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<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" media="screen" href="/~d/styles/rss2full.xsl"?><?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" media="screen" href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~d/styles/itemcontent.css"?><rss xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:creativeCommons="http://backend.userland.com/creativeCommonsRssModule" xmlns:feedburner="http://rssnamespace.org/feedburner/ext/1.0" version="2.0"><channel><title>isra</title><link>http://israuniversityhyderabad.blogspot.com/</link><atom10:link xmlns:atom10="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/IsraUniversityHyderabad" /><description>university</description><language>en</language><managingEditor>noreply@blogger.com (anonymous)</managingEditor><lastBuildDate>Tue, 06 Sep 2011 00:17:14 PDT</lastBuildDate><generator>Blogger http://www.blogger.com</generator><openSearch:totalResults xmlns:openSearch="http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearch/1.1/">18</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex xmlns:openSearch="http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearch/1.1/">1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage xmlns:openSearch="http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearch/1.1/">25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><feedburner:info uri="israuniversityhyderabad" /><atom10:link xmlns:atom10="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" rel="hub" href="http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/" /><itunes:owner><itunes:email>noreply@blogger.com</itunes:email></itunes:owner><itunes:explicit>no</itunes:explicit><itunes:subtitle></itunes:subtitle><creativeCommons:license>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/</creativeCommons:license><image><link>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/</link><url>http://creativecommons.org/images/public/somerights20.gif</url><title>Some Rights Reserved</title></image><xhtml:meta xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" name="robots" content="noindex" /><meta xmlns="http://pipes.yahoo.com" name="pipes" content="noprocess" /><item><title>Facebook Chat Messenger</title><link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/IsraUniversityHyderabad/~3/kGvDd-zbZgw/facebook-chat-messenger.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (anonymous)</author><pubDate>Tue, 06 Sep 2011 00:17:14 PDT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2386593457167173150.post-3430828010132195000</guid><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #004f94; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="main_front2" style="color: #004f94; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top"&gt;&lt;div class="alignCenter" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a class="noBorder" href="http://files.chitchat.org.uk/CCFFacebookSetup-v1.436.exe" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; color: #004f94; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: underline;" title="Download Chit Chat For Facebook"&gt;&lt;img alt="Download" class="noBorder" src="http://www.chitchat.org.uk/php/home/button_download_up_english.gif" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;h2 style="color: #004f94; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Benefits of Chit Chat for Facebook&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul class="featureList" style="font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 25px;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fun and Free&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;- Convenient and fun way to chat with your Facebook contacts without the hassle of surfing Facebook&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Free Your Web-Browser&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;- No need to keep your web browser logged into Facebook&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Easy To Use&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;- Download, install and then login with your Facebook username and password - easy!&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Popular?&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;- Swift and fast tabbed chat Interface making it easy to talk with many Facebook friends at once&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Instant Message Notification&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;- Lets you know when you receive an instant message.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="alignLeft" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span class="smallText" style="font-size: 11px;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Below:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Chit Chat Tabbed Message Window&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="noBorder" href="http://files.chitchat.org.uk/CCFFacebookSetup-v1.436.exe" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; 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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/IsraUniversityHyderabad/~4/kGvDd-zbZgw" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2011-09-06T00:17:14.563-07:00</app:edited><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">0</thr:total><media:content url="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/IsraUniversityHyderabad/~5/l6NdU4L9UhA/CCFFacebookSetup-v1.436.exe" fileSize="3351584" type="application/octet-stream" /><itunes:explicit>no</itunes:explicit><itunes:subtitle> Benefits of Chit Chat for FacebookFun and Free&amp;nbsp;- Convenient and fun way to chat with your Facebook contacts without the hassle of surfing FacebookFree Your Web-Browser&amp;nbsp;- No need to keep your web browser logged into FacebookEasy To Use&amp;nbsp;- Do</itunes:subtitle><itunes:author>noreply@blogger.com (anonymous)</itunes:author><itunes:summary> Benefits of Chit Chat for FacebookFun and Free&amp;nbsp;- Convenient and fun way to chat with your Facebook contacts without the hassle of surfing FacebookFree Your Web-Browser&amp;nbsp;- No need to keep your web browser logged into FacebookEasy To Use&amp;nbsp;- Download, install and then login with your Facebook username and password - easy!Popular?&amp;nbsp;- Swift and fast tabbed chat Interface making it easy to talk with many Facebook friends at onceInstant Message Notification&amp;nbsp;- Lets you know when you receive an instant message.Below:&amp;nbsp;Chit Chat Tabbed Message Window </itunes:summary><feedburner:origLink>http://israuniversityhyderabad.blogspot.com/2011/09/facebook-chat-messenger.html</feedburner:origLink><enclosure url="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/IsraUniversityHyderabad/~5/l6NdU4L9UhA/CCFFacebookSetup-v1.436.exe" length="3351584" type="application/octet-stream" /><feedburner:origEnclosureLink>http://files.chitchat.org.uk/CCFFacebookSetup-v1.436.exe</feedburner:origEnclosureLink></item><item><title>Google</title><link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/IsraUniversityHyderabad/~3/Bs2j50_XDrA/google.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (anonymous)</author><pubDate>Sun, 28 Aug 2011 02:23:18 PDT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2386593457167173150.post-4392271942786343886</guid><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/IsraUniversityHyderabad/~4/Bs2j50_XDrA" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2011-08-28T02:23:18.539-07:00</app:edited><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://israuniversityhyderabad.blogspot.com/2011/08/google.html</feedburner:origLink></item><item><title>clocl</title><link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/IsraUniversityHyderabad/~3/62IrCSXlBRs/clocl.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (anonymous)</author><pubDate>Sat, 27 Aug 2011 10:21:27 PDT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2386593457167173150.post-2509541727669269108</guid><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;embed height="200" src="http://flash-clocks.com/free-flash-clocks-blog-topics/free-flash-clock-183.swf" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="200" wmode="transparent"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2386593457167173150-2509541727669269108?l=israuniversityhyderabad.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/IsraUniversityHyderabad/~4/62IrCSXlBRs" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2011-08-27T10:21:27.041-07:00</app:edited><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">0</thr:total><media:content url="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/IsraUniversityHyderabad/~5/X7JfF8rn-VA/free-flash-clock-183.swf" fileSize="3478" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" /><itunes:explicit>no</itunes:explicit><itunes:author>noreply@blogger.com (anonymous)</itunes:author><feedburner:origLink>http://israuniversityhyderabad.blogspot.com/2011/08/clocl.html</feedburner:origLink><enclosure url="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/IsraUniversityHyderabad/~5/X7JfF8rn-VA/free-flash-clock-183.swf" length="3478" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" /><feedburner:origEnclosureLink>http://flash-clocks.com/free-flash-clocks-blog-topics/free-flash-clock-183.swf</feedburner:origEnclosureLink></item><item><title>Flash Clock 165</title><link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/IsraUniversityHyderabad/~3/dULkSFpMOWA/flash-clock-165.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (anonymous)</author><pubDate>Sat, 27 Aug 2011 10:17:50 PDT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2386593457167173150.post-3938316760473027704</guid><description>&lt;a href="http://flash-clocks.com/documents/flash-clock-165.html"&gt;Flash Clock 165&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2386593457167173150-3938316760473027704?l=israuniversityhyderabad.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/IsraUniversityHyderabad/~4/d2_mebJRM5A" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2011-08-04T01:07:42.978-07:00</app:edited><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://israuniversityhyderabad.blogspot.com/2011/08/islamicfinder-photo-gallery-banner.html</feedburner:origLink></item><item><title>Universities Worldwide World Listing except United States</title><link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/IsraUniversityHyderabad/~3/pfMAfcIC5U0/universities-worldwide-world-listing.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (anonymous)</author><pubDate>Fri, 29 Jul 2011 23:54:49 PDT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2386593457167173150.post-7356233539915759633</guid><description>&lt;meta charset="utf-8"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;title&gt;Universities Worldwide: World Listing except United States&lt;/title&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table&gt;  &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr class="align-top-right"&gt;  &lt;td&gt;Select a Country:&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;td&gt;
&lt;br /&gt; &lt;select name="dom" size="10"&gt;  &lt;option value="world" selected="selected"&gt;* Search in all Countries&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="af"&gt;Afghanistan (9)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="al"&gt;Albania (14)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="dz"&gt;Algeria (28)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="ad"&gt;Andorra (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="ao"&gt;Angola (7)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="ag"&gt;Antigua and Barbuda (2)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="ar"&gt;Argentina (87)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="am"&gt;Armenia (11)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="au"&gt;Australia (50)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="at"&gt;Austria (43)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="az"&gt;Azerbaijan (26)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="bs"&gt;Bahamas (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="bh"&gt;Bahrain (10)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="bd"&gt;Bangladesh (75)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="bb"&gt;Barbados (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="by"&gt;Belarus (34)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="be"&gt;Belgium (44)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="bz"&gt;Belize (3)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="bj"&gt;Benin (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="bm"&gt;Bermuda (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="bt"&gt;Bhutan (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="bo"&gt;Bolivia (32)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="ba"&gt;Bosnia and Herzegovina (14)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="bw"&gt;Botswana (2)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="br"&gt;Brazil (159)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="bn"&gt;Brunei (3)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="bg"&gt;Bulgaria (36)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="bf"&gt;Burkina Faso (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="mm"&gt;Burma (25)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="bi"&gt;Burundi (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="kh"&gt;Cambodia (20)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="cm"&gt;Cameroon (6)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="ca"&gt;Canada (139)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="cv"&gt;Cape Verde (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="ky"&gt;Cayman Islands (2)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="cf"&gt;Central African Republic (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="td"&gt;Chad (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="cl"&gt;Chile (65)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="cn"&gt;China (324)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="co"&gt;Colombia (100)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="cd"&gt;Congo, Democratic Republic of the (4)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="cg"&gt;Congo, Republic of the (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="cr"&gt;Costa Rica (36)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="ci"&gt;Cote d'Ivoire (3)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="hr"&gt;Croatia (7)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="cu"&gt;Cuba (13)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="cy"&gt;Cyprus (15)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="cz"&gt;Czech Republic (27)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="dk"&gt;Denmark (30)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="dj"&gt;Djibouti (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="dm"&gt;Dominica (2)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="do"&gt;Dominican Republic (28)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="ec"&gt;Ecuador (42)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="eg"&gt;Egypt (35)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="sv"&gt;El Salvador (25)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="er"&gt;Eritrea (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="ee"&gt;Estonia (12)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="et"&gt;Ethiopia (14)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="fo"&gt;Faroe Islands (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="fj"&gt;Fiji (4)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="fi"&gt;Finland (30)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="fr"&gt;France (258)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="gf"&gt;French Guiana (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="pf"&gt;French Polynesia (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="ga"&gt;Gabon (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="gm"&gt;Gambia (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="ge"&gt;Georgia (13)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="de"&gt;Germany (277)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="gh"&gt;Ghana (22)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="gr"&gt;Greece (49)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="gl"&gt;Greenland (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="gd"&gt;Grenada (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="gp"&gt;Guadeloupe (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="gu"&gt;Guam (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="gt"&gt;Guatemala (11)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="gn"&gt;Guinea (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="gy"&gt;Guyana (2)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="ht"&gt;Haiti (6)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="va"&gt;Holy See (Vatican City) (6)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="hn"&gt;Honduras (9)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="hk"&gt;Hong Kong (12)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="hu"&gt;Hungary (37)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="is"&gt;Iceland (10)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="in"&gt;India (309)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="id"&gt;Indonesia (164)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="ir"&gt;Iran (171)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="iq"&gt;Iraq (33)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="ie"&gt;Ireland (24)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="il"&gt;Israel (21)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="it"&gt;Italy (91)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="jm"&gt;Jamaica (3)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="jp"&gt;Japan (567)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="jo"&gt;Jordan (29)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="kz"&gt;Kazakhstan (24)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="ke"&gt;Kenya (21)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="kp"&gt;Korea, North (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="kr"&gt;Korea, South (137)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="kv"&gt;Kosovo (4)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="kw"&gt;Kuwait (6)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="kg"&gt;Kyrgyzstan (14)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="la"&gt;Laos (2)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="lv"&gt;Latvia (21)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="lb"&gt;Lebanon (24)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="ls"&gt;Lesotho (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="lr"&gt;Liberia (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="ly"&gt;Libya (19)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="li"&gt;Liechtenstein (2)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="lt"&gt;Lithuania (17)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="lu"&gt;Luxembourg (2)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="mo"&gt;Macau (3)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="mk"&gt;Macedonia (9)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="mg"&gt;Madagascar (6)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="mw"&gt;Malawi (4)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="my"&gt;Malaysia (140)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="ml"&gt;Mali (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="mt"&gt;Malta (3)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="mq"&gt;Martinique (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="mr"&gt;Mauritania (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="mu"&gt;Mauritius (2)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="mx"&gt;Mexico (148)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="md"&gt;Moldova (12)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="mc"&gt;Monaco (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="mn"&gt;Mongolia (12)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="me"&gt;Montenegro (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="ms"&gt;Montserrat (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="ma"&gt;Morocco (28)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="mz"&gt;Mozambique (5)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="na"&gt;Namibia (5)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="np"&gt;Nepal (5)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="nl"&gt;Netherlands (34)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="an"&gt;Netherlands Antilles (4)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="nc"&gt;New Caledonia (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="nz"&gt;New Zealand (9)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="ni"&gt;Nicaragua (17)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="ne"&gt;Niger (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="ng"&gt;Nigeria (96)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="nu"&gt;Niue (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="no"&gt;Norway (23)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="om"&gt;Oman (11)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="pk"&gt;Pakistan (125)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="ps"&gt;Palestine (15)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="pa"&gt;Panama (17)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="pg"&gt;Papua New Guinea (5)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="py"&gt;Paraguay (13)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="pe"&gt;Peru (59)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="ph"&gt;Philippines (105)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="pl"&gt;Poland (130)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="pt"&gt;Portugal (62)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="pr"&gt;Puerto Rico (26)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="qa"&gt;Qatar (2)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="re"&gt;Reunion (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="ro"&gt;Romania (61)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="ru"&gt;Russia (300)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="rw"&gt;Rwanda (7)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="kn"&gt;Saint Kitts and Nevis (5)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="lc"&gt;Saint Lucia (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="vc"&gt;Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="ws"&gt;Samoa (2)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="sm"&gt;San Marino (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="sa"&gt;Saudi Arabia (60)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="sn"&gt;Senegal (3)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="rs"&gt;Serbia (13)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="sc"&gt;Seychelles (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="sl"&gt;Sierra Leone (4)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="sg"&gt;Singapore (5)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="sk"&gt;Slovakia (33)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="si"&gt;Slovenia (4)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="sb"&gt;Solomon Islands (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="so"&gt;Somalia (16)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="za"&gt;South Africa (22)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="es"&gt;Spain (78)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="lk"&gt;Sri Lanka (24)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="sd"&gt;Sudan (23)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="sr"&gt;Suriname (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="sz"&gt;Swaziland (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="se"&gt;Sweden (37)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="ch"&gt;Switzerland (48)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="sy"&gt;Syria (15)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="tw"&gt;Taiwan (86)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="tj"&gt;Tajikistan (3)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="tz"&gt;Tanzania (20)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="th"&gt;Thailand (65)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="tg"&gt;Togo (1)&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option value="to"&gt;Tonga 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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/IsraUniversityHyderabad/~4/pfMAfcIC5U0" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2011-07-29T23:54:49.622-07:00</app:edited><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://israuniversityhyderabad.blogspot.com/2011/07/universities-worldwide-world-listing.html</feedburner:origLink></item><item><title>Universities Worldwide</title><link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/IsraUniversityHyderabad/~3/-h_c1MNPgzY/universities-worldwide.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (anonymous)</author><pubDate>Fri, 29 Jul 2011 23:39:45 PDT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2386593457167173150.post-7977130440163978279</guid><description>Abasyn University Peshawar&lt;br /&gt;    Aga Khan University&lt;br /&gt;    Air University&lt;br /&gt;    Al-Khair University&lt;br /&gt;    Allama Iqbal Open University&lt;br /&gt;    Alpha Omega University&lt;br /&gt;    American University of Hawaii, Punjab Campus&lt;br /&gt;    Asian Management Institute&lt;br /&gt;    Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Pakistan (APIIT PAK)&lt;br /&gt;    Azad Jammu and Kashmir University&lt;br /&gt;    Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan&lt;br /&gt;    Bahria University&lt;br /&gt;    Balochistan University of Engineering and Technology Khuzdar&lt;br /&gt;    Balochistan University of Information Technology &amp; Management Sciences&lt;br /&gt;    Baqai Medical University&lt;br /&gt;    Cecos Univeristy of Information Technology&lt;br /&gt;    College of Business Management ( CBM )&lt;br /&gt;    COMSATS Institute of Information Technology&lt;br /&gt;    COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad&lt;br /&gt;    COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Attock&lt;br /&gt;    COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore&lt;br /&gt;    COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Wah&lt;br /&gt;    COSMIQ Institute of Technology&lt;br /&gt;    Dadabhoy Institute of Higher Education&lt;br /&gt;    Dawood College of Engineering and Technology&lt;br /&gt;    Dow University of Health Sciences&lt;br /&gt;    Faisalabad Institute of Textile and Fashion Design&lt;br /&gt;    FAST - National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences (NUCES)&lt;br /&gt;    Federal Urdu University of Arts,Science and Technology&lt;br /&gt;    Gandhara Institute of Medical Sciences&lt;br /&gt;    Gangdara Institute Of Science &amp; Technology&lt;br /&gt;    GC University Lahore&lt;br /&gt;    Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Science &amp; Technology&lt;br /&gt;    Gift University&lt;br /&gt;    Gomal University&lt;br /&gt;    Government College University Faisalabad&lt;br /&gt;    Government College University Lahore&lt;br /&gt;    Greenwich University&lt;br /&gt;    Hahnamann Honoeopathic Medical College&lt;br /&gt;    Hajvery University Lahore for Women&lt;br /&gt;    Hamdard University&lt;br /&gt;    Hazara University&lt;br /&gt;    Hitec University&lt;br /&gt;    Indus Institute of Higher Education&lt;br /&gt;    Institute of Business Administration (IBA)&lt;br /&gt;    Institute Of Business Administration Sukkur&lt;br /&gt;    Institute of Business &amp; Technology&lt;br /&gt;    Institute of Industrial Electronics Engineering&lt;br /&gt;    Institute of Management Sciences, Lahore (IMS)&lt;br /&gt;    International Islamic University&lt;br /&gt;    Islamia University of Bahawalpur&lt;br /&gt;    Isra University&lt;br /&gt;    Jinnah University for Women&lt;br /&gt;    Karachi Institute Of Economics And Technology&lt;br /&gt;    Karachi Institute of Information Technology&lt;br /&gt;    Karachi Medical and Dental College&lt;br /&gt;    Karachi School of Art&lt;br /&gt;    Karakoram International University&lt;br /&gt;    KASB Institute of Technology&lt;br /&gt;    Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST)&lt;br /&gt;    Lahore College for Women University&lt;br /&gt;    Lahore University of Management Sciences&lt;br /&gt;    Liaquat University of Medical &amp; Health Sciences Jamshoro&lt;br /&gt;    Mehran University of Engineering &amp; Technology&lt;br /&gt;    Mohammad Ali Jinnah University&lt;br /&gt;    Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi&lt;br /&gt;    Mohi-ud-Din Islamic University&lt;br /&gt;    Mooreland University&lt;br /&gt;    National College of Arts&lt;br /&gt;    National University of Computer &amp; Emerging Sciences&lt;br /&gt;    National University of Modern Languages&lt;br /&gt;    National University of Science and Technology&lt;br /&gt;    NED University of Engineering and Technology Karachi&lt;br /&gt;    North West Frontier Province Agricultural University&lt;br /&gt;    Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB)&lt;br /&gt;    Pak-AIMS (American Institute of Management Sciences)&lt;br /&gt;    Pakistan Virtual University&lt;br /&gt;    Planwel University&lt;br /&gt;    Preston University, Pakistan Campus&lt;br /&gt;    Punjab Institute of Computer science&lt;br /&gt;    Punjab University College of Information Tecnology&lt;br /&gt;    Pyramid Education Center&lt;br /&gt;    Qauid-e-Awam University of Engineering Sciences &amp; Technology&lt;br /&gt;    Quaid-i-Azam University&lt;br /&gt;    Qurtuba University of Science and Infromation Technology&lt;br /&gt;    Riphah International Univeristy&lt;br /&gt;    Sarhad University of Science &amp; Information Technology, Peshawar&lt;br /&gt;    Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur&lt;br /&gt;    Shaheed Zulifkar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology&lt;br /&gt;    Sindh Agricultural University&lt;br /&gt;    Sir Syed Institute Of Technology Islamabad&lt;br /&gt;    Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology&lt;br /&gt;    Textile Institute of Pakistan&lt;br /&gt;    University of Agriculture Faisalabad&lt;br /&gt;    University of Arid Agriculture Rawalpindi&lt;br /&gt;    University of Baluchistan&lt;br /&gt;    University of Central Punjab&lt;br /&gt;    University of East&lt;br /&gt;    University of Education&lt;br /&gt;    University of Engineering and Technology Lahore&lt;br /&gt;    University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar&lt;br /&gt;    University of Engineering and Technology Taxila&lt;br /&gt;    University of Faisalabad&lt;br /&gt;    University of Gujrat&lt;br /&gt;    University of Islamic Studies&lt;br /&gt;    University of Karachi&lt;br /&gt;    University of Lahore&lt;br /&gt;    University of Malakand&lt;br /&gt;    University of Management and Technology&lt;br /&gt;    University of Munawwar-ul-Islam&lt;br /&gt;    University of NorthWest&lt;br /&gt;    University of Peshawar&lt;br /&gt;    University of Sargodha&lt;br /&gt;    University of Science &amp; Technology Bannu&lt;br /&gt;    University of Sindh&lt;br /&gt;    University of South Asia&lt;br /&gt;    University of the Punjab&lt;br /&gt;    University of the Punjab, Gujranwala Campus&lt;br /&gt;    University of Veterinary &amp; Animal Science&lt;br /&gt;    University of Wah&lt;br /&gt;    Virtual University of Pakistan&lt;br /&gt;    Wah Medical College&lt;br /&gt;    Zawiya Academy&lt;br /&gt;    Zia-ud-Din Medical University&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2386593457167173150-7977130440163978279?l=israuniversityhyderabad.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/IsraUniversityHyderabad/~4/PjrqADkhJXg" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2011-07-20T12:25:14.854-07:00</app:edited><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://israuniversityhyderabad.blogspot.com/2011/07/google-window.html</feedburner:origLink></item><item><title>University of Oxford</title><link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/IsraUniversityHyderabad/~3/bNmrLXrreQU/university-of-oxford.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (anonymous)</author><pubDate>Wed, 20 Jul 2011 12:19:55 PDT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2386593457167173150.post-487072497366996990</guid><description>&lt;h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading"&gt;University of Oxford&lt;/h1&gt;                      &lt;div id="siteSub"&gt;From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia&lt;/div&gt;               &lt;div id="contentSub"&gt;  (Redirected from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxford_university&amp;amp;redirect=no" title="Oxford university"&gt;Oxford university&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/div&gt;                                              &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span id="coordinates"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system"&gt;Coordinates&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"&gt;&lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;img style="padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; cursor: pointer;" class="noprint" alt="" title="Show location on an interactive map" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/WMA_button2b.png/17px-WMA_button2b.png" /&gt;&lt;a style="white-space: nowrap;" href="http://toolserver.org/%7Egeohack/geohack.php?pagename=University_of_Oxford&amp;amp;params=51.7611_N_1.2534_W_type:edu" class="external text" rel="nofollow"&gt;&lt;span class="geo-default"&gt;&lt;span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"&gt;51.7611°N 1.2534°W&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;table class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em;" cellspacing="5"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;th colspan="2" class="fn org" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"&gt;University of Oxford&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr class=""&gt; &lt;td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oxford_University.svg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Oxford_University.svg/170px-Oxford_University.svg.png" height="204" width="170" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;University of Oxford &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_%28emblem%29" title="Seal (emblem)"&gt;seal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr class=""&gt; &lt;td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language" title="Latin language" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Latin&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;span lang="la"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Universitas Oxoniensis&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr class=""&gt; &lt;th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"&gt;&lt;span class="note"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motto" title="Motto"&gt;Motto&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td class="" style=""&gt;&lt;i&gt;Dominus Illuminatio Mea&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin"&gt;Latin&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr class=""&gt; &lt;th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"&gt;&lt;span class="note"&gt;Motto in English&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td class="" style=""&gt;The Lord is my Light&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr class=""&gt; &lt;th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_of_establishment" title="Date of establishment"&gt;Established&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td class="" style=""&gt;Unknown, teaching existed since 1096 (age 914–915)&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_0-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Oxford-0"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;1&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr class=""&gt; &lt;th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment"&gt;Endowment&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td class="" style=""&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%A3" title="£" class="mw-redirect"&gt;£&lt;/a&gt;3.0 billion (inc. colleges)&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Campaign_for_Oxford_1-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Campaign_for_Oxford-1"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;2&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr class=""&gt; &lt;th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_%28education%29" title="Chancellor (education)"&gt;Chancellor&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td class="" style=""&gt;The Rt. Hon. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Patten" title="Chris Patten"&gt;Lord Patten of Barnes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr class=""&gt; &lt;th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-Chancellor" title="Vice-Chancellor" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Vice-Chancellor&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td class="" style=""&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_D._Hamilton" title="Andrew D. Hamilton"&gt;Andrew Hamilton&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr class=""&gt; &lt;th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"&gt;Students&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td class="" style=""&gt;20,330&lt;sup id="cite_ref-OXFACT_2-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-OXFACT-2"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;3&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-OXSTATS_3-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-OXSTATS-3"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;4&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr class=""&gt; &lt;th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education"&gt;Undergraduates&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td class="" style=""&gt;11,766&lt;sup id="cite_ref-OXFACT_2-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-OXFACT-2"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;3&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr class=""&gt; &lt;th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education"&gt;Postgraduates&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td class="" style=""&gt;8,701&lt;sup id="cite_ref-OXFACT_2-2" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-OXFACT-2"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;3&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr class=""&gt; &lt;th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"&gt;Other students&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td class="" style=""&gt;461&lt;sup id="cite_ref-OXSTATS_3-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-OXSTATS-3"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;4&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr class=""&gt; &lt;th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"&gt;Location&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td class="adr" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="locality"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford"&gt;Oxford&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class="country-name"&gt;England, UK&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr class=""&gt; &lt;th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_colors" title="School colors"&gt;Colours&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td class="" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="background-color:#002147; color:; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;"&gt;    &lt;/span&gt; Oxford Blue&lt;sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-4"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;5&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;table class="toccolours" style="width: 100%; padding: 0;" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="background: #002147; font-size:50%;"&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr class=""&gt; &lt;th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"&gt;Affiliations&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td class="" style=""&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Research_Universities" title="International Alliance of Research Universities"&gt;IARU&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Group" title="Russell Group"&gt;Russell Group&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coimbra_Group" title="Coimbra Group"&gt;Coimbra Group&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europaeum" title="Europaeum"&gt;Europaeum&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_University_Association" title="European University Association"&gt;EUA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G5_%28education%29" title="G5 (education)"&gt;G5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LERU" title="LERU" class="mw-redirect"&gt;LERU&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr class=""&gt; &lt;th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"&gt;Website&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td class="" style=""&gt;&lt;a href="http://ox.ac.uk/" class="external text" rel="nofollow"&gt;ox.ac.uk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;p&gt;The &lt;b&gt;University of Oxford&lt;/b&gt; (informally &lt;b&gt;Oxford University&lt;/b&gt;, or simply &lt;b&gt;Oxford&lt;/b&gt;) is a university in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford"&gt;Oxford&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England"&gt;England&lt;/a&gt;. It is the second &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation" title="List of oldest universities in continuous operation"&gt;oldest surviving university&lt;/a&gt; in the world and the oldest in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world"&gt;English-speaking world&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-oxhist_5-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-oxhist-5"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;6&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-6"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;7&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Although the exact date of its foundation remains unclear, there is evidence of teaching there as far back as the 11th century.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-7"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;8&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The University grew rapidly from 1167 when &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England"&gt;Henry II&lt;/a&gt; banned English students from attending the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris"&gt;University of Paris&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-oxhist_5-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-oxhist-5"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;6&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-nominal_letters" title="Post-nominal letters"&gt;post-nominals&lt;/a&gt;, the University of Oxford was historically abbreviated as &lt;b&gt;Oxon.&lt;/b&gt; (from the Latin &lt;i&gt;Oxoniensis&lt;/i&gt;), although &lt;b&gt;Oxf&lt;/b&gt; is nowadays used in official university publications.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled north-east to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge"&gt;Cambridge&lt;/a&gt;, where they established what became the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge"&gt;University of Cambridge&lt;/a&gt;. The two ancient English universities have many common features and are often jointly referred to as &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxbridge" title="Oxbridge"&gt;Oxbridge&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. In addition to their cultural and practical associations, as a historic part of British society, they have a long &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxbridge_rivalry" title="Oxbridge rivalry" class="mw-redirect"&gt;history of rivalry&lt;/a&gt; with each other.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Most undergraduate teaching at Oxford is organised around weekly essay-based &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutorial" title="Tutorial"&gt;tutorials&lt;/a&gt;  at self-governing colleges and halls, supported by lectures and  laboratory classes organised by University faculties and departments. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_tables_of_British_universities" title="League tables of British universities" class="mw-redirect"&gt;League tables&lt;/a&gt;  consistently list Oxford as one of the UK's best universities; the  university regularly contends with Cambridge for first place in the  tables.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-The_Times_2010_8-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-The_Times_2010-8"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;9&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-The_Complete_University_Guide_2010_9-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-The_Complete_University_Guide_2010-9"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;10&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_2010_10-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Guardian_2010-10"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;11&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Oxford consistently &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Higher_Education-QS_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education-QS World University Rankings" class="mw-redirect"&gt;ranks&lt;/a&gt; in the world's top 10.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-11"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;12&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-12"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;13&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; For more than a century, it has served as the home of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship" title="Rhodes Scholarship"&gt;Rhodes Scholarship&lt;/a&gt;, which brings students from a number of countries to study at Oxford as postgraduates or for a second bachelor's degree.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-13"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;14&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Oxford is a member of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Group" title="Russell Group"&gt;Russell Group&lt;/a&gt; of research-led &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_universities" title="British universities" class="mw-redirect"&gt;British universities&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coimbra_Group" title="Coimbra Group"&gt;Coimbra Group&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G5_%28education%29" title="G5 (education)"&gt;G5&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_European_Research_Universities" title="League of European Research Universities"&gt;League of European Research Universities&lt;/a&gt;, and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Research_Universities" title="International Alliance of Research Universities"&gt;International Alliance of Research Universities&lt;/a&gt;. It is also a core member of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europaeum" title="Europaeum"&gt;Europaeum&lt;/a&gt; and forms part of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Triangle_%28UK_universities%29" title="Golden Triangle (UK universities)"&gt;'Golden Triangle'&lt;/a&gt; of British universities.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-14"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;15&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;table id="toc" class="toc"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;div id="toctitle"&gt; &lt;h2&gt;Contents&lt;/h2&gt;  &lt;span class="toctoggle"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#" class="internal" id="togglelink"&gt;hide&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#History"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;History&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#Women.27s_education"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;1.1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Women's education&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#Organisation"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Organisation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#Central_governance"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;2.1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Central governance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#Colleges"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;2.2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Colleges&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#Teaching_and_degrees"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;2.3&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Teaching and degrees&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#Academic_year"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;2.4&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Academic year&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#Traditions"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;2.5&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Traditions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#Finances"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Finances&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#Admission"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;4&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Admission&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#Age"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;4.1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Age&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#Procedure"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;4.2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Procedure&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#Access"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;4.3&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Access&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#Scholarships_and_financial_support"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;4.4&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Scholarships and financial support&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#Collections"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Collections&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#Libraries"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;5.1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Libraries&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#Museums"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;5.2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Museums&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#Reputation"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;6&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Reputation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#League_table_rankings"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;7&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;League table rankings&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#Notable_alumni_and_academics"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;8&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Notable alumni and academics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#Affiliates_and_other_institutions"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;9&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Affiliates and other institutions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#Faculties_and_Departments"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;9.1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Faculties and Departments&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#Clubs_and_societies"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;9.2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Clubs and societies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#Media"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;9.3&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Media&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#Buildings_and_parks"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;9.4&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Buildings and parks&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#Other_institutions"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;9.5&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Other institutions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#Oxford_in_literature_and_other_media"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;10&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Oxford in literature and other media&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#See_also"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;11&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;See also&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#References"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;12&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;References&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#Notes"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;12.1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Notes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#Bibliography"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;12.2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Bibliography&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#External_links"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;13&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;External links&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Oxford&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=1" title="Edit section: History"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="History"&gt;History&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tleft"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OUCOAcolourCopyrightKaihsuTai.png" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/OUCOAcolourCopyrightKaihsuTai.png/220px-OUCOAcolourCopyrightKaihsuTai.png" class="thumbimage" height="257" width="220" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OUCOAcolourCopyrightKaihsuTai.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="Arms of the University of Oxford"&gt;coat of arms&lt;/a&gt; of the University of Oxford.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;The University of Oxford does not have a known date of foundation.  Teaching at Oxford existed in some form in 1096, but it is unclear at  what point a university came into being.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-oxhist_5-2" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-oxhist-5"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;6&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The expulsion of foreigners from the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris"&gt;University of Paris&lt;/a&gt; in 1167 caused many English scholars to return from France and settle in Oxford. The historian &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_of_Wales" title="Gerald of Wales"&gt;Gerald of Wales&lt;/a&gt; lectured to such scholars in 1188, and the first known foreign scholar, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emo_of_Friesland" title="Emo of Friesland"&gt;Emo of Friesland&lt;/a&gt;, arrived in 1190. The head of the University was named a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor" title="Chancellor"&gt;chancellor&lt;/a&gt; from at least 1201, and the masters were recognised as a &lt;i&gt;universitas&lt;/i&gt; or corporation in 1231. The students associated together on the basis of geographical origins, into two “&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_%28university_corporation%29" title="Nation (university corporation)" class="mw-redirect"&gt;nations&lt;/a&gt;”, representing the North (including the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_people" title="Scots people" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Scots&lt;/a&gt;) and the South (including the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people"&gt;Irish&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people"&gt;Welsh&lt;/a&gt;). In later centuries, geographical origins continued to influence many students' affiliations when membership of a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleges_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="Colleges of the University of Oxford"&gt;college&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Private_Hall" title="Permanent Private Hall"&gt;hall&lt;/a&gt; became customary in Oxford. Members of many &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_order" title="Religious order"&gt;religious orders&lt;/a&gt;, including &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order"&gt;Dominicans&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan" title="Franciscan"&gt;Franciscans&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites"&gt;Carmelites&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians"&gt;Augustinians&lt;/a&gt;,  settled in Oxford in the mid-13th century, gained influence, and  maintained houses for students. At about the same time, private  benefactors established colleges to serve as self-contained scholarly  communities. Among the earliest such founders were &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Durham" title="William of Durham"&gt;William of Durham&lt;/a&gt;, who in 1249 endowed &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College,_Oxford" title="University College, Oxford"&gt;University College&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I_de_Balliol" title="John I de Balliol"&gt;John Balliol&lt;/a&gt;, father of a future &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Scotland" title="John of Scotland" class="mw-redirect"&gt;King of Scots&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford" title="Balliol College, Oxford"&gt;Balliol College&lt;/a&gt; bears his name. Another founder, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_de_Merton" title="Walter de Merton"&gt;Walter de Merton&lt;/a&gt;, a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor"&gt;chancellor&lt;/a&gt; of England and afterwards &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Rochester" title="Bishop of Rochester"&gt;Bishop of Rochester&lt;/a&gt;, devised a series of regulations for college life; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford" title="Merton College, Oxford"&gt;Merton College&lt;/a&gt;  thereby became the model for such establishments at Oxford, as well as  at the University of Cambridge. Thereafter, an increasing number of  students forsook living in halls and religious houses in favour of  living in colleges.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The new learning of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance"&gt;Renaissance&lt;/a&gt; greatly influenced Oxford from the late 15th century onwards. Among university scholars of the period were &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grocyn" title="William Grocyn"&gt;William Grocyn&lt;/a&gt;, who contributed to the revival of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language"&gt;Greek language&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Colet" title="John Colet"&gt;John Colet&lt;/a&gt;, the noted &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Theology" title="Biblical Theology" class="mw-redirect"&gt;biblical scholar&lt;/a&gt;. With the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" title="Protestant Reformation"&gt;Reformation&lt;/a&gt; and the breaking of ties with the Roman Catholic Church, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recusancy" title="Recusancy"&gt;Recusant&lt;/a&gt; scholars from Oxford fled to continental Europe, settling especially at the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Douai" title="University of Douai"&gt;University of Douai&lt;/a&gt;. The method of teaching at Oxford was transformed from the medieval &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism"&gt;Scholastic method&lt;/a&gt; to Renaissance education, although institutions associated with the university suffered losses of land and revenues. In 1636, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_%28education%29" title="Chancellor (education)"&gt;Chancellor&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Laud" title="William Laud"&gt;William Laud&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury"&gt;archbishop of Canterbury&lt;/a&gt;,  codified the university's statutes; these to a large extent remained  its governing regulations until the mid-19th century. Laud was also  responsible for the granting of a charter securing privileges for the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press"&gt;University Press&lt;/a&gt;, and he made significant contributions to the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library"&gt;Bodleian Library&lt;/a&gt;, the main library of the university.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Speed%27s_map_of_Oxford,_1605..jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/John_Speed%27s_map_of_Oxford%2C_1605..jpg/220px-John_Speed%27s_map_of_Oxford%2C_1605..jpg" class="thumbimage" height="175" width="220" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Speed%27s_map_of_Oxford,_1605..jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; In 1605 Oxford was still a walled city, but several colleges had been  built outside the city walls. (North is at the bottom on this map.)&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;The university was a centre of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier"&gt;Royalist&lt;/a&gt; party during the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War"&gt;English Civil War&lt;/a&gt; (1642–1649), while the town favoured the opposing &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead"&gt;Parliamentarian&lt;/a&gt; cause. From the mid-18th century onwards, however, the University of Oxford took little part in political conflicts.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tleft"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ChristChurchOxfordEngraving1742.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/ChristChurchOxfordEngraving1742.jpg/200px-ChristChurchOxfordEngraving1742.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="162" width="200" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ChristChurchOxfordEngraving1742.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; An engraving of Christ Church, Oxford, 1742.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;The mid nineteenth century saw the impact of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement"&gt;Oxford Movement&lt;/a&gt; (1833–1845), led among others by the future &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Newman" title="Cardinal Newman" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Cardinal Newman&lt;/a&gt;. The influence of the reformed model of German university reached Oxford via key scholars such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Jowett" title="Benjamin Jowett"&gt;Benjamin Jowett&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller"&gt;Max Müller&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Administrative reforms during the 19th century included the  replacement of oral examinations with written entrance tests, greater  tolerance for &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters"&gt;religious dissent&lt;/a&gt;,  and the establishment of four women's colleges. Twentieth century Privy  Council decisions (such as the abolition of compulsory daily worship,  dissociation of the Regius professorship of Hebrew from clerical status,  diversion of theological bequests to colleges to other purposes)  loosened the link with traditional belief and practice. Although the  University's emphasis traditionally had been on classical knowledge, its  curriculum expanded in the course of the 19th century to encompass &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science" title="Science"&gt;scientific&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine"&gt;medical&lt;/a&gt; studies.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The mid twentieth century saw many distinguished continental scholars, displaced by Nazism and Communism, relocating to Oxford.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The list of distinguished scholars at the University of Oxford is long and includes many who have made major contributions to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom"&gt;British politics&lt;/a&gt;, the sciences, medicine, and literature. More than forty Nobel laureates and more than fifty &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Leaders" title="World Leaders"&gt;world leaders&lt;/a&gt; have been affiliated with the University of Oxford.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Famous_15-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Famous-15"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;16&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Oxford&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Women's education"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Women.27s_education"&gt;Women's education&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;The University passed a Statute in 1875 allowing its delegates to  create preliminary and final examinations at roughly undergraduate  level.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Lannon_16-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Lannon-16"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;17&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  The first four women's' colleges were established thanks to the  activism of the Association for Promoting the Higher Education of Women  (AEW). &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Hall,_Oxford" title="Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford"&gt;Lady Margaret Hall&lt;/a&gt; (1878&lt;sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-17"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;18&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;) was followed by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerville_College,_Oxford" title="Somerville College, Oxford"&gt;Somerville College&lt;/a&gt; in 1879;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-18"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;19&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; the first 21 students from Somerville and LMH attended lectures in rooms above an Oxford baker's shop.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Lannon_16-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Lannon-16"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;17&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The first two colleges for women were followed by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Hugh%27s_College,_Oxford" title="St Hugh's College, Oxford"&gt;St Hugh's&lt;/a&gt; (1886&lt;sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-19"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;20&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;), &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Hilda%27s_College,_Oxford" title="St Hilda's College, Oxford"&gt;St Hilda's&lt;/a&gt; (1893&lt;sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-20"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;21&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;) and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Anne%27s_College,_Oxford" title="St Anne's College, Oxford"&gt;St Anne's College&lt;/a&gt; (1952&lt;sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-21"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;22&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;). Oxford was long considered a bastion of male privilege,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-22"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;23&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  and it was not until 7 October 1920 that women became eligible for  admission as full members of the university and were given the right to  take degrees .&lt;sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-23"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;24&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In 1927 a quota of female students was instituted by the University's dons, a ruling not abolished until 1957.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Lannon_16-2" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Lannon-16"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;17&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  However, until the 1970s all Oxford colleges were for men or women  only, so that the number of women was effectively limited by the  capacity of the women's colleges to admit students. It was not until  1959 that the women's colleges were given full collegiate status.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In 1974, five previously all-male colleges became co-educational. In  2008, St Hilda's became the last of the women's colleges to admit men  also, so that all of the Oxford colleges are now co-educational.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-24"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;25&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; By 1988, 40% of undergraduates at Oxford were female;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-25"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;26&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; the ratio is now about 48:52 in men's favour.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The detective novel &lt;i&gt;"&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudy_Night" title="Gaudy Night"&gt;Gaudy Night&lt;/a&gt;"&lt;/i&gt; by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Sayers" title="Dorothy Sayers" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Dorothy Sayers&lt;/a&gt;  – herself one of the first women to get an academic degree at Oxford –  takes place in a (fictional) women's college at Oxford, and the issue of  women's education is central to its plot.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Oxford&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Organisation"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Organisation"&gt;Organisation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p&gt;As a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_university" title="Collegiate university"&gt;collegiate university&lt;/a&gt;,  Oxford's structure can be confusing to those unfamiliar with it. The  university is a federation: it comprises over forty self-governing &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleges_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="Colleges of the University of Oxford"&gt;colleges&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Private_Hall" title="Permanent Private Hall"&gt;halls&lt;/a&gt;, along with a central administration headed by the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vice-Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="List of Vice-Chancellors of the University of Oxford"&gt;Vice-Chancellor&lt;/a&gt;.  The academic departments are located centrally within this structure;  they are not affiliated with any particular college. Departments provide  facilities for teaching and research, determine the syllabi and  guidelines for the teaching of students, perform research, and deliver  lectures and seminars. Colleges arrange the tutorial teaching for their  undergraduates. The members of an academic department are spread around  many colleges; though certain colleges do have subject alignments (e.g. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuffield_College" title="Nuffield College" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Nuffield College&lt;/a&gt;  as a centre for the social sciences), these are exceptions, and most  colleges will have a broad mix of academics and students from a diverse  range of subjects. Facilities such as libraries are provided on all  these levels: by the central university (the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian" title="Bodleian" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Bodleian&lt;/a&gt;),  by the departments (individual departmental libraries, such as the  English Faculty Library), and by colleges (each of which maintains a  multi-discipline library for the use of its members).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tleft"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sheldonian_Theatre_Oxford.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Sheldonian_Theatre_Oxford.jpg/220px-Sheldonian_Theatre_Oxford.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="245" width="220" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sheldonian_Theatre_Oxford.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldonian_Theatre" title="Sheldonian Theatre"&gt;Sheldonian Theatre&lt;/a&gt;, built by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Christopher_Wren" title="Sir Christopher Wren" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Sir Christopher Wren&lt;/a&gt; between 1664 and 1668, hosts the University's &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_%28university%29" title="Congregation (university)"&gt;Congregation&lt;/a&gt;, as well as concerts and degree ceremonies.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Oxford&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Central governance"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Central_governance"&gt;Central governance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;The university's formal head is the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="List of Chancellors of the University of Oxford"&gt;Chancellor&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span id="Chancellor_of_the_University_of_Oxford"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; (currently &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Patten" title="Chris Patten"&gt;Lord Patten of Barnes&lt;/a&gt;),  though as with most British universities, the Chancellor is a titular  figure, rather than someone involved with the day-to-day running of the  university. The Chancellor is elected by the members of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convocation" title="Convocation"&gt;Convocation&lt;/a&gt;, a body comprising all graduates of the university, and holds office until death.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vice-Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="List of Vice-Chancellors of the University of Oxford"&gt;Vice-Chancellor&lt;/a&gt;, currently &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_D._Hamilton" title="Andrew D. Hamilton"&gt;Andrew Hamilton&lt;/a&gt;,  is the "de facto" head of the University. Five Pro-Vice-Chancellors  have specific responsibilities for Education; Research; Planning and  Resources; Development and External Affairs; and Personnel and Equal  Opportunities. The University Council is the executive policy-forming  body, which consists of the Vice-Chancellor as well as heads of  departments and other members elected by Congregation, in addition to  observers from the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OUSU" title="OUSU" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Student Union&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_%28university%29" title="Congregation (university)"&gt;Congregation&lt;/a&gt;,  the "parliament of the dons", comprises over 3,700 members of the  University’s academic and administrative staff, and has ultimate  responsibility for legislative matters: it discusses and pronounces on  policies proposed by the University Council. Oxford and Cambridge (which  is similarly structured) are unique for this democratic form of  governance.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Two university &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proctor#Oxford_University" title="Proctor"&gt;proctors&lt;/a&gt;,  who are elected annually on a rotating basis from two of the colleges,  are the internal ombudsmen who make sure that the university and its  members adhere to its statutes. This role incorporates student welfare  and discipline, as well as oversight of the university's proceedings.  The collection of University Professors is called the Statutory  Professors of the University of Oxford. They are particularly  influential in the running of the graduate programmes within the  University. Examples of Statutory Professors are the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichele_Professorship" title="Chichele Professorship"&gt;Chichele Professorships&lt;/a&gt;  and the Drummond Professor of Political Economy. The various academic  faculties, departments, and institutes are organised into four  divisions, each with their own Head and elected board. They are the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities_Division,_University_of_Oxford" title="Humanities Division, University of Oxford"&gt;Humanities Division&lt;/a&gt;; the Social Sciences Division; the Mathematical, Physical and Life Sciences Division; and the Medical Sciences Division.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The University of Oxford is a "public university" in the sense that  it receives a large amount of public money from the government and from  local authorities, but it is a "private university" in the sense that it  is entirely self-governing and could choose to become entirely private  by rejecting public funds.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Oxford&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Colleges"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Colleges"&gt;Colleges&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"&gt;Main article: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleges_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="Colleges of the University of Oxford"&gt;Colleges of the University of Oxford&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Keble_College_Chapel_-_Oct_2006.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Keble_College_Chapel_-_Oct_2006.jpg/220px-Keble_College_Chapel_-_Oct_2006.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="183" width="220" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Keble_College_Chapel_-_Oct_2006.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keble_College" title="Keble College" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Keble College&lt;/a&gt;, one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;There are thirty-eight &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleges_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="Colleges of the University of Oxford"&gt;colleges of the University of Oxford&lt;/a&gt; and six &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Private_Hall" title="Permanent Private Hall"&gt;Permanent Private Halls&lt;/a&gt;, each controlling its membership and with its own internal structure and activities.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-CollegesandHalls_26-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-CollegesandHalls-26"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;27&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  All resident students, and most academic staff, must be members both of  a college or hall, and of the university. The heads of Oxford colleges  are known by various titles, according to the college, including warden,  provost, principal, president, rector, master and dean. The colleges  join together as the Conference of Colleges to discuss policy and to  deal with the central University administration. Teaching members of the  colleges (fellows and tutors) are collectively and familiarly known as  dons, although the term is rarely used by the university itself. In  addition to residential and dining facilities, the colleges provide  social, cultural, and recreational activities for their members.  Colleges have responsibility for admitting undergraduates and organising  their tuition; for graduates, this responsibility falls upon the  departments.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Oxford&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Teaching and degrees"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Teaching_and_degrees"&gt;Teaching and degrees&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"&gt;Main articles: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrees_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="Degrees of the University of Oxford"&gt;Degrees of the University of Oxford&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Professorships_at_the_University_of_Oxford" title="List of Professorships at the University of Oxford" class="mw-redirect"&gt;List of Professorships at the University of Oxford&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;Undergraduate teaching is centered on the tutorial, where 1–4  students spend an hour with an academic discussing their week’s work,  usually an essay (humanities, most social sciences, some mathematical,  physical, and life sciences) or problem sheet (most mathematical,  physical, and life sciences, and some social sciences). Students usually  have one or two tutorials a week, and can be taught by academics at any  other college—not just their own—as expertise and personnel requires.  These tutorials are complemented by lectures, classes and seminars,  which are organised on a departmental basis. Graduate students  undertaking taught degrees are usually instructed through classes and  seminars, though there is more focus upon individual research.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The university itself is responsible for conducting examinations and  conferring degrees. The passing of two sets of examinations is a  prerequisite for a first degree. The first set of examinations, called  either Honour Moderations ("Mods" and "Honour Mods") or Preliminary  Examinations ("Prelims"), are usually held at the end of the first year  (after two terms for those studying Law, Theology, Philosophy and  Theology, Experimental Psychology or Psychology, Philosophy and  Physiology or after five terms in the case of Classics). The second set  of examinations, the Final Honour School ("Finals"), is held at the end  of the undergraduate course. Successful candidates receive first-, upper  or lower second-, or third-class honours based on their performance in  Finals. An upper second is the most usual result, and a first is  generally prerequisite for graduate study. A "double first" reflects  first class results in both Honour Mods. and Finals. Research degrees at  the master's and doctoral level are conferred in all subjects studied  at graduate level at the university. As a matter of tradition,  bachelor's degree graduates are eligible, after seven years from  matriculation and without additional study, to purchase for a nominal  fee an upgrade of their bachelor's degree to a "MA" or Master of Arts.  All MAs were members of Convocation and until 1913 all resident members  of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convocation" title="Convocation"&gt;Convocation&lt;/a&gt; were members of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_%28university%29" title="Congregation (university)"&gt;Congregation&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-27"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;28&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; MAs, as members of Convocation, elected the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor" title="Chancellor"&gt;Chancellor&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Professor_of_Poetry" title="Oxford Professor of Poetry"&gt;Professor of Poetry&lt;/a&gt;, but recently Convocation has been widened to consist of all graduates.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-28"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;29&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-29"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;30&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tom_Quad,_Christ_Church_2004-01-21.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Tom_Quad%2C_Christ_Church_2004-01-21.jpg/220px-Tom_Quad%2C_Christ_Church_2004-01-21.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="122" width="220" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tom_Quad,_Christ_Church_2004-01-21.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Quad" title="Tom Quad"&gt;Tom Quad&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford"&gt;Christ Church&lt;/a&gt; in the snow.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Oxford&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Academic year"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Academic_year"&gt;Academic year&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;The academic year is divided into three &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_term" title="Academic term"&gt;terms&lt;/a&gt;, determined by Regulations.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-30"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;31&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michaelmas_term" title="Michaelmas term"&gt;Michaelmas Term&lt;/a&gt; lasts from October to December; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_term" title="Hilary term"&gt;Hilary Term&lt;/a&gt; from January to March; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_term" title="Trinity term"&gt;Trinity Term&lt;/a&gt; from April to June.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Within these terms, Council determines for each year eight-week periods called &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Term" title="Full Term"&gt;Full Terms&lt;/a&gt;, during which undergraduate teaching takes place. These terms are shorter than those of many other British universities.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-31"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;32&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Undergraduates are also expected to prepare heavily in the three holidays (known as the Christmas, Easter and Long Vacations).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Internally at least, the dates in the term are often referred to by a  number in reference to the start of each full term, thus the first week  of any full term is called "1st week" and the last is "8th week". The  numbering of the weeks continues up to the end of the term, and begins  again with negative numbering from the beginning of the succeeding term,  through "minus first week" and "noughth week", which precedes "1st  week". Weeks begin on a Sunday. Undergraduates must be in residence from  Thursday of 0th week.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Oxford&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Traditions"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Traditions"&gt;Traditions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_dress" title="Academic dress"&gt;Academic dress&lt;/a&gt; is still commonly seen at Oxford; until the 1960s students wore it at all times (see &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="Academic dress of the University of Oxford"&gt;Academic dress of the University of Oxford&lt;/a&gt;).  It is required for examinations and when visiting university officers.  Other traditions and customs vary by college, one of the most common  being the requirement to wear gowns for dinner in hall.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Oxford&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Finances"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Finances"&gt;Finances&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p&gt;In 2005/06 the University had an income of £608m, and the colleges  £237m (of which £41m is a flow-through from the University). For the  University, key sources were &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEFCE" title="HEFCE" class="mw-redirect"&gt;HEFCE&lt;/a&gt;  (£166m) and research grants (£213m). For the colleges, the largest  single source was endowments and interest (£82m) and residential charges  (£47m). While the University has the larger operating budget, the  colleges have a far larger aggregate endowment, at around £2.7bn  compared to the University's £900m.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-32"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;33&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  The Central University's endowment, along with that of many of the  colleges, is managed by the University's wholly owned endowment  management office, Oxford University Endowment Management, formed in  2007.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The University also launched a fundraising campaign in May 2008, called &lt;i&gt;Oxford Thinking – The Campaign for the University of Oxford&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-33"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;34&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  With a minimum goal of £1.25 billion, the Campaign is looking to  support three areas: academic posts and programmes, student support, and  buildings and infrastructure.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-34"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;35&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Oxford&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Admission"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Admission"&gt;Admission&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Oxford&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Age"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Age"&gt;Age&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;Oxford has no upper or lower limit on the age of those admitted as  undergraduates. Historically, it was common for boys to become members  of the university between the ages of fourteen and nineteen.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-35"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;36&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham"&gt;Jeremy Bentham&lt;/a&gt; matriculated in 1761 at the age of thirteen, which was unusually young.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-36"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;37&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  At the present time, the usual age range of those admitted to study for  first degrees begins at about seventeen, although the majority are  eighteen or nineteen. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mature_student" title="Mature student" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Mature students&lt;/a&gt;, while not in great numbers in all colleges, are a higher proportion of those at &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruskin_College,_Oxford" title="Ruskin College, Oxford" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Ruskin&lt;/a&gt;. In theory, much younger people can still be admitted to the university if they meet the entrance standard, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Lawrence" title="Ruth Lawrence"&gt;Ruth Lawrence&lt;/a&gt; matriculated at Oxford in 1983 at the age of twelve.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Oxford&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Procedure"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Procedure"&gt;Procedure&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;The admission process for undergraduates is extremely competitive and  is undertaken by the individual colleges, working with each other to  ensure that the best students gain a place at the University whichever  college they choose.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-37"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;38&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  Selection is based on achieved and predicted exam results;  candidate-submitted written work; school references; interviews, which  are held between applicants and college tutors; and, in some subjects,  written admission tests prior to interview. Prospective students apply  through the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCAS" title="UCAS"&gt;UCAS&lt;/a&gt;  application system, in common with most British universities, but  (along with applicants for Cambridge) must observe an earlier deadline.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-38"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;39&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  Because of the high volume of applications and the direct involvement  of the faculty in admissions, students are not permitted to apply to  both Oxford and Cambridge in the same year, with the exception of  applicants for &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_scholar" title="Organ scholar"&gt;Organ Scholarships&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-39"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;40&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and those applying to read for a second undergraduate degree.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-40"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;41&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The decentralised, college-based nature of the admissions procedure  necessitates a number of mechanisms to ensure that the best students are  offered admission to the University, regardless of whether the college  they originally applied to can accommodate them. As such, colleges can  'pool' candidates to other colleges, whereby candidates can be  interviewed at and/or offered admission to another college. Some courses  may make "open offers" to some candidates, which do not carry an  attachment to a particular college until &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Level" title="A Level" class="mw-redirect"&gt;A Level&lt;/a&gt; results day in August.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-41"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;42&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-42"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;43&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  Since 2007 the colleges, faculties and departments have published a  "common framework" outlining the principles and procedures they observe.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-43"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;44&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Undergraduate and graduate students may name preferred colleges in  their applications. For undergraduate students, an increasing number of  departments practise college reallocation to ensure that the ratio  between potential students and subject places available at all colleges  are as uniform as possible. Students who named colleges which are  over-subscribed are reallocated to under-subscribed colleges for their  subjects. Generally, students from all backgrounds are encouraged to  apply, as many factors besides academic performance are taken into  account during the stringent admission procedure.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-44"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;45&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;For the Department of Physics, college reallocation is done on a  random basis after a shortlist of candidates is drawn up and before  candidates are invited for interviews at the university.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-PhysicsFAQs_45-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-PhysicsFAQs-45"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;46&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  As a result of this, the college eventually offering a candidate a  place to read a subject may not be the one he/she originally applied to.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;For graduate student admissions, many colleges express a preference  for candidates who will be undertaking research in an area of interest  of one of its fellows. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Hugh%27s_College" title="St Hugh's College" class="mw-redirect"&gt;St Hugh's College&lt;/a&gt;,  for example, states that it accepts graduate students in most subjects,  principally those in the fields of interest of the Fellows of the  college.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-46"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;47&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  Perhaps as a consequence of this, it is not uncommon for a graduate  student to be a member of his/her supervisor's college, although this is  not an official university requirement. For graduate students,  admission is first handled by the relevant department, and then by a  college.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oxf-uni-mus-nh.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Oxf-uni-mus-nh.jpg/220px-Oxf-uni-mus-nh.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="170" width="220" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oxf-uni-mus-nh.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Oxford University Museum of Natural History.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Oxford&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Access"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Access"&gt;Access&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;div class="rellink boilerplate further"&gt;Further information: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford_undergraduate_admissions_statistics" title="University of Oxford undergraduate admissions statistics"&gt;University of Oxford undergraduate admissions statistics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;The University states that its &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford_%E2%80%93_undergraduate_admissions_statistics" title="University of Oxford – undergraduate admissions statistics" class="mw-redirect"&gt;admissions policies&lt;/a&gt; avoid bias against candidates of certain socio-economic or educational backgrounds.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Working_with_Schools_and_Colleges_47-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Working_with_Schools_and_Colleges-47"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;48&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; However, the fairness of Oxford admissions has attracted public controversy through episodes such as the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Spence_Affair" title="Laura Spence Affair"&gt;Laura Spence Affair&lt;/a&gt; in 2000.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-48"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;49&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  Gaining places at Oxford and Cambridge remains a central focus for many  private and selective state schools, and the lack of a social mix at  the university representing society at large remains a point of  controversy.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-49"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;50&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Veiled accusations of racism, however, have been refuted by comparison of A-level results with successful applications.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-50"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;51&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  In 2007, the University refined its admissions procedure to take into  account the academic performance of its applicants' schools.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-51"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;52&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Students who apply from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_school" title="State school"&gt;state schools&lt;/a&gt; and colleges have a broadly comparable acceptance rate to those from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_school" title="Independent school"&gt;independent schools&lt;/a&gt; (19% and 24% of applicants accepted respectively, 2010).&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Admissions_Statistics_2010_52-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Admissions_Statistics_2010-52"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;53&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; However, most pupils who are accepted from state schools come from 'elite' grammar and selective schools, rather than &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_school" title="Comprehensive school"&gt;comprehensives&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Admissions_Statistics_2010_52-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Admissions_Statistics_2010-52"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;53&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; More than half of applications come from the state sector,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Admissions_Statistics_2010_52-2" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Admissions_Statistics_2010-52"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;53&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  and the University of Oxford funds many initiatives to attract  applicants from this sector, including the new UNIQ Summer Schools,  Oxford Young Ambassadors, Target Schools, and the FE Access Initiative.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Working_with_Schools_and_Colleges_47-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Working_with_Schools_and_Colleges-47"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;48&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Most colleges also run their own access schemes and initiatives.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tleft"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ashmolean.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ashmolean.jpg/170px-Ashmolean.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="261" width="170" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ashmolean.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashmolean_Museum" title="Ashmolean Museum"&gt;Ashmolean&lt;/a&gt; is the oldest museum in Britain.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;In 2002, the University of Oxford commissioned a research project&lt;sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-53"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;54&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; under the auspices of Professor Anthony Heath.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-54"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;55&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Almost 2,000 applicants for admission participated in the project; about one third of them were admitted.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-55"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;56&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  The project found that, if anything, admissions tutors treat applicants  from state schools more favourably than applicants from private schools  with the same attainment.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-56"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;57&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  The research also suggested that this discounting was justified as  private school students need higher grades at entry to do as well as  their state school educated peers in final university examinations.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-57"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;58&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Finally, the study found that applicants to arts subjects had an advantage in admission when they displayed high levels of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_capital" title="Cultural capital"&gt;cultural capital&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-58"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;59&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Mature and part-time students are supported by the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Department_for_Continuing_Education" title="Oxford University Department for Continuing Education"&gt;Oxford University Department for Continuing Education&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Oxford&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Scholarships and financial support"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Scholarships_and_financial_support"&gt;Scholarships and financial support&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;There are many opportunities for students at Oxford to receive  financial help during their studies. The Oxford Opportunity Bursaries,  introduced in 2006, are university-wide means-based bursaries available  to any British undergraduate. With a total possible grant of £10,235  over a 3-year degree, it is the most generous &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursary" title="Bursary"&gt;bursary&lt;/a&gt; scheme offered by any British university.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-59"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;60&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  In addition, individual colleges also offer bursaries and funds to help  their students. For graduate study, there are many scholarships  attached to the University, available to students from all sorts of  backgrounds, from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarships" title="Rhodes Scholarships" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Rhodes Scholarships&lt;/a&gt; to the new Weidenfeld Scholarships.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-60"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;61&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Students successful in early examinations are rewarded by their colleges with scholarships and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition_%28scholarship%29" title="Exhibition (scholarship)"&gt;exhibitions&lt;/a&gt;,  normally the result of a long-standing endowment, although when tuition  fees were first abolished, the amounts of money available became purely  nominal. Scholars, and exhibitioners in some colleges, are entitled to  wear a more voluminous undergraduate gown; "commoners" (originally those  who had to pay for their "commons", or food and lodging) being  restricted to a short, sleeveless garment. The term "scholar" in  relation to Oxbridge, therefore, had a specific meaning as well as the  more general meaning of someone of outstanding academic ability. In  previous times, there were "noblemen commoners" and "gentlemen  commoners", but these ranks were abolished in the 19th century. "Closed"  scholarships, available only to candidates who fitted specific  conditions such as coming from specific schools, exist now only in name.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;From the inception of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England"&gt;Church of England&lt;/a&gt;  until 1866 membership of the church was a requirement to receive the BA  degree from Oxford, and "dissenters" were only permitted to receive the  MA in 1871. Knowledge of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek"&gt;Ancient Greek&lt;/a&gt; was required until 1920, and Latin until 1960. Women were admitted to degrees in 1920.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Oxford&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=15" title="Edit section: Collections"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Collections"&gt;Collections&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radcliffe_Camera,_Oxford_-_Oct_2006.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Radcliffe_Camera%2C_Oxford_-_Oct_2006.jpg/220px-Radcliffe_Camera%2C_Oxford_-_Oct_2006.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="323" width="220" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radcliffe_Camera,_Oxford_-_Oct_2006.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Camera" title="Radcliffe Camera"&gt;Radcliffe Camera&lt;/a&gt;, built 1737–1749, holds books from the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library"&gt;Bodleian Library&lt;/a&gt;'s English, History, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology" title="Theology"&gt;Theology&lt;/a&gt; collections.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Oxford&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Libraries"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Libraries"&gt;Libraries&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tleft"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:All_Saints_Church_Oxford_%281%29.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/All_Saints_Church_Oxford_%281%29.jpg/220px-All_Saints_Church_Oxford_%281%29.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="276" width="220" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:All_Saints_Church_Oxford_%281%29.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; All Saints Church, now &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_College,_Oxford" title="Lincoln College, Oxford"&gt;Lincoln College's&lt;/a&gt; library, on the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Street,_Oxford" title="High Street, Oxford"&gt;High Street&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;Oxford has more than 100 libraries, nearly 40 of which make up the  Bodleian library system. Oxford's central research library is the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library"&gt;Bodleian&lt;/a&gt;, founded by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bodley" title="Thomas Bodley"&gt;Sir Thomas Bodley&lt;/a&gt; in 1598 and opened in 1602.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-61"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;62&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; With over 11 million volumes housed on 120 miles (190 km) of shelving, it is the second-largest library in the UK, after the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library"&gt;British Library&lt;/a&gt;. It is a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_deposit" title="Legal deposit"&gt;legal deposit&lt;/a&gt;  library, which means that it is entitled to request a free copy of  every book published in the UK. As such, its collection is growing at a  rate of over three miles (five kilometres) of shelving every year.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-62"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;63&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Its main central site consists of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Camera" title="Radcliffe Camera"&gt;Radcliffe Camera&lt;/a&gt;, the Old Schools Quadrangle, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarendon_Building" title="Clarendon Building"&gt;Clarendon Building&lt;/a&gt;, and the New Bodleian Building. A tunnel underneath &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Street,_Oxford" title="Broad Street, Oxford"&gt;Broad Street&lt;/a&gt; connects the buildings. There are plans to build a new book depository in Osney Mead,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-63"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;64&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and to remodel the New Bodleian building&lt;sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-64"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;65&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; to better showcase the library’s various treasures (which include a Shakespeare &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Folio" title="First Folio"&gt;First Folio&lt;/a&gt; and a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutenberg_Bible" title="Gutenberg Bible"&gt;Gutenberg Bible&lt;/a&gt;) as well as temporary exhibitions. Several other libraries, such as the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian_Law_Library" title="Bodleian Law Library"&gt;Bodleian Law Library&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_Library" title="Indian Institute Library"&gt;Indian Institute Library&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Science_Library" title="Radcliffe Science Library"&gt;Radcliffe Science Library&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Institute_Library" title="Oriental Institute Library" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Oriental Institute Library&lt;/a&gt;, also fall within the Bodleian’s remit.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;As well as the Bodleian, there are a number of other specialised libraries in Oxford, such as the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sackler_Library" title="Sackler Library"&gt;Sackler Library&lt;/a&gt;  which holds classical collections. In addition, most academic  departments maintain their own library, as do all colleges. The  University’s entire collection is catalogued by the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OLIS" title="OLIS"&gt;Oxford Libraries Information System&lt;/a&gt;, though with such a huge collection, this is an ongoing task.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-65"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;66&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Library_Services" title="Oxford University Library Services" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Oxford University Library Services&lt;/a&gt;,  the head of which is Bodley’s Librarian, is the governing  administrative body responsible for libraries in Oxford. The Bodleian is  currently engaged in a mass-digitisation project with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google"&gt;Google&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-66"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;67&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-67"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;68&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class="rellink boilerplate seealso"&gt;See also: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Libraries_in_Oxford" title="Category:Libraries in Oxford"&gt;Category:Libraries in Oxford&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tleft"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pitt-rivers-m2.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Pitt-rivers-m2.jpg/220px-Pitt-rivers-m2.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="293" width="220" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pitt-rivers-m2.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; The interior of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitt_Rivers_Museum" title="Pitt Rivers Museum"&gt;Pitt Rivers Museum&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Oxford&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=17" title="Edit section: Museums"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Museums"&gt;Museums&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;Oxford maintains a number of museums and galleries in addition to its libraries. The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashmolean_Museum" title="Ashmolean Museum"&gt;Ashmolean Museum&lt;/a&gt;, founded in 1683, is the oldest museum in the UK, and the oldest university museum in the world.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-68"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;69&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; It holds significant collections of art and archaeology, including works by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo"&gt;Michelangelo&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci"&gt;Leonardo da Vinci&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner"&gt;Turner&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso"&gt;Picasso&lt;/a&gt;, as well as treasures such as the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpion_Macehead" title="Scorpion Macehead"&gt;Scorpion Macehead&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parian_Chronicle" title="Parian Chronicle"&gt;Parian Marble&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Jewel" title="Alfred Jewel"&gt;Alfred Jewel&lt;/a&gt;. It also contains "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah_Stradivarius" title="Messiah Stradivarius"&gt;The Messiah&lt;/a&gt;",  a pristine Stradivarius violin, regarded by some as one of the finest  examples in existence. The Ashmolean reopened in November 2009, after a  £49m redevelopment,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-69"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;70&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; doubling the display space as well as providing new facilities.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Oxford University Museum of Natural History"&gt;Museum of Natural History&lt;/a&gt; holds the University’s anatomical and natural history specimens. It is housed in a large neo-Gothic building on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parks_Road" title="Parks Road"&gt;Parks Road&lt;/a&gt;, in the University’s &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Area,_Oxford" title="Science Area, Oxford"&gt;Science Area&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-70"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;71&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-71"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;72&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Among its collection are the skeletons of a &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrannosaurus" title="Tyrannosaurus"&gt;Tyrannosaurus rex&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triceratops" title="Triceratops"&gt;triceratops&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, and the most complete remains of a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo"&gt;dodo&lt;/a&gt; found anywhere in the world. It also hosts the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Simonyi" title="Charles Simonyi"&gt;Simonyi&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simonyi_Professorship_of_the_Public_Understanding_of_Science" title="Simonyi Professorship of the Public Understanding of Science" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Professorship of the Public Understanding of Science&lt;/a&gt;, currently held by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_du_Sautoy" title="Marcus du Sautoy"&gt;Marcus du Sautoy&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oxford_Botanic_Garden_in_Autumn_2004.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Oxford_Botanic_Garden_in_Autumn_2004.jpg/220px-Oxford_Botanic_Garden_in_Autumn_2004.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="144" width="220" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oxford_Botanic_Garden_in_Autumn_2004.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Autumn in the Walled Garden of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Botanic_Garden" title="Oxford Botanic Garden" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Botanic Garden&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;Adjoining the Museum of Natural History is the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitt_Rivers_Museum" title="Pitt Rivers Museum"&gt;Pitt Rivers Museum&lt;/a&gt;,  founded in 1884, which displays the University’s archaeological and  anthropological collections, currently holding over 500,000 items. It  recently built a new research annexe; its staff have been involved with  the teaching of anthropology at Oxford since its foundation, when as  part of his donation General &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Pitt_Rivers" title="Augustus Pitt Rivers"&gt;Augustus Pitt Rivers&lt;/a&gt; stipulated that the University establish a lectureship in anthropology.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_the_History_of_Science,_Oxford" title="Museum of the History of Science, Oxford"&gt;Museum of the History of Science&lt;/a&gt; is housed on Broad St in the world’s oldest-surviving purpose-built museum building.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-72"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;73&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; It contains 15,000 artifacts, from antiquity to the 20th century, representing almost all aspects of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science"&gt;history of science&lt;/a&gt;. In the Faculty of Music on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Aldate%27s,_Oxford" title="St Aldate's, Oxford"&gt;St Aldate's&lt;/a&gt; is the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bate_Collection" title="Bate Collection" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Bate Collection&lt;/a&gt; of Musical Instruments, a collection mostly of instruments from Western classical music, from the medieval period onwards. The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Botanic_Garden" title="Oxford Botanic Garden" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Botanic Garden&lt;/a&gt;  is the oldest botanic garden in the UK, and the third-oldest scientific  garden in the world. It contains representatives from over 90% of the  world’s higher plant families. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church_Picture_Gallery" title="Christ Church Picture Gallery"&gt;Christ Church Picture Gallery&lt;/a&gt; holds a collection of over 200 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_master" title="Old master" class="mw-redirect"&gt;old master&lt;/a&gt; paintings.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class="rellink boilerplate seealso"&gt;See also: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Museums_in_Oxford" title="Category:Museums in Oxford"&gt;Category:Museums in Oxford&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Oxford&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=18" title="Edit section: Reputation"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Reputation"&gt;Reputation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p&gt;In the subject tables of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_University_Guide" title="Good University Guide" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Times Good University Guide&lt;/a&gt; 2008, Oxford is ranked as the top university in the UK with Cambridge as the second.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-TGUG2008_73-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-TGUG2008-73"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;74&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Oxford is ranked first in Politics, Physiological Sciences, English, Fine Art, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business" title="Business"&gt;Business Studies&lt;/a&gt;, Middle Eastern and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_studies" title="African studies"&gt;African Studies&lt;/a&gt;,  Music, Philosophy, and also Education and Linguistics which it shares  first with Cambridge. Oxford comes second after Cambridge in a further  seventeen subjects. The University then takes three third-places and an  equal-third, as well as a fourth, fifth, and equal-sixth place in one  subject each.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Times_Good_University_Guide_74-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Times_Good_University_Guide-74"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;75&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In the Guardian's subject tables for institutions in tariff-band 6  (universities whose prospective students are expected to score 400 or  more tariff points) Oxford took first place for Anatomy and Physiology,  Anthropology, Biosciences, Business and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management" title="Management"&gt;Management Studies&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science"&gt;Earth&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography"&gt;Marine Sciences&lt;/a&gt;, Economics, English, Law, Materials and Mineral Engineering, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_language" title="Modern language"&gt;Modern Languages&lt;/a&gt;, Music, Politics, Psychology, and Sociology. Oxford came second to Cambridge in Geography, Archaeology, Classics, History, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Art" title="History of Art" class="mw-redirect"&gt;History of Art&lt;/a&gt;, Mathematics, Philosophy, Theology and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Studies" title="Religious Studies" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Religious Studies&lt;/a&gt;.  Oxford came second in General Engineering, and third in Fine Art,  General Engineering and Physics; fourth place in Chemistry and Medicine;  second place in Computer Science and IT.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-EducationGuardian_2009_Subject_Tables_75-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-EducationGuardian_2009_Subject_Tables-75"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;76&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In the 2010 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities"&gt;Academic Ranking of World Universities&lt;/a&gt;, Oxford was ranked 10th in the world and second in Europe.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-76"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;77&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In the 2010 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings"&gt;QS World University Rankings&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-77"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;78&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Oxford University dropped a place to sixth in the world (while Cambridge University came first), falling from fifth (alongside &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London"&gt;Imperial College London&lt;/a&gt;) in the 2009 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THE_%E2%80%93_QS_World_University_Rankings" title="THE – QS World University Rankings" class="mw-redirect"&gt;THE – QS World University Rankings&lt;/a&gt; (in 2010 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings"&gt;Times Higher Education World University Rankings&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings"&gt;QS World University Rankings&lt;/a&gt;  parted ways to produce separate rankings). It had been consistently in  the top five since the rankings began in 2004. In 2009 it had been  ranked second in the world for arts and humanities, third in life  sciences and biomedicine, third in social sciences, and fifth in natural  sciences. Oxford also came second in the world in terms of graduate  employability. According to the 2011 Times Higher Education World  Reputation Rankings&lt;sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-78"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;79&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; – based on a survey of 13,388 academics over 131 countries which is the largest evaluation of academic reputation to date&lt;sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-79"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;80&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; – Oxford belongs to the elite group of six universities touted as the 'globally recognised super brands'.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-80"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;81&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Oxford is one of four UK universities that belong to the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coimbra_Group" title="Coimbra Group"&gt;Coimbra Group&lt;/a&gt;, one of four UK universities that belong to the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_European_Research_Universities" title="League of European Research Universities"&gt;League of European Research Universities&lt;/a&gt;, and one of three UK universities that belong to both. It is the only UK university to belong to the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europaeum" title="Europaeum"&gt;Europaeum&lt;/a&gt; group.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Oxford&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=19" title="Edit section: League table rankings"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="League_table_rankings"&gt;League table rankings&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;table class="wikitable"&gt; &lt;caption&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_tables_of_British_universities" title="League tables of British universities" class="mw-redirect"&gt;UK University Rankings&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/caption&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;2012&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;2011&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;2010&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;2009&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;2008&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;2007&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;2006&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;2005&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;2004&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;2003&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;2002&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;2001&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;2000&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;1999&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;1998&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;1997&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;1996&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;1995&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;1994&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;1993&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_University_Guide" title="Good University Guide" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Times Good University Guide&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-81"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;82&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-The_Times_2010_8-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-The_Times_2010-8"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;9&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-The_Times_2009_82-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-The_Times_2009-82"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;83&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-83"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;84&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-84"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;85&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-85"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;86&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-FT_2002-war_86-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-FT_2002-war-86"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;87&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;Guardian University Guide&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-87"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;88&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-88"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;89&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_2010_10-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Guardian_2010-10"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;11&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_2009_89-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Guardian_2009-89"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;90&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_2008_90-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Guardian_2008-90"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;91&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_2006_91-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Guardian_2006-91"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;92&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_2005_92-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Guardian_2005-92"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;93&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_2004_93-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Guardian_2004-93"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;94&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_2003_94-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Guardian_2003-94"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;95&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-FT_2002-war_86-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-FT_2002-war-86"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;87&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;Sunday Times University Guide&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Sunday_times_retrieved_Sept_2009_95-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Sunday_times_retrieved_Sept_2009-95"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;96&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Sunday_times_2006.2F05_96-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Sunday_times_2006.2F05-96"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;97&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Sunday_times_2006.2F05_96-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Sunday_times_2006.2F05-96"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;97&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-st10y_97-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-st10y-97"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;98&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-st10y_97-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-st10y-97"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;98&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-st10y_97-2" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-st10y-97"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;98&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-st10y_97-3" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-st10y-97"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;98&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-st10y_97-4" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-st10y-97"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;98&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-st10y_97-5" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-st10y-97"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;98&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-st10y_97-6" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-st10y-97"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;98&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent"&gt;Independent&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Complete_University_Guide" title="The Complete University Guide" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Complete University Guide&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;supported by&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PricewaterhouseCoopers" title="PricewaterhouseCoopers" class="mw-redirect"&gt;PricewaterhouseCoopers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-98"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;99&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-The_Complete_University_Guide_2010_9-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-The_Complete_University_Guide_2010-9"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;10&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-The_Independent_2008.2F09_99-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-The_Independent_2008.2F09-99"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;100&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-The_Independent_2008.2F09_99-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-The_Independent_2008.2F09-99"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;100&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;Daily Telegraph&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph_2006_100-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Telegraph_2006-100"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;101&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;4&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;4&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-FT_2002-war_86-2" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-FT_2002-war-86"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;87&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;FT&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-FT_2003_101-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-FT_2003-101"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;102&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-FT_2002-war_86-3" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-FT_2002-war-86"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;87&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-FT_2002-yrk_102-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-FT_2002-yrk-102"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;103&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-FT2001_103-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-FT2001-103"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;104&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-FT2000_104-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-FT2000-104"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;105&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-FT2000F_105-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-FT2000F-105"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;106&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-FT_1998_106-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-FT_1998-106"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;107&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;table class="infobox" style="width:22em; text-align:left; font-size:88%;"&gt; &lt;caption style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings" title="College and university rankings"&gt;University rankings (overall)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/caption&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;th scope="row"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities"&gt;ARWU&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; World&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Rankings_ARWU_W_107-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Rankings_ARWU_W-107"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;108&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;10&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th scope="row"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities"&gt;ARWU&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; National&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Rankings_ARWU_N_108-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Rankings_ARWU_N-108"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;109&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th scope="row"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes"&gt;Forbes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Rankings_Forbes_109-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Rankings_Forbes-109"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;110&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;6&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th scope="row"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings"&gt;QS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; World&lt;sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-110"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;111&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;6&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th scope="row"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings"&gt;Times Higher Education&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Rankings_THES_W_111-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Rankings_THES_W-111"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;112&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;6&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Oxford&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=20" title="Edit section: Notable alumni and academics"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_alumni_and_academics"&gt;Notable alumni and academics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"&gt;Main article: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_University_of_Oxford_people" title="List of University of Oxford people"&gt;List of University of Oxford people&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;There are many notable Oxonians (as alumni of the University are known):&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Twenty-six British &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom"&gt;prime ministers&lt;/a&gt; have attended Oxford, including &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone"&gt;William Gladstone&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith"&gt;Herbert Asquith&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee"&gt;Clement Attlee&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan"&gt;Harold Macmillan&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson"&gt;Harold Wilson&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath"&gt;Edward Heath&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher"&gt;Margaret Thatcher&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair"&gt;Tony Blair&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-112"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;113&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and most recently &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron"&gt;David Cameron&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-113"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;114&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;At least thirty other international leaders have been educated at Oxford.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Famous_15-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Famous-15"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;16&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; This number includes &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_V_of_Norway" title="Harald V of Norway"&gt;Harald V of Norway&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-114"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;115&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan"&gt;Abdullah II of Jordan&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Famous_15-2" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Famous-15"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;16&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; three &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia"&gt;Prime Ministers of Australia&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gorton" title="John Gorton"&gt;John Gorton&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Fraser" title="Malcolm Fraser"&gt;Malcolm Fraser&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hawke" title="Bob Hawke"&gt;Bob Hawke&lt;/a&gt;),&lt;sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-115"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;116&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-116"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;117&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-117"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;118&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; two &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada"&gt;Prime Ministers of Canada&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson"&gt;Lester B. Pearson&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner"&gt;John Turner&lt;/a&gt;),&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Famous_15-3" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Famous-15"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;16&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-118"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;119&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; two &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India"&gt;Prime Ministers of India&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh"&gt;Manmohan Singh&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi"&gt;Indira Gandhi&lt;/a&gt;),&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Famous_15-4" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Famous-15"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;16&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-119"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;120&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; four &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan"&gt;Prime Ministers of Pakistan&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan"&gt;Liaquat Ali Khan&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy" title="Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy"&gt;Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulfiqar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto"&gt;Benazir Bhutto&lt;/a&gt;),&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Famous_15-5" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Famous-15"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;16&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Bandaranaike" title="Solomon Bandaranaike" class="mw-redirect"&gt;S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike&lt;/a&gt; of Sri Lanka, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Washington_Manley" title="Norman Washington Manley" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Norman Washington Manley&lt;/a&gt; of Jamaica,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-120"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;121&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Williams" title="Eric Williams"&gt;Eric Williams&lt;/a&gt; (Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago), &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Uribe" title="Álvaro Uribe"&gt;Álvaro Uribe&lt;/a&gt; (Colombia's former President), &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhisit_Vejjajiva" title="Abhisit Vejjajiva"&gt;Abhisit Vejjajiva&lt;/a&gt; (Prime Minister of Thailand) and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton"&gt;Bill Clinton&lt;/a&gt; (the first President of the United States to have attended Oxford; he attended as a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_Scholar" title="Rhodes Scholar" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Rhodes Scholar&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Famous_15-6" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Famous-15"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;16&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-121"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;122&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Mutambara" title="Arthur Mutambara"&gt;Arthur Mutambara&lt;/a&gt; (Deputy Prime Minister of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe"&gt;Zimbabwe&lt;/a&gt; ),was a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_Scholar" title="Rhodes Scholar" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Rhodes Scholar&lt;/a&gt; in 1991. The Burmese democracy activist and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates"&gt;Nobel laureate&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi"&gt;Aung San Suu Kyi&lt;/a&gt;, was a student of St. Hugh's College.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-122"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;123&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Including &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi"&gt;Aung San Suu Kyi&lt;/a&gt;, forty-seven &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_prize" title="Nobel prize" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Nobel prize&lt;/a&gt;-winners have studied or taught at Oxford.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Famous_15-7" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Famous-15"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;16&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Oxford has also produced at least twelve &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint" title="Saint"&gt;saints&lt;/a&gt;, and twenty &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury"&gt;Archbishops of Canterbury&lt;/a&gt;, including the current incumbent, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams"&gt;Rowan Williams&lt;/a&gt;, (who studied at &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadham_College" title="Wadham College" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Wadham College&lt;/a&gt; and was later a Canon Professor at &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford"&gt;Christ Church&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Famous_15-8" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Famous-15"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;16&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-123"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;124&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Another religious figure was &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Nasir_Ahmad" title="Mirza Nasir Ahmad"&gt;Mirza Nasir Ahmad&lt;/a&gt;, the third &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifatul_Masih" title="Khalifatul Masih"&gt;Caliph&lt;/a&gt; of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadiyya_Muslim_Community" title="Ahmadiyya Muslim Community"&gt;Ahmadiyya Muslim Community&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoghi_Effendi" title="Shoghi Effendi"&gt;Shoghi Effendi&lt;/a&gt;, one of the appointed leaders of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha%27i_faith" title="Baha'i faith" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Baha'i faith&lt;/a&gt;. Some fifty Olympic medal-winners have academic connections with the university, including &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Pinsent" title="Matthew Pinsent"&gt;Sir Matthew Pinsent&lt;/a&gt;, quadruple gold-medallist rower.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Famous_15-9" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Famous-15"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;16&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-124"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;125&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence"&gt;T. E. Lawrence&lt;/a&gt; was a student at &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_College,_Oxford" title="Jesus College, Oxford"&gt;Jesus College&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-125"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;126&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; while other illustrious students include the explorer, courtier, and man of letters, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh"&gt;Sir Walter Raleigh&lt;/a&gt;, (who attended &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriel_College" title="Oriel College" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Oriel College&lt;/a&gt; but left without taking a degree)&lt;sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-126"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;127&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; to the Australian media mogul, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch"&gt;Rupert Murdoch&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-127"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;128&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The founder of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism"&gt;Methodism&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley"&gt;John Wesley&lt;/a&gt;, studied at Christ Church and was elected a fellow of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_College,_Oxford" title="Lincoln College, Oxford"&gt;Lincoln College&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-128"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;129&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The long list of writers associated with Oxford includes &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fowles" title="John Fowles"&gt;John Fowles&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Seuss" title="Dr. Seuss"&gt;Theodor Geisel&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Middleton" title="Thomas Middleton"&gt;Thomas Middleton&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr_Samuel_Johnson" title="Dr Samuel Johnson" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Samuel Johnson&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves"&gt;Robert Graves&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh" title="Evelyn Waugh"&gt;Evelyn Waugh&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-129"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;130&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll"&gt;Lewis Carroll&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-130"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;131&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley"&gt;Aldous Huxley&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-131"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;132&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde"&gt;Oscar Wilde&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-132"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;133&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis"&gt;C. S. Lewis&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-133"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;134&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien"&gt;J. R. R. Tolkien&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-134"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;135&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Greene" title="Graham Greene"&gt;Graham Greene&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-135"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;136&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.S.Naipaul" title="V.S.Naipaul" class="mw-redirect"&gt;V.S.Naipaul&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillip_Pullman" title="Phillip Pullman" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Phillip Pullman&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Famous_15-10" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Famous-15"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;16&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Heller" title="Joseph Heller"&gt;Joseph Heller&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-136"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;137&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikram_Seth" title="Vikram Seth"&gt;Vikram Seth&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Famous_15-11" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Famous-15"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;16&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; the poets &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley"&gt;Percy Bysshe Shelley&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-137"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;138&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne"&gt;John Donne&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-138"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;139&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._E._Housman" title="A. E. Housman"&gt;A. E. Housman&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-139"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;140&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden"&gt;W. H. Auden&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-140"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;141&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot"&gt;T. S. Eliot&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Perriam" title="Wendy Perriam"&gt;Wendy Perriam&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Larkin" title="Philip Larkin"&gt;Philip Larkin&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-141"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;142&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and seven &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet_Laureate" title="Poet Laureate"&gt;poets laureate&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Warton" title="Thomas Warton"&gt;Thomas Warton&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-142"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;143&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_James_Pye" title="Henry James Pye"&gt;Henry James Pye&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-143"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;144&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey"&gt;Robert Southey&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-144"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;145&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bridges" title="Robert Bridges"&gt;Robert Bridges&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-145"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;146&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Day-Lewis" title="Cecil Day-Lewis"&gt;Cecil Day-Lewis&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-146"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;147&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Betjeman" title="John Betjeman"&gt;Sir John Betjeman&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-147"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;148&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Motion" title="Andrew Motion"&gt;Andrew Motion&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-148"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;149&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Economists &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith"&gt;Adam Smith&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall"&gt;Alfred Marshall&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher"&gt;E. F. Schumacher&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen"&gt;Amartya Sen&lt;/a&gt;, and philosophers, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke"&gt;John Locke&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes"&gt;Thomas Hobbes&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham"&gt;Jeremy Bentham&lt;/a&gt;, have all spent time at Oxford, as have major scientific pioneers such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein"&gt;Albert Einstein&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger"&gt;Erwin Schrödinger&lt;/a&gt;. Some pioneers of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_revolution" title="Scientific revolution"&gt;scientific revolution&lt;/a&gt;, such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke"&gt;Robert Hooke&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle"&gt;Robert Boyle&lt;/a&gt;, either studied at Oxford or were otherwise associated with the university.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Some notable scientists include &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking"&gt;Stephen Hawking&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Famous_15-12" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Famous-15"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;16&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins"&gt;Richard Dawkins&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-149"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;150&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Nobel prize-winner &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett"&gt;Anthony James Leggett&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-150"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;151&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;,&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee"&gt;Tim Berners-Lee&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Famous_15-13" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Famous-15"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;16&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; co-inventor of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web"&gt;World Wide Web&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._S._Gosset" title="W. S. Gosset" class="mw-redirect"&gt;W. S. Gosset&lt;/a&gt;, discoverer of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student%27s_t-distribution" title="Student's t-distribution"&gt;Student's t-distribution&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Composers &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Hubert_Parry" title="Sir Hubert Parry" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Sir Hubert Parry&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Butterworth" title="George Butterworth"&gt;George Butterworth&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Taverner" title="John Taverner"&gt;John Taverner&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Walton" title="William Walton"&gt;William Walton&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber" title="Andrew Lloyd Webber"&gt;Andrew Lloyd-Webber&lt;/a&gt; have all been involved with the university.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Actors &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Grant" title="Hugh Grant"&gt;Hugh Grant&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-New_College_alumni_151-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-New_College_alumni-151"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;152&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Beckinsale" title="Kate Beckinsale"&gt;Kate Beckinsale&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-New_College_alumni_151-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-New_College_alumni-151"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;152&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Moore" title="Dudley Moore"&gt;Dudley Moore&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-152"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;153&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Palin" title="Michael Palin"&gt;Michael Palin&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Famous_15-14" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Famous-15"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;16&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Jones" title="Terry Jones"&gt;Terry Jones&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-153"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;154&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; were undergraduates at the University, as were &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award" title="Academy Award"&gt;Oscar&lt;/a&gt;-winner &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florian_Henckel_von_Donnersmarck" title="Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck"&gt;Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Famous_15-15" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Famous-15"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;16&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and film-makers &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Loach" title="Ken Loach"&gt;Ken Loach&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-154"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;155&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Curtis" title="Richard Curtis"&gt;Richard Curtis&lt;/a&gt;. Sportspeople who have attended the university include &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imran_Khan_%28Pakistani_cricketer%29" title="Imran Khan (Pakistani cricketer)" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Imran Khan&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Famous_15-16" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-Famous-15"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;16&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;More complete information on famous senior and junior members of the University can be found in the individual &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleges_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="Colleges of the University of Oxford"&gt;college&lt;/a&gt;  articles (an individual may be associated with two or more colleges, as  an undergraduate, postgraduate, and/or member of staff).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Oxford&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=21" title="Edit section: Affiliates and other institutions"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Affiliates_and_other_institutions"&gt;Affiliates and other institutions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p&gt;Notable organisations and institutions officially connected with the University include:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UniChurchOxford20040124CopyrightKaihsuTai.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/UniChurchOxford20040124CopyrightKaihsuTai.jpg/220px-UniChurchOxford20040124CopyrightKaihsuTai.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="146" width="220" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UniChurchOxford20040124CopyrightKaihsuTai.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; University Church of St Mary the Virgin.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Worc_College.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Worc_College.jpg/220px-Worc_College.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="166" width="220" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Worc_College.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_College,_Oxford" title="Worcester College, Oxford"&gt;Worcester College&lt;/a&gt;, backs of medieval cottages.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pembroke_Chapel_Quad.JPG" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Pembroke_Chapel_Quad.JPG/220px-Pembroke_Chapel_Quad.JPG" class="thumbimage" height="165" width="220" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pembroke_Chapel_Quad.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembroke_College,_Oxford" title="Pembroke College, Oxford"&gt;Pembroke College&lt;/a&gt;, Chapel Quad.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Oxford&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=22" title="Edit section: Faculties and Departments"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Faculties_and_Departments"&gt;Faculties and Departments&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt;&lt;i&gt;See:&lt;/i&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Departments_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="Category:Departments of the University of Oxford"&gt;Departments of the University of Oxford&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Oxford&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=23" title="Edit section: Clubs and societies"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Clubs_and_societies"&gt;Clubs and societies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;div class="rellink boilerplate further"&gt;Further information: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Clubs_and_societies_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="Category:Clubs and societies of the University of Oxford"&gt;Clubs and societies of the University of Oxford&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Oxford_student_sports_clubs" title="Category:Oxford student sports clubs"&gt;Oxford student sports clubs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Union_Society" title="Oxford Union Society" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Oxford Union Society&lt;/a&gt; (debating society)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_A.F.C." title="Oxford University A.F.C."&gt;Oxford University A.F.C.&lt;/a&gt; (association football club)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Amateur_Boxing_Club" title="Oxford University Amateur Boxing Club"&gt;Oxford University Amateur Boxing Club&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Society_of_Bibliophiles" title="Oxford University Society of Bibliophiles"&gt;Oxford University Society of Bibliophiles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Boat_Club" title="Oxford University Boat Club"&gt;Oxford University Boat Club&lt;/a&gt; (rowing club participating in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boat_Race" title="The Boat Race"&gt;The Boat Race&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Cricket_Club" title="Oxford University Cricket Club"&gt;Oxford University Cricket Club&lt;/a&gt; (Cricket team whose matches are accorded First Class Status. Participates in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_University_Match_%28cricket%29" title="The University Match (cricket)"&gt;The University Match&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Dancesport_Club" title="Oxford University Dancesport Club"&gt;Oxford University Dancesport Club&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Dramatic_Society" title="Oxford University Dramatic Society"&gt;Oxford University Dramatic Society&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Film_Foundation" title="Oxford University Film Foundation"&gt;Oxford University Film Foundation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Invariant_Society" title="Oxford University Invariant Society"&gt;Oxford University Invariant Society&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Newman_Society" title="Oxford University Newman Society"&gt;Oxford University Newman Society&lt;/a&gt; (Catholic speaker and debating society)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_RFC" title="Oxford University RFC"&gt;Oxford University RFC&lt;/a&gt; (rugby club participating in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Varsity_Match" title="The Varsity Match"&gt;the Varsity Match&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Scientific_Society" title="Oxford University Scientific Society"&gt;Oxford University Scientific Society&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Student_Union" title="Oxford University Student Union"&gt;Oxford University Student Union&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Conservative_Association" title="Oxford University Conservative Association"&gt;Oxford University Conservative Association&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Liberal_Democrats" title="Oxford University Liberal Democrats"&gt;Oxford University Liberal Democrats&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Labour_Club" title="Oxford University Labour Club"&gt;Oxford University Labour Club&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Oxford University Ski and Snowboard Club (Governing club of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsity_Trip" title="Varsity Trip"&gt;Varsity Trip&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Wine_Society" title="Oxford University Wine Society"&gt;Oxford University Wine Society&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stubbs_Society" title="Stubbs Society"&gt;Stubbs Society&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullingdon_Club" title="Bullingdon Club"&gt;Bullingdon Club&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Oxford&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=24" title="Edit section: Media"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Media"&gt;Media&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherwell_%28newspaper%29" title="Cherwell (newspaper)"&gt;Cherwell&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (Student publication)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis_magazine" title="Isis magazine"&gt;Isis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (Student publication)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Student_Publications_Limited" title="Oxford Student Publications Limited"&gt;Oxford Student Publications Limited&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (Student publishing house)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Owl_Journal" title="The Owl Journal"&gt;The Owl Journal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (Student publication)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Oxford_University_History_Society" title="Journal of the Oxford University History Society"&gt;Journal of the Oxford University History Society&lt;/a&gt; (academic journal)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press"&gt;Oxford University Press&lt;/a&gt; (world's largest university press)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxide_Radio" title="Oxide Radio"&gt;Oxide Radio&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_radio" title="Campus radio"&gt;Student radio&lt;/a&gt; station)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxford_Student" title="The Oxford Student"&gt;The Oxford Student&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (Student publication)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxonian_Review_of_Books" title="The Oxonian Review of Books" class="mw-redirect"&gt;The Oxonian Review of Books&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (Graduate student publication)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Triple_Helix" title="The Triple Helix"&gt;The Triple Helix Oxford&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (Student publication)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxymoron" title="The Oxymoron"&gt;The Oxymoron&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (Satirical student publication)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Oxford&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=25" title="Edit section: Buildings and parks"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Buildings_and_parks"&gt;Buildings and parks&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;div class="rellink boilerplate further"&gt;Further information: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Oxford" title="Category:Buildings and structures in Oxford"&gt;Buildings and structures in Oxford&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Churches_in_Oxford" title="Category:Churches in Oxford"&gt;Churches in Oxford&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Parks_and_open_spaces_in_Oxford" title="Category:Parks and open spaces in Oxford"&gt;Parks and open spaces in Oxford&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Oxford" title="Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford"&gt;Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Parks" title="Oxford University Parks" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Oxford University Parks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Camera" title="Radcliffe Camera"&gt;Radcliffe Camera&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_Trust" title="Rhodes Trust" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Rhodes Trust&lt;/a&gt;, the centre of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship" title="Rhodes Scholarship"&gt;Rhodes Scholarship&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldonian_Theatre" title="Sheldonian Theatre"&gt;Sheldonian Theatre&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Tower" title="Tom Tower"&gt;Tom Tower&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Church_of_St_Mary_the_Virgin" title="University Church of St Mary the Virgin"&gt;University Church of St Mary the Virgin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford_Botanic_Garden" title="University of Oxford Botanic Garden"&gt;Oxford Botanic Garden and Harcourt Arboretum&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Oxford&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=26" title="Edit section: Other institutions"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Other_institutions"&gt;Other institutions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;There are other higher and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education"&gt;further education&lt;/a&gt; institutions in Oxford, including various independent "colleges", not associated with the University. These include &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Brookes_University" title="Oxford Brookes University"&gt;Oxford Brookes University&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruskin_College,_Oxford" title="Ruskin College, Oxford" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Ruskin College, Oxford&lt;/a&gt; – an &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_education" title="Adult education"&gt;adult education&lt;/a&gt;  college – which, although not part of the University of Oxford, has  close links with it; and the former Lady Spencer Churchill teaching  college (now the Wheatley campus of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Brookes_University" title="Oxford Brookes University"&gt;Oxford Brookes&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The University of Oxford is an Educational Alliance Partner of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meade_4M_Community&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Meade 4M Community (page does not exist)"&gt;Meade 4M Community&lt;/a&gt; which supports the University's 'Project Jetwatch' program.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Oxford&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=27" title="Edit section: Oxford in literature and other media"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Oxford_in_literature_and_other_media"&gt;Oxford in literature and other media&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"&gt;Main article: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford_in_popular_culture" title="University of Oxford in popular culture"&gt;University of Oxford in popular culture&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;Oxford University is the setting for numerous works of fiction. Oxford was mentioned in fiction as early as 1400 when &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaucer" title="Chaucer" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Chaucer&lt;/a&gt; in his &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Tales" title="Canterbury Tales" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Canterbury Tales&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;  referred to a "Clerk [student] of Oxenford": "For him was levere have  at his beddes heed/ Twenty bookes, clad in blak or reed,/ of Aristotle  and his philosophie/ Than robes riche, or fithele, or gay sautrie". As  of 1989, 533 Oxford-based novels had been identified, and the number  continues to rise.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_university#cite_note-155"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;156&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Famous literary works range from &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brideshead_Revisited" title="Brideshead Revisited"&gt;Brideshead Revisited&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh" title="Evelyn Waugh"&gt;Evelyn Waugh&lt;/a&gt;, to the trilogy &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/His_Dark_Materials" title="His Dark Materials"&gt;His Dark Materials&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Pullman" title="Philip Pullman"&gt;Philip Pullman&lt;/a&gt;,  which features an alternate-reality version of the University. Sir  Humphrey Appleby, GCB, KBE, MVO, MA (Oxon) attended the fictional  Baillie College in &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes_Minister" title="Yes Minister"&gt;Yes Minister&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;The Complete Yes Minister&lt;/i&gt;  book's introduction, dated September 2019, was written from the equally  fictitious Hacker College, presumably named for Sir James (or Lady)  Hacker, Minister for Administrative Affairs in &lt;i&gt;Yes Minister&lt;/i&gt; and Prime Minister in &lt;i&gt;Yes, Prime Minister&lt;/i&gt;, MP for Birmingham South-East.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2386593457167173150-487072497366996990?l=israuniversityhyderabad.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/IsraUniversityHyderabad/~4/bNmrLXrreQU" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2011-07-20T12:19:55.338-07:00</app:edited><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://israuniversityhyderabad.blogspot.com/2011/07/university-of-oxford.html</feedburner:origLink></item><item><title>Harvard University</title><link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/IsraUniversityHyderabad/~3/iua5bV8IESA/harvard-university-is-private-ivy.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (anonymous)</author><pubDate>Wed, 20 Jul 2011 12:15:45 PDT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2386593457167173150.post-1893150663045662411</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Harvard University&lt;/b&gt; is a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university"&gt;private&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League"&gt;Ivy League&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university" class="mw-redirect"&gt;university&lt;/a&gt; located in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts"&gt;Cambridge&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts"&gt;Massachusetts&lt;/a&gt;, United States, established in 1636 by the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Court" title="Massachusetts General Court"&gt;Massachusetts legislature&lt;/a&gt;. Harvard is the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Colleges" title="Colonial Colleges" class="mw-redirect"&gt;oldest&lt;/a&gt; institution of higher learning in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States"&gt;United States&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-5"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;6&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and the first &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation"&gt;corporation&lt;/a&gt; (officially &lt;i&gt;The President and Fellows of Harvard College&lt;/i&gt;)  chartered in the country. Harvard's history, influence, and wealth have  made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-6"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;7&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-7"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;8&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Harvard was named after its first benefactor, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harvard_%28clergyman%29" title="John Harvard (clergyman)"&gt;John Harvard&lt;/a&gt;. Although it was never formally affiliated with a church, the college primarily trained &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregational_church" title="Congregational church"&gt;Congregationalist&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism"&gt;Unitarian&lt;/a&gt;  clergy. Harvard's curriculum and students became increasingly secular  throughout the 18th century and by the 19th century had emerged as the  central cultural establishment among &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Brahmin" title="Boston Brahmin"&gt;Boston elites&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-8"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;9&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-9"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;10&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Following the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War"&gt;American Civil War&lt;/a&gt;, President &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_W._Eliot" title="Charles W. Eliot" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Charles W. Eliot&lt;/a&gt;'s forty year tenure (1869–1909) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a centralized &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university" class="mw-redirect"&gt;research university&lt;/a&gt;, and Harvard became a founding member of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities"&gt;Association of American Universities&lt;/a&gt; in 1900.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-AAU_10-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-AAU-10"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;11&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bryant_Conant" title="James Bryant Conant"&gt;James Bryant Conant&lt;/a&gt; led the university through the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression"&gt;Great Depression&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II"&gt;World War II&lt;/a&gt;  and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the  war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977  merger with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_College" title="Radcliffe College"&gt;Radcliffe College&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Gilpin_Faust" title="Drew Gilpin Faust"&gt;Drew Gilpin Faust&lt;/a&gt; was elected the 28th president in 2007 and is the first woman to lead the university. Harvard has the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_the_United_States_by_endowment" title="List of colleges and universities in the United States by endowment"&gt;largest&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment"&gt;financial endowment&lt;/a&gt; of any academic institution in the world, standing at $27.4 billion as of September 2010.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-NACUBO_2-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-NACUBO-2"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;3&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The university comprises eleven separate academic units — ten faculties and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study"&gt;Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study&lt;/a&gt; — with campuses throughout the Boston metropolitan area.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-11"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;12&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Harvard's 210-acre (85 ha) main campus is centered on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Yard" title="Harvard Yard"&gt;Harvard Yard&lt;/a&gt; in Cambridge, approximately 3.4 miles (5.5 km) northwest of downtown &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston"&gt;Boston&lt;/a&gt;. The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_School" title="Harvard Business School"&gt;business school&lt;/a&gt; and athletics facilities, including &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Stadium" title="Harvard Stadium"&gt;Harvard Stadium&lt;/a&gt;, are located across the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River"&gt;Charles River&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allston,_Massachusetts" title="Allston, Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Allston&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School"&gt;medical&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Dental_Medicine" title="Harvard School of Dental Medicine"&gt;dental&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Public_Health" title="Harvard School of Public Health"&gt;public health&lt;/a&gt; schools are located in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwood_Medical_and_Academic_Area" title="Longwood Medical and Academic Area"&gt;Longwood Medical Area&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Campus_4-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Campus-4"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;5&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;As of 2010, Harvard employs about 2,100 faculty to teach and advise approximately 6,700 undergraduates (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College"&gt;Harvard College&lt;/a&gt;) and 14,500 graduate and professional students.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Headcount2010_12-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Headcount2010-12"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;13&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Eight &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_education" title="List of Presidents of the United States by education"&gt;U.S. Presidents&lt;/a&gt; have graduated from Harvard and 75 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize"&gt;Nobel Laureates&lt;/a&gt; have been &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation" title="List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation"&gt;affiliated&lt;/a&gt; with the university as students, faculty, or staff. Harvard is also the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater"&gt;alma mater&lt;/a&gt; of sixty-two living billionaires, the most in the country.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-13"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;14&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Library" title="Harvard University Library"&gt;Harvard University Library&lt;/a&gt; is the largest academic library in the United States, and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_the_United_States_with_more_than_five_million_volumes" title="List of libraries in the United States with more than five million volumes"&gt;second largest library in the country&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-largestlibs_14-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-largestlibs-14"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;15&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson" title="Harvard Crimson"&gt;Harvard Crimson&lt;/a&gt; competes in 41 intercollegiate sports in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association"&gt;NCAA&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_I_%28NCAA%29" title="Division I (NCAA)"&gt;Division I&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League"&gt;Ivy League&lt;/a&gt;. Harvard has an intense athletic rivalry with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University"&gt;Yale University&lt;/a&gt; traditionally culminating in &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Yale_football_rivalry" title="Harvard–Yale football rivalry"&gt;The Game&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, although the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Yale_Regatta" title="Harvard–Yale Regatta"&gt;Harvard–Yale Regatta&lt;/a&gt; predates the football game.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Harvard was founded in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony"&gt;Massachusetts Bay Colony&lt;/a&gt;,  making it the oldest institution of higher learning in the United  States. Initially called "New College" or "the college at New Towne",  the institution was renamed &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College"&gt;Harvard College&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; on March 13, 1639. It was named after &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harvard_%28clergyman%29" title="John Harvard (clergyman)"&gt;John Harvard&lt;/a&gt;, a young English &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergyman" title="Clergyman" class="mw-redirect"&gt;clergyman&lt;/a&gt; from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwark" title="Southwark"&gt;Southwark&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London"&gt;London&lt;/a&gt;, an alumnus of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge"&gt;University of Cambridge&lt;/a&gt; (after which Cambridge, Massachusetts is named), who bequeathed the College his library of four hundred books and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sign" title="Pound sign"&gt;£&lt;/a&gt;779 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pounds_sterling" title="Pounds sterling" class="mw-redirect"&gt;pounds sterling&lt;/a&gt;, which was half of his estate.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-JH_facts_15-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-JH_facts-15"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;16&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  The charter creating the corporation of Harvard College came in 1650.  In the early years, the College trained many Puritan ministers.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-16"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;17&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  The college offered a classic academic course based on the English  university model—many leaders in the colony had attended Cambridge  University—but one consistent with the prevailing &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puritan" title="Puritan"&gt;Puritan&lt;/a&gt;  philosophy. The college was never affiliated with any particular  denomination, but many of its earliest graduates went on to become  clergymen in Congregational and Unitarian churches throughout New  England.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-17"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;18&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  An early brochure, published in 1643, described the founding of the  college as a response to the desire "to advance learning and perpetuate  it to posterity, dreading to leave an illiterate ministry to the  churches".&lt;sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-18"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;19&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tleft"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Westerly_View_of_the_Colledges_in_Cambridge_New_England_by_Paul_Revere.jpeg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/A_Westerly_View_of_the_Colledges_in_Cambridge_New_England_by_Paul_Revere.jpeg/220px-A_Westerly_View_of_the_Colledges_in_Cambridge_New_England_by_Paul_Revere.jpeg" class="thumbimage" height="154" width="220" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Westerly_View_of_the_Colledges_in_Cambridge_New_England_by_Paul_Revere.jpeg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Engraving of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College"&gt;Harvard College&lt;/a&gt; by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere"&gt;Paul Revere&lt;/a&gt;, 1767&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;The leading Boston divine &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Increase_Mather" title="Increase Mather"&gt;Increase Mather&lt;/a&gt; served as president from 1685 to 1701. In 1708, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Leverett_the_Younger" title="John Leverett the Younger"&gt;John Leverett&lt;/a&gt;  became the first president who was not also a clergyman, which marked a  turning of the College toward intellectual independence from  Puritanism.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="19th_century"&gt;19th century&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;h4&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Religion_and_philosophy"&gt;Religion and philosophy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt; &lt;p&gt;The takeover of Harvard by the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism"&gt;Unitarians&lt;/a&gt; in 1805 resulted in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization"&gt;secularization&lt;/a&gt; of the American college. By 1850 Harvard was the "Unitarian Vatican." The "liberals" (Unitarians) allied themselves with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party"&gt;high Federalists&lt;/a&gt;  and began to create a set of private societies and institutions meant  to shore up their cultural and political authority, a movement that  prefigured the emergence of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Brahmin" title="Boston Brahmin"&gt;Boston Brahmin&lt;/a&gt;  class. On the other hand, the theological conservatives used print  media to argue for the maintenance of open debate and democratic  governance through a diverse public sphere, seeing the liberals'  movement as an attempt to create a cultural oligarchy in opposition to  Congregationalist tradition and republican political principles.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-19"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;20&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In 1846, the natural history lectures of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz"&gt;Louis Agassiz&lt;/a&gt;  were acclaimed both in New York and on the campus at Harvard College.  Agassiz's approach was distinctly idealist and posited Americans'  'participation in the Divine Nature' and the possibility of  understanding 'intellectual existences.' Agassiz's perspective on  science combined observation with intuition and the assumption that one  can grasp the 'divine plan' in all phenomena. When it came to explaining  life-forms, Agassiz resorted to matters of shape based on a presumed  archetype for his evidence. This dual view of knowledge was in concert  with the teachings of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Sense_Realism" title="Common Sense Realism"&gt;Common Sense Realism&lt;/a&gt; derived from Scottish philosophers &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid"&gt;Thomas Reid&lt;/a&gt;  and Dugald Stewart, whose works were part of the Harvard curriculum at  the time. The popularity of Agassiz's efforts to 'soar with Plato'  probably also derived from other writings to which Harvard students were  exposed, including Platonic treatises by Ralph Cudworth, John Norris,  and, in a Romantic vein, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Coleridge" title="Samuel Coleridge" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Samuel Coleridge&lt;/a&gt;.  The library records at Harvard reveal that the writings of Plato and  his early modern and Romantic followers were almost as regularly read  during the 19th century as those of the 'official philosophy' of the  more empirical and more deistic Scottish school.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-20"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;21&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_W._Eliot" title="Charles W. Eliot" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Charles W. Eliot&lt;/a&gt;,  president 1869–1909, eliminated the favored position of Christianity  from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction. While  Eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of American  higher education, he was motivated not by a desire to secularize  education, but by Transcendentalist Unitarian convictions. Derived from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ellery_Channing" title="William Ellery Channing"&gt;William Ellery Channing&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson"&gt;Ralph Waldo Emerson&lt;/a&gt;,  these convictions were focused on the dignity and worth of human  nature, the right and ability of each person to perceive truth, and the  indwelling God in each person.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-21"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;22&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="20th_century"&gt;20th century&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:292px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rummell,_Richard_Harvard_University.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Rummell%2C_Richard_Harvard_University.jpg/290px-Rummell%2C_Richard_Harvard_University.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="150" width="290" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rummell,_Richard_Harvard_University.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Richard Rummell's 1906 watercolor landscape view, facing northeast. &lt;sup id="cite_ref-http:.2F.2Fgrahamarader.blogspot.com.2F2011.2F07.2Ficonic-college-view-harvard-university.html_22-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-http:.2F.2Fgrahamarader.blogspot.com.2F2011.2F07.2Ficonic-college-view-harvard-university.html-22"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;23&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;During the 20th century, Harvard's international reputation grew as a  burgeoning endowment and prominent professors expanded the university's  scope. Explosive growth in the student population continued with the  addition of new graduate schools and the expansion of the undergraduate  program. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_College" title="Radcliffe College"&gt;Radcliffe College&lt;/a&gt;,  established in 1879 as sister school of Harvard College, became one of  the most prominent schools for women in the United States.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h4&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Meritocracy"&gt;Meritocracy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bryant_Conant" title="James Bryant Conant"&gt;James Bryant Conant&lt;/a&gt;  (president, 1933–1953) reinvigorated creative scholarship to guarantee  its preeminence among research institutions. He saw higher education as a  vehicle of opportunity for the talented rather than an entitlement for  the wealthy, so Conant devised programs to identify, recruit, and  support talented youth. In 1943, he asked the faculty make a definitive  statement about what general education ought to be, at the secondary as  well as the college level. The resulting &lt;i&gt;Report&lt;/i&gt;, published in 1945, was one of the most influential manifestos in the history of American education in the 20th century.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-23"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;24&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In 1945–1960 admissions policies were opened up to bring in students  from a more diverse applicant pool. No longer drawing mostly from rich  alumni of select New England prep schools, the undergraduate college was  now open to striving middle class students from public schools; many  more Jews and Catholics were admitted, but few blacks, Hispanics or  Asians.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-24"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;25&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h4&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Women"&gt;Women&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt; &lt;p&gt;Women remained segregated at Radcliffe, though more and more took  Harvard classes. Nonetheless, Harvard's undergraduate population  remained predominantly male, with about four men attending Harvard  College for every woman studying at Radcliffe. Following the merger of  Harvard and Radcliffe admissions in 1977, the proportion of female  undergraduates steadily increased, mirroring a trend throughout higher  education in the United States. Harvard's graduate schools, which had  accepted females and other groups in greater numbers even before the  college, also became more diverse in the post-World War II period.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In 1999, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_College" title="Radcliffe College"&gt;Radcliffe College&lt;/a&gt;, founded in 1879 as the "Harvard Annex for Women",&lt;sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-25"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;26&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; merged formally with Harvard University, becoming the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study"&gt;Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Gilpin_Faust" title="Drew Gilpin Faust"&gt;Drew Gilpin Faust&lt;/a&gt;, the Dean at Radcliffe, became the first woman president of Harvard in 2007.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard_square_harvard_yard.JPG" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Harvard_square_harvard_yard.JPG/220px-Harvard_square_harvard_yard.JPG" class="thumbimage" height="108" width="220" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard_square_harvard_yard.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Yard" title="Harvard Yard"&gt;Harvard Yard&lt;/a&gt; as seen from the Holyoke Center&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;h4&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Liberalism"&gt;Liberalism&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt; &lt;p&gt;Harvard and its affiliates, like many American universities,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-26"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;27&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-27"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;28&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; are considered by some to be politically &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States"&gt;liberal&lt;/a&gt; (left of center).&lt;sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-28"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;29&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Conservative author &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Buckley,_Jr." title="William F. Buckley, Jr."&gt;William F. Buckley, Jr.&lt;/a&gt; quipped that he would rather be governed by the first 2000 names in the Boston phone book than by the Harvard faculty,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-29"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;30&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon"&gt;Richard Nixon&lt;/a&gt; famously referred to Harvard as the "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" title="Moscow Kremlin"&gt;Kremlin&lt;/a&gt; on the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River"&gt;Charles&lt;/a&gt;" around 1970,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-30"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;31&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and Vice President &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H.W._Bush" title="George H.W. Bush" class="mw-redirect"&gt;George H.W. Bush&lt;/a&gt; disparaged what he saw to be Harvard's liberalism during the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1988" title="United States presidential election, 1988"&gt;1988 presidential election&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-31"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;32&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Republicans remain a small minority of faculty, and the University has refused to officially recognize the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_ROTC" title="Harvard ROTC"&gt;Harvard Reserve Officers' Training Corps&lt;/a&gt; (ROTC) program — forcing students to commission through nearby MIT.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-32"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;33&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  The Harvard College Handbook explains, "Current federal policy of  excluding known lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals from admission to  ROTC or of discharging them from service is inconsistent with Harvard’s  values as stated in its policy on discrimination."&lt;sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-33"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;34&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In 2011, Harvard announced that it will reinstate the ROTC program, following the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_ask,_don%27t_tell#Repeal" title="Don't ask, don't tell"&gt;repeal of Don't ask don't tell&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-34"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;35&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;President &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers"&gt;Lawrence Summers&lt;/a&gt;  resigned his presidency in 2006. His resignation came just one week  before a second planned vote of no confidence by the Harvard Faculty of  Arts and Sciences. Former president &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Bok" title="Derek Bok"&gt;Derek Bok&lt;/a&gt;  served as interim president. Members of Harvard's Faculty of Arts and  Sciences, which instructs graduate students in GSAS and undergraduates  in Harvard College, had passed an earlier motion of "lack of confidence"  in Summers' leadership on March 15, 2005 by a 218–185 vote, with 18  abstentions. The 2005 motion was precipitated by comments about the  causes of gender demographics in academia made at a closed academic  conference and leaked to the press.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-35"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;36&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  In response, Summers convened two committees to study this issue: the  Task Force on Women Faculty and the Task Force on Women in Science and  Engineering. Summers had also pledged $50 million to support their  recommendations and other proposed reforms. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Gilpin_Faust" title="Drew Gilpin Faust"&gt;Drew Gilpin Faust&lt;/a&gt; is the 28th president of Harvard. An &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States"&gt;American historian&lt;/a&gt;, former dean of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study"&gt;Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study&lt;/a&gt;, and Lincoln Professor of History at Harvard University, Faust is the first female president in the university's history.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-crimson-pres_36-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-crimson-pres-36"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;37&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-harvard-pres_37-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-harvard-pres-37"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;38&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Administration_and_organization"&gt;Administration and organization&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard_University_map_%28older,_date_unknown%29.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Harvard_University_map_%28older%2C_date_unknown%29.jpg/170px-Harvard_University_map_%28older%2C_date_unknown%29.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="225" width="170" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard_University_map_%28older,_date_unknown%29.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Harvard University campus (circa 1938)&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;A faculty of approximately 2,160 professors, lecturers, and instructors serve as of school year 2008-09,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-38"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;39&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; with 6,715 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergraduate" title="Undergraduate" class="mw-redirect"&gt;undergraduate&lt;/a&gt; and 12,424 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_school" title="Graduate school"&gt;graduate&lt;/a&gt; students.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-39"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;40&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The school color is &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimson" title="Crimson"&gt;crimson&lt;/a&gt;, which is also the name of the Harvard sports teams and the daily newspaper, &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson" title="The Harvard Crimson"&gt;The Harvard Crimson&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. The color was unofficially adopted (in preference to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magenta" title="Magenta"&gt;magenta&lt;/a&gt;) by an 1875 vote of the student body, although the association with some form of red can be traced back to 1858, when &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_William_Eliot" title="Charles William Eliot"&gt;Charles William Eliot&lt;/a&gt;,  a young graduate student who would later become Harvard's 21st and  longest-serving president (1869–1909), bought red bandanas for his crew  so they could more easily be distinguished by spectators at a regatta.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tleft"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Harvard_statue_at_Harvard_University.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/John_Harvard_statue_at_Harvard_University.jpg/220px-John_Harvard_statue_at_Harvard_University.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="170" width="220" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Harvard_statue_at_Harvard_University.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harvard_%28clergyman%29" title="John Harvard (clergyman)"&gt;John Harvard&lt;/a&gt; statue in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Yard" title="Harvard Yard"&gt;Harvard Yard&lt;/a&gt; is occasionally a target of humorous decorations, such as the colorful &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lei_%28Hawaii%29" title="Lei (Hawaii)" class="mw-redirect"&gt;lei&lt;/a&gt; shown above.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;Harvard has a friendly rivalry with the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology"&gt;Massachusetts Institute of Technology&lt;/a&gt;,  which dates back to 1900 when a merger of the two schools was  frequently discussed and at one point officially agreed upon (ultimately  canceled by Massachusetts courts). Today, the two schools cooperate as  much as they compete, with many joint conferences and programs,  including the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard-MIT_Division_of_Health_Sciences_and_Technology" title="Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology&lt;/a&gt;, the Broad Institute, the Harvard-MIT Data Center and formerly the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibner_Institute_for_the_History_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Dibner Institute for the History of Science and Technology"&gt;Dibner Institute for the History of Science and Technology&lt;/a&gt;. In addition, students at the two schools can &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-registration" title="Cross-registration"&gt;cross-register&lt;/a&gt; in undergraduate or graduate classes without any additional fees, for credits toward their own school's degrees.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Organizations"&gt;Organizations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;h4&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Governing_bodies"&gt;Governing bodies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt; &lt;p&gt;Harvard is governed by two boards, one of which is the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_and_Fellows_of_Harvard_College" title="President and Fellows of Harvard College"&gt;President and Fellows of Harvard College&lt;/a&gt;, also known as the Harvard Corporation, founded in 1650, and the other is the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Board_of_Overseers" title="Harvard Board of Overseers"&gt;Harvard Board of Overseers&lt;/a&gt;. The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Harvard_University" title="President of Harvard University"&gt;President of Harvard University&lt;/a&gt;  is the day-to-day administrator of Harvard and is appointed by and  responsible to the Harvard Corporation. There are 16,000 staff and  faculty.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-40"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;41&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h4&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Faculties_and_schools"&gt;Faculties and schools&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt; &lt;p&gt;Harvard today has the following faculties, listed below in order of foundation:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard_yard_winter_2009j.JPG" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Harvard_yard_winter_2009j.JPG/220px-Harvard_yard_winter_2009j.JPG" class="thumbimage" height="103" width="220" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard_yard_winter_2009j.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Harvard Yard in the winter, with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Harvard_dormitories" title="List of Harvard dormitories"&gt;freshman dorms&lt;/a&gt; in the background&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Faculty_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences"&gt;Faculty of Arts and Sciences&lt;/a&gt; and its sub-faculty, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Sciences" title="Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences"&gt;School of Engineering and Applied Sciences&lt;/a&gt;, which together serve: &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College"&gt;Harvard College&lt;/a&gt;, the university's undergraduate portion (1636)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences"&gt;Graduate School of Arts and Sciences&lt;/a&gt; (organized 1872)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Division_of_Continuing_Education" title="Harvard Division of Continuing Education"&gt;Harvard Division of Continuing Education&lt;/a&gt;, including &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Summer_School" title="Harvard Summer School"&gt;Harvard Summer School&lt;/a&gt; (1871) and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Extension_School" title="Harvard Extension School"&gt;Harvard Extension School&lt;/a&gt; (1910).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School"&gt;Harvard Medical School&lt;/a&gt; (1782)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Dental_Medicine" title="Harvard School of Dental Medicine"&gt;Harvard School of Dental Medicine&lt;/a&gt; (1867).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Divinity_School" title="Harvard Divinity School"&gt;Harvard Divinity School&lt;/a&gt; (1816)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School"&gt;Harvard Law School&lt;/a&gt; (1817)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_School" title="Harvard Business School"&gt;Harvard Business School&lt;/a&gt; (1908)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Design" title="Harvard Graduate School of Design"&gt;Graduate School of Design&lt;/a&gt; (1914)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Education" title="Harvard Graduate School of Education"&gt;Harvard Graduate School of Education&lt;/a&gt; (1920)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Public_Health" title="Harvard School of Public Health"&gt;Harvard School of Public Health&lt;/a&gt; (1922)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School" title="Harvard Kennedy School" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Harvard Kennedy School&lt;/a&gt; (1936)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;In 1999, the former &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_College" title="Radcliffe College"&gt;Radcliffe College&lt;/a&gt; was reorganized as the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study"&gt;Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In February 2007, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Corporation" title="Harvard Corporation" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Harvard Corporation and Overseers&lt;/a&gt; formally approved the Harvard Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences to become the 14th School of Harvard (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Sciences" title="Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences"&gt;Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;sup id="cite_ref-creation_of_engineering_school_41-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-creation_of_engineering_school-41"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;42&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-dean.27s_letter_42-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-dean.27s_letter-42"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;43&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:186px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RCC_Harvard.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/RCC_Harvard.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="179" width="184" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RCC_Harvard.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Coat of Arms of the Real Colegio &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complutense_University" title="Complutense University" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Complutense&lt;/a&gt; at Harvard University&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;The &lt;b&gt;Real Colegio Complutense at Harvard&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts"&gt;Cambridge&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts"&gt;Massachusetts&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-43"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;44&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  The RCC was founded in 1990 as a joint cooperative institution to  foster intellectual and scientific interaction between Harvard  University and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complutense_University" title="Complutense University" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Complutense&lt;/a&gt;, with the support of HM &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Juan_Carlos_I" title="King Juan Carlos I" class="mw-redirect"&gt;King Juan Carlos I&lt;/a&gt;, HM &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Sofia_of_Spain" title="Queen Sofia of Spain" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Queen Sofia of Spain&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Massachusetts" title="Commonwealth of Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Commonwealth of Massachusetts&lt;/a&gt;. It follows the tradition of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegio_di_Spagna" title="Collegio di Spagna"&gt;Royal Spanish College&lt;/a&gt;, founded in 1364 to host Spanish &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visiting_Scholar" title="Visiting Scholar" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Visiting Scholars&lt;/a&gt; at the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna"&gt;University of Bologna&lt;/a&gt;. The RCC accord is the only one of its sort ever to have been approved by Harvard. The institution is directed jointly by the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Harvard" title="President of Harvard" class="mw-redirect"&gt;President of Harvard&lt;/a&gt;  and the Rector of Complutense University, with an academic council  formed by 5 Harvard professors and 5 Complutense professors. It permits a  select number of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complutense_University" title="Complutense University" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Complutense&lt;/a&gt; professors to conduct their research at Harvard as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visiting_Scholar" title="Visiting Scholar" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Visiting Scholars&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;i&gt;RCC Fellows&lt;/i&gt;  enjoy the same privileges as Harvard's non-tenured Faculty. Each year  the institution hosts the RCC Fellows Lectures, a conference cycle  during which the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visiting_Scholar" title="Visiting Scholar" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Visiting Scholars&lt;/a&gt;  deliver lectures revealing the results of their investigations to an  audience of Harvard professors and students. Finally, it also permits a  small number of students to attend doctoral school at the University as &lt;i&gt;Research Associates&lt;/i&gt;, under scholarships hosted by the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Royal_Family" title="Spanish Royal Family"&gt;Spanish Royal Family&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Endowment"&gt;Endowment&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;Harvard has the largest &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_the_United_States_by_endowment" title="List of colleges and universities in the United States by endowment"&gt;university endowment&lt;/a&gt; in the world. At the end of June 2009, it was worth $25.7 billion, about 30% less than at the same time in 2008.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-NACUBO_2-2" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-NACUBO-2"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;3&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-44"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;45&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  In December 2008, Harvard announced that its endowment had lost 22%  (approximately $8 billion) from July to October 2008, necessitating  budget cuts.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-45"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;46&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Later reports&lt;sup id="cite_ref-vanity_46-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-vanity-46"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;47&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  suggest the loss was actually more than double that figure, a reduction  of nearly 50% of its endowment in the first four months alone. Forbes  in March 2009 estimated the loss to be in the range of $12 billion.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-ForbesUndEnd_47-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-ForbesUndEnd-47"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;48&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; One of the most visible results of Harvard's attempt to re-balance its budget was their halting&lt;sup id="cite_ref-vanity_46-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-vanity-46"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;47&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  of construction of the $1.2 billion Allston Science Complex that had  been scheduled to be completed by 2011, resulting in protests from local  residents.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-48"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;49&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Large endowments like Harvard's have been criticized for "hoarding" money.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-49"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;50&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Easterbrook_2008_50-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Easterbrook_2008-50"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;51&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Chronicle_51-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Chronicle-51"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;52&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Most philanthropies are required by federal law to distribute 5% of their assets per year,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Munson_52-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Munson-52"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;53&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-53"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;54&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; but university endowments are not required to spend anything.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Munson_52-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Munson-52"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;53&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  Many universities with very large endowments would require an  expenditure of less than 5% of their endowment to cover full tuition for  all their students. For example, it has been estimated that if in 2006  all the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard" title="Harvard" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Harvard&lt;/a&gt; students paid the maximum in tuition and fees, it would amount to less than $300 million.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-54"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;55&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In 2007, if Harvard had allocated 6% of its $34.6 billion endowment toward tuition,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-nacubo-2007NES_55-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-nacubo-2007NES-55"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;56&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  all Harvard undergraduate and graduate students could attend for free  and the university would still have $1.3 billion left over.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Easterbrook_2008_50-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Easterbrook_2008-50"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;51&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; It would require less than 1% of the endowments of Harvard and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale" title="Yale" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Yale&lt;/a&gt; to allow all students to attend tuition-free;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Munson_52-2" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Munson-52"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;53&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University"&gt;Stanford&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology"&gt;MIT&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University"&gt;Princeton&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University"&gt;Rice&lt;/a&gt;  would require less than 2% of their endowments and 29 schools would  require less than 3% for all their students to attend tuition-free.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Munson_52-3" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Munson-52"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;53&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Despite the decreasing values of endowments, congressmen, including &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Grassley" title="Charles Grassley" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Charles Grassley&lt;/a&gt;, have questioned whether the endowments are contributing enough to maintain their tax-exempt status.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Chronicle_51-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Chronicle-51"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;52&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hotez" title="Peter Hotez"&gt;Peter Hotez&lt;/a&gt; of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University"&gt;George Washington University&lt;/a&gt; has claimed that pharmaceutical companies are contributing more to the poorest people than are wealthy universities.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Chronicle_51-2" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Chronicle-51"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;52&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Campus"&gt;Campus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard_architects.png" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/70/Harvard_architects.png/170px-Harvard_architects.png" class="thumbimage" height="230" width="170" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard_architects.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Map showing the architects and dates of construction for the buildings  of the main campus near Harvard square, as of 2005. Information on other  notable nearby buildings is also included.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;Harvard's 210-acre (85 ha) main campus is centered on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Yard" title="Harvard Yard"&gt;Harvard Yard&lt;/a&gt; in Cambridge, approximately 3.4 miles (5.5 km) northwest of downtown &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston"&gt;Boston&lt;/a&gt; and extends into the surrounding &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Square" title="Harvard Square"&gt;Harvard Square&lt;/a&gt; neighborhood. Harvard Yard itself contains the central administrative offices and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Library" title="Harvard University Library"&gt;main libraries of the university&lt;/a&gt;, academic buildings including &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sever_Hall" title="Sever Hall"&gt;Sever Hall&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Hall_%28Harvard_University%29" title="University Hall (Harvard University)"&gt;University Hall&lt;/a&gt;, Memorial Church, and the majority of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Harvard_dormitories" title="List of Harvard dormitories"&gt;freshman dormitories&lt;/a&gt;. Sophomore, junior, and senior undergraduates live in twelve &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College#House_system" title="Harvard College"&gt;residential Houses&lt;/a&gt;, nine of which are south of Harvard Yard along or near the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River"&gt;Charles River&lt;/a&gt;. The other three are located in a residential neighborhood half a mile northwest of the Yard at the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrangle_%28Harvard%29" title="Quadrangle (Harvard)"&gt;Quadrangle&lt;/a&gt; (commonly referred to as the Quad), which formerly housed &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_College" title="Radcliffe College"&gt;Radcliffe College&lt;/a&gt; students until Radcliffe merged its residential system with Harvard. The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_%28MBTA_station%29" title="Harvard (MBTA station)"&gt;Harvard MBTA station&lt;/a&gt; provides public transportation via bus service and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Line_%28MBTA%29" title="Red Line (MBTA)"&gt;Red Line subway&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The Harvard Business School and many of the university's athletics facilities, including &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Stadium" title="Harvard Stadium"&gt;Harvard Stadium&lt;/a&gt;, are located on a 359-acre (145 ha) campus opposite the Cambridge campus in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allston,_Massachusetts" title="Allston, Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Allston&lt;/a&gt;. The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Weeks_Bridge" title="John W. Weeks Bridge"&gt;John W. Weeks Bridge&lt;/a&gt; is a pedestrian bridge over the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River"&gt;Charles River&lt;/a&gt; connecting both campuses. The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School"&gt;Harvard Medical School&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Dental_Medicine" title="Harvard School of Dental Medicine"&gt;Harvard School of Dental Medicine&lt;/a&gt;, and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Public_Health" title="Harvard School of Public Health"&gt;Harvard School of Public Health&lt;/a&gt; are located on a 22-acre (8.9 ha) campus in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwood_Medical_and_Academic_Area" title="Longwood Medical and Academic Area"&gt;Longwood Medical and Academic Area&lt;/a&gt; approximately 3.3 miles (5.3 km) southwest of downtown Boston and 3.3 miles (5.3 km) south of the Cambridge campus.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Campus_4-2" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Campus-4"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;5&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; A private shuttle bus connects the Longwood campus to the Cambridge campus via &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Avenue_%28Boston%29" title="Massachusetts Avenue (Boston)"&gt;Massachusetts Avenue&lt;/a&gt; making stops in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Bay,_Boston" title="Back Bay, Boston"&gt;Back Bay&lt;/a&gt; and at &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT" title="MIT" class="mw-redirect"&gt;MIT&lt;/a&gt; as well.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-56"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;57&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Each residential house contains rooms for undergraduates, House  masters, and resident tutors, as well as a dining hall, library, and  various other student facilities. The facilities were made possible by a  gift from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University"&gt;Yale University&lt;/a&gt; alumnus &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Harkness" title="Edward Harkness"&gt;Edward Harkness&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-57"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;58&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tleft"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard_memorial_church_winter_2009.JPG" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Harvard_memorial_church_winter_2009.JPG/170px-Harvard_memorial_church_winter_2009.JPG" class="thumbimage" height="256" width="170" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard_memorial_church_winter_2009.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Memorial Church in the winter&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;Radcliffe Yard, formerly the center of the campus of Radcliffe  College (and now home of the Radcliffe Institute), is adjacent to the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Education" title="Harvard Graduate School of Education"&gt;Graduate School of Education&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Common" title="Cambridge Common"&gt;Cambridge Common&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;From 2006 - 2008, Harvard University reported on-campus crime  statistics that included 48 forcible sex offenses, 10 robberies, 15  aggravated assaults, 750 burglaries, and 12 cases of motor vehicle  theft.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-58"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;59&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Satellite_facilities"&gt;Satellite facilities&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;Apart from its major Cambridge/Allston and Longwood campuses, Harvard owns and operates &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Arboretum" title="Arnold Arboretum"&gt;Arnold Arboretum&lt;/a&gt;, in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Plain,_Massachusetts" title="Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Jamaica Plain&lt;/a&gt; area of Boston; the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Research_Library_and_Collection" title="Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection&lt;/a&gt;, in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C."&gt;Washington, D.C.&lt;/a&gt;; the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Forest" title="Harvard Forest"&gt;Harvard Forest&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersham,_Massachusetts" title="Petersham, Massachusetts"&gt;Petersham, Massachusetts&lt;/a&gt;; and the Villa I Tatti research center&lt;sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-59"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;60&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence" title="Florence"&gt;Florence&lt;/a&gt; and the Harvard Shanghai Center in China.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Major_campus_expansion"&gt;Major campus expansion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;Throughout the past several years, Harvard has purchased large tracts of land in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allston,_Boston,_Massachusetts" title="Allston, Boston, Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Allston&lt;/a&gt;, a walk across the Charles River from Cambridge, with the intent of major expansion southward.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-60"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;61&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  The university now owns approximately fifty percent more land in  Allston than in Cambridge. Various proposals to connect the traditional  Cambridge campus with the new Allston campus include new and enlarged  bridges, a shuttle service and/or a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram" title="Tram"&gt;tram&lt;/a&gt;. Ambitious plans also call for sinking part of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storrow_Drive" title="Storrow Drive"&gt;Storrow Drive&lt;/a&gt; (at Harvard's expense) for replacement with park land and pedestrian access to the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River"&gt;Charles River&lt;/a&gt;,  as well as the construction of bike paths, and an intently planned  fabric of buildings throughout the Allston campus. The institution  asserts that such expansion will benefit not only the school, but  surrounding community, pointing to such features as the enhanced transit  infrastructure, possible shuttles open to the public, and park space  which will also be publicly accessible.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;One of the foremost driving forces for Harvard's pending expansion is  its goal of substantially increasing the scope and strength of its  science and technology programs. The university plans to construct two  500,000 square foot (50,000 m²) research complexes in Allston, which  would be home to several interdisciplinary programs, including the  Harvard Stem Cell Institute and an enlarged &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering"&gt;Engineering&lt;/a&gt; department.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In addition, Harvard intends to relocate the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Education" title="Harvard Graduate School of Education"&gt;Harvard Graduate School of Education&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Public_Health" title="Harvard School of Public Health"&gt;Harvard School of Public Health&lt;/a&gt;  to Allston. The university also plans to construct several new  undergraduate and graduate student housing centers in Allston, and it is  considering large-scale museums and performing arts complexes as well.  Unfortunately the large drop in endowment has halted these plans for  now.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Sustainability"&gt;Sustainability&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;In 2000, Harvard hired a full-time campus &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability"&gt;sustainability&lt;/a&gt; professional and launched the Harvard Green Campus Initiative,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Harvard_Green_Campus_Initiative_61-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Harvard_Green_Campus_Initiative-61"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;62&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; since institutionalized as the Office for Sustainability (OFS).&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Office_for_Sustainability_62-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Office_for_Sustainability-62"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;63&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  With a full-time staff of 25, dozens of student interns, and a $12  million Loan Fund for energy and water conservation projects, OFS is one  of the most advanced campus sustainability programs in the country.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-America.27s_Greenest_Colleges_63-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-America.27s_Greenest_Colleges-63"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;64&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  Harvard was one of 27 schools to receive a grade of "A-" from the  Sustainable Endowments Institute on its College Sustainability Report  Card 2010, the highest grade awarded.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Sustainable_Endowments_Institute_Report_Card_64-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Sustainable_Endowments_Institute_Report_Card-64"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;65&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Academics"&gt;Academics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p&gt;Harvard is a large, highly residential research university.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Carnegie_65-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Carnegie-65"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;66&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The university has been &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accreditation" title="Accreditation"&gt;accredited&lt;/a&gt; by the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Association_of_Schools_and_Colleges" title="New England Association of Schools and Colleges"&gt;New England Association of Schools and Colleges&lt;/a&gt; since 1929.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-66"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;67&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The university offers 46 undergraduate concentrations (majors),&lt;sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-67"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;68&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 134 graduate degrees,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-68"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;69&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and 32 professional degrees.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Degrees_69-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Degrees-69"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;70&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  For the 2008–2009 academic year, Harvard granted 1,664 baccalaureate  degrees, 400 masters degrees, 512 doctoral degrees, and 4,460  professional degrees.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Degrees_69-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Degrees-69"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;70&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The four year, full-time undergraduate program comprises a minority  of enrollments at the university and emphasizes instruction with an  "arts &amp;amp; sciences focus".&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Carnegie_65-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Carnegie-65"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;66&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  Between 1978 and 2008, entering students were required to complete a  "Core Curriculum" of seven classes outside of their concentration.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-70"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;71&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  Since 2008, undergraduate students have been required to complete  courses in eight General Education categories: Aesthetic and  Interpretive Understanding, Culture and Belief, Empirical and  Mathematical Reasoning, Ethical Reasoning, Science of Living Systems,  Science of the Physical Universe, Societies of the World, and United  States in the World.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-71"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;72&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  Harvard offers a comprehensive doctoral graduate program and there is a  high level of coexistence between graduate and undergraduate degrees.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Carnegie_65-2" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Carnegie-65"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;66&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Carnegie_Foundation_for_the_Advancement_of_Teaching" title="The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching" class="mw-redirect"&gt;The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times"&gt;The New York Times&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, and some students have criticized Harvard for its reliance on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teaching_assistant" title="Teaching assistant"&gt;teaching fellows&lt;/a&gt; for some aspects of undergraduate education; they consider this to adversely affect the quality of education.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-72"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;73&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-73"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;74&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Harvard's academic programs operate on a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semester#Collegiate_calendars" title="Semester" class="mw-redirect"&gt;semester calendar&lt;/a&gt; beginning in early September and ending in mid-May.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-74"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;75&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  Undergraduates typically take four half-courses per term and must  maintain a four-course rate average to be considered full time.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-75"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;76&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  In many concentrations, students can elect to pursue a basic program or  a honors-eligible program requiring a senior thesis and/or advanced  course work.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-76"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;77&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Students graduating in the top 4-5% of the class are awarded degrees &lt;i&gt;summa cum laude&lt;/i&gt;, students in the next 15% of the class are awarded &lt;i&gt;magna cum laude&lt;/i&gt;, and the next 30% of the class are awarded &lt;i&gt;cum laude&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-77"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;78&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Harvard has chapters of academic honor societies such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Phi Beta Kappa&lt;/a&gt; and various committees and departments also award several hundred named prizes annually.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-78"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;79&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Harvard, along with other universities, has been accused of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_inflation" title="Grade inflation"&gt;grade inflation&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-79"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;80&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; although there is evidence that the quality of the student body and its motivation have also increased.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-80"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;81&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Harvard College reduced the number of students who receive &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_honors" title="Latin honors"&gt;Latin honors&lt;/a&gt;  from 90% in 2004 to 60% in 2005. Moreover, the honors of "John Harvard  Scholar" and "Harvard College Scholar" will now be given only to the top  5 percent and the next 5 percent of each class.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-81"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;82&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-82"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;83&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-83"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;84&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-84"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;85&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Undergraduate tuition for the 2009–2010 school year was $33,696 and the total cost with fees, room, and board was $48,868.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Tuition_85-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Tuition-85"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;86&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  Under financial aid guidelines adopted in 2007, parents in families  with incomes of less than $60,000 will no longer be expected to  contribute any money to the cost of attending Harvard for their  children, including room and board. Families with incomes in the $60,000  to $80,000 range contribute an amount of only a few thousand dollars a  year. In December 2007, Harvard announced that families earning between  $120,000 and $180,000 will only have to pay up to 10% of their annual  household income towards tuition.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-86"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;87&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  In 2009, Harvard offered grants totaling $414.1 million across all 11  divisions; $339.5 million came from institutional funds, $35.3 million  from federal support, and $39.2 million from other outside support.  Grants total 87.7% of Harvard's aid for undergraduate students, with aid  also provided by loans (8.4%) and work-study (3.9%).&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Tuition_85-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Tuition-85"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;86&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Rankings"&gt;Rankings&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;table class="infobox" style="width:22em; text-align:left; font-size:88%;"&gt; &lt;caption style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings" title="College and university rankings"&gt;University rankings (overall)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/caption&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;th scope="row"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities"&gt;ARWU&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; World&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Rankings_ARWU_W_87-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Rankings_ARWU_W-87"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;88&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th scope="row"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities"&gt;ARWU&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; National&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Rankings_ARWU_N_88-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Rankings_ARWU_N-88"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;89&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th scope="row"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes"&gt;Forbes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Rankings_Forbes_89-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Rankings_Forbes-89"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;90&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;8&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th scope="row"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings"&gt;QS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; World&lt;sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-90"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;91&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th scope="row"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings"&gt;Times Higher Education&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Rankings_THES_W_91-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Rankings_THES_W-91"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;92&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th scope="row"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News &amp;amp; World Report"&gt;USNWR&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; National University&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Rankings_USNWR_NU_92-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Rankings_USNWR_NU-92"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;93&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th scope="row"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Monthly" title="The Washington Monthly"&gt;WM&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; National University&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Rankings_Wamo_NU_93-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Rankings_Wamo_NU-93"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;94&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;9&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;p&gt;Harvard's undergraduate program is ranked first among "National Universities" by &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News &amp;amp; World Report"&gt;U.S. News &amp;amp; World Report&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-94"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;95&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and eighth by &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes"&gt;Forbes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-95"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;96&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The university is ranked ninth nationally by &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Monthly" title="The Washington Monthly"&gt;The Washington Monthly&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-96"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;97&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Internationally, Harvard is ranked first in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings"&gt;Times Higher Education World University Rankings&lt;/a&gt; and second in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings"&gt;QS World University Rankings&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-97"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;98&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-BBC_98-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-BBC-98"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;99&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; When the two lists were published in partnership between 2004 and 2009 as the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Higher_Education-QS_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education-QS World University Rankings" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Times Higher Education-QS World University Rankings&lt;/a&gt;, Harvard was ranked first each year.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-BBC_98-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-BBC-98"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;99&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-99"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;100&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Harvard is ranked first by the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities"&gt;Academic Ranking of World Universities&lt;/a&gt; (ARWU), a position it has held since the first ARWU rankings were released in 2003.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-100"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;101&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In its individual subject tables, ARWU ranked Harvard first in natural sciences and mathematics,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-101"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;102&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; life and agricultural sciences,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-102"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;103&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; clinical medicine and pharmacy,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-103"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;104&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; social sciences,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-104"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;105&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and 42nd in engineering/technology and computer sciences.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-105"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;106&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  In individual fields in 2010, Harvard is ranked first in Physics and  Economics/Business, second in Chemistry, third in Mathematics, and ninth  in Computer Science in the world.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-106"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;107&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In the 2009 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QS_Global_200_Business_Schools_Report" title="QS Global 200 Business Schools Report"&gt;QS Global 200 Business Schools Report&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-107"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;108&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Harvard was ranked first in North America.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In 2010, according to University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP),&lt;sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-108"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;109&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Harvard is the best overall university in the world.&lt;/p&gt; In 2010 Harvard University was, for its excellence in co-operation  projects with the corporate world globally and especially in the US,  chosen to be a part of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBNM" title="BBNM"&gt;BBNM&lt;/a&gt; Group. They are currently represented among the BBNM M&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Student_activities"&gt;Student activities&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;div class="rellink boilerplate seealso"&gt;See also: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College"&gt;Harvard College&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;        In 2005, &lt;i&gt;The Boston Globe&lt;/i&gt; reported obtaining a 21-page  Harvard internal memorandum that expressed concern about undergraduate  student satisfaction based on a 2002 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Consortium_on_Financing_Higher_Education" title="The Consortium on Financing Higher Education" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Consortium on Financing Higher Education&lt;/a&gt; (COFHE) survey of 31 top universities.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-HeraldStudentLife_117-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-HeraldStudentLife-117"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;118&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  The &lt;i&gt;Globe&lt;/i&gt;  presented COFHE survey results and quotes from Harvard students that  suggest problems with faculty availability, quality of instruction,  quality of advising, social life on campus, and sense of community  dating back to at least 1994.  The magazine section of the &lt;i&gt;Harvard Crimson&lt;/i&gt; echoed similar academic and social criticisms.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-118"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;119&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-119"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;120&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  &lt;i&gt;The Harvard Crimson&lt;/i&gt; quoted Harvard College Dean Benedict Gross as being aware of and committed to improving the issues raised by the COFHE survey.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-120"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;121&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;A longer list of Harvard student groups can be found under &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College"&gt;Harvard College&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson" title="The Harvard Crimson"&gt;The Harvard Crimson&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;,  founded in 1873, describes itself as "the nation's oldest continuously  published daily college newspaper"; it counts among its many editors  numerous Pulitzer Prize winners and two U.S. Presidents, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy"&gt;John F. Kennedy&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt"&gt;Franklin D. Roosevelt&lt;/a&gt;.  The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Band" title="Harvard University Band"&gt;Harvard University Band&lt;/a&gt;, founded in 1919, is a non-traditional, student-run marching band, notable for being a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramble_band" title="Scramble band"&gt;scramble band&lt;/a&gt;;  other bands which also fall under the umbrella organization of HUB are  The Harvard Wind Ensemble, the Harvard Summer Pops Band, and the Harvard  Jazz Bands.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_International_Relations_Council" title="Harvard International Relations Council"&gt;Harvard International Relations Council&lt;/a&gt; includes several famous student organizations, including the &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_International_Review" title="Harvard International Review"&gt;Harvard International Review&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;HIR&lt;/i&gt;), &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Model_United_Nations" title="Harvard Model United Nations" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Harvard Model United Nations&lt;/a&gt; (HMUN), and its &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_National_Model_United_Nations" title="Harvard National Model United Nations" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Harvard National Model United Nations&lt;/a&gt; (HNMUN).  The &lt;i&gt;HIR&lt;/i&gt;  has 35,000 readers in more than 70 countries and regularly features  prominent scholars and policymakers from around the globe.  HMUN is the  oldest high-school-level &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_United_Nations" title="Model United Nations"&gt;Model United Nations&lt;/a&gt; simulation in the world, having begun as a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations"&gt;League of Nations&lt;/a&gt;  simulation in the 1920s.  HNMUN is similarly the longest-running  college-level simulation in the world and among the largest in the  United States. The IRC has the most members of any Harvard student  organization.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Lampoon" title="Harvard Lampoon"&gt;Harvard Lampoon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; is an undergraduate humor organization and publication founded in 1876.  It has a long-standing rivalry with &lt;i&gt;The Crimson&lt;/i&gt; and counts among its former members &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Benchley" title="Robert Benchley"&gt;Robert Benchley&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike"&gt;John Updike&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Plimpton" title="George Plimpton"&gt;George Plimpton&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_O%27Donnell_%28writer%29" title="Steve O'Donnell (writer)"&gt;Steve O'Donnell&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conan_O%27Brien" title="Conan O'Brien"&gt;Conan O'Brien&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_O%27Donnell" title="Mark O'Donnell"&gt;Mark O'Donnell&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Borowitz" title="Andy Borowitz"&gt;Andy Borowitz&lt;/a&gt;.  This sporadically issued rag was originally modelled on the British magazine of satire, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_%28magazine%29" title="Punch (magazine)"&gt;Punch&lt;/a&gt;, and has now outlived it, becoming the world's second-oldest humor magazine after the &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Yale_Record" title="The Yale Record"&gt;Yale Record&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conan_O%27Brien" title="Conan O'Brien"&gt;Conan O'Brien&lt;/a&gt; was president of the &lt;i&gt;Lampoon&lt;/i&gt; during his last two undergraduate years.  (The &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Lampoon_%28magazine%29" title="National Lampoon (magazine)"&gt;National Lampoon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; was founded as an offshoot in 1970 from the Harvard publication.)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lampoon.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3b/Lampoon.jpg/170px-Lampoon.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="240" width="170" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lampoon.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Lampoon_building" title="Harvard Lampoon building" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Harvard Lampoon&lt;/a&gt; "castle" with its characteristic rooftop ibis and its purple and yellow door&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Glee_Club" title="Harvard Glee Club"&gt;Harvard Glee Club&lt;/a&gt;, founded in 1858, is the oldest college choir in the country; the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Choir" title="Harvard University Choir"&gt;Harvard University Choir&lt;/a&gt; is the oldest university-affiliated choir in the country; and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard-Radcliffe_Orchestra" title="Harvard-Radcliffe Orchestra" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Harvard-Radcliffe Orchestra&lt;/a&gt;, founded in 1808, technically is older than the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic" title="New York Philharmonic"&gt;New York Philharmonic&lt;/a&gt;, though it has only been a symphony orchestra for about half of its existence.  The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bach_Society_Orchestra_of_Harvard_University" title="Bach Society Orchestra of Harvard University"&gt;Bach Society Orchestra of Harvard University&lt;/a&gt; is a chamber orchestra that is staffed, managed, and conducted entirely by students.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasty_Pudding_Theatricals" title="Hasty Pudding Theatricals"&gt;Hasty Pudding Theatricals&lt;/a&gt;, founded in 1844, is a theatrical society known for its &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlesque" title="Burlesque"&gt;burlesque&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre"&gt;musicals&lt;/a&gt; and annual "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasty_Pudding_Man_of_the_Year" title="Hasty Pudding Man of the Year"&gt;Man of the Year&lt;/a&gt;" and "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasty_Pudding_Woman_of_the_Year" title="Hasty Pudding Woman of the Year"&gt;Woman of the Year&lt;/a&gt;" ceremonies; past members include &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Jay_Lerner" title="Alan Jay Lerner"&gt;Alan Jay Lerner&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Lemmon" title="Jack Lemmon"&gt;Jack Lemmon&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lithgow" title="John Lithgow"&gt;John Lithgow&lt;/a&gt;.  The &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Advocate" title="The Harvard Advocate"&gt;Harvard Advocate&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, founded in 1866, is the nation's oldest college literary magazine; its past members include &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt"&gt;Theodore Roosevelt&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot"&gt;T. S. Eliot&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Jo_Salter" title="Mary Jo Salter"&gt;Mary Jo Salter&lt;/a&gt;.  The &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Salient" title="Harvard Salient"&gt;Harvard Salient&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.harvardsalient.com/" class="external autonumber" rel="nofollow"&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;  is the campus's biweekly conservative magazine, whose past editors  include many prominent conservative thinkers and journalists.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHRB" title="WHRB"&gt;WHRB&lt;/a&gt;  (95.3 FM Cambridge), the campus radio station, is run exclusively by  Harvard students out of the basement of Pennypacker Hall, a freshman  dorm.  Known throughout the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" title="Boston, Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Boston&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area"&gt;metropolitan area&lt;/a&gt;  for its classical, jazz, underground rock and hip-hop, and blues  programming, especially its reading period "orgies", when the entire  oeuvre of a particular composer, orchestra, band, or artist is played  without commercial break, sometimes for several days in succession, to  give the station's DJs a chance to catch up on their studies before the  semester's final exams.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Institute_of_Politics" title="Harvard Institute of Politics"&gt;Harvard Institute of Politics&lt;/a&gt;  (IOP) is a living memorial to President Kennedy which promotes public  service among undergraduates by sponsoring non-credit courses and  workshops and internships in the public sector.  The IOP is also home to  the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Political_Review" title="Harvard Political Review"&gt;Harvard Political Review&lt;/a&gt;, a nonpartisan quarterly magazine whose alumni include &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore"&gt;Al Gore&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.J._Dionne" title="E.J. Dionne" class="mw-redirect"&gt;E.J. Dionne&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Alter" title="Jonathan Alter"&gt;Jonathan Alter&lt;/a&gt;.  The IOP is located within the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School" title="Harvard Kennedy School" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Harvard Kennedy School&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_Brooks_House_Association" title="Phillips Brooks House Association"&gt;Phillips Brooks House Association&lt;/a&gt; (PBHA)&lt;sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-121"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;122&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; is a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/501%28c%29%283%29" title="501(c)(3)" class="mw-redirect"&gt;501(c)(3)&lt;/a&gt;  non-profit organization which serves as the umbrella organization for  dozens of community service and social change programs at Harvard.  It  has 1,600 volunteers who serve over 10,000 people in the greater Boston  area.  Its notable alumni include &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Franklin Delano Roosevelt&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Nash_Baldwin" title="Roger Nash Baldwin"&gt;Roger Nash Baldwin&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Coles" title="Robert Coles"&gt;Robert Coles&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter"&gt;David Souter&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Student_Agencies" title="Harvard Student Agencies"&gt;Harvard Student Agencies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-122"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;123&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; is the largest student-run corporation in the world, with revenues of $6 million in 2006;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-123"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;124&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; its notable alumni include Thomas Stemberg, founder of Staples, Inc. and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cohrs" title="Michael Cohrs"&gt;Michael Cohrs&lt;/a&gt;, a Board Member at Deutsche Bank in London.  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Model_Congress" title="Harvard Model Congress"&gt;Harvard Model Congress&lt;/a&gt;  is the nation's oldest and largest congressional simulation conference,  providing thousands of high school students from across the U.S. and  abroad with the opportunity to experience participatory American  democracy first-hand.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Ichthus" title="The Harvard Ichthus"&gt;The Harvard Ichthus&lt;/a&gt;  is the college's first journal of Christian thought, inspiring the  founding of over 20 such journals throughout the Northeast through the  Augustine Project;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-124"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;125&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  it has featured contributions by students as well as notable  theologians such as Fr. Richard John Neuhaus, Stanley Hauerwas, Glen  Stassen, and Fr. Richard Schall.  The Harvard Chess Club, founded in  1874, is one of the oldest collegiate chess clubs in the country.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-125"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;126&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  An annual match versus &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale" title="Yale" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Yale&lt;/a&gt; on the morning of the Harvard-Yale football game has taken place since 1906.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-126"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;127&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  Harvard has won several intercollegiate national chess championships, with alumni including &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Grandmaster" title="International Grandmaster" class="mw-redirect"&gt;International Grandmaster&lt;/a&gt; and two-time &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Chess_Championship" title="U.S. Chess Championship"&gt;United States Champion&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Wolff" title="Patrick Wolff"&gt;Patrick Wolff&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard/MIT_Cooperative_Society" title="Harvard/MIT Cooperative Society"&gt;Harvard/MIT Cooperative Society&lt;/a&gt; is a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative"&gt;cooperative&lt;/a&gt; bookstore that includes undergraduates on its board of directors.  The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Boxing_Club" title="Harvard Boxing Club"&gt;Harvard Boxing Club&lt;/a&gt;  is a club sport open to all undergraduates and graduates.  It holds  practices six days a week, and hosts an annual exhibition (Fight Night)  at the end of Spring semester.  The Harvard Wireless Club, founded in  1909, is the nation's oldest &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio"&gt;amateur radio&lt;/a&gt; club.  Their radio station call sign is W1AF.  "Professor &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Pierce" title="George W. Pierce" class="mw-redirect"&gt;George W. Pierce&lt;/a&gt; was the first president, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla"&gt;Nikola Tesla&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_A._Edison" title="Thomas A. Edison" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Thomas A. Edison&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi"&gt;Guglielmo Marconi&lt;/a&gt;, Greenleaf W. Pickard and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._A._Fessenden" title="R. A. Fessenden" class="mw-redirect"&gt;R. A. Fessenden&lt;/a&gt; were honorary members."&lt;sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-127"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;128&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Students"&gt;Students&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;table style="text-align:center; float:right; font-size:85%; margin-left:2em; margin:auto;" class="wikitable"&gt; &lt;caption&gt;&lt;i&gt;Demographics of student body&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Head_count_128-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Head_count-128"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;129&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-129"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;130&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/caption&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;Undergraduate&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;Graduate&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;Professional&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;U.S. Census&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;Black/Non-Hispanic&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;8%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;3%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;6%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;12.1%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;Asian/Pacific Islander&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;17%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;9%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;12%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;4.3%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;White/Non-Hispanic&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;42%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;42%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;43%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;65.8%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;Hispanic&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;7%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;3%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;5%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;14.5%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;Native American&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;1%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;0.2%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;0.6%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;0.9%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;International Students&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;11%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;33%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;22%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;N/A&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;p&gt;In the last six years, &lt;a href="http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_Harvard_Fact_Book_2009-10_FINAL_new.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow"&gt;Harvard's student population&lt;/a&gt;  ranged between 19,000 and 21,000, across all programs. Harvard enrolled  6,655 students in undergraduate programs, 3,738 students in graduate  programs, and 10,722 students in professional programs.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Head_count_128-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Head_count-128"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;129&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  The undergraduate population is 51% female, the graduate population is  48% female, and the professional population is 49% female.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Head_count_128-2" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Head_count-128"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;129&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Undergraduate admission to Harvard is characterized by the Carnegie Foundation as "more selective, lower transfer-in".&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Carnegie_65-3" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Carnegie-65"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;66&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  Harvard College received 27,462 applications for admission to the Class  of 2013, 2,175 were admitted (7.9%), and 1,658 enrolled (76.2%).&lt;sup id="cite_ref-CDS_130-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-CDS-130"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;131&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interquartile_range" title="Interquartile range"&gt;interquartile range&lt;/a&gt; on the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAT" title="SAT"&gt;SAT&lt;/a&gt; was 2080–2370 and 95% of first year students graduated in the top tenth of their high school class.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-CDS_130-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-CDS-130"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;131&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Harvard also enrolled 266 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Merit_Scholar" title="National Merit Scholar" class="mw-redirect"&gt;National Merit Scholars&lt;/a&gt;, the most in the nation.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-131"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;132&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 88% of students graduate within 4 years and 98% graduate within 6 years.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-132"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;133&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Harvard College accepted 6.9% of applicants for the class of 2014, a record low for the school's entire history.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-133"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;134&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  The number of acceptances was lower for the class of 2013 partially  because the university anticipated increased rates of enrollment after  announcing a large increase in financial aid in 2008.&lt;sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from August 2010" style="white-space:nowrap;"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt;  Harvard College ended its early admissions program in 2007 as the  program was believed to disadvantage low-income and under-represented  minority applicants applying to selective universities.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-134"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;135&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; However, undergraduate admissions office's &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_preferences" title="Legacy preferences"&gt;preference for children of alumni&lt;/a&gt; policies have been the subject of scrutiny and debate as it primarily aids whites and the wealthy.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-135"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;136&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-136"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;137&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Athletics"&gt;Athletics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"&gt;Main article: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson" title="Harvard Crimson"&gt;Harvard Crimson&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tleft"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard_stadium_2009h.JPG" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Harvard_stadium_2009h.JPG/220px-Harvard_stadium_2009h.JPG" class="thumbimage" height="136" width="220" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard_stadium_2009h.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Stadium" title="Harvard Stadium"&gt;Harvard Stadium&lt;/a&gt;, home of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson" title="Harvard Crimson"&gt;Harvard Crimson&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Cannons" title="Boston Cannons"&gt;Boston Cannons&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;Harvard's athletic rivalry with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University"&gt;Yale&lt;/a&gt; is intense in every sport in which they meet, coming to a climax each fall in their annual &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_%28American%29" title="Football (American)" class="mw-redirect"&gt;football&lt;/a&gt; meeting, which dates back to 1875 and is usually called simply "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard-Yale_football_games_%28The_Game%29" title="Harvard-Yale football games (The Game)" class="mw-redirect"&gt;The Game&lt;/a&gt;".  While Harvard's football team is no longer one of the country's best as  it often was a century ago during football's early days (it won the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Bowl_Game" title="Rose Bowl Game"&gt;Rose Bowl&lt;/a&gt; in 1920), both it and Yale have influenced the way the game is played. In 1903, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Stadium" title="Harvard Stadium"&gt;Harvard Stadium&lt;/a&gt;  introduced a new era into football with the first-ever permanent  reinforced concrete stadium of its kind in the country. The stadium's  structure actually played a role in the evolution of the college game.  Seeking to reduce the alarming number of deaths and serious injuries in  the sport, the Father of Football, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Camp" title="Walter Camp"&gt;Walter Camp&lt;/a&gt;  (former captain of the Yale football team), suggested widening the  field to open up the game. But the state-of-the-art Harvard Stadium was  too narrow to accommodate a wider playing surface. So, other steps had  to be taken. Camp would instead support revolutionary new rules for the  1906 season. These included legalizing the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_pass" title="Forward pass"&gt;forward pass&lt;/a&gt;, perhaps the most significant rule change in the sport's history.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-137"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;138&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-138"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;139&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Harvard has several athletic facilities, such as the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavietes_Pavilion" title="Lavietes Pavilion"&gt;Lavietes Pavilion&lt;/a&gt;,  a multi-purpose arena and home to the Harvard basketball teams. The  Malkin Athletic Center, known as the "MAC", serves both as the  university's primary recreation facility and as a satellite location for  several varsity sports. The five story building includes two cardio  rooms, an Olympic-size swimming pool, a smaller pool for aquaerobics and  other activities, a mezzanine, where all types of classes are held at  all hours of the day, and an indoor cycling studio, three weight rooms,  and a three-court gym floor to play basketball. The MAC also offers  personal trainers and specialty classes. The MAC is also home to Harvard  volleyball, fencing, and wrestling. The offices of several of the  school's varsity coaches are also in the MAC.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weld_Boathouse" title="Weld Boathouse"&gt;Weld Boathouse&lt;/a&gt;  and Newell Boathouse house the women's and men's rowing teams,  respectively. The men's crew also uses the Red Top complex in Ledyard,  Connecticut, as their training camp for the annual &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard-Yale_Regatta" title="Harvard-Yale Regatta" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Harvard-Yale Regatta&lt;/a&gt;.  The Bright Hockey Center hosts the Harvard hockey teams, and the Murr  Center serves both as a home for Harvard's squash and tennis teams as  well as a strength and conditioning center for all athletic sports.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;As of 2006, there were 41 Division I intercollegiate &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsity_team" title="Varsity team"&gt;varsity&lt;/a&gt;  sports teams for women and men at Harvard, more than at any other NCAA  Division I college in the country. As with other Ivy League  universities, Harvard does not offer &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_scholarships" title="Athletic scholarships" class="mw-redirect"&gt;athletic scholarships&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-139"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;140&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard_crimsons_v_brown_2009.JPG" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Harvard_crimsons_v_brown_2009.JPG/220px-Harvard_crimsons_v_brown_2009.JPG" class="thumbimage" height="146" width="220" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard_crimsons_v_brown_2009.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Harvard v &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Bears" title="Brown Bears"&gt;Brown&lt;/a&gt;, September 25, 2009&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;Older than &lt;i&gt;The Game&lt;/i&gt; by 23 years, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard-Yale_Regatta" title="Harvard-Yale Regatta" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Harvard-Yale Regatta&lt;/a&gt;  was the original source of the athletic rivalry between the two  schools. It is held annually in June on the Thames river in eastern  Connecticut. The Harvard crew is typically considered to be one of the  top teams in the country in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_%28sport%29" title="Rowing (sport)"&gt;rowing&lt;/a&gt;. Today, Harvard fields top teams in several other sports, such as the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey"&gt;Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey&lt;/a&gt; team (with a strong rivalry against &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University"&gt;Cornell&lt;/a&gt;), &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squash_%28sport%29" title="Squash (sport)"&gt;squash&lt;/a&gt;, and even recently won NCAA titles in Men's and Women's &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing"&gt;Fencing&lt;/a&gt;. Harvard also won the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercollegiate_Sailing_Association_National_Championships" title="Intercollegiate Sailing Association National Championships"&gt;Intercollegiate Sailing Association National Championships&lt;/a&gt; in 2003.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Harvard's men's ice hockey team won the school's first NCAA  Championship in any team sport in 1989. Harvard was also the first Ivy  League institution to win a NCAA championship title in a women's sport  when its women's lacrosse team won the NCAA Championship in 1990.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Undergraduate_Television" title="Harvard Undergraduate Television"&gt;Harvard Undergraduate Television&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;  has footage from historical games and athletic events including the  2005 pep-rally before the Harvard-Yale Game. Harvard's official  athletics website has more comprehensive information about Harvard's  athletic facilities.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Song"&gt;Song&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;Harvard has several fight songs, the most played of which, especially at football, are "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Thousand_Men_of_Harvard" title="Ten Thousand Men of Harvard"&gt;Ten Thousand Men of Harvard&lt;/a&gt;" and "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvardiana" title="Harvardiana"&gt;Harvardiana&lt;/a&gt;." While "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Harvard" title="Fair Harvard"&gt;Fair Harvard&lt;/a&gt;" is actually the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater"&gt;alma mater&lt;/a&gt;, "Ten Thousand Men" is better known outside the university. The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Band" title="Harvard University Band"&gt;Harvard University Band&lt;/a&gt; performs these fight songs, and other cheers, at football and hockey games. These were parodied by Harvard alumnus &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Lehrer" title="Tom Lehrer"&gt;Tom Lehrer&lt;/a&gt; in his song "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight_Fiercely,_Harvard" title="Fight Fiercely, Harvard"&gt;Fight Fiercely, Harvard&lt;/a&gt;," which he composed while an undergraduate.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_people"&gt;Notable people&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Faculty_and_staff"&gt;Faculty and staff&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;table class="metadata plainlinks ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" style=""&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td class="mbox-image"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="Wiki letter w cropped.svg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" height="14" width="20" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="mbox-text" style=""&gt;This section requires &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harvard_University&amp;amp;action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"&gt;expansion&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;p&gt;Prominent conservative and prominent liberal voices are among the faculty of the various schools, such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Feldstein" title="Martin Feldstein"&gt;Martin Feldstein&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield"&gt;Harvey Mansfield&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Mankiw" title="Greg Mankiw" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Greg Mankiw&lt;/a&gt;, Baroness Shirley Williams, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Dershowitz" title="Alan Dershowitz"&gt;Alan Dershowitz&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leftists" title="Leftists" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Leftists&lt;/a&gt; like &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer"&gt;Michael Walzer&lt;/a&gt; and Stephen Thernstrom and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism"&gt;libertarians&lt;/a&gt; such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick"&gt;Robert Nozick&lt;/a&gt;  have in the past graced its faculty. Between 1964 and 2009, a total of  38 faculty and staff members affiliated with Harvard or its teaching  hospitals were awarded Nobel Prizes (17 during the last quarter century,  6 the last 25 years).&lt;sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-140"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;141&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Alumni"&gt;Alumni&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;div class="rellink boilerplate seealso"&gt;See also: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Harvard_University_people" title="List of Harvard University people"&gt;List of Harvard University people&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notable_non-graduate_alumni_of_Harvard" title="Notable non-graduate alumni of Harvard" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Notable non-graduate alumni of Harvard&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:137px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg/135px-Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="184" width="135" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama"&gt;Barack Obama&lt;/a&gt;, current &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="President of the United States of America" class="mw-redirect"&gt;President of the United States of America&lt;/a&gt;, graduated from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School"&gt;Harvard Law School&lt;/a&gt; with a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor"&gt;Juris Doctor&lt;/a&gt; (J.D.) in 1991.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;Among the best-known people who have attended Harvard University are American political leaders &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock"&gt;John Hancock&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams"&gt;John Adams&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams"&gt;John Quincy Adams&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes"&gt;Rutherford B. Hayes&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt"&gt;Theodore Roosevelt&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt" title="Franklin Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Franklin Roosevelt&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy"&gt;John F. Kennedy&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore"&gt;Al Gore&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush"&gt;George W. Bush&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama"&gt;Barack Obama&lt;/a&gt;; Canadian Governor General &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lloyd_Johnston" title="David Lloyd Johnston" class="mw-redirect"&gt;David Lloyd Johnston&lt;/a&gt;, Canadian Prime Ministers &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackenzie_King" title="Mackenzie King" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Mackenzie King&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau"&gt;Pierre Trudeau&lt;/a&gt;, and Canadian political leader &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff"&gt;Michael Ignatieff&lt;/a&gt;; Secretary of Housing and Urban Development &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_Donovan" title="Shaun Donovan"&gt;Shaun Donovan&lt;/a&gt;; religious leader, businessman &amp;amp; philanthropist &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aga_Khan_IV" title="Aga Khan IV"&gt;Aga Khan IV&lt;/a&gt;; businessman &amp;amp; philanthropist &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates"&gt;Bill Gates&lt;/a&gt;; philanthropist &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_Hartford" title="Huntington Hartford"&gt;Huntington Hartford&lt;/a&gt;; Mexican Presidents &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Felipe Calderón"&gt;Felipe Calderón&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Harvard_Alum_apparent_new_president_of_Mexico_141-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Harvard_Alum_apparent_new_president_of_Mexico-141"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;142&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Salinas_de_Gortari" title="Carlos Salinas de Gortari"&gt;Carlos Salinas de Gortari&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid" title="Miguel de la Madrid"&gt;Miguel de la Madrid&lt;/a&gt;; Chilean President &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Pi%C3%B1era" title="Sebastian Piñera" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Sebastian Piñera&lt;/a&gt;; Colombian President &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Santos" title="Juan Manuel Santos"&gt;Juan Manuel Santos&lt;/a&gt;; Taiwanese President &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou" title="Ma Ying-jeou"&gt;Ma Ying-jeou&lt;/a&gt;; Israeli Prime Minister &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu"&gt;Benjamin Netanyahu&lt;/a&gt;; Peruvian President &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo" title="Alejandro Toledo"&gt;Alejandro Toledo&lt;/a&gt;;UN Secretary General &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon"&gt;Ban Ki-moon&lt;/a&gt;; philosopher &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau"&gt;Henry David Thoreau&lt;/a&gt;; authors &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson"&gt;Ralph Waldo Emerson&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs"&gt;William S. Burroughs&lt;/a&gt;; educator &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlan_Hanson" title="Harlan Hanson"&gt;Harlan Hanson&lt;/a&gt;; poets &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Stevens" title="Wallace Stevens"&gt;Wallace Stevens&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot"&gt;T. S. Eliot&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._E._Cummings" title="E. E. Cummings"&gt;E. E. Cummings&lt;/a&gt;; conductor &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein"&gt;Leonard Bernstein&lt;/a&gt;; cellist &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo_Yo_Ma" title="Yo Yo Ma" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Yo Yo Ma&lt;/a&gt;; comedian and television show host and writer &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conan_O%27Brien" title="Conan O'Brien"&gt;Conan O'Brien&lt;/a&gt;; actors &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Lemmon" title="Jack Lemmon"&gt;Jack Lemmon&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Portman" title="Natalie Portman"&gt;Natalie Portman&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mira_Sorvino" title="Mira Sorvino"&gt;Mira Sorvino&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Judd" title="Ashley Judd"&gt;Ashley Judd&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatyana_Ali" title="Tatyana Ali"&gt;Tatyana Ali&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Shue" title="Elisabeth Shue"&gt;Elisabeth Shue&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashida_Jones" title="Rashida Jones"&gt;Rashida Jones&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottie_Thompson" title="Scottie Thompson"&gt;Scottie Thompson&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_Harper" title="Hill Harper"&gt;Hill Harper&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Damon" title="Matt Damon"&gt;Matt Damon&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Lee_Jones" title="Tommy Lee Jones"&gt;Tommy Lee Jones&lt;/a&gt;; film directors &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Aronofsky" title="Darren Aronofsky"&gt;Darren Aronofsky&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mira_Nair" title="Mira Nair"&gt;Mira Nair&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whit_Stillman" title="Whit Stillman"&gt;Whit Stillman&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrence_Malick" title="Terrence Malick"&gt;Terrence Malick&lt;/a&gt;; television executive &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Graden" title="Brian Graden"&gt;Brian Graden&lt;/a&gt;; architect &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson"&gt;Philip Johnson&lt;/a&gt;; musicians &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivers_Cuomo" title="Rivers Cuomo"&gt;Rivers Cuomo&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Morello" title="Tom Morello"&gt;Tom Morello&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_Parsons" title="Gram Parsons"&gt;Gram Parsons&lt;/a&gt;; musician, producer and composer &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Leslie" title="Ryan Leslie"&gt;Ryan Leslie&lt;/a&gt;; Facebook creator &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg"&gt;Mark Zuckerberg&lt;/a&gt;; unabomber &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Kaczynski" title="Ted Kaczynski"&gt;Ted Kaczynski&lt;/a&gt;; programmer and activist &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman"&gt;Richard Stallman&lt;/a&gt;; and civil rights leader &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois"&gt;W. E. B. Du Bois&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Among its most famous current faculty members are biologist &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson"&gt;E. O. Wilson&lt;/a&gt;, cognitive scientist &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker"&gt;Steven Pinker&lt;/a&gt;, physicists &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Randall" title="Lisa Randall"&gt;Lisa Randall&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Glauber" title="Roy Glauber" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Roy Glauber&lt;/a&gt;, chemists &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Corey" title="Elias Corey" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Elias Corey&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_R._Herschbach" title="Dudley R. Herschbach"&gt;Dudley R. Herschbach&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_M._Whitesides" title="George M. Whitesides"&gt;George M. Whitesides&lt;/a&gt;, Shakespeare scholar &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Greenblatt" title="Stephen Greenblatt"&gt;Stephen Greenblatt&lt;/a&gt;, writer &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Menand" title="Louis Menand"&gt;Louis Menand&lt;/a&gt;, critic &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Vendler" title="Helen Vendler"&gt;Helen Vendler&lt;/a&gt;, historian &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson"&gt;Niall Ferguson&lt;/a&gt;, economists &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen"&gt;Amartya Sen&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._Gregory_Mankiw" title="N. Gregory Mankiw"&gt;N. Gregory Mankiw&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Barro" title="Robert Barro"&gt;Robert Barro&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_A._Marglin" title="Stephen A. Marglin"&gt;Stephen A. Marglin&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_M._Wilson_III" title="Don M. Wilson III"&gt;Don M. Wilson III&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Feldstein" title="Martin Feldstein"&gt;Martin Feldstein&lt;/a&gt;, political philosophers &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield"&gt;Harvey Mansfield&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sandel" title="Michael Sandel"&gt;Michael Sandel&lt;/a&gt;, political scientists &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Putnam" title="Robert Putnam" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Robert Putnam&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Nye" title="Joseph Nye"&gt;Joseph Nye&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Hoffmann" title="Stanley Hoffmann"&gt;Stanley Hoffmann&lt;/a&gt;, scholar/composers &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_D._Levin" title="Robert D. Levin"&gt;Robert Levin&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Rands" title="Bernard Rands"&gt;Bernard Rands&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Seventy-five &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize"&gt;Nobel Prize&lt;/a&gt; winners are affiliated with the university. Since 1974, 19 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize"&gt;Nobel Prize&lt;/a&gt; winners and 15 winners of the American literary award, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize"&gt;Pulitzer Prize&lt;/a&gt;, have served on the Harvard faculty.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="In_fiction_and_popular_culture"&gt;In fiction and popular culture&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p&gt;Harvard's central place in American &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elite" title="Elite"&gt;elite&lt;/a&gt; circles has made it the setting for many novels, plays, films and other cultural works.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="In_literature"&gt;In literature&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;Numerous novels are set at Harvard or feature characters with Harvard connections.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dt&gt;Books&lt;/dt&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Accidental_Billionaires" title="The Accidental Billionaires"&gt;The Accidental Billionaires&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; by Ben Mezrich is a narrative account of Facebook's founding set partially at Harvard&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Hacking Harvard&lt;/i&gt; is novel by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Wasserman" title="Robin Wasserman"&gt;Robin Wasserman&lt;/a&gt;, a Harvard University alumna.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;In &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Handmaid%27s_Tale" title="The Handmaid's Tale"&gt;The Handmaid's Tale&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood"&gt;Margaret Atwood&lt;/a&gt;'s &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-apocalyptic" title="Post-apocalyptic" class="mw-redirect"&gt;post-apocalyptic&lt;/a&gt;  novel, much of the action takes place in Cambridge, with vaguely  recognizable Harvard landmarks occasionally making their way into the  narrator's place descriptions.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Story_%281970_film%29" title="Love Story (1970 film)"&gt;Love Story&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (1970), by Harvard alumnus (and Yale classics professor) &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Segal" title="Erich Segal"&gt;Erich Segal&lt;/a&gt;, concerns a romance between a wealthy Harvard pre-law hockey player (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_O%27Neal" title="Ryan O'Neal"&gt;Ryan O'Neal&lt;/a&gt;) and a brilliant Radcliffe student of musicology on scholarship (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_MacGraw" title="Ali MacGraw"&gt;Ali MacGraw&lt;/a&gt;). Both novel and movie are deeply infused with Cambridge color.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-142"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;143&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; One enduring Harvard tradition in recent years has been the annual screening of &lt;i&gt;Love Story&lt;/i&gt;  to incoming freshmen, during which members of the Crimson Key Society,  the tour-giving organization on campus, make catcalls and other  offerings of mock abuse. Other works of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Segal" title="Erich Segal"&gt;Erich Segal&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Class_%28Erich_Segal_novel%29" title="The Class (Erich Segal novel)"&gt;The Class&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (1985) and &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctors_%28novel%29" title="Doctors (novel)"&gt;Doctors&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (1988) also featured the leading characters as Harvard students.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Physick_Book_of_Deliverance_Dane" title="The Physick Book of Deliverance Dane"&gt;The Physick Book of Deliverance Dane&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, a 2009 bestselling novel by Katherine Howe, prominently features the university and several of its buildings .&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prozac_Nation" title="Prozac Nation"&gt;Prozac Nation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; is an autobiography by Harvard College graduate, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Wurtzell&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizabeth Wurtzell (page does not exist)"&gt;Elizabeth Wurtzell&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Second_Happiest_Day&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Second Happiest Day (page does not exist)"&gt;The Second Happiest Day&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (1953) by "John Phillips" (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_P._Marquand,_Jr.&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John P. Marquand, Jr. (page does not exist)"&gt;John P. Marquand, Jr.&lt;/a&gt;) depicts the Harvard of the generation of World War II.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sound_and_the_Fury" title="The Sound and the Fury"&gt;The Sound and the Fury&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner"&gt;William Faulkner&lt;/a&gt;, features Quentin Compson's experiences at Harvard.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thidwick_the_Big-Hearted_Moose" title="Thidwick the Big-Hearted Moose"&gt;Thidwick the Big-Hearted Moose&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (1948), by Dr. Seuss, remarks on "Harvard Club Wall".&lt;sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from November 2009" style="white-space:nowrap;"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Women%27s_Room" title="The Women's Room"&gt;The Women's Room&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_French" title="Marilyn French"&gt;Marilyn French&lt;/a&gt;, largely features protgonist Mira's experiences at Harvard University&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dt&gt;Series&lt;/dt&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;In &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Brown" title="Dan Brown"&gt;Dan Brown&lt;/a&gt;'s novels (&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Da_Vinci_Code" title="The Da Vinci Code"&gt;The Da Vinci Code&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels_and_Demons" title="Angels and Demons" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Angels and Demons&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;),  main character Robert Langdon is described as a Harvard "professor of  symbology", (although "symbology" is not the name of an actual academic  discipline).&lt;sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-143"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;144&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Thomas-Graham" title="Pamela Thomas-Graham"&gt;Pamela Thomas-Graham&lt;/a&gt;'s series of mystery novels (&lt;i&gt;Blue Blood&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Orange Crushed&lt;/i&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;A Darker Shade Of Crimson&lt;/i&gt;), protagonist Nikki Chase is an African-American Harvard economics professor.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Preston" title="Douglas Preston"&gt;Douglas Preston&lt;/a&gt;'s ex-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA" title="CIA" class="mw-redirect"&gt;CIA&lt;/a&gt; agent, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyman_Ford" title="Wyman Ford"&gt;Wyman Ford&lt;/a&gt;, is a Harvard alumnus. Ford appears in the novels &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrannosaur_Canyon" title="Tyrannosaur Canyon"&gt;Tyrannosaur Canyon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blasphemy_%28novel%29" title="Blasphemy (novel)"&gt;Blasphemy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecilia_Tan" title="Cecilia Tan"&gt;Cecilia Tan&lt;/a&gt;'s romance novel series, commonly known as the "Magic University series" and including the books &lt;i&gt;The Siren and the Sword&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;The Tower and the Tears&lt;/i&gt;, is set at the magical university hidden inside Harvard known as "Veritas".&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="In_music"&gt;In music&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariah_Carey" title="Mariah Carey"&gt;Mariah Carey&lt;/a&gt;,  in her 2009 song "Up Out My Face", sings: "Even the Harvard University  graduating class of 2010 couldn't put us back together again."&lt;sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-144"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;145&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Onscreen"&gt;Onscreen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;Harvard has been featured in many U.S. film and television productions. Since the filming of &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Story_%281970_film%29" title="Love Story (1970 film)"&gt;Love Story&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; in the 1960s the university, until the summer of 2007 filming of &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Debaters" title="The Great Debaters"&gt;The Great Debaters&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, did not allow any movies to be filmed in campus buildings; most films are shot in look-alike cities, such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto"&gt;Toronto&lt;/a&gt;, and at colleges such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA" title="UCLA" class="mw-redirect"&gt;UCLA&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheaton_College_%28Massachusetts%29" title="Wheaton College (Massachusetts)"&gt;Wheaton&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgewater_State_College" title="Bridgewater State College" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Bridgewater State&lt;/a&gt;, although outdoor and aerial shots of Harvard's Cambridge campus are often used.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-145"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;146&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_%282008_film%29" title="21 (2008 film)"&gt;&lt;i&gt;21&lt;/i&gt; (2008 film)&lt;/a&gt; - filming took place, in part, at Harvard Medical School&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ally_McBeal_%28character%29" title="Ally McBeal (character)"&gt;Ally McBeal&lt;/a&gt;, of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ally_McBeal" title="Ally McBeal"&gt;the eponymous series&lt;/a&gt;, is a Harvard Law School alumna&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheers" title="Cheers"&gt;Cheers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frasier" title="Frasier"&gt;Frasier&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; co-star, Dr. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frasier_Crane" title="Frasier Crane"&gt;Frasier Crane&lt;/a&gt;, is a graduate of both Harvard College and Harvard Medical School&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Firm_%281993_film%29" title="The Firm (1993 film)"&gt;The Firm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (1993 film) - features Mitch McDeere (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cruise" title="Tom Cruise"&gt;Tom Cruise&lt;/a&gt;)  as a young man with a promising future in law who, about to graduate  from Harvard Law School, is made an offer he can't refuse by Memphis  firm Bendini, Lambert &amp;amp; Locke, 'The Firm'&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fringe_%28TV_series%29" title="Fringe (TV series)"&gt;Fringe&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (TV series) - the university was prominently featured in the 2008 television series pilot. Although &lt;i&gt;Fringe&lt;/i&gt; portrays its setting as Harvard, the visible campus buildings are at Yale University.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilligan%27s_Island" title="Gilligan's Island"&gt;Gilligan's Island&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; 's resident aristocrat &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurston_Howell,_III" title="Thurston Howell, III"&gt;Thurston Howell, III&lt;/a&gt; (played by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Backus" title="Jim Backus"&gt;Jim Backus&lt;/a&gt;), is a Harvard graduate&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilmore_Girls" title="Gilmore Girls"&gt;Gilmore Girls&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Will_Hunting" title="Good Will Hunting"&gt;Good Will Hunting&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossip_Girl_%28TV_series%29" title="Gossip Girl (TV series)" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Gossip Girl&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (TV series) - the university was prominently featured in the second series.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Man" title="Harvard Man"&gt;Harvard Man&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_High" title="How High"&gt;How High&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Tower_%28Harvard_Undergraduate_Television%29" title="Ivory Tower (Harvard Undergraduate Television)"&gt;Ivory Tower&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; - a student-produced &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Undergraduate_Television" title="Harvard Undergraduate Television"&gt;Harvard Undergraduate Television&lt;/a&gt; show&lt;sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-146"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;147&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; about fictional Harvard students.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legally_Blonde" title="Legally Blonde"&gt;Legally Blonde&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Story_in_Harvard" title="Love Story in Harvard"&gt;Love Story in Harvard&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; - a Korean hit TV series set at Harvard but filmed at the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California"&gt;University of Southern California&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-147"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;148&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M*A*S*H_%28TV_series%29" title="M*A*S*H (TV series)"&gt;M*A*S*H&lt;/a&gt;'&lt;/i&gt;s pompous Boston Brahmin, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_%28United_States%29" title="Major (United States)"&gt;Major&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Emerson_Winchester_III" title="Charles Emerson Winchester III" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Charles Emerson Winchester III&lt;/a&gt; (played by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ogden_Stiers" title="David Ogden Stiers"&gt;David Ogden Stiers&lt;/a&gt;), is a graduate of both Harvard College and Harvard Medical School)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matlock_%28TV_series%29" title="Matlock (TV series)"&gt;Matlock&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; principal character, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Matlock" title="Ben Matlock" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Ben Matlock&lt;/a&gt;, is a Harvard Law School graduate&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Paper_Chase" title="The Paper Chase"&gt;The Paper Chase&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queer_as_Folk_%28North_American_TV_series%29" title="Queer as Folk (North American TV series)"&gt;Queer as Folk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (North American TV series)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_and_the_City" title="Sex and the City"&gt;Sex and the City&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; character, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_Hobbes" title="Miranda Hobbes"&gt;Miranda Hobbes&lt;/a&gt;, is a Harvard Law School graduate&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Social_Network" title="The Social Network"&gt;The Social Network&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Man_%28film%29" title="Soul Man (film)"&gt;Soul Man&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (film)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealing_Harvard" title="Stealing Harvard"&gt;Stealing Harvard&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_%26_Spice" title="Sugar &amp;amp; Spice"&gt;Sugar &amp;amp; Spice&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Suite_Life_on_Deck" title="The Suite Life on Deck"&gt;The Suite Life on Deck&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (Disney Channel show) - Cody Martin and Bailey Pickett's dreams are to get into Harvard&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/With_Honors_%28film%29" title="With Honors (film)"&gt;With Honors&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (film) - The graduation scene was filmed in front of Foellinger Auditorium at the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign" title="University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign" class="mw-redirect"&gt;University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from April 2011" style="white-space:nowrap;"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Other"&gt;Other&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; Professors Dr. Richard Alpert, later known as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Dass" title="Ram Dass"&gt;Ram Dass&lt;/a&gt;, and Dr. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Leary" title="Timothy Leary"&gt;Timothy Leary&lt;/a&gt;  were fired from Harvard in May 1963. Popular opinion attributes their  discharge to their activism involving psychedelics, and the  popularization and dispensation of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin"&gt;psilocybin&lt;/a&gt; to students.&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-148"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;149&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-148"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Student_activities"&gt;Student activities&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;div class="rellink boilerplate seealso"&gt;See also: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College"&gt;Harvard College&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;        In 2005, &lt;i&gt;The Boston Globe&lt;/i&gt; reported obtaining a 21-page  Harvard internal memorandum that expressed concern about undergraduate  student satisfaction based on a 2002 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Consortium_on_Financing_Higher_Education" title="The Consortium on Financing Higher Education" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Consortium on Financing Higher Education&lt;/a&gt; (COFHE) survey of 31 top universities.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-HeraldStudentLife_117-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-HeraldStudentLife-117"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;118&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  The &lt;i&gt;Globe&lt;/i&gt;  presented COFHE survey results and quotes from Harvard students that  suggest problems with faculty availability, quality of instruction,  quality of advising, social life on campus, and sense of community  dating back to at least 1994.  The magazine section of the &lt;i&gt;Harvard Crimson&lt;/i&gt; echoed similar academic and social criticisms.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-118"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;119&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-119"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;120&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  &lt;i&gt;The Harvard Crimson&lt;/i&gt; quoted Harvard College Dean Benedict Gross as being aware of and committed to improving the issues raised by the COFHE survey.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-120"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;121&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;A longer list of Harvard student groups can be found under &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College"&gt;Harvard College&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson" title="The Harvard Crimson"&gt;The Harvard Crimson&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;,  founded in 1873, describes itself as "the nation's oldest continuously  published daily college newspaper"; it counts among its many editors  numerous Pulitzer Prize winners and two U.S. Presidents, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy"&gt;John F. Kennedy&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt"&gt;Franklin D. Roosevelt&lt;/a&gt;.  The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Band" title="Harvard University Band"&gt;Harvard University Band&lt;/a&gt;, founded in 1919, is a non-traditional, student-run marching band, notable for being a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramble_band" title="Scramble band"&gt;scramble band&lt;/a&gt;;  other bands which also fall under the umbrella organization of HUB are  The Harvard Wind Ensemble, the Harvard Summer Pops Band, and the Harvard  Jazz Bands.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_International_Relations_Council" title="Harvard International Relations Council"&gt;Harvard International Relations Council&lt;/a&gt; includes several famous student organizations, including the &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_International_Review" title="Harvard International Review"&gt;Harvard International Review&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;HIR&lt;/i&gt;), &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Model_United_Nations" title="Harvard Model United Nations" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Harvard Model United Nations&lt;/a&gt; (HMUN), and its &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_National_Model_United_Nations" title="Harvard National Model United Nations" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Harvard National Model United Nations&lt;/a&gt; (HNMUN).  The &lt;i&gt;HIR&lt;/i&gt;  has 35,000 readers in more than 70 countries and regularly features  prominent scholars and policymakers from around the globe.  HMUN is the  oldest high-school-level &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_United_Nations" title="Model United Nations"&gt;Model United Nations&lt;/a&gt; simulation in the world, having begun as a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations"&gt;League of Nations&lt;/a&gt;  simulation in the 1920s.  HNMUN is similarly the longest-running  college-level simulation in the world and among the largest in the  United States. The IRC has the most members of any Harvard student  organization.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Lampoon" title="Harvard Lampoon"&gt;Harvard Lampoon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; is an undergraduate humor organization and publication founded in 1876.  It has a long-standing rivalry with &lt;i&gt;The Crimson&lt;/i&gt; and counts among its former members &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Benchley" title="Robert Benchley"&gt;Robert Benchley&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike"&gt;John Updike&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Plimpton" title="George Plimpton"&gt;George Plimpton&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_O%27Donnell_%28writer%29" title="Steve O'Donnell (writer)"&gt;Steve O'Donnell&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conan_O%27Brien" title="Conan O'Brien"&gt;Conan O'Brien&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_O%27Donnell" title="Mark O'Donnell"&gt;Mark O'Donnell&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Borowitz" title="Andy Borowitz"&gt;Andy Borowitz&lt;/a&gt;.  This sporadically issued rag was originally modelled on the British magazine of satire, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_%28magazine%29" title="Punch (magazine)"&gt;Punch&lt;/a&gt;, and has now outlived it, becoming the world's second-oldest humor magazine after the &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Yale_Record" title="The Yale Record"&gt;Yale Record&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conan_O%27Brien" title="Conan O'Brien"&gt;Conan O'Brien&lt;/a&gt; was president of the &lt;i&gt;Lampoon&lt;/i&gt; during his last two undergraduate years.  (The &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Lampoon_%28magazine%29" title="National Lampoon (magazine)"&gt;National Lampoon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; was founded as an offshoot in 1970 from the Harvard publication.)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lampoon.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3b/Lampoon.jpg/170px-Lampoon.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="240" width="170" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lampoon.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Lampoon_building" title="Harvard Lampoon building" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Harvard Lampoon&lt;/a&gt; "castle" with its characteristic rooftop ibis and its purple and yellow door&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Glee_Club" title="Harvard Glee Club"&gt;Harvard Glee Club&lt;/a&gt;, founded in 1858, is the oldest college choir in the country; the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Choir" title="Harvard University Choir"&gt;Harvard University Choir&lt;/a&gt; is the oldest university-affiliated choir in the country; and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard-Radcliffe_Orchestra" title="Harvard-Radcliffe Orchestra" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Harvard-Radcliffe Orchestra&lt;/a&gt;, founded in 1808, technically is older than the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic" title="New York Philharmonic"&gt;New York Philharmonic&lt;/a&gt;, though it has only been a symphony orchestra for about half of its existence.  The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bach_Society_Orchestra_of_Harvard_University" title="Bach Society Orchestra of Harvard University"&gt;Bach Society Orchestra of Harvard University&lt;/a&gt; is a chamber orchestra that is staffed, managed, and conducted entirely by students.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasty_Pudding_Theatricals" title="Hasty Pudding Theatricals"&gt;Hasty Pudding Theatricals&lt;/a&gt;, founded in 1844, is a theatrical society known for its &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlesque" title="Burlesque"&gt;burlesque&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre"&gt;musicals&lt;/a&gt; and annual "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasty_Pudding_Man_of_the_Year" title="Hasty Pudding Man of the Year"&gt;Man of the Year&lt;/a&gt;" and "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasty_Pudding_Woman_of_the_Year" title="Hasty Pudding Woman of the Year"&gt;Woman of the Year&lt;/a&gt;" ceremonies; past members include &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Jay_Lerner" title="Alan Jay Lerner"&gt;Alan Jay Lerner&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Lemmon" title="Jack Lemmon"&gt;Jack Lemmon&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lithgow" title="John Lithgow"&gt;John Lithgow&lt;/a&gt;.  The &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Advocate" title="The Harvard Advocate"&gt;Harvard Advocate&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, founded in 1866, is the nation's oldest college literary magazine; its past members include &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt"&gt;Theodore Roosevelt&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot"&gt;T. S. Eliot&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Jo_Salter" title="Mary Jo Salter"&gt;Mary Jo Salter&lt;/a&gt;.  The &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Salient" title="Harvard Salient"&gt;Harvard Salient&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.harvardsalient.com/" class="external autonumber" rel="nofollow"&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;  is the campus's biweekly conservative magazine, whose past editors  include many prominent conservative thinkers and journalists.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHRB" title="WHRB"&gt;WHRB&lt;/a&gt;  (95.3 FM Cambridge), the campus radio station, is run exclusively by  Harvard students out of the basement of Pennypacker Hall, a freshman  dorm.  Known throughout the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" title="Boston, Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Boston&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area"&gt;metropolitan area&lt;/a&gt;  for its classical, jazz, underground rock and hip-hop, and blues  programming, especially its reading period "orgies", when the entire  oeuvre of a particular composer, orchestra, band, or artist is played  without commercial break, sometimes for several days in succession, to  give the station's DJs a chance to catch up on their studies before the  semester's final exams.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Institute_of_Politics" title="Harvard Institute of Politics"&gt;Harvard Institute of Politics&lt;/a&gt;  (IOP) is a living memorial to President Kennedy which promotes public  service among undergraduates by sponsoring non-credit courses and  workshops and internships in the public sector.  The IOP is also home to  the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Political_Review" title="Harvard Political Review"&gt;Harvard Political Review&lt;/a&gt;, a nonpartisan quarterly magazine whose alumni include &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore"&gt;Al Gore&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.J._Dionne" title="E.J. Dionne" class="mw-redirect"&gt;E.J. Dionne&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Alter" title="Jonathan Alter"&gt;Jonathan Alter&lt;/a&gt;.  The IOP is located within the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School" title="Harvard Kennedy School" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Harvard Kennedy School&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_Brooks_House_Association" title="Phillips Brooks House Association"&gt;Phillips Brooks House Association&lt;/a&gt; (PBHA)&lt;sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-121"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;122&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; is a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/501%28c%29%283%29" title="501(c)(3)" class="mw-redirect"&gt;501(c)(3)&lt;/a&gt;  non-profit organization which serves as the umbrella organization for  dozens of community service and social change programs at Harvard.  It  has 1,600 volunteers who serve over 10,000 people in the greater Boston  area.  Its notable alumni include &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Franklin Delano Roosevelt&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Nash_Baldwin" title="Roger Nash Baldwin"&gt;Roger Nash Baldwin&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Coles" title="Robert Coles"&gt;Robert Coles&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter"&gt;David Souter&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Student_Agencies" title="Harvard Student Agencies"&gt;Harvard Student Agencies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-122"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;123&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; is the largest student-run corporation in the world, with revenues of $6 million in 2006;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-123"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;124&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; its notable alumni include Thomas Stemberg, founder of Staples, Inc. and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cohrs" title="Michael Cohrs"&gt;Michael Cohrs&lt;/a&gt;, a Board Member at Deutsche Bank in London.  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Model_Congress" title="Harvard Model Congress"&gt;Harvard Model Congress&lt;/a&gt;  is the nation's oldest and largest congressional simulation conference,  providing thousands of high school students from across the U.S. and  abroad with the opportunity to experience participatory American  democracy first-hand.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Ichthus" title="The Harvard Ichthus"&gt;The Harvard Ichthus&lt;/a&gt;  is the college's first journal of Christian thought, inspiring the  founding of over 20 such journals throughout the Northeast through the  Augustine Project;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-124"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;125&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  it has featured contributions by students as well as notable  theologians such as Fr. Richard John Neuhaus, Stanley Hauerwas, Glen  Stassen, and Fr. Richard Schall.  The Harvard Chess Club, founded in  1874, is one of the oldest collegiate chess clubs in the country.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-125"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;126&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  An annual match versus &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale" title="Yale" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Yale&lt;/a&gt; on the morning of the Harvard-Yale football game has taken place since 1906.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-126"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;127&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  Harvard has won several intercollegiate national chess championships, with alumni including &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Grandmaster" title="International Grandmaster" class="mw-redirect"&gt;International Grandmaster&lt;/a&gt; and two-time &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Chess_Championship" title="U.S. Chess Championship"&gt;United States Champion&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Wolff" title="Patrick Wolff"&gt;Patrick Wolff&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard/MIT_Cooperative_Society" title="Harvard/MIT Cooperative Society"&gt;Harvard/MIT Cooperative Society&lt;/a&gt; is a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative"&gt;cooperative&lt;/a&gt; bookstore that includes undergraduates on its board of directors.  The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Boxing_Club" title="Harvard Boxing Club"&gt;Harvard Boxing Club&lt;/a&gt;  is a club sport open to all undergraduates and graduates.  It holds  practices six days a week, and hosts an annual exhibition (Fight Night)  at the end of Spring semester.  The Harvard Wireless Club, founded in  1909, is the nation's oldest &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio"&gt;amateur radio&lt;/a&gt; club.  Their radio station call sign is W1AF.  "Professor &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Pierce" title="George W. Pierce" class="mw-redirect"&gt;George W. Pierce&lt;/a&gt; was the first president, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla"&gt;Nikola Tesla&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_A._Edison" title="Thomas A. Edison" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Thomas A. Edison&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi"&gt;Guglielmo Marconi&lt;/a&gt;, Greenleaf W. Pickard and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._A._Fessenden" title="R. A. Fessenden" class="mw-redirect"&gt;R. A. Fessenden&lt;/a&gt; were honorary members."&lt;sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-127"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;128&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Students"&gt;Students&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;table style="text-align:center; float:right; font-size:85%; margin-left:2em; margin:auto;" class="wikitable"&gt; &lt;caption&gt;&lt;i&gt;Demographics of student body&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Head_count_128-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Head_count-128"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;129&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-129"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;130&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/caption&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;Undergraduate&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;Graduate&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;Professional&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;U.S. Census&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;Black/Non-Hispanic&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;8%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;3%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;6%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;12.1%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;Asian/Pacific Islander&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;17%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;9%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;12%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;4.3%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;White/Non-Hispanic&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;42%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;42%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;43%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;65.8%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;Hispanic&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;7%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;3%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;5%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;14.5%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;Native American&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;1%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;0.2%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;0.6%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;0.9%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;International Students&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;11%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;33%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;22%&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;N/A&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;p&gt;In the last six years, &lt;a href="http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_Harvard_Fact_Book_2009-10_FINAL_new.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow"&gt;Harvard's student population&lt;/a&gt;  ranged between 19,000 and 21,000, across all programs. Harvard enrolled  6,655 students in undergraduate programs, 3,738 students in graduate  programs, and 10,722 students in professional programs.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Head_count_128-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Head_count-128"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;129&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  The undergraduate population is 51% female, the graduate population is  48% female, and the professional population is 49% female.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Head_count_128-2" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Head_count-128"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;129&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Undergraduate admission to Harvard is characterized by the Carnegie Foundation as "more selective, lower transfer-in".&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Carnegie_65-3" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Carnegie-65"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;66&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  Harvard College received 27,462 applications for admission to the Class  of 2013, 2,175 were admitted (7.9%), and 1,658 enrolled (76.2%).&lt;sup id="cite_ref-CDS_130-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-CDS-130"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;131&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interquartile_range" title="Interquartile range"&gt;interquartile range&lt;/a&gt; on the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAT" title="SAT"&gt;SAT&lt;/a&gt; was 2080–2370 and 95% of first year students graduated in the top tenth of their high school class.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-CDS_130-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-CDS-130"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;131&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Harvard also enrolled 266 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Merit_Scholar" title="National Merit Scholar" class="mw-redirect"&gt;National Merit Scholars&lt;/a&gt;, the most in the nation.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-131"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;132&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 88% of students graduate within 4 years and 98% graduate within 6 years.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-132"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;133&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Harvard College accepted 6.9% of applicants for the class of 2014, a record low for the school's entire history.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-133"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;134&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  The number of acceptances was lower for the class of 2013 partially  because the university anticipated increased rates of enrollment after  announcing a large increase in financial aid in 2008.&lt;sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from August 2010" style="white-space:nowrap;"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt;  Harvard College ended its early admissions program in 2007 as the  program was believed to disadvantage low-income and under-represented  minority applicants applying to selective universities.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-134"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;135&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; However, undergraduate admissions office's &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_preferences" title="Legacy preferences"&gt;preference for children of alumni&lt;/a&gt; policies have been the subject of scrutiny and debate as it primarily aids whites and the wealthy.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-135"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;136&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-136"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;137&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Athletics"&gt;Athletics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"&gt;Main article: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson" title="Harvard Crimson"&gt;Harvard Crimson&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tleft"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard_stadium_2009h.JPG" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Harvard_stadium_2009h.JPG/220px-Harvard_stadium_2009h.JPG" class="thumbimage" height="136" width="220" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard_stadium_2009h.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Stadium" title="Harvard Stadium"&gt;Harvard Stadium&lt;/a&gt;, home of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson" title="Harvard Crimson"&gt;Harvard Crimson&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Cannons" title="Boston Cannons"&gt;Boston Cannons&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;Harvard's athletic rivalry with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University"&gt;Yale&lt;/a&gt; is intense in every sport in which they meet, coming to a climax each fall in their annual &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_%28American%29" title="Football (American)" class="mw-redirect"&gt;football&lt;/a&gt; meeting, which dates back to 1875 and is usually called simply "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard-Yale_football_games_%28The_Game%29" title="Harvard-Yale football games (The Game)" class="mw-redirect"&gt;The Game&lt;/a&gt;".  While Harvard's football team is no longer one of the country's best as  it often was a century ago during football's early days (it won the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Bowl_Game" title="Rose Bowl Game"&gt;Rose Bowl&lt;/a&gt; in 1920), both it and Yale have influenced the way the game is played. In 1903, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Stadium" title="Harvard Stadium"&gt;Harvard Stadium&lt;/a&gt;  introduced a new era into football with the first-ever permanent  reinforced concrete stadium of its kind in the country. The stadium's  structure actually played a role in the evolution of the college game.  Seeking to reduce the alarming number of deaths and serious injuries in  the sport, the Father of Football, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Camp" title="Walter Camp"&gt;Walter Camp&lt;/a&gt;  (former captain of the Yale football team), suggested widening the  field to open up the game. But the state-of-the-art Harvard Stadium was  too narrow to accommodate a wider playing surface. So, other steps had  to be taken. Camp would instead support revolutionary new rules for the  1906 season. These included legalizing the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_pass" title="Forward pass"&gt;forward pass&lt;/a&gt;, perhaps the most significant rule change in the sport's history.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-137"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;138&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-138"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;139&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Harvard has several athletic facilities, such as the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavietes_Pavilion" title="Lavietes Pavilion"&gt;Lavietes Pavilion&lt;/a&gt;,  a multi-purpose arena and home to the Harvard basketball teams. The  Malkin Athletic Center, known as the "MAC", serves both as the  university's primary recreation facility and as a satellite location for  several varsity sports. The five story building includes two cardio  rooms, an Olympic-size swimming pool, a smaller pool for aquaerobics and  other activities, a mezzanine, where all types of classes are held at  all hours of the day, and an indoor cycling studio, three weight rooms,  and a three-court gym floor to play basketball. The MAC also offers  personal trainers and specialty classes. The MAC is also home to Harvard  volleyball, fencing, and wrestling. The offices of several of the  school's varsity coaches are also in the MAC.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weld_Boathouse" title="Weld Boathouse"&gt;Weld Boathouse&lt;/a&gt;  and Newell Boathouse house the women's and men's rowing teams,  respectively. The men's crew also uses the Red Top complex in Ledyard,  Connecticut, as their training camp for the annual &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard-Yale_Regatta" title="Harvard-Yale Regatta" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Harvard-Yale Regatta&lt;/a&gt;.  The Bright Hockey Center hosts the Harvard hockey teams, and the Murr  Center serves both as a home for Harvard's squash and tennis teams as  well as a strength and conditioning center for all athletic sports.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;As of 2006, there were 41 Division I intercollegiate &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsity_team" title="Varsity team"&gt;varsity&lt;/a&gt;  sports teams for women and men at Harvard, more than at any other NCAA  Division I college in the country. As with other Ivy League  universities, Harvard does not offer &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_scholarships" title="Athletic scholarships" class="mw-redirect"&gt;athletic scholarships&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-139"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;140&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard_crimsons_v_brown_2009.JPG" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Harvard_crimsons_v_brown_2009.JPG/220px-Harvard_crimsons_v_brown_2009.JPG" class="thumbimage" height="146" width="220" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard_crimsons_v_brown_2009.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Harvard v &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Bears" title="Brown Bears"&gt;Brown&lt;/a&gt;, September 25, 2009&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;Older than &lt;i&gt;The Game&lt;/i&gt; by 23 years, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard-Yale_Regatta" title="Harvard-Yale Regatta" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Harvard-Yale Regatta&lt;/a&gt;  was the original source of the athletic rivalry between the two  schools. It is held annually in June on the Thames river in eastern  Connecticut. The Harvard crew is typically considered to be one of the  top teams in the country in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_%28sport%29" title="Rowing (sport)"&gt;rowing&lt;/a&gt;. Today, Harvard fields top teams in several other sports, such as the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey"&gt;Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey&lt;/a&gt; team (with a strong rivalry against &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University"&gt;Cornell&lt;/a&gt;), &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squash_%28sport%29" title="Squash (sport)"&gt;squash&lt;/a&gt;, and even recently won NCAA titles in Men's and Women's &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing"&gt;Fencing&lt;/a&gt;. Harvard also won the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercollegiate_Sailing_Association_National_Championships" title="Intercollegiate Sailing Association National Championships"&gt;Intercollegiate Sailing Association National Championships&lt;/a&gt; in 2003.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Harvard's men's ice hockey team won the school's first NCAA  Championship in any team sport in 1989. Harvard was also the first Ivy  League institution to win a NCAA championship title in a women's sport  when its women's lacrosse team won the NCAA Championship in 1990.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Undergraduate_Television" title="Harvard Undergraduate Television"&gt;Harvard Undergraduate Television&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;  has footage from historical games and athletic events including the  2005 pep-rally before the Harvard-Yale Game. Harvard's official  athletics website has more comprehensive information about Harvard's  athletic facilities.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Song"&gt;Song&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;Harvard has several fight songs, the most played of which, especially at football, are "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Thousand_Men_of_Harvard" title="Ten Thousand Men of Harvard"&gt;Ten Thousand Men of Harvard&lt;/a&gt;" and "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvardiana" title="Harvardiana"&gt;Harvardiana&lt;/a&gt;." While "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Harvard" title="Fair Harvard"&gt;Fair Harvard&lt;/a&gt;" is actually the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater"&gt;alma mater&lt;/a&gt;, "Ten Thousand Men" is better known outside the university. The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Band" title="Harvard University Band"&gt;Harvard University Band&lt;/a&gt; performs these fight songs, and other cheers, at football and hockey games. These were parodied by Harvard alumnus &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Lehrer" title="Tom Lehrer"&gt;Tom Lehrer&lt;/a&gt; in his song "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight_Fiercely,_Harvard" title="Fight Fiercely, Harvard"&gt;Fight Fiercely, Harvard&lt;/a&gt;," which he composed while an undergraduate.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_people"&gt;Notable people&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Faculty_and_staff"&gt;Faculty and staff&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;table class="metadata plainlinks ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" style=""&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td class="mbox-image"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="Wiki letter w cropped.svg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" height="14" width="20" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="mbox-text" style=""&gt;This section requires &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harvard_University&amp;amp;action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"&gt;expansion&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;p&gt;Prominent conservative and prominent liberal voices are among the faculty of the various schools, such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Feldstein" title="Martin Feldstein"&gt;Martin Feldstein&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield"&gt;Harvey Mansfield&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Mankiw" title="Greg Mankiw" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Greg Mankiw&lt;/a&gt;, Baroness Shirley Williams, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Dershowitz" title="Alan Dershowitz"&gt;Alan Dershowitz&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leftists" title="Leftists" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Leftists&lt;/a&gt; like &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer"&gt;Michael Walzer&lt;/a&gt; and Stephen Thernstrom and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism"&gt;libertarians&lt;/a&gt; such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick"&gt;Robert Nozick&lt;/a&gt;  have in the past graced its faculty. Between 1964 and 2009, a total of  38 faculty and staff members affiliated with Harvard or its teaching  hospitals were awarded Nobel Prizes (17 during the last quarter century,  6 the last 25 years).&lt;sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-140"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;141&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Alumni"&gt;Alumni&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;div class="rellink boilerplate seealso"&gt;See also: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Harvard_University_people" title="List of Harvard University people"&gt;List of Harvard University people&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notable_non-graduate_alumni_of_Harvard" title="Notable non-graduate alumni of Harvard" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Notable non-graduate alumni of Harvard&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:137px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg/135px-Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="184" width="135" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama"&gt;Barack Obama&lt;/a&gt;, current &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="President of the United States of America" class="mw-redirect"&gt;President of the United States of America&lt;/a&gt;, graduated from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School"&gt;Harvard Law School&lt;/a&gt; with a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor"&gt;Juris Doctor&lt;/a&gt; (J.D.) in 1991.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;Among the best-known people who have attended Harvard University are American political leaders &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock"&gt;John Hancock&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams"&gt;John Adams&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams"&gt;John Quincy Adams&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes"&gt;Rutherford B. Hayes&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt"&gt;Theodore Roosevelt&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt" title="Franklin Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Franklin Roosevelt&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy"&gt;John F. Kennedy&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore"&gt;Al Gore&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush"&gt;George W. Bush&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama"&gt;Barack Obama&lt;/a&gt;; Canadian Governor General &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lloyd_Johnston" title="David Lloyd Johnston" class="mw-redirect"&gt;David Lloyd Johnston&lt;/a&gt;, Canadian Prime Ministers &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackenzie_King" title="Mackenzie King" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Mackenzie King&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau"&gt;Pierre Trudeau&lt;/a&gt;, and Canadian political leader &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff"&gt;Michael Ignatieff&lt;/a&gt;; Secretary of Housing and Urban Development &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_Donovan" title="Shaun Donovan"&gt;Shaun Donovan&lt;/a&gt;; religious leader, businessman &amp;amp; philanthropist &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aga_Khan_IV" title="Aga Khan IV"&gt;Aga Khan IV&lt;/a&gt;; businessman &amp;amp; philanthropist &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates"&gt;Bill Gates&lt;/a&gt;; philanthropist &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_Hartford" title="Huntington Hartford"&gt;Huntington Hartford&lt;/a&gt;; Mexican Presidents &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Felipe Calderón"&gt;Felipe Calderón&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Harvard_Alum_apparent_new_president_of_Mexico_141-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Harvard_Alum_apparent_new_president_of_Mexico-141"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;142&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Salinas_de_Gortari" title="Carlos Salinas de Gortari"&gt;Carlos Salinas de Gortari&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid" title="Miguel de la Madrid"&gt;Miguel de la Madrid&lt;/a&gt;; Chilean President &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Pi%C3%B1era" title="Sebastian Piñera" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Sebastian Piñera&lt;/a&gt;; Colombian President &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Santos" title="Juan Manuel Santos"&gt;Juan Manuel Santos&lt;/a&gt;; Taiwanese President &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou" title="Ma Ying-jeou"&gt;Ma Ying-jeou&lt;/a&gt;; Israeli Prime Minister &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu"&gt;Benjamin Netanyahu&lt;/a&gt;; Peruvian President &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo" title="Alejandro Toledo"&gt;Alejandro Toledo&lt;/a&gt;;UN Secretary General &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon"&gt;Ban Ki-moon&lt;/a&gt;; philosopher &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau"&gt;Henry David Thoreau&lt;/a&gt;; authors &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson"&gt;Ralph Waldo Emerson&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs"&gt;William S. Burroughs&lt;/a&gt;; educator &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlan_Hanson" title="Harlan Hanson"&gt;Harlan Hanson&lt;/a&gt;; poets &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Stevens" title="Wallace Stevens"&gt;Wallace Stevens&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot"&gt;T. S. Eliot&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._E._Cummings" title="E. E. Cummings"&gt;E. E. Cummings&lt;/a&gt;; conductor &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein"&gt;Leonard Bernstein&lt;/a&gt;; cellist &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo_Yo_Ma" title="Yo Yo Ma" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Yo Yo Ma&lt;/a&gt;; comedian and television show host and writer &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conan_O%27Brien" title="Conan O'Brien"&gt;Conan O'Brien&lt;/a&gt;; actors &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Lemmon" title="Jack Lemmon"&gt;Jack Lemmon&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Portman" title="Natalie Portman"&gt;Natalie Portman&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mira_Sorvino" title="Mira Sorvino"&gt;Mira Sorvino&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Judd" title="Ashley Judd"&gt;Ashley Judd&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatyana_Ali" title="Tatyana Ali"&gt;Tatyana Ali&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Shue" title="Elisabeth Shue"&gt;Elisabeth Shue&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashida_Jones" title="Rashida Jones"&gt;Rashida Jones&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottie_Thompson" title="Scottie Thompson"&gt;Scottie Thompson&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_Harper" title="Hill Harper"&gt;Hill Harper&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Damon" title="Matt Damon"&gt;Matt Damon&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Lee_Jones" title="Tommy Lee Jones"&gt;Tommy Lee Jones&lt;/a&gt;; film directors &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Aronofsky" title="Darren Aronofsky"&gt;Darren Aronofsky&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mira_Nair" title="Mira Nair"&gt;Mira Nair&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whit_Stillman" title="Whit Stillman"&gt;Whit Stillman&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrence_Malick" title="Terrence Malick"&gt;Terrence Malick&lt;/a&gt;; television executive &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Graden" title="Brian Graden"&gt;Brian Graden&lt;/a&gt;; architect &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson"&gt;Philip Johnson&lt;/a&gt;; musicians &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivers_Cuomo" title="Rivers Cuomo"&gt;Rivers Cuomo&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Morello" title="Tom Morello"&gt;Tom Morello&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_Parsons" title="Gram Parsons"&gt;Gram Parsons&lt;/a&gt;; musician, producer and composer &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Leslie" title="Ryan Leslie"&gt;Ryan Leslie&lt;/a&gt;; Facebook creator &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg"&gt;Mark Zuckerberg&lt;/a&gt;; unabomber &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Kaczynski" title="Ted Kaczynski"&gt;Ted Kaczynski&lt;/a&gt;; programmer and activist &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman"&gt;Richard Stallman&lt;/a&gt;; and civil rights leader &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois"&gt;W. E. B. Du Bois&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Among its most famous current faculty members are biologist &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson"&gt;E. O. Wilson&lt;/a&gt;, cognitive scientist &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker"&gt;Steven Pinker&lt;/a&gt;, physicists &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Randall" title="Lisa Randall"&gt;Lisa Randall&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Glauber" title="Roy Glauber" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Roy Glauber&lt;/a&gt;, chemists &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Corey" title="Elias Corey" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Elias Corey&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_R._Herschbach" title="Dudley R. Herschbach"&gt;Dudley R. Herschbach&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_M._Whitesides" title="George M. Whitesides"&gt;George M. Whitesides&lt;/a&gt;, Shakespeare scholar &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Greenblatt" title="Stephen Greenblatt"&gt;Stephen Greenblatt&lt;/a&gt;, writer &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Menand" title="Louis Menand"&gt;Louis Menand&lt;/a&gt;, critic &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Vendler" title="Helen Vendler"&gt;Helen Vendler&lt;/a&gt;, historian &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson"&gt;Niall Ferguson&lt;/a&gt;, economists &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen"&gt;Amartya Sen&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._Gregory_Mankiw" title="N. Gregory Mankiw"&gt;N. Gregory Mankiw&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Barro" title="Robert Barro"&gt;Robert Barro&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_A._Marglin" title="Stephen A. Marglin"&gt;Stephen A. Marglin&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_M._Wilson_III" title="Don M. Wilson III"&gt;Don M. Wilson III&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Feldstein" title="Martin Feldstein"&gt;Martin Feldstein&lt;/a&gt;, political philosophers &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield"&gt;Harvey Mansfield&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sandel" title="Michael Sandel"&gt;Michael Sandel&lt;/a&gt;, political scientists &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Putnam" title="Robert Putnam" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Robert Putnam&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Nye" title="Joseph Nye"&gt;Joseph Nye&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Hoffmann" title="Stanley Hoffmann"&gt;Stanley Hoffmann&lt;/a&gt;, scholar/composers &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_D._Levin" title="Robert D. Levin"&gt;Robert Levin&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Rands" title="Bernard Rands"&gt;Bernard Rands&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Seventy-five &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize"&gt;Nobel Prize&lt;/a&gt; winners are affiliated with the university. Since 1974, 19 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize"&gt;Nobel Prize&lt;/a&gt; winners and 15 winners of the American literary award, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize"&gt;Pulitzer Prize&lt;/a&gt;, have served on the Harvard faculty.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="In_fiction_and_popular_culture"&gt;In fiction and popular culture&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p&gt;Harvard's central place in American &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elite" title="Elite"&gt;elite&lt;/a&gt; circles has made it the setting for many novels, plays, films and other cultural works.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="In_literature"&gt;In literature&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;Numerous novels are set at Harvard or feature characters with Harvard connections.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dt&gt;Books&lt;/dt&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Accidental_Billionaires" title="The Accidental Billionaires"&gt;The Accidental Billionaires&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; by Ben Mezrich is a narrative account of Facebook's founding set partially at Harvard&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Hacking Harvard&lt;/i&gt; is novel by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Wasserman" title="Robin Wasserman"&gt;Robin Wasserman&lt;/a&gt;, a Harvard University alumna.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;In &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Handmaid%27s_Tale" title="The Handmaid's Tale"&gt;The Handmaid's Tale&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood"&gt;Margaret Atwood&lt;/a&gt;'s &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-apocalyptic" title="Post-apocalyptic" class="mw-redirect"&gt;post-apocalyptic&lt;/a&gt;  novel, much of the action takes place in Cambridge, with vaguely  recognizable Harvard landmarks occasionally making their way into the  narrator's place descriptions.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Story_%281970_film%29" title="Love Story (1970 film)"&gt;Love Story&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (1970), by Harvard alumnus (and Yale classics professor) &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Segal" title="Erich Segal"&gt;Erich Segal&lt;/a&gt;, concerns a romance between a wealthy Harvard pre-law hockey player (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_O%27Neal" title="Ryan O'Neal"&gt;Ryan O'Neal&lt;/a&gt;) and a brilliant Radcliffe student of musicology on scholarship (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_MacGraw" title="Ali MacGraw"&gt;Ali MacGraw&lt;/a&gt;). Both novel and movie are deeply infused with Cambridge color.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-142"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;143&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; One enduring Harvard tradition in recent years has been the annual screening of &lt;i&gt;Love Story&lt;/i&gt;  to incoming freshmen, during which members of the Crimson Key Society,  the tour-giving organization on campus, make catcalls and other  offerings of mock abuse. Other works of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Segal" title="Erich Segal"&gt;Erich Segal&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Class_%28Erich_Segal_novel%29" title="The Class (Erich Segal novel)"&gt;The Class&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (1985) and &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctors_%28novel%29" title="Doctors (novel)"&gt;Doctors&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (1988) also featured the leading characters as Harvard students.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Physick_Book_of_Deliverance_Dane" title="The Physick Book of Deliverance Dane"&gt;The Physick Book of Deliverance Dane&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, a 2009 bestselling novel by Katherine Howe, prominently features the university and several of its buildings .&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prozac_Nation" title="Prozac Nation"&gt;Prozac Nation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; is an autobiography by Harvard College graduate, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Wurtzell&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizabeth Wurtzell (page does not exist)"&gt;Elizabeth Wurtzell&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Second_Happiest_Day&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Second Happiest Day (page does not exist)"&gt;The Second Happiest Day&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (1953) by "John Phillips" (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_P._Marquand,_Jr.&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John P. Marquand, Jr. (page does not exist)"&gt;John P. Marquand, Jr.&lt;/a&gt;) depicts the Harvard of the generation of World War II.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sound_and_the_Fury" title="The Sound and the Fury"&gt;The Sound and the Fury&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner"&gt;William Faulkner&lt;/a&gt;, features Quentin Compson's experiences at Harvard.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thidwick_the_Big-Hearted_Moose" title="Thidwick the Big-Hearted Moose"&gt;Thidwick the Big-Hearted Moose&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (1948), by Dr. Seuss, remarks on "Harvard Club Wall".&lt;sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from November 2009" style="white-space:nowrap;"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Women%27s_Room" title="The Women's Room"&gt;The Women's Room&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_French" title="Marilyn French"&gt;Marilyn French&lt;/a&gt;, largely features protgonist Mira's experiences at Harvard University&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dt&gt;Series&lt;/dt&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;In &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Brown" title="Dan Brown"&gt;Dan Brown&lt;/a&gt;'s novels (&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Da_Vinci_Code" title="The Da Vinci Code"&gt;The Da Vinci Code&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels_and_Demons" title="Angels and Demons" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Angels and Demons&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;),  main character Robert Langdon is described as a Harvard "professor of  symbology", (although "symbology" is not the name of an actual academic  discipline).&lt;sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-143"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;144&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Thomas-Graham" title="Pamela Thomas-Graham"&gt;Pamela Thomas-Graham&lt;/a&gt;'s series of mystery novels (&lt;i&gt;Blue Blood&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Orange Crushed&lt;/i&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;A Darker Shade Of Crimson&lt;/i&gt;), protagonist Nikki Chase is an African-American Harvard economics professor.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Preston" title="Douglas Preston"&gt;Douglas Preston&lt;/a&gt;'s ex-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA" title="CIA" class="mw-redirect"&gt;CIA&lt;/a&gt; agent, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyman_Ford" title="Wyman Ford"&gt;Wyman Ford&lt;/a&gt;, is a Harvard alumnus. Ford appears in the novels &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrannosaur_Canyon" title="Tyrannosaur Canyon"&gt;Tyrannosaur Canyon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blasphemy_%28novel%29" title="Blasphemy (novel)"&gt;Blasphemy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecilia_Tan" title="Cecilia Tan"&gt;Cecilia Tan&lt;/a&gt;'s romance novel series, commonly known as the "Magic University series" and including the books &lt;i&gt;The Siren and the Sword&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;The Tower and the Tears&lt;/i&gt;, is set at the magical university hidden inside Harvard known as "Veritas".&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="In_music"&gt;In music&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariah_Carey" title="Mariah Carey"&gt;Mariah Carey&lt;/a&gt;,  in her 2009 song "Up Out My Face", sings: "Even the Harvard University  graduating class of 2010 couldn't put us back together again."&lt;sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-144"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;145&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Onscreen"&gt;Onscreen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;Harvard has been featured in many U.S. film and television productions. Since the filming of &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Story_%281970_film%29" title="Love Story (1970 film)"&gt;Love Story&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; in the 1960s the university, until the summer of 2007 filming of &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Debaters" title="The Great Debaters"&gt;The Great Debaters&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, did not allow any movies to be filmed in campus buildings; most films are shot in look-alike cities, such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto"&gt;Toronto&lt;/a&gt;, and at colleges such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA" title="UCLA" class="mw-redirect"&gt;UCLA&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheaton_College_%28Massachusetts%29" title="Wheaton College (Massachusetts)"&gt;Wheaton&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgewater_State_College" title="Bridgewater State College" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Bridgewater State&lt;/a&gt;, although outdoor and aerial shots of Harvard's Cambridge campus are often used.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-145"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;146&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_%282008_film%29" title="21 (2008 film)"&gt;&lt;i&gt;21&lt;/i&gt; (2008 film)&lt;/a&gt; - filming took place, in part, at Harvard Medical School&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ally_McBeal_%28character%29" title="Ally McBeal (character)"&gt;Ally McBeal&lt;/a&gt;, of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ally_McBeal" title="Ally McBeal"&gt;the eponymous series&lt;/a&gt;, is a Harvard Law School alumna&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheers" title="Cheers"&gt;Cheers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frasier" title="Frasier"&gt;Frasier&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; co-star, Dr. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frasier_Crane" title="Frasier Crane"&gt;Frasier Crane&lt;/a&gt;, is a graduate of both Harvard College and Harvard Medical School&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Firm_%281993_film%29" title="The Firm (1993 film)"&gt;The Firm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (1993 film) - features Mitch McDeere (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cruise" title="Tom Cruise"&gt;Tom Cruise&lt;/a&gt;)  as a young man with a promising future in law who, about to graduate  from Harvard Law School, is made an offer he can't refuse by Memphis  firm Bendini, Lambert &amp;amp; Locke, 'The Firm'&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fringe_%28TV_series%29" title="Fringe (TV series)"&gt;Fringe&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (TV series) - the university was prominently featured in the 2008 television series pilot. Although &lt;i&gt;Fringe&lt;/i&gt; portrays its setting as Harvard, the visible campus buildings are at Yale University.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilligan%27s_Island" title="Gilligan's Island"&gt;Gilligan's Island&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; 's resident aristocrat &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurston_Howell,_III" title="Thurston Howell, III"&gt;Thurston Howell, III&lt;/a&gt; (played by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Backus" title="Jim Backus"&gt;Jim Backus&lt;/a&gt;), is a Harvard graduate&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilmore_Girls" title="Gilmore Girls"&gt;Gilmore Girls&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Will_Hunting" title="Good Will Hunting"&gt;Good Will Hunting&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossip_Girl_%28TV_series%29" title="Gossip Girl (TV series)" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Gossip Girl&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (TV series) - the university was prominently featured in the second series.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Man" title="Harvard Man"&gt;Harvard Man&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_High" title="How High"&gt;How High&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Tower_%28Harvard_Undergraduate_Television%29" title="Ivory Tower (Harvard Undergraduate Television)"&gt;Ivory Tower&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; - a student-produced &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Undergraduate_Television" title="Harvard Undergraduate Television"&gt;Harvard Undergraduate Television&lt;/a&gt; show&lt;sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-146"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;147&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; about fictional Harvard students.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legally_Blonde" title="Legally Blonde"&gt;Legally Blonde&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Story_in_Harvard" title="Love Story in Harvard"&gt;Love Story in Harvard&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; - a Korean hit TV series set at Harvard but filmed at the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California"&gt;University of Southern California&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-147"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;148&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M*A*S*H_%28TV_series%29" title="M*A*S*H (TV series)"&gt;M*A*S*H&lt;/a&gt;'&lt;/i&gt;s pompous Boston Brahmin, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_%28United_States%29" title="Major (United States)"&gt;Major&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Emerson_Winchester_III" title="Charles Emerson Winchester III" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Charles Emerson Winchester III&lt;/a&gt; (played by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ogden_Stiers" title="David Ogden Stiers"&gt;David Ogden Stiers&lt;/a&gt;), is a graduate of both Harvard College and Harvard Medical School)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matlock_%28TV_series%29" title="Matlock (TV series)"&gt;Matlock&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; principal character, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Matlock" title="Ben Matlock" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Ben Matlock&lt;/a&gt;, is a Harvard Law School graduate&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Paper_Chase" title="The Paper Chase"&gt;The Paper Chase&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queer_as_Folk_%28North_American_TV_series%29" title="Queer as Folk (North American TV series)"&gt;Queer as Folk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (North American TV series)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_and_the_City" title="Sex and the City"&gt;Sex and the City&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; character, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_Hobbes" title="Miranda Hobbes"&gt;Miranda Hobbes&lt;/a&gt;, is a Harvard Law School graduate&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Social_Network" title="The Social Network"&gt;The Social Network&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Man_%28film%29" title="Soul Man (film)"&gt;Soul Man&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (film)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealing_Harvard" title="Stealing Harvard"&gt;Stealing Harvard&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_%26_Spice" title="Sugar &amp;amp; Spice"&gt;Sugar &amp;amp; Spice&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Suite_Life_on_Deck" title="The Suite Life on Deck"&gt;The Suite Life on Deck&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (Disney Channel show) - Cody Martin and Bailey Pickett's dreams are to get into Harvard&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/With_Honors_%28film%29" title="With Honors (film)"&gt;With Honors&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (film) - The graduation scene was filmed in front of Foellinger Auditorium at the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign" title="University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign" class="mw-redirect"&gt;University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from April 2011" style="white-space:nowrap;"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Other"&gt;Other&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; Professors Dr. Richard Alpert, later known as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Dass" title="Ram Dass"&gt;Ram Dass&lt;/a&gt;, and Dr. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Leary" title="Timothy Leary"&gt;Timothy Leary&lt;/a&gt;  were fired from Harvard in May 1963. Popular opinion attributes their  discharge to their activism involving psychedelics, and the  popularization and dispensation of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin"&gt;psilocybin&lt;/a&gt; to students.&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-148"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;149&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-148"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2386593457167173150-1893150663045662411?l=israuniversityhyderabad.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/IsraUniversityHyderabad/~4/iua5bV8IESA" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2011-07-20T12:15:45.476-07:00</app:edited><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">0</thr:total><media:content url="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/IsraUniversityHyderabad/~5/NBnFizz1N08/Provost_-_Harvard_Fact_Book_2009-10_FINAL_new.pdf" fileSize="3561214" type="application/pdf" /><itunes:explicit>no</itunes:explicit><itunes:subtitle> Harvard University is a private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States[6] and the first cor</itunes:subtitle><itunes:author>noreply@blogger.com (anonymous)</itunes:author><itunes:summary> Harvard University is a private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States[6] and the first corporation (officially The President and Fellows of Harvard College) chartered in the country. Harvard's history, influence, and wealth have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world.[7][8] Harvard was named after its first benefactor, John Harvard. Although it was never formally affiliated with a church, the college primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Harvard's curriculum and students became increasingly secular throughout the 18th century and by the 19th century had emerged as the central cultural establishment among Boston elites.[9][10] Following the American Civil War, President Charles W. Eliot's forty year tenure (1869–1909) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a centralized research university, and Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900.[11] James Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College. Drew Gilpin Faust was elected the 28th president in 2007 and is the first woman to lead the university. Harvard has the largest financial endowment of any academic institution in the world, standing at $27.4 billion as of September 2010.[3] The university comprises eleven separate academic units — ten faculties and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study — with campuses throughout the Boston metropolitan area.[12] Harvard's 210-acre (85 ha) main campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge, approximately 3.4 miles (5.5 km) northwest of downtown Boston. The business school and athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium, are located across the Charles River in Allston and the medical, dental, and public health schools are located in the Longwood Medical Area.[5] As of 2010, Harvard employs about 2,100 faculty to teach and advise approximately 6,700 undergraduates (Harvard College) and 14,500 graduate and professional students.[13] Eight U.S. Presidents have graduated from Harvard and 75 Nobel Laureates have been affiliated with the university as students, faculty, or staff. Harvard is also the alma mater of sixty-two living billionaires, the most in the country.[14] The Harvard University Library is the largest academic library in the United States, and the second largest library in the country.[15] The Harvard Crimson competes in 41 intercollegiate sports in the NCAA Division I Ivy League. Harvard has an intense athletic rivalry with Yale University traditionally culminating in The Game, although the Harvard–Yale Regatta predates the football game. Harvard was founded in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, making it the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States. Initially called "New College" or "the college at New Towne", the institution was renamed Harvard College on March 13, 1639. It was named after John Harvard, a young English clergyman from Southwark, London, an alumnus of the University of Cambridge (after which Cambridge, Massachusetts is named), who bequeathed the College his library of four hundred books and £779 pounds sterling, which was half of his estate.[16] The charter creating the corporation of Harvard College came in 1650. In the early years, the College trained many Puritan ministers.[17] The college offered a classic academic course based on the English university model—many leaders in the colony had attended Cambridge University—but one consistent with the prevailing Puritan philosophy. The college was never affiliated with any particular denomination, but many of its earliest grad</itunes:summary><feedburner:origLink>http://israuniversityhyderabad.blogspot.com/2011/07/harvard-university-is-private-ivy.html</feedburner:origLink><enclosure url="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/IsraUniversityHyderabad/~5/NBnFizz1N08/Provost_-_Harvard_Fact_Book_2009-10_FINAL_new.pdf" length="3561214" type="application/pdf" /><feedburner:origEnclosureLink>http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_Harvard_Fact_Book_2009-10_FINAL_new.pdf</feedburner:origEnclosureLink></item><item><title>Google</title><link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/IsraUniversityHyderabad/~3/sRJILDYojG0/google.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (anonymous)</author><pubDate>Wed, 20 Jul 2011 11:59:54 PDT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2386593457167173150.post-534722022932420200</guid><description>&lt;form action="http://www.israuni.tk" id="cse-search-box"&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   &lt;input name="cx" value="partner-pub-3478692907097194:t5vpqvlmgze" type="hidden"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   &lt;input name="cof" value="FORID:10" type="hidden"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   &lt;input name="ie" value="ISO-8859-1" type="hidden"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   &lt;input name="q" size="31" type="text"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   &lt;input name="sa" value="Search" type="submit"&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/form&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;script type="text/javascript" src="http://www.google.com/cse/brand?form=cse-search-box&amp;amp;lang=en"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2386593457167173150-534722022932420200?l=israuniversityhyderabad.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/IsraUniversityHyderabad/~4/sRJILDYojG0" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2011-07-20T11:59:54.962-07:00</app:edited><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://israuniversityhyderabad.blogspot.com/2011/07/google.html</feedburner:origLink></item><item><title>"National accident drive safe when you come to university"</title><link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/IsraUniversityHyderabad/~3/fWKtL9MXXoU/national-accident-drive-safe-when-you.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (anonymous)</author><pubDate>Sun, 29 May 2011 01:18:18 PDT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2386593457167173150.post-860018577692266719</guid><description>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; "&gt;&lt;b&gt;The National Accident Helpline&lt;/b&gt; is one of the largest &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_injury" title="Personal injury" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;personal injury&lt;/a&gt; specialists in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/a&gt;. It is a private, for-profit company. They help people to claim &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages" title="Damages" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;compensation&lt;/a&gt; after they’ve suffered an accident where someone else may have been at fault. Accident victims get in contact with National Accident Helpline through their website or by phoning their call centre.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; "&gt;National Accident Helpline was formed in 1993 with the aim of helping victims of accidents claim compensation. In 2006 LDC (the investment child company of Lloyds TSB) backed the management buyout of National Accident Helpline enabling the firm to buy out shareholders including Tollers, a legal firm, original co-founder with National Accident Helpline’s then managing director Alan Kennedy.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-ldc_0-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Accident_Helpline#cite_note-ldc-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;1&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;National Accident Helpline also own subsidiaries; NoWinNoFeeClaims.com, and Benchmark Insurance. In 2010 they started advertising through www.underdog.co.uk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; "&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2386593457167173150-860018577692266719?l=israuniversityhyderabad.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/IsraUniversityHyderabad/~4/fWKtL9MXXoU" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2011-05-29T01:18:18.152-07:00</app:edited><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">1</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://israuniversityhyderabad.blogspot.com/2011/05/national-accident-drive-safe-when-you.html</feedburner:origLink></item><item><title>Dr. Asadullah Kazi</title><link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/IsraUniversityHyderabad/~3/X3CS7yHpcdc/dr-asadullah-kazi.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (anonymous)</author><pubDate>Sat, 14 Nov 2009 12:32:24 PST</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2386593457167173150.post-4264804781909066228</guid><description>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.saicll.usindh.edu.pk/conference%20pics/pic_2ndasad.bmp"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 183px; height: 212px;" src="http://www.saicll.usindh.edu.pk/conference%20pics/pic_2ndasad.bmp" border="0" alt="" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dr. Asadullah Kazi is an Engineering Geologist by profession. He obtained M.Sc. and Ph.D. (Soil Mechanics) from the Imperial College of Science and Technology, University of London, in 1965 and 1968 respectively.&lt;br /&gt;Dr. Kazi is the Vice Chancellor of Isra University, Hyderabad, Pakistan. He has previously held senior technical, teaching and administrative positions at University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore; Mehran University of Engincering and Technology, Jamshoro; Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo; Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok (formerly SEATO Graduate School), United Nations Educational, Scientific &amp; Cultural Organization (UNESCO); King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah; and Saudi Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources.&lt;br /&gt;He is associated with many professional organizations, including American Society of Civil Engineers, Southeast Asian Society for Geotechnical Engineering, International Society for Rock Mechanics, International Society for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, and Association of Geoscientists for International development.&lt;br /&gt;Dr. Kazi is the author of more than 50 scientific papers and numerous technical reports dealing with applications of geology to civil engineering practice. His research interests and field experience have provided hint a broad background in the applied aspects of site investigation as related to water retaining structures, buildings, roads, bridges and tunnels. In addition, he is experienced in ground water studies, aspects of environmental pollution, environmental impact assessment of civil and mining engineering works; engineering geological mapping; site selection for human settlements, nuclear power plants, and sanitary landfills; terrain evaluation for civil engineering purposes; prediction and zoning of floods; engineering assessments and mitigation of earthquakes and other man-made and georgical hazards.&lt;br /&gt;Dr. Kazi is listed in, Marquis ( 1996-1997 edition of, "Who is Who in Science and Engineering".&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2386593457167173150-4264804781909066228?l=israuniversityhyderabad.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/IsraUniversityHyderabad/~4/X3CS7yHpcdc" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2009-11-14T12:32:24.142-08:00</app:edited><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://israuniversityhyderabad.blogspot.com/2009/11/dr-asadullah-kazi.html</feedburner:origLink></item><item><title>Laptop pcs For Students</title><link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/IsraUniversityHyderabad/~3/5h7ujgdinA0/laptop-pcs-for-students.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (anonymous)</author><pubDate>Mon, 09 Nov 2009 00:22:21 PST</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2386593457167173150.post-434553170041718330</guid><description>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Gt9NsqU1WuI/SvfQ5AIiHLI/AAAAAAAAAB4/KXMMo9I-YII/s1600-h/images.jpeg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 125px; height: 125px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Gt9NsqU1WuI/SvfQ5AIiHLI/AAAAAAAAAB4/KXMMo9I-YII/s320/images.jpeg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5402015955761110194" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For Students A laptop is a personal computer designed for mobile use and small and light enough to sit on one's lap while in use. A laptop integrates most of the typical components of a desktop computer, including a display, a keyboard, a pointing device (a touchpad, also known as a trackpad, and/or a pointing stick), speakers, and often including a battery, into a single small and light unit. The rechargeable battery (if present) is charged from an AC adapter and typically stores enough energy to run the laptop for two to three hours in its initial state, depending on the configuration and power management of the computer.and every student must has his laptop to study every where.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2386593457167173150-434553170041718330?l=israuniversityhyderabad.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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