSTAT Displays the status of network connections.
PATH Displays or sets a search path for executable files in the current command window.
PATHPING Traces routes and provides packet loss information.
PAUSE Suspends processing of a script and waits for keyboard input.
PING Determines whether a network connection can be established.
POPD Changes to the directory stored by PUSHD.
PRINT Prints a text file.
PROMPT Modifies the Windows command prompt.
PUSHD Saves the current directory and then changes to a new directory.
RD/RMDIR Removes a directory.
RECOVER Recovers readable information from a bad or defective disk.
REG ADD Adds a new subkey or entry to the registry.
REG COMPARE Compares registry subkeys or entries.
REG COPY Copies a registry entry to a specified key path on a local or remote system.
REG DELETE Deletes a subkey or entries from the registry.
REG QUERY Lists the entries under a key and the names of subkeys (if any).
REG RESTORE Writes saved subkeys and entries back to the registry.
REG SAVE Saves a copy of specified subkeys, entries, and values to a file.
REGSVR32 Registers and unregisters DLLs.
REM Adds comments to scripts.
REN Renames a file.
ROUTE Manages network routing tables.
SET Displays or modifies Windows environment variables. Also used to evaluate numeric expressions at the command line.
SETLOCAL Begins localization of environment changes in a batch file.
SFC Scans and verifies protected system files.
SHIFT Shifts the position of replaceable parameters in scripts.
START Starts a new command-shell window to run a specified program or command.
SUBST Maps a path to a drive letter.
TIME Displays or sets the system time.
TITLE Sets the title for the command-shell window.
TRACERT Displays the path between computers.
TYPE Displays the contents of a text file.
VER Displays the Windows version.
VERIFY Tells Windows whether to verify that your files are written correctly to a disk.
VOL Displays a disk volume label and serial number.

Learn About Human Body Organs Through Google Body Browser!!!

2010-12-19T18:41:00.000+05:30

New MacBook Pro, iMac Coming With iPad [RUMOR]

If you have been following TechnixUpdate, you would know that rumors have been strong of a 7″ iPad to be launched in the first half of 2011, which may include features such as landscape docking, and front and rear cameras. Also, when Apple announced the new Mac OS X Lion, they put away all rumors that Apple is going to retire its desktop and laptop line of products and focus completely on portable products.
If the latest chatter is to be believed, Apple will also upgrade its MacBook Pro and iMac line of computers, along with the iPad. This rumor comes from DigiTimes, who reports that the claims have been made by upscale component manufacturers, who have received orders for components for the new MacBook Pro and iMacs from Apple.
According to the sources, Apple is expected to release at least four new MacBook Pro models, and a new iMac that features a new panel size and a reduced price, targeted towards the mainstream market. It seems unlikely however that Apple will include the touch feature in the iMac, as an earlier patent filed by them in August, described. Sources claim that Apple is expecting to ship around 10 million notebook computers in 2010. The new MacBook Pro will feature a redesigned chasis, and is expected to ship with the new Mac OS X Lion operating system, which should help Apple achieve a 30-40% growth in sales of notebooks in 2011.
Source: DigiTimes
New MacBook Pro, iMac Coming With iPad [RUMOR] is a post from Technix Update

Learn About Human Body Organs Through Google Body Browser

What a nice feature!!! Now this is something which can describe about this new feature which has been released today by Google. This news is related to any of the web application or Chrome OS or the new laptop of Google which will be introduced and it also does not include any new feature which will be introduced in any of the application offered by Google these days. This news is totally different from what you have been reading till now and I will be telling you about this in this post.

By taking a glance at the snapshot and the title of the pots you must have got an idea that we are talking about Body browser which is nothing a nice browser which has been released by Google which browse a human body, with the help of this service you can locate any part of your body in that browser, it seems really interesting for those who are not the Biology students and love to explore the human body, specially the parts which cannot be seen from outside and have a major role to play in our body.
The only problem faced by this service is that this feature uses WebGL to run and there are few browsers who are equipped with this. Till now you will be able to this on Google Chrome 9 and even on Google Chrome 8 build (by activating WebGL separately). You can turn the whole body and have full glance at it you can see each and every muscle in the body including all the systems like Nervous System, Digestive System and the other different feature of our body. Nothing can escape about the body from this browser and I am sure that you will love to use it.
We will keep you updated with any new changes found related to this news topic or any other topic which is related to it and anyhow if you get to know anything related to the news topics mentioned above then please do not hesitate to share it with us, just put it down in the comments section and if we found it genuine then we will be sharing that piece of information with all the other readers on your behalf, so keep searching something useful and then let us know about it. Till then keep reading, take care of yourself and have a nice day!!!
Checkout Google Body Browser
Learn About Human Body Organs Through Google Body Browser is a post from Technix Update

Internet Explorer Got Tracking Protection As Another Security Feature

We generally focus on a main factor while using it, i.e. the security offered by it as browsers are the main source of attack of viruses and other malwares which lead to the loss of very precious information or they may spoil your system and can do many worse thing which you can never expect. This was the only reason for which Google Chrome was depreciated. So, this time Microsoft concentrated in this main factor and then they released their new version of Internet Explorer 9 which has taken care of this problem. In this post I will be telling you about this new version of Internet Explorer.

As you can see the snapshot of this new Internet Explorer 9, it has got a complete new look as compared to its previous version. This time they have assured that this browser is capable of blocking 99 percent of all the attacks which are done by the viruses and the other malwares. Now this figure is really outstanding and if it really does this then I think you will not give a second thought to any other browser while selecting Internet Explorer 9. I have been using it since 2 weeks and I really found it comfortable to work. It also does not get crashed as compared to the frequency of crashes in Google Chrome and Mozilla Firefox.
They have mentioned that this security is offered with the help of SmartScreen filter which is said to have blocked 1.2 million attacks till now. Another new feature which they have talked about is the Tracking Protection which offers you to control the flow of the information to any third party about the online activities done by you. It will basically limit your personal data which should be shared on the Internet and this data can be limited by you using this feature. I hope that this was enough to make you download it and them make it as a default browser.
We will keep you updated with any new changes found related to this news topic or any other topic which is related to it and anyhow if you get to know anything related to the news topics mentioned above then please do not hesitate to share it with us, just put it down in the comments section and if we found it genuine then we will be sharing that piece of information with all the other readers on your behalf, so keep searching something useful and then let us know about it. Till then keep reading, take care of yourself and have a nice day!!!
Internet Explorer Got Tracking Protection As Another Security Feature is a post from Technix Update

Facebook Went Down After New Features Gets Leaked

Facebook and the other organizations keep on trying to introduce some new features in their services so that they can attract more number of users towards them. Specially Google and Facebook compete to the fullest by giving away some new feature everyday, but these new releases of these features may spoil their reputation if they are released accidentally. Something similar has happened with Facebook and in this post I will be telling you about that mistake and what are latest information which has been retrieved through that.

There were some of the new features which have been shown in the snapshot which were released by mistake on Facebook. Today the looks of Facebook was completely different but these new introduced updates were not complete and furnished they were incomplete but they were released by mistake and because of that Facebook which handles the personal data of 5 million users was down for 50 minutes and then when it got up again, it was back to its normal features and looks.

You must have got surprised if you would have visited that website within that period of time. Now these new features included a new style to present the photographs of your friends and then a new feature which could facilitate you to switch the accounts comfortably but none of them was fully finished and then this mistake resulted to be a huge one, it was sure that huge number of users would have got annoyed and faced this problem while the Facebook site was down. Even then the suspense of all these new features have also lost and next time when these will be released then there will not be much to share about them. Lets hope that Facebook will not repeat this mistake ever in future again.
We will keep you updated with any new changes found related to this news topic or any other topic which is related to it and anyhow if you get to know anything related to the news topics mentioned above then please do not hesitate to share it with us, just put it down in the comments section and if we found it genuine then we will be sharing that piece of information with all the other readers on your behalf, so keep searching something useful and then let us know about it. Till then keep reading, take care of yourself and have a nice day!!!
Facebook Went Down After New Features Gets Leaked is a post from Technix Update

Google Calendar – Set Different Start & End Time Zone For An Event!!!!

2010-12-09T20:29:00.001+05:30

Today's Technix Updates..

2010-12-06T07:38:00.000+05:30

Google Chrome Operating System Getting Revealed On December 7

Posted: 04 Dec 2010 10:50 PM PST

Hey!!! Google might be launching Google Chrome OS on December 7. When they mentioned that due to the release of Android 2.3 Gingerbread, the launch of Google Chrome OS will be delayed then I thought that they might be launching it on the third or fourth month of the next year, but now it’s a great surprise as Google is going to conduct an event on its Chrome OS on December 7^th, 2010 at San Francisco. In this news post I will be telling you that what we can really expect from that event.

This event has been organized by Chrome team so we can obviously expect that they will be introducing us to Chrome OS, this OS developed for today’s netbooks, during the announcement of this product last year in July, they mentioned that this product will be developed keeping in mind about the need of the smart netbooks in the present era. This OS will be an Open Source product and they also mentioned that they will be emphasizing on the reduced time to boot and the reduced start up time.
We can also expect Google to launch their notebook equipped with Google Chrome OS and do not forget about the launch of Google App Store/ Chrome Web. Now it is the time for Microsoft to prepare for a severe completion in the market, almost everybody is addicted to Windows now a days but let’s see what will Google Chrome OS, moreover when they are launching it as an Open Source (atleast I am going to be the one who will be using it for sure). I really do have lots of expectations from Google and I know that they will not let their users down.
We will keep you updated with any new changes found related to this news topic or any other topic which is related to it and anyhow if you get to know anything related to the news topics mentioned above then please do not hesitate to share it with us, just put it down in the comments section and if we found it genuine then we will be sharing that piece of information with all the other readers on your behalf, so keep searching something useful and then let us know about it. Till then keep reading, take care of yourself and have a nice day!!!
Google Chrome Operating System Getting Revealed On December 7 is a post from Technix Update

Folder Files Changed Alert With Watch 4 Folder

Posted: 04 Dec 2010 10:13 AM PST

Computers are an important part of a normal persons life today. People of all the different ages are now bound to use computers today, form kids of age 4 years to adults with age upto 80 years use computer for various reasons like doing homework or checking bank accounts or just for emails, It is ok when talking about adults but it is very unsafe in the case of the children.
The problem is that it is very difficult for parents to keep a check on their children, and monitor what they are watching on the computer. Even if they put a firewall on the internet they still cant stop their kids from bringing files through their friends and saving them on their computers.
Now in that case what can a helpless parent do? So here we are again with a solution for one of your problems.With Watch4Folder you will be easily able to monitor your file and folders and see he changes made in the log section and save it to see afterwards.

It is very easy to use this application and all you have to do is run the exe file, after that you will see the above window.

The first step is to select the folder you want to monitor.
Second step is to select the events you want to monitor.
Third step is to select the actions on events
And last but not the least don’t forget to press the start monitoring button.

You can select a number of events to monitor like file create, file delete, file change, file rename and many more. With that you also choose to perform an action when the change takes place that includes to execute a program or a batch file or write a log file, you can also select to popup a message or a desktop alert.
Then all you have to do is switch to the live log tab which will show you what all changes have taken place. For example, I chose to monitor the delete action on one of the folder and here we have the log.

The Events log was pretty clear and it showed all the changes that took place. After starting the monitoring process you can also minimize the app to the system tray.
So if you were looking to spy on the computer activities then this is the best solution for you available for free.
Download Watch4Folder

Mirracles done by MY GOOGLE DAZZLERS

2010-11-30T18:31:00.000+05:30

Google has Done it Again!!!

Check out this device ...
Guess what you can do with a touch screen, camera, scanner, WiFi, and google maps ...

View a building through it, and it gives you all the information about that building....

Choose a building and touch a floor and it tells you more details of the building. You can use it when you want to know a car model, an insect name, what kind of food is served at a restaurant and how much, who built a bridge, etc. etc.

It’s got a scanner built in.

so you can use it this way when you want to check the meaning of a word in the newspaper, book, magazine, etc. It would be much easier to read a real book. You can use the dictionary, wikipedia, thesaurus and anything else available on the web. What do you think?

Indoor guide:Works in a building, airport, station, hospital, etc.

Automatic simultaneous translation: here Latin to English.

Search keyword: Helpful when you want to find out a word from a lot of text in newspaper/book.

Nutrition: This kind of function would be helpful for health freaks..

Tech zone

2010-11-30T17:51:00.003+05:30