IT Bangalore

2012-12-19T01:20:00.001-08:00

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2012-02-07T02:35:00.000-08:00

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2011-12-05T22:09:00.000-08:00

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Merry Christmas, Cool Collections of Christmas Greetings, The Spirit of "Santa Claus"

2011-12-02T07:21:00.000-08:00

"Daddy", the child said, her eyes full of tears,
"Will you talk to me and quiet my fears?
Those bad boys at school are spreading a lie
And saying that reindeer can't possibly fly!"

"There's no Santa Claus, they say with a grin,
There's not one now and there never has been!
How can one man take all of those toys
To thousands and thousands of good girls and boys?"

"But I told them, Daddy, that they were not right,
And that I would come home and find out tonight.
Mama said wait until you come home,
So please tell me now that I was not wrong."

Her Daddy looked at her questioning face
And puffed his pipe while his frantic mind raced.
He had put this off as long as he could,
He had to think fast and it better be good!

Whispering a prayer, he began with a smile,
"Well climb on my lap, dear, let's talk a while.
"Remember at church how we learned to pray,
Asking God to take care of us every day?"

"And you know how we say Grace before each meal,
To this same God whom we know to be real?
Though we never see Him, we know He is there
Watching His children with such loving care."

"God started Christmas a long time ago
When He gave us His Son to love and to know.
A spirit of giving came with that birth,
And God's generosity filled the whole earth."

"Man had to name this spirit of giving
Just as he names all things that are living.
The name Santa Claus came to someone's mind,
As good a name as any to find."

"There is, you can see, and I think it's quite clear,
Truly a Santa who visits each year.
A spirit, like God, whom we never see,
He enters the hearts of your mother and me."

"Each year at Christmas for one special night,
We become him and make everything right.
But the real spirit of Christmas is in you and in me,
And I hope you are old enough now to see
That as we believe and continue to give,
Our friend Santa Claus will continue to live!"

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2011-11-21T21:00:00.000-08:00

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Bodhidharma, bodhidharma biography, Bodhidharma Images, History Of Bodhidharma, Life After Bodhidharma, Shaolin Temple, 7am arivu Movie Stills

2011-11-03T00:34:00.000-07:00

Names (details)
Bodhidharma, woodblock print by Yoshitoshi, 1887.
Known in English as:	Bodhidharma
Tamil:	போதிதர்மன்
Telugu:	భోధిధర్మా
Sanskrit:	बोधिधर्म
Persian:	بودی‌دارما
Simplified Chinese:	菩提达摩
Traditional Chinese:	菩提達摩
Chinese abbreviation:	達摩
Hanyu Pinyin:	Pútídámó
Wade–Giles:	P'u-t'i-ta-mo
Tibetan:	Dharmottāra
Korean:	달마 Dalma
Japanese:	達磨 Daruma
Malay:	Dharuma
Thai:	ตั๊กม๊อ Takmor
Vietnamese:	Bồ-đề-đạt-ma

Bodhidharma was a Buddhist monk who lived during the 5th/6th century and is traditionally credited as the leading patriarch and transmitter of Zen (Chinese: Chán, Sanskrit: Dhyāna) to China. He was the third son of a Tamil king of the Pallava Dynasty. According to Chinese legend, he also began the physical training of the Shaolin monks that led to the creation of Shaolinquan. However, martial arts historians have shown this legend stems from a 17th century qigong manual known as the Yijin Jing.

Little contemporary biographical information on Bodhidharma is extant, and subsequent accounts became layered with legend, but some accounts state that he was from a Brahmin family in southern India and possibly of royal lineage. However Broughton (1999:2) notes that Bodhidharma's royal pedigree implies that he was of the Kshatriya warrior caste. Mahajan (1972:705–707) argued that the Pallava dynasty was a Tamilian dynasty and Zvelebil (1987) proposed that Bodhidharma was born a prince of the Pallava dynasty in their capital of Kanchipuram Scholars have concluded his place of birth to be Kanchipuram in Tamil Nadu, India.

After becoming a Buddhist monk, Bodhidharma traveled to China. The accounts differ on the date of his arrival, with one early account claiming that he arrived during the Liú Sòng Dynasty (420–479) and later accounts dating his arrival to the Liáng Dynasty (502–557). Bodhidharma was primarily active in the lands of the Northern Wèi Dynasty (386–534). Modern scholarship dates him to about the early 5th century.

Throughout Buddhist art, Bodhidharma is depicted as a rather ill-tempered, profusely bearded and wide-eyed barbarian. He is described as "The Blue-Eyed Barbarian" in Chinese texts.

The Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall (952) identifies Bodhidharma as the 28th Patriarch of Buddhism in an uninterrupted line that extends all the way back to the Buddha himself. D.T. Suzuki contends that Chán's growth in popularity during the 7th and 8th centuries attracted criticism that it had "no authorized records of its direct transmission from the founder of Buddhism" and that Chán historians made Bodhidharma the 28th patriarch of Buddhism in response to such attacks.

Biography

Part of a series on Chinese Buddhism

Contemporary accounts

There are two known extant accounts written by contemporaries of Bodhidharma.

Yáng Xuànzhī

A Dehua ware porcelain statuette of Bodhidharma, from the late Ming Dynasty, 17th century

The Record of the Buddhist Monasteries of Luoyang (洛陽伽藍記 Luòyáng Qiélánjì), was compiled in 547 by Yáng Xuànzhī 楊衒之, a writer and translator of Mahāyāna Buddhist texts into the Chinese language.

At that time there was a monk of the Western Region named Bodhidharma, a Persian Central Asian. He traveled from the wild borderlands to China. Seeing the golden disks [on the pole on top of Yǒngníng's stupa] reflecting in the sun, the rays of light illuminating the surface of the clouds, the jewel-bells on the stupa blowing in the wind, the echoes reverberating beyond the heavens, he sang its praises. He exclaimed: "Truly this is the work of spirits." He said: "I am 150 years old, and I have passed through numerous countries. There is virtually no country I have not visited. Even the distant Buddha-realms lack this." He chanted homage and placed his palms together in salutation for days on end.

Broughton (1999:55) dates Bodhidharma's presence in Luoyang to between 516 and 526, when the temple referred to—Yǒngníngsì (永寧寺)—was at the height of its glory. Starting in 526, Yǒngníngsì suffered damage from a series of events, ultimately leading to its destruction in 534.

Tánlín

The second account was written by Tánlín (曇林; 506–574). Tánlín's brief biography of the "Dharma Master" is found in his preface to the Two Entrances and Four Acts, a text traditionally attributed to Bodhidharma, and the first text to identify Bodhidharma as South Indian:

The Dharma Master was a South Indian of the Western Region. He was the third son of a great Indian king of the Pallava Dynasty. His ambition lay in the Mahayana path, and so he put aside his white layman's robe for the black robe of a monk [...] Lamenting the decline of the true teaching in the outlands, he subsequently crossed distant mountains and seas, traveling about propagating the teaching in Han and Wei.

Tánlín's account was the first to mention that Bodhidharma attracted disciples, specifically mentioning Dàoyù (道育) and Huìkě (慧可), the latter of whom would later figure very prominently in the Bodhidharma literature.

Tánlín has traditionally been considered a disciple of Bodhidharma, but it is more likely that he was a student of Huìkě, who in turn was a student of Bodhidharma.

Later accounts

Dàoxuān

In the 7th-century historical work Further Biographies of Eminent Monks (續高僧傳 Xù gāosēng zhuàn), Dàoxuān (道宣; 596-667) possibly drew on Tanlin's preface as a basic source, but made several significant additions:

This Japanese scroll calligraphy of Bodhidharma reads “Zen points directly to the human heart, see into your nature and become Buddha”. It was created by Hakuin Ekaku (1685 to 1768)

Firstly, Dàoxuān adds more detail concerning Bodhidharma's origins, writing that he was of "South Indian Brahman stock" (南天竺婆羅門種 nán tiānzhú póluómén zhŏng).

Secondly, more detail is provided concerning Bodhidharma's journeys. Tanlin's original is imprecise about Bodhidharma's travels, saying only that he "crossed distant mountains and seas" before arriving in Wei. Dàoxuān's account, however, implies "a specific itinerary": "He first arrived at Nan-yüeh during the Sung period. From there he turned north and came to the Kingdom of Wei". This implies that Bodhidharma had travelled to China by sea, and that he had crossed over the Yangtze River.

Thirdly, Dàoxuān suggests a date for Bodhidharma's arrival in China. He writes that Bodhidharma makes landfall in the time of the Song, thus making his arrival no later than the time of the Song's fall to the Southern Qi Dynasty in 479.

Finally, Dàoxuān provides information concerning Bodhidharma's death. Bodhidharma, he writes, died at the banks of the Luo River, where he was interred by his disciple Huike, possibly in a cave. According to Dàoxuān's chronology, Bodhidharma's death must have occurred prior to 534, the date of the Northern Wei Dynasty's fall, because Huike subsequently leaves Luoyang for Ye. Furthermore, citing the shore of the Luo River as the place of death might possibly suggest that Bodhidharma died in the mass executions at Heyin 河陰 in 528. Supporting this possibility is a report in the Taishō shinshū daizōkyō stating that a Buddhist monk was among the victims at Héyīn.

Epitaph for Fărú

The idea of a patriarchal lineage in Chán dates back to the epitaph for Fărú (法如 638–689), a disciple of the 5th patriarch Hóngrĕn (弘忍 601–674), which gives a line of descent identifying Bodhidharma as the first patriarch.

Yǒngjiā Xuánjué

According to the Song of Enlightenment (證道歌 Zhèngdào gē) by Yǒngjiā Xuánjué (665-713)—one of the chief disciples of Huìnéng, sixth Patriarch of Chán—Bodhidharma was the 28th Patriarch of Buddhism in a line of descent from Śākyamuni Buddha via his disciple Mahākāśyapa, and the first Patriarch of Chán:

Mahakashyapa was the first, leading the line of transmission;
Twenty-eight Fathers followed him in the West;
The Lamp was then brought over the sea to this country;
And Bodhidharma became the First Father here
His mantle, as we all know, passed over six Fathers,
And by them many minds came to see the Light.

The idea of a line of descent from Śākyamuni Buddha is the basis for the distinctive lineage tradition of the Chán school.

Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall

In the Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall (祖堂集 Zǔtángjí) of 952, the elements of the traditional Bodhidharma story are in place. Bodhidharma is said to have been a disciple of Prajñātāra, thus establishing the latter as the 27th patriarch in India. After a three-year journey, Bodhidharma reaches China in 527 during the Liang Dynasty (as opposed to the Song period of the 5th century, as in Dàoxuān). The Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall includes Bodhidharma's encounter with Emperor Wu, which was first recorded around 758 in the appendix to a text by Shen-hui (神會), a disciple of Huineng.

Finally, as opposed to Daoxuan's figure of "over 150 years," the Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall states that Bodhidharma died at the age of 150. He was then buried on Mount Xiong'er (熊耳山 Xióngĕr Shān) to the west of Luoyang. However, three years after the burial, in the Pamir Mountains, Sòngyún (宋雲)—an official of one of the later Wei kingdoms—encountered Bodhidharma, who claimed to be returning to India and was carrying a single sandal. Bodhidharma predicted the death of Songyun's ruler, a prediction which was borne out upon the latter's return. Bodhidharma's tomb was then opened, and only a single sandal was found inside.

Insofar as, according to the Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall, Bodhidharma left the Liang court in 527 and relocated to Mount Song near Luoyang and the Shaolin Monastery, where he "faced a wall for nine years, not speaking for the entire time", his date of death can have been no earlier than 536. Moreover, his encounter with the Wei official indicates a date of death no later than 554, three years before the fall of the last Wei kingdom.

Dàoyuán

Subsequent to the Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall, the only dated addition to the biography of Bodhidharma is in the Jingde Records of the Transmission of the Lamp (景德傳燈錄 Jĭngdé chuándēng lù, published 1004 CE), by Dàoyuán (道原), in which it is stated that Bodhidharma's original name had been Bodhitāra but was changed by his master Prajñātāra.

Modern scholarship

Bodhidharma's origins

Though Dàoxuān wrote that Bodhidharma was a Tamilan from South India. Broughton (1999:2) Notes that Bodhidharma's royal pedigree implies that he was of the Kshatriya warrior caste. Mahajan (1972:705–707) argued that the Pallava dynasty was a Tamilian dynasty and Zvelebil (1987) proposed that Bodhidharma was born a prince of the Pallava dynasty in their capital of Kanchipuram. He was the 3rd prince of Pallava dynasty.

Bodhidharma's name

Bodhidharma was said to be originally named Bodhitara. His surname was Chadili. His Dhyāna teacher, Prajnatara, is said to have renamed him Bodhidharma.

Faure (1986) notes that "Bodhidharma’s name appears sometimes truncated as Bodhi, or more often as Dharma (Ta-mo). In the first case, it may be confused with another of his rivals, Bodhiruci."

Tibetan sources give his name as "Bodhidharmottāra" or "Dharmottara", that is, "Highest teaching (dharma) of enlightenment".

Practice and teaching

Meditation

Tanlin, in the preface to Two Entrances and Four Acts, and Daoxuan, in the Further Biographies of Eminent Monks, mention a practice of Bodhidharma's termed "wall-gazing" (壁觀 bìguān). Both Tanlinand Daoxuan associate this "wall-gazing" with "quieting [the] mind" (安心 ān xīn). Elsewhere, Daoxuan also states: "The merits of Mahāyāna wall-gazing are the highest". These are the first mentions in the historical record of what may be a type of meditation being ascribed to Bodhidharma.

Bodhidharma seated in meditation before a wall; ink painting by Sesshū

In the Two Entrances and Four Acts, traditionally attributed to Bodhidharma, the term "wall-gazing" also appears:

Those who turn from delusion back to reality, who meditate on walls, the absence of self and other, the oneness of mortal and sage, and who remain unmoved even by scriptures are in complete and unspoken agreement with reason.

Exactly what sort of practice Bodhidharma's "wall-gazing" was remains uncertain. Nearly all accounts have treated it either as an undefined variety of meditation, as Daoxuan and Dumoulin, or as a variety of seated meditation akin to the zazen (坐禪; Chinese: zuòchán) that later became a defining characteristic of Chán; the latter interpretation is particularly common among those working from a Chán standpoint. There have also, however, been interpretations of "wall-gazing" as a non-meditative phenomenon.

The Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra

The Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra, one of the Mahāyāna Buddhist sūtras, is a highly "difficult and obscure" textwhose basic thrust is to emphasize "the inner enlightenment that does away with all duality and is raised above all distinctions". It is among the first and most important texts in the Yogācāra, or "Consciousness-only", school of Mahāyāna Buddhism.

One of the recurrent emphases in the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra is a lack of reliance on words to effectively express reality:

If, Mahamati, you say that because of the reality of words the objects are, this talk lacks in sense. Words are not known in all the Buddha-lands; words, Mahamati, are an artificial creation. In some Buddha-lands ideas are indicated by looking steadily, in others by gestures, in still others by a frown, by the movement of the eyes, by laughing, by yawning, or by the clearing of the throat, or by recollection, or by trembling.

In contrast to the ineffectiveness of words, the sūtra instead stresses the importance of the "self-realization" that is "attained by noble wisdom" and occurs "when one has an insight into reality as it is""The truth is the state of self-realization and is beyond categories of discrimination". The sūtra goes on to outline the ultimate effects of an experience of self-realization:

[The Bodhisattva] will become thoroughly conversant with the noble truth of self-realization, will become a perfect master of his own mind, will conduct himself without effort, will be like a gem reflecting a variety of colours, will be able to assume the body of transformation, will be able to enter into the subtle minds of all beings, and, because of his firm belief in the truth of Mind-only, will, by gradually ascending the stages, become established in Buddhahood.

One of the fundamental Chán texts attributed to Bodhidharma is a four-line stanza whose first two verses echo the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra's disdain for words and whose second two verses stress the importance of the insight into reality achieved through "self-realization":

A special transmission outside the scriptures,
Not founded upon words and letters;
By pointing directly to [one's] mind
It lets one see into [one's own true] nature and [thus] attain Buddhahood.

The stanza, in fact, is not Bodhidharma's, but rather dates to the year 1108. Nonetheless, there are earlier texts which explicitly associate Bodhidharma with the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra. Daoxuan, for example, in a late recension of his biography of Bodhidharma's successor Huike, has the sūtra as a basic and important element of the teachings passed down by Bodhidharma:

In the beginning Dhyana Master Bodhidharma took the four-roll Laṅkā Sūtra, handed it over to Huike, and said: "When I examine the land of China, it is clear that there is only this sutra. If you rely on it to practice, you will be able to cross over the world."

Another early text, the Record of the Masters and Disciples of the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra (楞伽師資記 Léngqié shīzī jì) of Jìngjué (淨覺; 683–750), also mentions Bodhidharma in relation to this text. Jingjue's account also makes explicit mention of "sitting meditation", or zazen:

For all those who sat in meditation, Master Bodhi[dharma] also offered expositions of the main portions of the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra, which are collected in a volume of twelve or thirteen pages, [...] bearing the title of Teaching of [Bodhi-]Dharma.

In other early texts, the school that would later become known as Chán is sometimes referred to as the "Laṅkāvatāra school" (楞伽宗 Léngqié zōng).

Legends

In Southeast Asia

According to Southeast Asian folklore, Bodhidharma travelled from south India by sea to Sumatra, Indonesia for the purpose of spreading the Mahayana doctrine. From Palembang, he went north into what are now Malaysia and Thailand. He travelled the region transmitting his knowledge of Buddhism and martial arts before eventually entering China through Vietnam. Malay legend holds that Bodhidharma introduced preset forms to silat.

Encounter with Emperor Xiāo Yǎn 蕭衍

The Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall tells us that in 527 during the Liang Dynasty, Bodhidharma, the first Patriarch of Chán, visited the Emperor Wu (Emperor Xiāo Yǎn 蕭衍 (posthumous name Wǔdì 武帝) of Liáng 梁 China), a fervent patron of Buddhism. The emperor asked Bodhidharma, "How much karmic merit have I earned for ordaining Buddhist monks, building monasteries, having sutras copied, and commissioning Buddha images?" Bodhidharma answered, "None. Good deeds done with worldly intent bring good karma, but no merit." The emperor then asked Bodhidharma, "So what is the highest meaning of noble truth?" Bodhidharma answered, "There is no noble truth, there is only void." The emperor then asked Bodhidharma, "Then, who is standing before me?" Bodhidharma answered, "I know not, Your Majesty."

From then on, the emperor refused to listen to whatever Bodhidharma had to say. Although Bodhidharma came from India to China to become the first patriarch of China, the emperor refused to recognize him. Bodhidharma knew that he would face difficulty in the near future, but had the emperor been able to leave the throne and yield it to someone else, he could have avoided his fate of starving to death.

According to the teaching, Emperor Wu's past life was as a bhikshu. While he cultivated in the mountains, a monkey would always steal and eat the things he planted for food, as well as the fruit in the trees. One day, he was able to trap the monkey in a cave and blocked the entrance of the cave with rocks, hoping to teach the monkey a lesson. However, after two days, the bhikshu found that the monkey had died of starvation.

Supposedly, that monkey was reincarnated into Hou Jing of the Northern Wei Dynasty, who led his soldiers to attack Nanjing. After Nanjing was taken, the emperor was held in captivity in the palace and was not provided with any food, and was left to starve to death. Though Bodhidharma wanted to save him and brought forth a compassionate mind toward him, the emperor failed to recognize him, so there was nothing Bodhidharma could do. Thus, Bodhidharma had no choice but to leave Emperor Wu to die and went into meditation in a cave for nine years.

This encounter would later form the basis of the first kōan of the collection The Blue Cliff Record. However that version of the story is somewhat different. In the Blue Cliff's telling of the story, there is no claim that Emperor Wu did not listen to Bodhidharma after the Emperor was unable to grasp the meaning. Instead, Bodhidharma left the presence of the Emperor once Bodhidharma saw that the Emperor was unable to understand. Then Bodhidharma went across the river to the kingdom of Wei.

After Bodhidharma left, the Emperor asked the official in charge of the Imperial Annals about the encounter. The Official of the Annals then asked the Emperor if he still denied knowing who Bodhidharma was? When the Emperor said he didn't know, the Official said, "This was the Great-being Guanyin (i.e., the Mahasattva Avalokiteśvara) transmitting the imprint of the Buddha's Heart-Mind."

The Emperor regretted his having let Bodhidharma leave and was going to dispatch a messenger to go and beg Bodhidharma to return. The Official then said, "Your Highness, do not say to send out a messenger to go fetch him. The people of the entire nation could go, and he still would not return."

Nine years of wall-gazing

Failing to make a favorable impression in Southern China, Bodhidharma is said to have traveled to the northern Chinese kingdom of Wei to the Shaolin Monastery. After either being refused entry to the temple or being ejected after a short time, he lived in a nearby cave, where he "faced a wall for nine years, not speaking for the entire time".

The biographical tradition is littered with apocryphal tales about Bodhidharma's life and circumstances. In one version of the story, he is said to have fallen asleep seven years into his nine years of wall-gazing. Becoming angry with himself, he cut off his eyelids to prevent it from happening again. According to the legend, as his eyelids hit the floor the first tea plants sprang up; and thereafter tea would provide a stimulant to help keep students of Chán awake during meditation.

The most popular account relates that Bodhidharma was admitted into the Shaolin temple after nine years in the cave and taught there for some time. However, other versions report that he "passed away, seated upright"; or that he disappeared, leaving behind the Yi Jin Jing; or that his legs atrophied after nine years of sitting, which is why Japanese Bodhidharma dolls have no legs.

Bodhidharma at Shaolin

Further information: Shaolin Monastery#Patron saint

Some Chinese accounts describe Bodhidharma as being disturbed by the poor physical shape of the Shaolin monks, after which he instructed them in techniques to maintain their physical condition as well as teaching meditation. He is said to have taught a series of external exercises called the Eighteen Arhat Hands (Shi-ba Lohan Shou), and an internal practice called the Sinew Metamorphosis Classic. In addition, after his departure from the temple, two manuscripts by Bodhidharma were said to be discovered inside the temple: the Yijin Jing (易筋經 or "Muscle/Tendon Change Classic") and the Xi Sui Jing. Copies and translations of the Yi Jin Jing survive to the modern day, though many modern historians believe it to be of much more recent origin. The Xi Sui Jing has been lost.

Both the attribution of Shaolin boxing to Bodhidharma and the authenticity of the Yi Jin Jing itself have been discredited by some historians including Tang Hao, Xu Zhen and Matsuda Ryuchi. This argument is summarized by modern historian Lin Boyuan in his Zhongguo wushu shi

As for the "Yi Jin Jing" (Muscle Change Classic), a spurious text attributed to Bodhidharma and included in the legend of his transmitting martial arts at the temple, it was written in the Ming dynasty, in 1624, by the Daoist priest Zining of Mt. Tiantai, and falsely attributed to Bodhidharma. Forged prefaces, attributed to the Tang general Li Jing and the Southern Song general Niu Gao were written. They say that, after Bodhidharma faced the wall for nine years at Shaolin temple, he left behind an iron chest; when the monks opened this chest they found the two books "Xi Sui Jing" (Marrow Washing Classic) and "Yi Jin Jing" within. The first book was taken by his disciple Huike, and disappeared; as for the second, "the monks selfishly coveted it, practicing the skills therein, falling into heterodox ways, and losing the correct purpose of cultivating the Real. The Shaolin monks have made some fame for themselves through their fighting skill; this is all due to having obtained this manuscript." Based on this, Bodhidharma was claimed to be the ancestor of Shaolin martial arts. This manuscript is full of errors, absurdities and fantastic claims; it cannot be taken as a legitimate source.

The oldest available copy was published in 1827 and the composition of the text itself has been dated to 1624. Even then, the association of Bodhidharma with martial arts only becomes widespread as a result of the 1904–1907 serialization of the novel The Travels of Lao Ts'an in Illustrated Fiction Magazine.

Teaching

In one legend, Bodhidharma refused to resume teaching until his would-be student, Dazu Huike, who had kept vigil for weeks in the deep snow outside of the monastery, cut off his own left arm to demonstrate sincerity.

After death

Three years after Bodhidharma's death, Ambassador Song Yun of northern Wei is said to have seen him walking while holding a shoe at the Pamir Heights. Song Yun asked Bodhidharma where he was going, to which Bodhidharma replied "I am going home". When asked why he was holding his shoe, Bodhidharma answered "You will know when you reach Shaolin monastery. Don't mention that you saw me or you will meet with disaster". After arriving at the palace, Song Yun told the emperor that he met Bodhidharma on the way. The emperor said Bodhidharma was already dead and buried, and had Song Yun arrested for lying. At the Shaolin Temple, the monks informed them that Bodhidharma was dead and had been buried in a hill behind the temple. The grave was exhumed and was found to contain a single shoe. The monks then said "Master has gone back home" and prostrated three times.

For nine years he had remained and nobody knew him;
Carrying a shoe in hand he went home quietly, without ceremony.

The lineage from Śākyamuni Buddha to Bodhidharma

Śākyamuni Buddha
1.Mahākāśyapa Móhējiāyè 摩訶迦葉
2.Ānanda Ānántuó 阿難陀
3.Śāṇavāsa Shāngnàhéxiū 商那和修
4.Upagupta Yōupójúduō 優婆掬多
5.Dhṛṭaka Dīduōjiā 提多迦
6.Miccaka Mízhējiā 彌遮迦
7.Vasumitra Póxūmì 婆須密
8.Buddhānandi Fútuónándī 浮陀難提
9.Buddhamitra Fútuómìduō 浮陀密多
10.Pārśva Pólìshīpó 婆栗濕婆
11.Puṇyayaśas Fùnàyèshē 富那夜奢
12.Ānabodhi / Aśvaghoṣa Ānàpútí 阿那菩提
13.Kapimala Jiāpímóluó 迦毘摩羅
14.Nāgārjuna Lóngshù 龍樹
15.Kāṇadeva Jiānàtípó 迦那提婆
16.Rāhulata Luóhóuluóduō 羅睺羅多
17.Saṅghānandi Sēngqiénántí 僧伽難提
18.Saṅghayaśas Sēngqiéshèduō 僧伽舍多
19.Kumārata Jiūmóluóduō 鳩摩羅多
20.Śayata Shéyèduō 闍夜多
21.Vasubandhu Shìqīn 世親
22.Manorhita Mónáluó 摩拏羅 bhodidharman
23.Haklenayaśas Hèlèyènàyèzhě 鶴勒夜那夜者
24.Siṃhabodhi Shīzǐpútí 師子菩提
25.Vasi-Asita Póshèsīduō 婆舍斯多
26.Puṇyamitra Bùrúmìduō 不如密多
27.Prajñātāra Bānruòduōluó 般若多羅
28.Bodhidharma Pútídámó 菩提達磨

The lineage of Bodhidharma and his disciples

In the Two Entrances and Four Acts and the Continued Biographies of Eminent Monks, Daoyu and Huike are the only explicitly identified disciples of Bodhidharma. The Jǐngdé Records of the Transmission of the Lamp (Jǐngdé chuándēng lù 景德传灯录) of Dàoyuán 道原, presented to the emperor in 1004, gives Bodhidharma four disciples who, in increasing order of understanding, are Dàofū 道怤, who attains Bodhidharma's skin; the nun Dharani, who attains Bodhidharma's flesh; Dàoyù 道育, who attains Bodhidharma's bone; and Huìkě 慧可, who attains Bodhidharma's marrow.

Heng-Ching Shih states that according to the Jǐngdé chuándēng lù 景德传灯录 the first `bhikṣuni` mentioned in the Chán literature was a disciple of the First Patriarch of Chinese Chán Bodhidharma, known as Zōngzhǐ 宗旨 [early-mid 6th century]; Bodhidharma before returning to India after many years of teaching in China asked his disciples Dàofū, Bhikṣuni Zōngzhǐ, Dàoyù and Huìkě to relate their realization of the Dharma. Zōngzhǐ is also known by her title Soji, and by Myoren, her nun name. In the Shōbōgenzō 正法眼蔵 chapter called Katto ("Twining Vines") by Dōgen Zenji 道元禅師 (1200–1253), she is named as one of Bodhidharma's four Dharma heirs. Although the First Patriarch's line continued through another of the four, Dogen emphasizes that each of them had a complete understanding of the teaching.

The Records of different authors gave a variation of transmission lines.

According to the Continued Biographies of Eminent Monks (Xù gāosēng zhuàn 續高僧傳) of Dàoxuān 道宣 (596-667) the transmission line runs as follows:

Bodhidharma
- Huìkě 慧可 (487? - 593)
  - Sēngcàn 僧璨 (d.606)
    - Dàoxìn 道信 (580 - 651)
      - Hóngrěn 弘忍 (601 - 674)

According to the Record of the Transmission of the Dharma-Jewel (Chuán fǎbǎo jì 傳法寶記) of Dù Fěi 杜胐 the transmission line runs as follows:

Bodhidharma
- Dàoyù 道育
- Huìkě 慧可 (487? - 593)
  - Sēngcàn 僧璨 (d.606)
    - Dàoxìn 道信 (580 - 651)
      - Hóngrěn 弘忍 (601 - 674)
        
        Fǎrú 法如 (638-689)
        
        Shénxiù 神秀 (606? - 706)

According to the History of Masters and Disciples of the Laṅkāvatāra-Sūtra (Léngqié shīzī jì 楞伽師資紀記) of Jìngjué 淨覺 (ca. 683 - ca. 650) the transmission line runs as follows:

Bodhidharma
- Dàoyù 道育
- Huìkě 慧可 (487? - 593)
  - Sēngcàn 僧璨 (d.606)
    - Dàoxìn 道信 (580 - 651)
      - Hóngrěn 弘忍 (601 - 674)
        
        Shénxiù 神秀 (606? - 706)
        
        Xuánzé 玄賾

According to the Xiǎnzōngjì (显宗记) of Shénhuì 神会 (d. 758) the transmission line runs as follows:

Bodhidharma
- Dàoyù 道育
- Huìkě 慧可 (487? - 593)
  - Sēngcàn 僧璨 (d.606)
    - Dàoxìn 道信 (580 - 651)
      - Hóngrěn 弘忍 (601 - 674)
        
        Huìnéng 慧能 (638-713)
        
        Xuánjué 玄覺 (665-713)

Later sources:

- - Layman Xiang
  - Huagong
  - Yan'gong
  - Dhyana Master Na
  - Dhyana Master Ho
    - Hsuan-ching
    - Ching-ai
      - T'an-yen
      - Tao-an
      - Tao-p'an
      - Chih-tsang
      - Seng-chao
      - P'u-an
        
        Ch'ris Min-has
        
        Ching-yuan (1067–1120)

Images:

Images collected by Richard Ebbs

Life After Bodhidharma

At the height of the temple's prosperity, many years after the death of Bodhidharma, the complex housed around 1500 monks. This contingent of priests also included more than 500 fighting monks.

It was due to the legacy of Bodhidharma which convinced many students over the years to travel to the Shaolin Temple either to learn about Buddhism and meditation or just for the Martial Arts training.

Some who trained elsewhere also came to the Shaolin Temple for it was still known as the origin of Kung-Fu or as it is more correctly known - Chuan-Fa. One of these "martial art monks" actually developed the art ten fold when he became the head of the temple. This priest named Cheuh Yuan, with the assistance of another Chuan-Fa expert, expanded the original sets which were being learned by the novices, into various sets which were all divided into five separate animal groups.

The five in question were the Tiger, Dragon, Leopard, Crane and Snake. Each set within one of these groups contained techniques which resembled the movements of that particular animal.

The studies into the martial arts aspect of the temple gave such proficiency to the monks and their fighting skills that no one would dare to challenge them. Every priest from the

Shaolin Temple was recognized and respected everywhere he went throughout China.

When the Emperor heard of the effectiveness of the fighting force of this temple he actually hired the temple to help put down a rebellion. Unfortunately, this proficiency was also the reason for the temple's downfall. The new Emperor in Peking saw them as a threat to his government and so in 1674 ordered his troops to storm the temple and burn it down, along with its inhabitants.

Again the government forces underestimated the fighting force that was gathered at the temple and it was only because of a traitor inside the temple, which finally allowed the victory of the government troops.

The fighting was fierce and many died with only five of the priests escaping with their lives. These five were some of the finest instructors in the martial arts section of the temple and it was this talent and skill that allowed them to escape the destruction.

The five masters became known as the "Five Ancestors" and they spread throughout China to pass on the knowledge which they possessed. All five had separate styles of the exercises that they were taught, but all had the same Zen Buddhist background training.

The first thing that these monks did was to organize the people who wished to overthrow the new tyrannical government that now sat in Peking. These "societies" utilized the martial art training to prepare themselves to fight against governmental troops. These societies became very powerful and in turn the style of training each society possessed eventually spread throughout Asia. Soon many had trained in this new self-defense but unfortunately many did not just use their training skills for purely self-defense purposes and in this way the art also spread.

One avenue that this art took in expanding throughout Asia was the way of the military. The Military immediately saw the potential for this defensive form of unarmed (hand to hand) combat. These forms of exercises became an essential part of a Warrior's training.

The military avenue also included the navy and of these Asian countries, there were many sailors who also had some training (or experience) in the martial arts (chuan-fa).

It was from these sources that the martial art of chuan-fa was eventually found its way to the island of Okinawa. It was here where karate was to eventually develop to what it is today.

Shaolin Temple

Note: Want to know Beginning of Bodhidharma Watch Suraya's Tamil Movie 7am Arivu Bodhidharma.

RANA - An Upcoming Historical Action Film

2011-09-06T08:26:00.000-07:00

Directed by : K. S. Ravikumar
Produced by : Sunil Lulla
Soundarya Rajinikanth

Written by : S. Ramakrishnan
Screenplay by : K. S. Ravikumar
Story by :Rajinikanth
Starring : Rajinikanth
Deepika Padukone
Sonu Sood
Ganja Karuppu

Music by : A. R. Rahman
Cinematography : R. Rathnavelu
Editing by : Anthony
Studio : Eros International
Ocher Studios
Release date(s): December 25, 2011
Country : India
Language :Tamil, Hindi

Rana (Tamil: ராணா; Hindi: राणा) is an upcoming historical action film co-written and directed by K. S. Ravikumar starring Rajinikanth, whose story the film will be based upon.[2][3][4][5] Deepika Padukone has been signed on as the female lead.[6][7][8] The film will be jointly produced by Ocher Picture Productions and Eros International. The film will feature cinematography by R. Rathnavelu and music composed by A. R. Rahman.[9] The film is expected to be made simultaneously in Hindi and dubbed in Telugu,[10] all three of which are slated for release in 2012.[11][12]

Despite the occurrence of principal photography, which took place on 29 April 2011, casting is still incomplete. During the first schedule of filming, Rajinikanth fell ill on sets and was admitted to hospital for over a month, resulting in an indefinite postponement of filming. Reportedly, shooting will resume on October 3 at Ramoji Film City, Hyderabad.

Filming

After several dates for principal photography to begin, ranging between March and April 2011, were reported, it finally began on 29 April 2011 at AVM Studios in Chennai.[36][37] In a turn of events, Rajinikanth fell ill on set and was treated for dehydration and exhaustion at a hospital, after being diagnosed with a mild foodborne illness, resulting in postponment of filming.[38] Nonetheless, Deepika Padukone has already shot for some scenes in the film, including one in muddy water.

Story

Rana is a forthcoming Tamil historical action film to be directed by K. S. Ravikumar, starring Rajinikanth. Rajini plays three roles of different age groups & Deepika Padukone has been signed to play the romantic pair opposite the youngest Rajini. Sonu Sood will play the main villain role.

The movie is jointly produced by Soundarya Rajinikanth's Ocher Studio Private Limited and Eros International, Film is expected to release in 2012.

Apple to open store in Hong Kong

2011-09-06T08:06:00.001-07:00

HONG KONG: Apple Inc is preparing to open its first store in Hong Kong this quarter at the International Finance Center Mall amid a surge in China sales.

Carolyn Wu, a Beijing-based spokeswoman for the electronics maker, declined to specify a date beyond saying it will happen this quarter. The AppleInsider blog reported earlier that the store would open September 24.

Sales in the China region, including Hong Kong and Taiwan, were "key" to Apple's third-quarter results, surging sixfold to $3.8 billion in the period, Chief Executive Officer Tim Cook said in July before he was promoted from chief operating officer. Apple is just "scratching the surface" of the opportunity in China, he said at the time.

The IFC commmercial complex, developed and owned by Sun Hung Kai Properties Ltd and Henderson Land Development Co, includes the 88-story IFC 2 office tower. It's located in Hong Kong's Central shopping and business district.

Apple, which didn't open its first store in China until 2008, now has two stores each in Beijing and Shanghai. Those four stores generate, on average, the company's highest traffic and highest revenue, Chief Financial Officer Peter Oppenheimer said in January.

Lines from Cool Dead Lover

2011-07-07T02:13:00.001-07:00

I don’t want u to cry and if happens,
I won't be there.. I'll fall from the top,
As a rain not to see your tears,
But to wipe your tears..

Regards,
Cool Dead Lover

" ಕೂಲ್ ಪ್ರೇಮಿ "

2011-07-07T02:07:00.000-07:00

ನನ್ನ ಪ್ರೀತಿನಾ ಅವಳ ಮುಖ ನೋಡಿ ಹೇಳೋಕೆ ಆಗದೆ ,

ಮೇಘಸಂದೇಶವಾಗಿ ಕಳಿಸಿದೆ

ಮೇಘವು ನನ್ನ ಪ್ರೀತಿನಾ ಅವಳ ಹತ್ತಿರ ಹೇಳಿ ಜೋರಾಗಿ ಅಳುತಿಹುದು ಮಳೆಯಾಗಿ !!

ಇಂತಿ,
ಮಳೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ನೆನೆದು ಅವಳಿಗೋಸ್ಕರ ಕಾಯುತಿರುವ ಒಬ್ಬ ಪ್ರೇಮಿ !

Kavanagalu

2011-05-20T07:25:00.001-07:00

"ಹೃದಯನ ಕೇಳು ಕೊಡ್ತಿನಿ, ಆದರೆ ಪ್ರಾಣ ಕೇಳಬೇಡ
ಏಕೆಂದರೆ ನಾನು ಹುಟಿದ್ಹು ನನಗಾಗಿ, ನನಲ್ಲಿ ಮಿಡಿಥಿರುವ ಹೃದಯ ಅದು ನಿನಗಾಗಿ "

"ಗಾಳಿ ಇಲ್ಲಧೆ ಭೂಮಿ ಇರಬಹುಧು,
ನೀರು ಇಲ್ಲಧೆ ನಧಿ ಇರಬಹುಧು,
ಕನಸು ಇಲ್ಲಧೆ ಕಂಗಳು ಇರಬಹುಧು,
ನಿಮ್ಮ ನೆನಪಿಲ್ಲಧೆ ನನ್ನ ಹೃದಯ ಇರಲ್ಲ…ಕಣ್ರೀ!"

"ನೀನು ಹಾರಿಸಿದ ಗಾಳಿಪಟ ಕೂಡ ಎತ್ತರದಲ್ಲಿ ಹಾರುವುದಕ್ಕೆ ಹೋಗ್ತಿಲ್ಲ
ಯಾರಿಗೆ ಮನಸು ಬರುತ್ತೆ ನಿನ್ನ ಬಿಟ್ಟು ದೂರ ಹೋಗೋಕೆ"

"ನಿಮ್ಮ ನೆನಪು ಬಂದ್ರೆ ಗೋಳಾಡ್ ಕೊಂಡು ಅಳಬೇಕು ಅನ್ಸುತ್ತೆ ರೀ"
ಆದರೆ ನಾನು ಅಳಲ್ಲ,ಯಾಕೆ ಗೊತ್ತ???????
ನನ್ನ ಕಣ್ಣೀರು ಮೂಲಕನು ನಿಮ್ಮನ್ನ ನನ್ನಿಂದ ಹೊರಗೆ ಕಳಿಸೋಕೆ ನಾನು ಇಷ್ಟಪಡಲ್ಲ ಕಣ್ರೀ "

Only 1411 tigers left in India

2010-02-23T01:40:00.000-08:00

India's rare Royal Bengal Tiger population has plunged to 1,411, drastically lower than the estimated 3,700 believed to exist five years ago, researchers said on February 12, 2008.

Rajesh Gopal, who heads Project Tiger, a conservation programme launched in the 1970s, unveiled the latest figures and blamed “poaching, loss of quality habitat and prey”as the main reasons for the decimation.

The census, which took nearly two years to complete, counted the big cat population inside dedicated reserves and those in forests, Qamar Qureshi, a scientist with the Wildlife Institute of India which conducted the survey, told AFP.

An earlier survey in 2002 had estimated the number of tigers in India at 3,700, with the population of those in protected sanctuaries estimated at 1,500. Conservationists have long complained that many Indian forestry posts lie vacant, while the staff that do exist have little in the way of funds, making them no match for poachers.

“This is disastrous news but comes as no surprise,” said Belinda Wright, head of the Wildlife Protection Society of India. “Wildlife crime is so entrenched and we are not prepared for it.”

Poachers killed 122 tigers between 1999 and 2003, the government said in 2005. Alarmed by the dwindling numbers, the government last year announced it was recruiting retired army personnel to form a “tiger protection force” to guard sanctuaries.

Last month, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh set up a national wildlife crime prevention bureau -- drawing experts from the police, environmental agencies and customs - in a bid to break up the poaching network.

Asian giants India and China have been under fire from international experts for failing to halt tiger poaching, with conservationists blaming collusion between poachers, government officials and buyers.

Tigers are hunted for their pelts, claws and bones, which are prized in traditional Chinese medicine. Tiger hunting is illegal worldwide and the trade in tiger body parts is banned under a treaty binding 167 countries, including India.

Despite the population plunge, Gopal and Qureshi said there was still hope for saving the tiger and salvaging the Project Tiger programme, touted as one of India's most successful conservation efforts.

”There is a lot of hope. The tiger population is capable of bouncing back if the quality of the forests is preserved and there is enough prey,” Qureshi said. Conservation efforts will work if people living near tiger reserves are involved in the process, he added. The results of the latest survey offer authentic data as it used “more detailed and scientifically sound” techniques than earlier ones based on paw tracks, Qureshi said.

”When you say about 3,700 tigers in 2002, that was just an estimate. So it is difficult to say whether the numbers have halved or not.”

The latest numbers however "does not include the tigers in the Sundarbans," the world's largest mangrove forest straddling the Indian- Bangladesh border.

”We are still developing the methodology to count the tigers there, because of the difference in habitats,” he said. Qureshi declined to give an estimate of the number of tigers living in the mangrove forests, though some conservationatists have put it at no more than 70.

"Save our Tigers"

A Docking station - "A platform into which you can install a portable computer"

2010-02-10T03:33:00.000-08:00

A platform into which you can install a portable computer. The docking station typically contains slots for expansion cards, bays for storage devices, and connectors for peripheral devices, such as printers and monitors. Once inserted in a docking station, the portable computer essentially becomes a desktop model computer. When it is taken out, it becomes a portable computer again. Most importantly, the same data is accessible in both modes because it resides on the portable computer's drives. The idea behind docking stations is to let you simultaneously enjoy the expansion possibilities of desktop model computers with the portability of notebook computers. In addition, the docking station enables you to use a full-size keyboard and monitor when you're not traveling.

A Docking station and port replicator provides a simplified way of “plugging-in” an electronic device such as a laptop computer via common peripherals. The name is sometimes simplified to "dock" which can be used as a noun or a verb. The use of a docking station can allow for the recharging of a device's battery or for the transfer of data. Because a wide range of dockable devices--from mobile phones to wireless mouses to iPods--have different connectors, power charge rates, and uses, docks are not standardized and are therefore often designed for use with a specific make and model of a device.

A dock can allow some laptop computers to become a substitute for a desktop computer, without sacrificing the mobile computing functionality of the machine. Portable computers can dock and undock hot, cold or standby, depending on the capabilities of the system. In a cold dock or undock, one completely shuts the computer down before docking/undocking. In a hot dock or undock, the computer remains running when docked/undocked. Standby docking or undocking, an intermediate style used in some designs, allows the computer to be docked/undocked while powered on, but requires that it be placed into a sleep mode prior to docking/undocking.

Yelagiri Hills - Tamilnadu

2010-02-03T01:13:00.000-08:00

Yelagiri Hills is for easy-paced, relaxed
weekends; an ideal getaway from the hustle,
bustle and madness of the city.
No Internet, no mobile phones and no deadlines.

How much can one do in just one weekend? Fortunately, Yelagiri Hills isn't a sprawling hill station, bursting at its seams like the Ooty's and the Kodai's of down-South.

Punganoor Artificial Lake-cum-Park
Perhaps the most popular landmark of Yelagiri Hills is the lake. Ask anyone, and they'll tell you where it's located. For want of anything else to do, most visitors to the Hills tend to take the short walk from their lodgings and perhaps, go on a boat ride. The park adjoins the lake and is an ideal outing for kids to play around.

Picnicking isn't allowed inside the premises. Also, there's an entry fee to be paid to enter the lake and park. Worth it, simply because it helps pass time and kids can have fun too.

Jalagamparai Waterfalls
The River Attaaru, runs through the valleys of Yelagiri Hills, and at the village of Jadaiyanoor, flows over to form the waterfall. It's perhaps the only distant spot from the main town (over 30 kilometres) and fairly frequented by visitors to the Hills. Larger groups picnic out here, but because of its isolation don't expect too many facilities. Jalagamparai Waterfalls is also an ideal place to go on a day long trek and if you do decide to go there, just make sure you're well-stocked with water and food.

A word of caution: the waterfalls are dependent on the river being full and the river is dependent on substantial rainfall. Yelagiri Hills hasn't any monsoon season of its own; rainfall here is mainly a 'spill-over' of rainfall in nearby Bangalore or Chennai regions. Unless there is rain here, Yelagiri Hills can largely be dry.

Swamimalai
Possibly the highest peak around and the best place to go on a lovely trek is Swamimalai. It's an easy trek along a muddy path starting from the eastern side of the lake, which is about 3 kilometres long and pretty scenic too. Most visitors to Yelagiri Hills, who have trekking in mind, often climb up Swamimalai.

Make sure you have enough water and light snacks before you set-off up the hillock.

Murugan Koil
If perchance the need arises to seek divine intervention drop by at the Murugan temple to offer prayers and invoke blessings from the deity. For whatever its worth, a trip or even a trek to the holy spot is bound to invigorate energy, health and peace of mind.

Telescope House
You come across this when you're driving up the Hills. It's supposed to be open on weekends, but one has always seen a huge padlock at all times. They say there's a telescope housed inside and from where one can get a good view of places in the distance. But from the naked-eye one can easily get a view of Thirupathur Town or Jolarpet down below; no need for telescopes, really. Besides, it's a waste of time and petrol to drive 2 kilometers to find a padlock at the gates.

Summer Festival
May and June each year is the time for a Summer festival at Yelagiri Hills. Main attendees are local village folk and like-minded people from nearby areas of Vellore District. The government-sponsored event aims to showcase the customs, culture and traditions of the tribal belonging to the areas that fall under Yelagiri Hills. Invitees include state ministers, government officials, members of various panchayat unions and local headmen.

What actually happens is that there are a lot of cultural programmes, music blaring out of loud speakers all across town and a general destruction of peace and quiet. Many welfare measures are announced amidst all the merry-making, but like its every where else, nothings ever achieved.

Yelagiri Hills is for easy-paced, relaxed weekends; an ideal getaway from the hustle, bustle and madness of the city. No Internet, no mobile phones and no deadlines. Just relax! Put your feet up; catch up on some reading in this quiet environment, where the only sound you'll hear is the chirping of birds. You are the master of all that you survey.

At Yelagiri, you can do just about anything you want. For instance, you could trek up those rugged hillocks or go on long walks through narrow roads, explore the green surroundings of this rural retreat. Or perhaps you'd like to head towards the lake nearby for some leisure boating or just squat on a bench in the adjoining children's park and watch the kids play away to glory.

Yelagiri Hills encompasses a total area of just 30 sq kms and an altitude of approximately 3500 feet. Therefore, the climate is rather moderate, and an evening breeze that can get a bit chilly (especially after a few showers), considering that the hills have a fair amount of forest cover.

An advantage is that Yelagiri Hills isn't infested by touristy-types, who prefer hill stations with swanky shopping malls, plush restaurants and stuff like that. It's peaceful and quiet out here in these remote surroundings. Chances of bumping into your neighbour are perhaps one in a million.

What makes Yelagiri Hills an ideal weekend getaway is it's proximity from Bangalore or Chennai; just about 3-4 hours. So, an early morning start can get you to Yelagiri by about 10 in the morning and if you leave the next day just after lunch, your home by nightfall.

The main town of Yelagiri Hills is called Athanur - the nerve-centre of sorts - which is just one long, winding road through the hills, pocketed by isolated villages and thatched dwellings on either side. This is in fact, agriculture country. The tribal who live around these parts make their livelihood from the proceeds of agricultural products such as jackfruit and honey.

Tourism is a far cry presently; but there is evidence that Yelagiri Hills is getting popular. There's a flip-side too. So long as commercialization doesn't happen, Yelagiri Hills will remain a serene retreat for weekend getaways.

"Symbol of Eternal Love" - Taj Mahal

2010-01-25T05:37:00.000-08:00

About Taj Mahal

Taj Mahal standing proudly on the bank of the river Yamuna in Agra, is India's noble tribute to the grace of Indian womanhood. Built by Shahjehan, the 5th emperor of Mughal empire in the memory of his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal, Taj Mahal is the largest and the most expensive mausoleum built by any man on earth.

The "symbol of eternal love", Taj at Agra is undoubtedly one of the most spectacular marvel of the world. Renowned for its architectural magnificence and aesthetic beauty, it considered among man's proudest creations and is constantly included in the list of the world's topmost wonders. As a tomb, it has no equivalent upon earth, for mortal remains have never been housed so opulently.

The Architecture
The Taj, huge itself, is not an isolated building but it is a part of a massive complex containing a main gateway, an elaborately laid garden, a mosque and a prayer house, outer enclosures and enclosing walls.

Construction of the Taj Mahal began in 1631 and was completed in 22 years. Twenty thousand people were commissioned to work on it. The materials were brought in from all over India and central Asia and it took a fleet of 1000 elephants to transport it to the site.

The dome is made of pure white marble, but the tomb is set against the plain across the river and it is this background that formulates the magic of colours that, through their reflection, change the view of the Taj at different time of the day. The hue change at different hours of the day and during different seasons. Taj Mahal is best viewed in a moonlight night. Like a jewel, the Taj sparkles in moonlight when the semi-precious stones studded into the white marble on the main mausoleum receives the glow of the moon. The Taj is pinkish in the morning, milky white in the evening and golden when the moon shines. Just a awesome spectacle to view.

Tourist Information
Visiting Hours : Open from sunrise to 19 hours. The monument is closed on Mondays.
Entry Fee : Entry fee for those above 12 years. Entry Fee for Foreign Nationals : 750 Rs., Entry Fee For Indian
Tourists : 20 Rs. Free entry on Fridays.
Best Viewed At : Moonlight Night

Other Attractions Near the Taj
Agra Fort
Built by three great Mughal emperors, Agra Fort is a massive structure housing several must see attractions.

Itmad-ud-Daulah's Tomb
This was built by Noorjehan in the memory of her father Mirza Ghiyas Beg. This a beautiful structure with amazing carvings and inlay work.

Sikandara
Situated at a distance of 10 km from Agra, This tomb of Akbar is a perfect blend of Hindu, Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jain motifs.

Getting There
Air : Taj Mahal is located at Agra, which is easily accessible from all the parts of India by air.
Rail : One can easily reach Agra by rail routes.
Road : Agra has well connected road networks, which are linked to all the major destinations of Uttar Pradesh and nearby state.

Accommodation
Accommodation is certainly not a problem here. We provide the best of the accommodation facilities just suited for you. The accommodation here ranges from luxury, deluxe to budget type. You can pick the one which best suites your interest and budget.

Longer you stay at Taj, the more you'll pay

Taj Mahal gets a minimum 15,000 visitors every day and the maximum ever recorded was almost 55,000 on December 29, 2009. Worried that such mammoth footfalls would put a huge strain on the world heritage site, Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) is switching to a `stay more, pay more' concept to dissuade visitors from staying for too long.

At present, an Indian visitor can stay inside Taj from sunrise to sunset for Rs 10. "We are going to introduce bar-coded magnetic strip tickets that will be printed at Nashik's Government Security Press (where currency notes are printed). A certain maximum number of hours' stay (most probably two to four) would be allowed for the basic entry fee of Rs 20 (for Indians) and Rs 750 for foreign visitors. Staying beyond that would mean a very high charge and we are working on that figure," said a top ASI official.

The magnetic ticket would register the visitor's entry time at the Taj. While exiting, the duration of the person's stay would be checked and he or she would then have to pay the extra fee for staying beyond the maximum permissible time of the basic price.

According to ASI, Taj gets 12-14,000 visitors daily. "The minimum visitors are close to 15,000 as this figure is just for tickets sold. Children below 15 don't have to buy tickets and so those visitors are not counted. We saw a new record of 40,000 tickets being sold on December 29, 2009, and adding children the number of visitors that day was about 55,000," said the official.

In fact, now the ASI is getting a scientific study to find the carrying capacity of Taj Mahal. This will be done along with another study to find the number of hours that should be allowed in base ticket prices.

UP administration levies a steep fee on Taj tickets in the form of Agra Development Authority charge on fee that's Rs 500 over the ASI ticket of Rs 250 for foreigners. "But in return, successive state governments have done precious little in terms of keeping surroundings of Taj, including its access points, clean. So we want to at least keep the precincts of Taj clean. At present, scores of photographers and guides buy the Rs 20 ticket and spend the day at Taj Mahal's main entry door inside the complex," said sources.

Now, they will be stationed at the visitor centre at Taj. A visitor wishing to engage them would have to buy entry ticket for them. And if they stay longer than allowed, the visitor will have to pay for their extra stay too.

Pinkslip: 13 IT companies cutting jobs

2009-12-11T00:12:00.000-08:00

Worst is said to be over for the IT industry. Both analysts and industry chieftains are heaving a sigh of relief as one of the worst recession since Great Depression shows signs of easing.

But with recession ending, is the worst over for the job market too? Yea so it seems. For, the job cuts are no longer piling the way they were till months back when according to a study, 5 jobs were lost globally every minute.

However, as the companies eye a revival in demand, they are also bracing themselves up for a tough market and on the way cutting costs and with it jobs.

Here are 13 IT companies who have announced job cuts in the past one-and-a-half months.

How is electricity generated from water ?

2009-12-06T22:37:00.000-08:00

When a dam is used to generate energy, tunnels are installed in the dam when it is built. These tunnels are lined with turbines which are turned when water flows through the tunnels. As the turbines turn, they create electricity which can be fed into the grid or stored. Dam operators can determine the amount of energy produced by regulating the flow of water; most dams are capable of generating far more power than they do on a daily basis, which can be useful when there are problems at other power plants and facilities.
Electricity generated from water on the ocean is known as wave power or wave energy. This method of power generation uses changes in the air levels of sealed chambers to power turbines. These chambers are floated on parts of the ocean with high wave activity, ensuring that a great deal of electric energy can be produced. Not all areas of the ocean are suitable for the generation of wave power, but some seaside communities have taken advantage of the technology to power themselves.
Electricity generation is a major concern for much of the world, since demand is only rising with the growing human population. The benefit of electricity generated from water is that once generation facilities are built, it is easy to maintain and operate them. Electricity generated from water is also clean, since it doesn't involve the burning of fossil fuels to generate power. People can also generate hydroelectric power themselves, if they have access to a fast-moving body of water so that they can install waterwheels.

Drawbacks:

There are some drawbacks to electricity generated from water. Dams, for example, can be quite destructive when they are installed, as water will flood the regions behind dams. This has been a cause for controversy in the past, especially when dams flood valleys used by native peoples for burial and religious ceremonies. If a dam fails, it also cause catastrophic flooding, and people downstream of a dam tend to experience a reduction in available water after it has been installed. Concerns have also been raised about wave power, since it can be quite noisy and it may prove damaging to marine life.

Water Power

Large scale hydroelectric power has been used worldwide for a long time to generate huge amounts of power from water stored behind massive dams. Small scale hydropower has been used for hundreds of years for manufacturing, including milling grain, sawing logs and manufacturing cloth. However, it can also be used without a dam to generate electricity for home scale remote power systems. These so-called micro-hydro installations can be a very good complement to a solar power system, as they produce electricity 24 hours a day.

Waterwheels--It's important to differentiate between water wheels and water turbines. A water wheel is more akin the antique version we are all familiar with--a massive wooden wheel that slowly turns as the creek pours down over it. Water wheels spin slowly, but with lots of torque. They are also surprisingly efficient! One very good place to go for waterwheel information, kits and photos is The Waterwheel Factory.

Scotty's Banki Turbine hydro plant

Scotty's new homebrew hydro plant, using a Banki Turbine design built from scratch. The generator is a homebuilt permanent magnet alternator, very similar to our Brake disc alternators. In a Banki design, the water hits the vanes twice, once upon entrance and then again upon exit. There is only about 3 feet of head available at the site, and the system is producing about 2 amps at 12VDC, fed by a 4 inch pipe.

Water Wheel

A while back, one of our neighbors constructed a water wheel generator using a squirrel cage fan, belt, pulley and surplus tape drive motor that produced a steady 1-2 amps of power, 24 hours a day. He used a natural dam (a log that fell across the creek years ago) to get the fall and to mount the generator on.

Some General Micro Hydro Power Information
NOTE -- as you can see from the photos and web pages linked to above, we don't have much of a hydro power resource here. The crick is very small, often dries up in the summer, and freezes nearly solid in the winter. So we are not the best place to direct your hydro power questions to, we have hardly any hydro experience. There are some great sites listed in our Hydro Power Links section.

Turbines--All of the commercial micro hydro generators available today use a small turbine connected to an electrical generator or alternator. Water is collected in an intake pipe upstream, travels down to the turbine in plastic pipe, and is forced through one or more nozzles by its own gravity pressure. No dam is needed; systems without a dam are called "run of river" systems. Power is generated by a generator or alternator directly connected to the turbine wheel (no gears or pulleys needed). All of the factors below must be calculated correctly for your micro-hydro equipment to make power most efficiently. All commercial micro-hydro setups are custom-made by the manufacturer for your specific application. For proper operation, you must supply the manufacturer with specific data about your site, most importantly the vertical drop in feet (called "head"), the amount of water flow available during different seasons in gallons per minute, and the length of pipeline required to get a sufficient head.

* In general, for a water turbine you need at least 3 feet of fall and at least 20 gallons per minute of flow. If you have more fall (head), less water is required. You can calculate potential head with a water level, a contractor's level and stadia rod, or with just a string level attached to a measuring stick. The more fall and flow that you have, the more potential power you can generate. You can measure flow by building a weir in the creek and measuring how fast it will fill up a 5 gallon bucket.
* Your pipeline must be of a big enough diameter to minimize friction loss in the pipe. Your micro-hydro supplier can give you specific information regarding this.
* Nozzle size and turbine wheel type are all interrelated to your total head and flow. Again, your hydro supplier will customize these for your specific application. Often, different size nozzles are designed to be switched in and out as stream conditions change throughout the year.
* There are two main types of turbines, impulse and reaction. With impulse turbines, a jet of water is created by the nozzle and squirted onto the wheel. Reaction turbines are more akin to propellor that spins INSIDE the pipe, generating power.
* The 3 primary impulse turbine wheel types are Pelton, Turgo, and Cross-flow. Pelton wheels are used in low flow, high head conditions, and Cross-flow wheels are for high flow, low head installations. Turgo wheels are somewhere in the middle. Francis and propellor turbines are the most common reaction type; the Francis design is very similar to the innards of a centrifugal pump. A Kaplan turbine is also similar to this design.
* Home built reaction turbines have been built using centrifugal pumps running in reverse (generating power with moving water instead of using power to move the water). We hope to have more information about experimenting with this soon. You can buy a book about from ITDG books, they also have a book about using induction motors as generators for micro hydro power.

:::OM ARUNACHALA:::Thiruvannamalai

2009-12-04T02:25:00.000-08:00

Tiruvannamalai is an ancient city named after the holy mountain "Tiruvannan Malai". Geologist consider this mountain is older than The Himalayas. The history of Tiruvannamalai can be tracked from B.C 100 Tamil Sangam age. We can also read about Girivalam circumambulation from ancient tamil literature such as Periya puranam, Kandha puranam and Thiru vilaiyadal puranam. The foundation of Arunachala temple has been laid by Chola king Vijalaya Chozan and the contributions has been extended by continuous kingdom and people. Under the Hoysala King Vallalan this town flourished among the spiritual seekers and become famous south Indian spiritual pilgrimage site. Local Deepam festival is world famous, this festival take place every year of Tamil month Karthigai and celebrated for the period of 13 days. The first 3 day of procession take place at Durga Temple and remaining days will be celebrated in Annamalai temple.

This city is full of spiritual ashram built by many holy men and enlightenment gurus. Seshadri Swamigal, Ramana Maharshi and Yogi Ramsuratkumar are some of them who lived attained eternity from Tiruvannamalai. Visitors all around the world travel to this city during the month of November and December.

Temple is an externalized aspect of faith, and it is a place to restore peace and harmony. What great seers have visualized has been made outwardly real in a temple. This temple is safely edifice consecrated to the Lord of Light and other deities, built centuries ago at the foot of the hill to form the seat of worship. The main entrance to the sanctum sanctorum is in the eastern tower, the tallest structure in proportion to the other dimensions of this largest temple forming part of it. The tower rising heavenward is marvelously massive and magnificently majestic one with its imposing structural elegance and inviting architectural excellence and awes people at a distance.

Temple is the world's only social hope and the sole promise of peace and harmony; It purifies the society, and looks at the world with the intention of serving it, and strengthening society spiritually uniting people. The temple stands for the eternal, and the great glory of god where people praise the name of god and sing his glory. The temple offers you something you simply cannot get else where.

The temple town of Tiruvannamalai is one of the most ancient heritage sites of India and is a center of the Saiva religion. The Arunachala hill and its environs have been held in great regard by the Tamils for centuries. The temple is grand in conception and architecture and is rich in tradition, history and festivals.

Kartikai Deepam is known particularly for the Kartikai Deepam festival in the tamil month of Kartikai.

Girivalam path:

OM NAMA SHIVAYA Song

Swami Ayappan, Sabarimala, Kerala, India

2009-12-04T01:54:00.000-08:00

Affiliation: Deva

Abode: Sabarimala

Mantra: Swamiye Saranam Ayyappa

Weapon: Bow and Arrow

Mount: Tiger

Om Shuklaambaradharam Vishnum Shashivarnam Chaturbhujam
Prasanna Vadanam Dhyaayet Sarva Vighnopashaantaye

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Aashyaama Komalavishaalatanum Vichitra
Vaasovasaanam Arunotpala Daamahastam
Uttungaratnamakutam Kutilaagrakesam
Shaastaaram Ishtavaradam Sharanam Prapadhye

Hindu shrines are usually situated near river banks, sea shores or mountain top to help pilgrims meditate and to give a sense of peacefulness. The shrines to be found on hill tops are especially enthralling, not only because of their religious appeal but also due to its approachability.

The hill shrine of Sabarimala and its deity Lord Ayyappan is matchless in Hindu religion and peculiar to the Kerala State in South India. This forest abode of Lord Ayyappan is in the Western Ghats of India.

Lord Ayyappan is a symbol of religious unity and communal harmony. Being born out of Mohini (the female incarnation of Lord Vishnu) and Lord Shiva, he is also known as Bhuthanatha, Dharmasastha, Hariharan, Ayyanar and Manikanta.

There are several temples dedicated to Lord Ayyappan all over India. Among these the important temples along the Western Ghats are: Kulathupuzha - Ayyappan is a child here, Aryyankavu - He is a bachelor here, Achankovil - here he is as Dharmasastha with Poorna and Pushkala (his wives) Sabarimala - here he is a yogi, meditating for the benefit of all.

Sabarimala (Mount Sabari - about 3000 feet above sea level) is the most favourite and significant temple in Kerala. Pilgrimage to this temple symbolises the journey to heaven. The journey of spiritual candidate to Sabarimala is difficult and adventurous. The pilgrims observe severe austerities, wearing rudraksha or tulsi beads strings in the neck and trek up the forest to reach the temple. The feeling of delight and spiritual elevation one gets when devotees have the darshan (when devotee sees) of the deity is remarkable and significant. The magnetic charm is so high, it makes any devotee, who undertakes the yatra (pilgrimage) once, to revisit the shrine every year in quest of spiritual solace.

Sabarimala temple is open to all, irrespective of caste, creed, religion, social status or nationality. The pilgrims undergo 41 days of fast to cleanse the mind. He carries on his head, the holy ghee for the Lord's Abisheka filled in coconut in "Irumudi" (two compartment cloth bag). The temple is open only to males and menopaused females (beyond 50 years of age) and little girls below 10 years of age. This is because the Lord is a chaste yogi in Sabarimala. The male pilgrims are called 'Ayyappan' and the female pilgrims are called 'Malikappuram'.

What is Turbine? Different Types of turbines

2009-12-04T01:21:00.000-08:00

A turbine is a rotary engine that extracts energy from a fluid or air flow and converts it into useful work.

A turbine is any of various rotary machines that convert the kinetic energy in a stream of fluid (gas or liquid) into mechanical energy by passing the stream through a system of fixed and moving fans or blades. Turbines are simple but powerful machines that embody Newton's third law of motion which states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. They are classified according to the driving fluid they use: steam, gas, water, and wind. Today, different types of turbines generate electricity, power ships and submarines, and propel jet aircraft.

Types of turbines

Steam turbines are used for the generation of electricity in thermal power plants, such as plants using coal or fuel oil or nuclear power. They were once used to directly drive mechanical devices such as ships' propellors (eg the Turbinia), but most such applications now use reduction gears or an intermediate electrical step, where the turbine is used to generate electricity, which then powers an electric motor connected to the mechanical load. Turbo electric ship machinery was particularly popular in the period immediately before and during WWII, primarily due to a lack of sufficient gear-cutting facilities in US and UK shipyards.

Gas turbines are sometimes referred to as turbine engines. Such engines usually feature an inlet, fan, compressor, combustor and nozzle (possibly other assemblies) in addition to one or more turbines.
Transonic turbine. The gasflow in most turbines employed in gas turbine engines remains subsonic throughout the expansion process. In a transonic turbine the gasflow becomes supersonic as it exits the nozzle guide vanes, although the downstream velocities normally become subsonic. Transonic turbines operate at a higher pressure ratio than normal but are usually less efficient and uncommon.

Contra-rotating turbines. With axial turbines, some efficiency advantage can be obtained if a downstream turbine rotates in the opposite direction to an upstream unit. However, the complication can be counter-productive. A contra-rotating steam turbine, usually known as the Ljungström turbine, was originally invented by Swedish Engineer Fredrik Ljungström (1875-1964), in Stockholm and in partnership with his brother Birger Ljungström he obtained a patent in 1894. The design is essentially a multi-stage radial turbine (or pair of 'nested' turbine rotors) and met with some success, particularly in marine applications, where its compact size and low weight lent itself well to turbo-electric applications. In this radial arrangement, the overall efficiency is typically less than that of Parsons or de Laval turbines.

Statorless turbine. Multi-stage turbines have a set of static (meaning stationary) inlet guide vanes that direct the gasflow onto the rotating rotor blades. In a statorless turbine the gasflow exiting an upstream rotor impinges onto a downstream rotor without an intermediate set of stator vanes (that rearrange the pressure/velocity energy levels of the flow) being encountered.

Ceramic turbine. Conventional high-pressure turbine blades (and vanes) are made from nickel based alloys and often utilise intricate internal air-cooling passages to prevent the metal from overheating. In recent years, experimental ceramic blades have been manufactured and tested in gas turbines, with a view to increasing Rotor Inlet Temperatures and/or, possibly, eliminating aircooling. Ceramic blades are more brittle than their metallic counterparts, and carry a greater risk of catastrophic blade failure. This has tended to limit their use in jet engines and gas turbines, to the stator (stationary) blades.

Shrouded turbine. Many turbine rotor blades have shrouding at the top, which interlocks with that of adjacent blades, to increase damping and thereby reduce blade flutter. In large land-based electricity generation steam turbines, the shrouding is often complemented, especially in the long blades of a low-pressure turbine, with lacing wires. These are wires which pass through holes drilled in the blades at suitable distances from the blade root and the wires are usually brazed to the blades at the point where they pass through. The lacing wires are designed to reduce blade flutter in the central part of the blades. The introduction of lacing wires substantially reduces the instances of blade failure in large or low-pressure turbines.

Shroudless turbine. Modern practice is, wherever possible, to eliminate the rotor shrouding, thus reducing the centrifugal load on the blade and the cooling requirements.
Bladeless turbine uses the boundary layer effect and not a fluid impinging upon the blades as in a conventional turbine.
Water turbines
- Pelton turbine, a type of impulse water turbine.
- Francis turbine, a type of widely used water turbine.
- Kaplan turbine, a variation of the Francis Turbine.
- Voith, water turbine.
Wind turbine. These normally operate as a single stage without nozzle and interstage guide vanes. An exception is the Éolienne Bollée, which has a stator and a rotor, thus being a true turbine.

Tide Turbine

Information on some major DAM projects

2009-12-04T01:10:00.000-08:00

Bhakra Nangal Project

Bhakra DamBhakra Dam Bhakra Dam is a majestic monument across river Sutlej. Its construction was taken up first after independence, for the uplift and welfare of the people of Northern Region. The construction of this project was started in the year 1948 and was completed in 1963 . It is 740 ft. high above the deepest foundation as straight concrete dam being more than three times the height of Qutab Minar. Bhakra Dam is the highest Concrete Gravity dam in Asia and Second Highest in the world. The water stored at Bhakra has a tremendous potential of generating hydroelectric power. There are two power houses namely Left Bank Power Plant and Right Bank Power Plant. The power houses are connected on either side by underground cable galleries with the switch yard from where transmission lined take off. The Salient features of Bhakra Dam and Power houses are as below.

Bhakra Dam

Total cost of the Project	Rs. 245.28 crore
Type of Dam	Concrete straight gravity
Height above the deepest foundation	225.55 metres (740 feet)
Height above river bed	167.64 metres (550 feet)
Length at top	518.16 metres (1700 feet)
Width at top	9.14 metres (30 feet)
Length at bottom	99 metres (325 feet)
Width at base	190.5 metres (625 feet)
Elevation at top of dam above mean sea level	518.16 metres (1700 feet)
Steel used	101600 tonnes (100000 tons)

Reservoir

Catchment area	56980 Sq. kilometres.
Normal reservoir level	EL. 512.06 meters (EL.1680 feet)
Dead storage level	EL.445.62 meters.
New area irrigated	60 lakh acres.
Area of reservoir.	162.48 sq. kilometres (62.78 sq.miles)
Length of reservoir.	96.56 kilometres.
Live storage capacity at EL.1680 ft.	6911 million cum (5.60 MAF)
Gross storage capacity at EL.1680 ft.	9340 million cum (7.57 MAF)
Dead storage capacity	2430 million cum (1.97 MAF)

Bhakra Power Plant

Number of power houses	2
Installed capacity of left bank power plant	450 MW - 5 units of 90 MW each
Increased capacity of left bank power plant by uprating the machines.	540 MW - 5 units of 108 MW each
Installed capacity of right bank power plant.	600 MW - 5 units of 120 MW each
Increased capacity of right bank power plant	Uprated to 660 MW - 5 units of 132 MW each
Present capacity by further uprating the machines.	735 MW - 3 units of 157 MW each & 2 units of 132 MW each
Planned uprated capacity.	785 MW - 5 units of 157 MW.

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Nangal Dam

Nangal Dam situated about 13 Kms. Downstream of Bhakra Dam, is 29m (95 ft.) high & comprises 26 bays of 9.14m (30 ft.) each. It is designed to pass a flood 9910 cumecs (350000 cusecs) water. Dam diverts the water of river Sutlej into Nangal Hydel Channel & Anandpur Sahib Hydel Channel for power generation and irrigation purpose. Nangal Pond acts as a balancing reservoir to smoothen out the diurnal variation in releases from the Bhakra Power Plants. Nangal Hydel Channel is a lined channel taking off from the left bank of river Sutlej just above the Nangal Dam. The natural fall available along the channel is utilised at Ganguwal and Kotla for generating power. Anandpur Saheb Hydel Channel takes off from nangal Barrage and along the left bank of river Sutlej almost parallel to and on the left side of the Nangal Hydel Channel. It is 33 Kms. Long with a discharging capacity of 10150 Cs. It has two power houses at Ganguwal and at Kotla.

Salient Features

Height	29 meters (95 ft.)
Length	304.8 meters (1000 ft.)
Length of Nangal Hydel Channel	64.5 kilometers (40 miles)
Discharge	354 cumecs (12500 cusecs)
Number of power houses	2
Total installed capacity of each power house.	77 MW (2units of 24 MW each & one unit of 29 MW)
Head of water	28.35 meters (93 ft.)

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Pandoh Dam

Pandoh Dam is a diversion dam of the River Beas at Pandoh situated about 21 Kms. Upstream of town of Mandi in Himachal Pradesh on Mandi Kullu Road. It is a zoned earth-cum-rockfill dam 76.20m(250 ft.)high above the deepest foundation. A chute spillway with flip bucket for maximum design outflow of 350000 cs. has been provided on left abutment. There are five bays in which high pressure top seal type radial gates have been installed for regulating flow of water. Each gate is independently operated by 200 tonnes capacity cylindrical hydraulic hoists.

Salient Features

Type of dam	Earth-cum-rockfill
Height above river bed	61 meters (200 ft.)
Height above deepest foundation	76.2 meters (250 ft.)
Elevation at top of dam	EL.899.16 meters (EL.2950 ft.)
Length at top	255 meters (835 ft.)
Width at base.	268.22 meters (880 ft.)
Width at top	12.19 meters (40 ft.)
Maximum reservoir level	EL.896.42 meters (EL.2941 ft.)
Normal reservoir level	EL.883.92 meters (EL.2900 ft.)
Minimum reservoir level	EL.883.92 meters (EL.2900 ft.)
Gross storage capacity	4100 hectare meters (33240 acre ft.)
Live storage capacity at EL.2941 ft.	1855.98 hectare meters (15.039 acre ft.)
Spillway Type	Orifice type gates chute
Radial gates	5 No. 12m x 13m (39.375 ft. x 42.65 ft.) each
Maximum outflow	9939 cumecs (351000 cusecs)
Crest elevation	EL. 874.78 meters (EL.2870 ft.)

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Pong Dam

Pong Dam was primarily envisaged for meeting the irrigation water requirements of Rajasthan, Punjab and Haryana. But presently, it is being used for power generation too. The Dam is located at Pong across river Beas in Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh. It is the highest earth fill Dam so far constructed in the country. The number of instruments of different types have been embedded in the body of dam to observe its behaviours. Rajasthan draws its maximum share of water from Pong Dam. Five concrete lined tunnels, were constructed for river diversion during construction satge. After serving their function as diversion tunnels two of these tunnels have been converted into outlets for controlled irrigation releases and the other three are used as penstocks. Each penstock tunnel has been provided with an emergency gate, operated from the hoist structures, located at top of the dam. A chute spillway has been provided for passing the flood which is located on the left abutment of the dam. The spillway caters with maximum discharge of 437000 cs. Water is led to ogee shaped crest through an approach channel and controlled by six number radial gates which are operated by electrically driven mechanical hoists with provision for operation by diesel engines in case of power failure. Pong Power Plant is a reinforced concrete framed structure, located in the stilling basin downstream of penstock tunnels . The power plant has an installed capacity of 360 MW having six units of 60 MW each. Uprating of each unit from 60 MW to 66 MW has been planned.

Salient Features

Type of dam	Earth core gravel shell
Elevation at top of dam	EL. 435. 86 metres (EL. 1430 feet)
Free board (above max. RWL)	2.74 metres (9 feet)
Maximum height of dam above deepest foundation level	132.59 metres (435 feet)
Crest length	1950.7 metres (6400 feet)
Width at crest	13.72 metres (45)
Maximum width at base (excluding toe weights)	610 metres (2000 feet)
Catchment area	12560 sq. kilometres (4850 sq. miles)
Normal reservoir level	EL 426.72 meters (EL 1400 feet)
Dead storage level	EL. 384.05 meters (EL.1260 feet)
Gross storage capacity	8570 million cum. (6.95 MAF)
Live storage capacity	7290 million cum (5.91 MAF)
Maximum reservoir depth	97.84 metres (321 feet)
Maximum reservoir level	EL 433.12 metres (EL 1421 feet)
Reservoir length	41.8 kilometres
Type of spillway	Overflow gated chute
Spillway gates	Six radial gates 14.48 m x 12.344m ( 47.5 ft. x 40.5 ft.) each
Crest elevation	416.05 meters (1365 feet)
Penstock heads	3 Nos, each of 7.28 m dia branched into six penstocks of dia 5.025m each
ype of turbine	Vertical shaft, Francis type
Head variation	47.85 meters to 95.1 meters (157 feet to 312 feet)
Installed capacity	60 MW x6 = 360 MW

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Ranjitsagar Dam

Ranjit Sagar Dam (Thein dam) is a gigantic Multipurpose River valley Project constructed on river Ravi, 24 kms. Upstream of Madhopur Headworks. The construction of Ranjit Sagar Dam is a part of the total plan for the utilization of the water of three eastern rivers namely Sutlej, Beas and Ravi for irrigation and Power generation. Ranjit Sagar Dam is located in a gorge section of river Ravi near village. Thein in J&K state, in seismically active zone of Himalayas constituting the Shivalik range. The Project is an embodiment of inter state relationship and co-operation amongst the States of Punjab, J&K and Himachal Pradesh. An inter state agreement between these States was signed in 1979 thereby giving the go-ahead for the execution of the Project.

Unique Features

The Ranjit Sagar Dam is the highest earth core-cum-gravel shell dam in India.
* The Power Plant has the second biggest Hydro-Turbine in India.
* The Project has the largest dia. Penstock in India.
* The foundation gallary under the Rockfill Dam has been provided for the first time in India.

Salient Features Of The Project

Catchment area	6086 sq. km
Reservoir area	87.00 sq. km.
Gross Storage capacity	3280 million cum
Live storage capacity	2344 million cum

Dam Type	Earth core-cum-gravel shell dam
Top level of the Dam	EL 540.00 m
Maximum height of dam	160.00 m.
Length at Top of the dam	617.00 m.
Width at top of the dam	14.00 m
Maximum width at base of the dam	669.2 m
Normal reservoir level	527.91 m.

Clear water-way of spillway	109 m.
Crest level of spillway	EL 511 .7 m.
Maximum outflow	24637 cumecs
Spillway design flood	20678 cumecs

No. of Penstock Headers	2
N0. of Penstock Branches	4
Dia of each Penstock Header	8.5 m.
Dia of each Penstock Branches	5.17 m.

Type of turbines	Vertical Shaft Francis
Maximum net head	121.9 m.
Minimum net head	76.0 m.

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Upper Indravati HE Project (Orissa)

Upper Indravati Hydro Electric Project has gone fully operational during 2001 with the commissioning of Unit No.IV of the 600 MW (150 x 4) Hydro Power Project. Started with World Bank assistance, Upper Indravati Project is considered one of the largest multi-purpose projects in India. Situated in drought prone districts of Kalahandi and Nawarangpur in Orissa, the project also envisages trans-basin diversion of water of river Indravati (Godavari basin) to river Hati (Mahanadi basin).

The project provides irrigation to more than one lakh hectres of land. The Upper Indravati Project envisages diversion of water , of the indravati river in its upper reaches into the Mahanadi valley for power generation and irrigation. The project involves construction of 4 dams across the Indravati and its tributaries 8 dykes and two inter-linking channels to from a single reservoir with a live capacity of 1435.5 Mcum, 4.32 km. tunnel, a power house with installation of 4 units of 150 MW each , 9 km. tail race channel and an irrigation barrage across Hati river with the associated irrigation canals. It is not only one of the largest power stations in the entire region and will play a crucial role in bridging the projected deficit during peak hours.

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Nathpa Jhakri HE Project

Nathpa Jhakri Hydro-electric Project – NJHEP, is located in the state of Himachal Pradesh, on the downstream of Wangtoo Bridge and derives its name from the names of two villages in the Project vicinity - Nathpa in district Kinnaur and Jhakri in district Shimla - in the interiors of Himachal Pradesh. The Project was conceived as a run-of-river type hydro power development, harnessing hydro-electric potential of the middle reaches of the river Sutlej, one of the principal tributaries of the river Indus, in the south west Himalayas. The Project's Dam has been constructed near village Nathpa and its Power House has been constructed on the left bank of the river Satluj at village Jhakri. The power house site is about 150 km from Shimla. The Project stretches over a length of about 50 kms. from the Dam site to the Power House site, on the Hindustan-Tibet Road (NH-22), which also connects the rail head to the Project. Salient Features The project with an installed capacity of 1500 MW ( 6 X 250 MW ), envisaged construction of the following major components :

* A 62.50 m. high concrete Dam on Satluj river at Nathpa to divert 486 cumecs of water through four Intakes.
* An underground De-silting Complex, comprising four chambers, each 525 m. long, 16.31 m. wide and 27.5 m. deep, which is one of the largest underground complex for the generation of hydro - power in the World.
* A 10.15 dia. and 27.394 km. long Head Race Tunnel, which is one of the longest hydro power tunnels in the World, terminating in a 21.60 m / 10.20 m dia and 301m deep Surge Shaft.
* Three circular steel lined Pressure Shafts, each of 4.90 m dia and 571 m to 622 m length, each bifurcating into two near the Power House, to feed six generating units.
* An underground Power House with a cavern size of 222 m x 20 m x 49 m having six Francis Turbine Units of 250 MW each, to utilize a design discharge of 405 cumecs and a design head of 428 m.
* 6 nos. vertical axis Francis turbines Generating Units, each of 250 MW, with the total installed capacity as 1500 MW.
* A 10.15 m dia and 982 m long Tail Race Tunnel to discharge the water back into the river Satluj.
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Sardar Sarovar

The Sardar Sarovar dam is a concrete gravity dam, 1210 meters (3970 feet) in length and with a maximum height of 163 meters above the deepest foundation level, is under construction across river Narmada. The dam will be the third highest concrete dam (163 meters) in India, the first two being Bhakra (226 metres) in Himachal Pradesh and Lakhwar (192 meters) in Uttar Pradesh. In terms of the volume of concrete involved for gravity dams, this dam will be ranking as the second largest in the world with an aggregate volume of 6.82 million cu.m. only behind Grand Coule Dam in USA with a total volume of 8.0 million cu.m. This dam with its spillway discharging capacity of 87,000 cumecs (30.70 lac), will be the third in the world after Gazenba (1.13 lac cumecs) in China and Tucurri (1.0 lac cumecs) in Brazil.

Canals:

Narmada Main Canal, which is a contour canal, is the biggest lined irrigation canal in the world. It is about 458 km. long up to Gujarat -Rajasthan border having discharging capacity 1133 cumecs (40000 cusecs) at its head tapering to 95.70 cumecs (3375 cusecs) at the Gujarat -Rajasthan border. The canal extends further in Rajasthan to irrigate areas in Barmer and Jhalore districts of Rajasthan. The cross section of the canal at its head is 73.1m x 7.6m (Bed width x Full supply depth) with 2:1 inner side slope having canal velocity at head as 1.69 m/sec. The entire length of the Main Canal is proposed to be lined with in-situ plain cement concrete to minimize seepage losses, to allow higher velocities and control water logging problems in future. In all, there are 593 Structures on the Narmada Main canal. Out of this 320 structures are cross drainage structures, comprising of 5 Aqueducts, 15 canal syphons, 177 drainage syphons, 26 canal crossing and one super passage. There are 96 Regulating structures comprising of 1 Main HR, 44 Branch HR, 38 Cross Regulators and 13 Escapes. There are total 273 nos. of Road Bridge including national Highway, State Highway, MDRB, ODRB, VRB, and UVRB etc. Narmada Main Canal as on today is almost completed up to 357 km. and water has flown through it.

Power Houses

There are two power houses for the Sardar Sarovar Project (SSP). (i) 1200 MW River Bed Power House (RBPH) and (ii) 250 MW Canal Head Power House (CHPH). Power benefits are shared among Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat in the ratio of 57:27:16 respectively. The RBPH is an under ground power house stationed on the right bank of the river located about 165 meters downstream of the dam. It has six number of Francis type reversible turbine generators each of 200 MW installed capacity. These units can operate at minimum reservoir water level of 110.64 meters. The generation of power depends upon inflow of water from upstream projects and need of water for irrigation in Gujarat. The CHPH is a surface power station in a saddle dam on right bank of the reservoir having total installed capacity of 250 MW (5 x 50 MW). These five units have been commissioned in a phased manner during Aug-04 to Dec-04. These units can be operated with minimum reservoir water level of 110.18 meters. The CHPH is being operated in consultation and as per advice of NCA/WREB based on irrigation requirement of Gujarat/Rajasthan and availability of water in reservoir and release from upstream project of Madhya Pradesh.

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IPC Sections

2009-12-01T20:36:00.000-08:00

Section Particulars
1 Title and extent of operation of the Code
2 Punishment of offences committed within India
3. Punishment of offences committed beyond, but which by law may be tried within, India
4. Extension of Code to extra-territorial offences.
5. Certain laws not to be affected by this Act.
6. Definitions in the Code to be understood subject to exceptions
7. Sense of expression once explained
8. Gender
9. Number
10. Man, Woman
11. Person
12. Public
13. Queen
14. Servant of Government
15. British India
16. Government of India
17. Government
18. India
19. Judge
20. Court of Justice
21. Public Servant
22. Moveable property
23. Wrongful gain
24. Dishonestly
25. Fraudulently
26. Reason to believe
27. Property in possession of wife, clerk or servant
28. Counterfeit
29. Document
29A. Electronic record
30. Valuable security
31. A will
32. Words referring to acts include illegal omissions
33. Act Omission
34. Acts done by several persons in furtherance of common intention
35. When such an act is criminal by reason of its being done with a criminal knowledge or intention
36. Effect caused partly by act and partly by omission
37. Co-operation by doing one of several acts constituting an offence
38. Persons concerned in criminal act may be guilty of different offences
39. Voluntarily
40. Offence
41. Special law
42. Local law
43. Illegal, Legally bound to do
44. Injury
45. Life
46. Death
47. Animal
48. Vessel
49. Year, Month
50. Section
51. Oath
52. Good faith
52A. Harbour
53. Punishment
53A. Construction of reference to transportation
54. Commutation of sentence of death
55. Commutation of sentence of imprisonment for life
55A. Definition of appropriate Government
56. Sentence of Europeans and Americans to penal servitude. Proviso as to sentence for term exceeding ten years but not for life
57. Fractions of terms of punishment
58. Offenders sentenced to transportation how dealt with until transported
59. Transportation instead of imprisonment.
60. Sentence may be (in certain cases of imprisonment) wholly or partly rigorous or simple
61. Sentence of forfeiture of property
62. Forfeiture of property, in respect of offenders punishable with death, transportation or imprisonment
63. Amount of fine
64. Sentence of imprisonment for non-payment of fine
65. Limit to imprisonment for non-payment of fine, when imprisonment and fine awardable
66. Description of imprisonment for non-payment of fine
67. Imprisonment for non-payment of fine when offence punishable with fine only
68. Imprisonment to terminate on payment of fine
69. Termination of imprisonment on payment of proportional part of fine
70. Fine levied within six years, or during imprisonment- Death not to discharge property from liability
71. Limit of punishment of offence made up of several offences
72. Punishment of person guilty of one of several offences, the judgment stating that it is doubtful of which
73. Solitary confinement
74. Limit of solitary confinement
75. Enhanced punishment for certain offences under Chapter XII or Chapter XVII after previous conviction
76. Act done by a person bound, or by mistake of fact believing himself bound, by law
77. Act of Judge when acting judicially
78. Act done pursuant to the judgment or order of Court
79. Act done by a person justified, or by mistake of fact believing himself justified, by law
80. Accident in doing a lawful act
81. Act likely to cause harm, but done without criminal intent, and to prevent other harm
82. Act of a child under seven years of age
83. Act of a child above seven and under twelve of immature understanding
84. Act of a person of unsound mind
85. Act of a person incapable of judgment by reason of intoxication caused against his will
86. Offence requiring a particular intent of knowledge committed by one who is intoxicated
87. Act not intended and not known to be likely to cause death or grievous hurt, done by consent
88. Act not intended to cause death, done by consent in good faith for person's benefit
89. Act done in good faith for benefit of child or insane person, by or by consent of guardian
90. Consent known to be given under fear or misconception
91. Exclusion of acts which are offences independently of harm caused
92. Act done in good faith for benefit of a person without consent
93. Communication made in good faith
94. Act to which a person is compelled by threats
95. Act causing slight harm
96. Things done in private defence
97. Right of private defence of the body and of property
98. Right of private defence against the act of a person of unsound mind, etc.
99. Act against which there is no right of private defence
100. When the right of private defence of the body extends to causing death
101. When such right extends to causing any harm other than death
102. Commencement and continuance of the right of private defence of the body
103. When the right of private defence of property extends to causing death
104. When such right extends to causing any harm other than death
105. Commencement and continuance of the right of private defence of property
106. Right of private defence against deadly assault when there is risk of harm to innocent person
107. Abetment of a thing
108. Abettor
108A. Abetment in India of offences outside India
109. Punishment of abetment if the act abetted is committed in consequence, and where no express provision is made for its punishment
110. Punishment of abetment if person abetted does act with different intention from that of abettor
111. Liability of abettor when one act abetted and different act done
112. Abettor when liable to cumulative punishment for act abetted and for act doness
113. Liability of abettor for an effect caused by the act abetted different from that intended by the abettor
114. Abettor present when offence is committed
115. Abetment of offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life-if offence not committed
116. Abetment of offence punishable with imprisonment-if offence be not committed
117. Abetting commission of offence by the public or by more than ten persons
118. Concealing design to commit offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life
119. Public servant concealing design to commit offence which it is his duty to prevent
120. Concealing design to commit offence punishable with imprisonment
120A. Definition of criminal conspiracy
120B. Punishment of criminal conspiracy
121. Waging, or attempting to wage war, or abetting waging of war, against the Government of India
121A. Conspiracy to commit offences punishable by section 121
122. Collecting arms, etc., with intention of waging war against the Government of India
123. Concealing with intent to facilitate design to wage war
124. Assaulting President, Governor, etc., with intent to compel or restrain the exercise of any lawful power
124A. Sedition
125. Waging war against any Asiatic Power in alliance with the Government of India
126. Committing depredation on territories of Power at peace with the Government of India
127. Receiving Property taken by war on depredation mention in Sections 125 and 126
128. Public servant voluntary allowing prisoner of State or war to escape
129. Public servant negligently suffering such prisoner to escape
130. Aiding escape of, rescuing or harbouring such prisoner
131. Abetting mutiny, or attempting to seduce a soldier, sailor or airman from his duty
132. Abetment of mutiny, if mutiny is committed in consequence thereof
133. Abetment of assault by soldier, sailor or airman on his superior officer, when in execution of his office
134. Abetment of such assault, if the assault is committed
135. Abetment of desertion of soldier, sailor or airman
136. Harbouring deserter
137. Deserter concealed on board merchant vessel through negligence of master
138. Abetment of act of insubordination by soldier, sailor or airman
138A Application of foregoing sections to the Indian Marine Service
139. Persons subject to certain Acts
140. Wearing garb or carrying token used by soldier, sailor or airman
141. Unlawful assembly
142. Being member of unlawful assembly
143. Punishment
144. Joining unlawful assembly armed with deadly weapon
145. Joining or continuing in unlawful assembly, knowing it has been commanded to disperse
146. Rioting
147. Punishment for rioting
148. Rioting, armed with deadly weapon
149. Every member of unlawful assembly guilty of offence committed in prosecution of common object
150. Hiring, or conniving at hiring, of persons to join unlawful assembly
151. Knowingly joining or continuing in assembly of five or more persons after it has been commanded to disperse
152. Assaulting or obstructing public servant when suppressing riot, etc.
153. Wantonly giving provocation with intent to cause riot-if rioting be committed-if not committed
153A. Promoting enmity between different groups on grounds of religion, race, place of birth, residence, language, etc., and doing acts prejudicial to maintenance of harmony
153B. Imputations, assertions prejudicial to national-integration
154. Owner or occupier of land on which an unlawful assembly is held
155. Liability of person for whose benefit riot is committed
156. Liability of agent of owner of occupier for whose benefit riot is committed
157. Harbouring persons hired for an unlawful assembly
158. Being hired to take part in an unlawful assembly or riot
159. Affray
160. Punishment for committing affray
161-165A. Repealed
166. Public servant disobeying law, with intent to cause injury to any person
167. Public servant farming an incorrect document with intent to cause injury
168. Public servant unlawfully engaging in trade
169. Public servant unlawfully buying or bidding for property
170. Personating a public servant
171. Wearing grab or carrying token used by public servant with fraudulent intent
171A. Candidate, Electoral right defined
171B. Bribery
171C. Undue influence at elections
171D. Personation at elections
171E. Punishment for bribery
171F. Punishment for undue influence or personation at an election
171G. False statement in connection with an election
171H. Illegal payments in connection with an election
171I. Failure to keep election accounts
172. Absconding to avoid service of summons or other proceeding
173. Preventing service of summons or other proceeding, or preventing publication thereof
174. Non-attendance in obedience to an order form public servant
175. Omission to produce to document or electronic record to public servant by person legally bound to produce it.
176. Omission to give notice or information to public servant by person legally bound to give it
177. Furnishing false information
178. Refusing oath or affirmation when duly required by public servant to make it
179. Refusing to answer public servant authorized to question
180. Refusing to sign statement
181. False statement on oath or affirmation to public servant or person authorized to administer an oath or affirmation
182. False information, with intent to cause public servant to use his lawful power to the injury of another person
183. Resistance to the taking of property by the lawful authority of a public servant
184. Obstructing sale of property offered for sale by authority of public servant
185. Illegal purchase or bid for property offered for sale by authority of public servan
186. Obstructing public servant in discharge of public functions
187. Omission to assist public servant when bound by law to give assistance
188. Disobedience to order duly promulgated by public servant
189. Threat of injury to public servant
190. Threat of injury to induce person to refrain from applying for protection to public servant
191. Giving false evidence
192. Fabricating false evidence
193. Punishment for false evidence
194. Giving or fabricating false evidence with intent to procure conviction of capital offence
195. Giving or fabricating false evidence with intent to procure conviction of offence punishable with imprisonment for life or imprisonment
196. Using evidence known to be false
197. Issuing or signing false certificate
198. Using as true a certificate known to be false
199. False statement made in declaration which is by law receivable as evidence
200. Using as true such declaration knowing it to be false
201. Causing disappearance of evidence of offence, or giving false information to screen offender
202. Intentional omission to give information of offence by person bound to inform
203. Giving false information respecting an offence committed
204. Destruction of document or electronic record to prevent its production as sevidence
205. False personation for purpose of act or proceeding in suit or prosecution
206. Fraudulent removal or concealment of property to prevent its seizure as forfeited or in execution
207. Fraudulent claim to property to prevent its seizure as forfeited or in execution
208. Fraudulently suffering decree for sum not due
209. Dishonestly making false claim in Court
210. Fraudulently obtaining decree for sum not due
211. False charge of offence made with intent to injure
212. Hrbouring offender
213. Taking gift, etc., to screen an offender from punishment
214. Offering gift or restoration of property in consideration of screening offender
215. Taking gift to help to recover stolen property, etc.
216. Harbouring offender who has escaped from custody or whose apprehension has been ordered
216A. Penalty for harbouring robbers or dacoits
216B. Definition of "harbour" in sections 212, 216 and 216A
217. Public servant disobeying direction of law with intent to save person from punishment or property from forfeiture
218. Public servant framing incorrect record or writing with intent to save person from punishment or property from forfeiture
219. Public servant in judicial proceeding corruptly making report, etc., contrary to law
220. Commitment for trial or confinement by person having authority who knows that he is acting contrary to law
221. Intentional omission to apprehend on the part of public servant bound to apprehend
222. Intentional omission to apprehend on the part of public servant bound to apprehend person under sentence or lawfully committed
223. Escape from confinement or custody negligently suffered by public servant
224. Resistance or obstruction by a person to his lawful apprehension
225. Resistance or obstruction to lawful apprehension of another person
225.A Omission to apprehend, or sufferance of escape on part of public servant in cases not otherwise, provided for
225.B Resistant or obstruction to lawful apprehension, or rescue in cases not otherwise provided for
226. Unlawful return from transportation
227. Violation of condition of remission of punishment
228. Intentional insult or interruption to public servant sitting in judicial proceeding
228A. Disclosure of identity of the victim of certain offences etc
229. Personation of a juror or assessor
230. Coin defined
231. Counterfeiting coin
232. Counterfeiting Indian coin
233. Making or selling instrument for counterfeiting coin
234. Making or selling instrument for counterfeiting Indian coin
235. Possession of instrument, or material for the purpose of using the same for counterfeiting coin
236. Abetting in India the counterfeiting out of India of coin
237. Import or export of counterfeit coin
238. Import or export of counterfeits of the India coin
239. Delivery of coin, possessed with knowledge that it is counterfeit
240. Delivery of Indian coin, possessed with knowledge that it is counterfeit
241. Delivery of coin as genuine, which, when first possessed, the deliverer did not know to be counterfeit
242. Possession of counterfeit coin by person who knew it to be counterfeit when he became possess thereof
243. Possession of Indian coin by person who knew it to be counterfeit when he became possessed thereof
244. Person employed in mint causing coin to be of different weight or composition from that fixed by law
245. Unlawfully taking coining instrument from mint
246. Fraudulently or dishonestly diminishing weight or altering composition of coin
247. Fraudulently or dishonestly diminishing weight or altering composition of Indian coin
248. Altering appearance of coin with intent that it shall pass as coin of different description
249. Altering appearance of India coin with intent that it shall pass as coin of different description
250. Delivery of coin, possessed with knowledge that it is altered
251. Delivery of Indian coin, possessed with knowledge that it is altered
252. Possession of coin by person who knew it to be altered when he became possessed thereof
253. Possession of Indian coin by person who knew it to be altered when he became possessed thereof
254. Delivery of coin as genuine, which, when first possess, the deliverer did not know to be altered
255. Counterfeiting Government stamp
256. Having possession of instrument or material for counterfeiting Government stamp
257. Making or selling instrument for counterfeiting Government stamp
258. Sale of counterfeit Government stamp
259. Having possession of counterfeit Government stamp
260. Using as genuine a Government stamp known to be a counterfeit
261. Effacing, writing from substance bearing Government stamp, or removing from document a stamp used for it, with intent to cause loss to Government
262. Using Government stamp known to have been before used
263. Erasure of mark denoting that stamp has been used
263A. Prohibition of fictitious stamps
264. Fraudulent use of false instrument for weighing
265. Fraudulent use of false weight or measure
266. Being in possession of false weight or measure
267. Making or selling false weight or measure
268. Public nuisance
269. Negligent act likely to spread infection of disease dangerous to life
270. Malignant act likely to spread infection of disease dangerous to life
271. Disobedience to quarantine rule
272. Adulteration of food or drink intended for sale
273. Sale of noxious food or drink
274. Adulteration of drugs
275. Sale of adulterated drugs
276. Sale of drug as a different drug or preparation
277. Fouling water of public spring or reservoir
278. Making atmosphere noxious to health
279. Rash driving or riding on a public way
280. Rash navigation of vessel
281. Exhibition of false light, mark or buoy
282. Conveying person by water for hire in unsafe or overloaded vessel
283. Danger or obstruction in public way or line of navigation
284. Negligent conduct with respect to poisonous substance
285. Negligent conduct with respect to fire or combustible matter
286. Negligent conduct with respect to explosive substance
287. Negligent conduct with respect to machinery
288. Negligent conduct with respect to pulling down or repairing buildings
289. Negligent conduct with respect to animal
290. Punishment for public nuisance in cases not otherwise provided for
291. Continuance of nuisance after injunction to discontinue
292. Sale, etc., or obscene books, etc.
292A. Printing etc. of grossly indecent or scurrilous matter or matter intended for blackmail
293. Sale, etc., of obscene objects to young person
294. Obscene acts and songs
294A. Keeping lottery office
295. Injuring or defiling place of worship with intent to insult the religion of any class
295A. Deliberate and malicious acts, intended to outrage religious feelings or any class by insulting its religion or religious beliefs
296 Disturbing religious assembly
297. Trespassing on burial places, etc.
298. Uttering, words, etc., with deliberate intent to wound the religious feelings of any person
299. Culpable homicide
300. Murder
301. Culpable homicide by causing death of person other than person whose death was intended
302. Punishment for murder
303. Punishment for murder by life-convict
304. Punishment for culpable homicide not amounting to murder
304A. Causing death by negligence
304B. Dowery death
305. Abetment of suicide of child or insane person
306. Abetment of suicide
307. Attempt to murder
308. Attempt to commit culpable homicide
309. Attempt to commit suicide
310. Thug
311. Punishment
312. Causing miscarriage
313. Causing miscarriage without woman's consent
314. Death caused by act done with intent to cause miscarriage-
315. Act done with intent to prevent child being born alive or to cause it to die after birth
316. Causing death of quick unborn child by act amounting to culpable homicide
317. Exposure and abandonment of child under twelve years, by parent or person having care of it.
318. Concealment of birth by secret disposal of dead body.
319. Hurt.
320. Grievous hurt.
321. Voluntarily causing hurt.
322. Voluntarily causing grievous hurt.
323. Punishment for voluntarily causing hurt
324. Voluntarily causing hurt by dangerous weapons or means
325. Punishment for voluntarily causing grievous hurt
326. Voluntarily causing grievous hurt by dangerous weapons or means
327. Voluntarily causing hurt to extort property, or to constrain to an illegal act
328. Causing hurt by means of poison, etc. with intent to commit an offence
329. Voluntarily causing grievous hurt to extort property, or to constrain to an illegal act
330. Voluntarily causing hurt to extort confession, or to compel restoration of property
331. Voluntarily causing grievous hurt to extort confession, or to compel restoration of property
332. Voluntarily causing hurt to deter public servant from his duty
333. Voluntarily causing grievous hurt to deter public servant from his duty
334. Voluntarily causing hurt on provocation
335. Voluntarily causing grievous hurt on provocation: -
336. Act endangering life or personal safety of others
337. Causing hurt by act endangering life or personal safety of others
338. Causing grievous hurt by act endangering life or personal safety of others
339. Wrongful restraint
340. Wrongful confinement.
341. Punishment for wrongful restraint
342. Punishment for wrongful Confinement
343. Wrongful confinement for three or more days
344. Wrongful confinement for ten or more days
345. Wrongful confinement of person for whose liberation writ has been issued
346. Wrongful confinement in secret
347. Wrongful confinement to extort property, or constrain to illegal act
348. Wrongful confinement to extort confession, or compel restoration of property
349. Force
350. Criminal force
351. Assault
352. Punishment for assault or criminal force otherwise than on grave provocation
353. Assault or criminal force to deter public servant from discharge of his duty
354. Assault or criminal force to woman with intent to outrage her modesty
355. Assault or criminal force with intent to dishonour person, otherwise than on grave provocation
356. Assault or criminal force in attempt to commit theft of property carried by a person
357. Assault or criminal force in attempt wrongfully to confine a person
358. Assault or criminal force on grave provocation
359. Kidnapping
360. Kidnapping from India
361. Kidnapping from lawful guardianship
362. Abduction
363. Punishment for kidnapping
363A. Kidnapping or maiming a minor for purposes of begging
364. Kidnapping or abducting in order to murder
364A. Kidnapping for ransom, etc.
365. Kidnapping or abducting with intent secretly and wrongfully to confine person
366. Kidnapping, abducting or inducing woman to compel her marriage, etc.
366A. Procreation of minor girl
366B. Importation of girl from foreign country
367. Kidnapping or abducting in order to subject person to grievous hurt, slavery, etc.
368. Wrongfully concealing or keeping in confinement, kidnapped or abducted person
369. Kidnapping or abducting child under ten years with intent to steal from its person
370. Buying or disposing of any person as slave
371. Habitual dealing in slave
372. Selling minor for purposes of prostitution, etc.
373. Buying minor for purposes of prostitution, etc.
374. Unlawful compulsory labour
375. Rape
376. Punishment for rape
376A. Intercourse by a man with his wife during separation
376B. Intercourse by public servant with woman is his custody
376C. Intercourse by superintendent of jail, remand home, etc.
376D. Intercourse by any member of the management or staff of a hospital with any woman in that hospital
377. Unnatural offences
378. Theft
379. Punishment for theft
380. Theft in dwelling house, etc.
381. Theft by clerk or servant of property in possession of master
382. Theft after preparation made for causing death, hurt or restraint in order to the committing of the theft
383 Extortion
384. Punishment for extortion
385. Putting person in fear of injury in order to commit extortion
386. Extortion by putting a person in fear of death or grievous hurt
387. Putting person in fear of death or of grievous hurt, in order to commit extortion
388. Extortion by threat of accusation of an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life, etc.
389. Putting person in fear of accusation of offence, in order to commit extortion
390. Robbery
391. Dacoity
392. Punishment for robbery
393. Attempt to commit robbery
394. Voluntarily causing hurt in committing robbery
395. Punishment for dacoity
396. Dacoity with murder
397. Robbery, or dacoity, with attempt to cause death or grievous hurt
398. Attempt to commit robbery or dacoity when armed with deadly weapon
399. Making preparation to commit dacoity
400. Punishment for belonging to gang of dacoits
401. Punishment for belonging to gang of thieves
402. Assembling for purpose of committing dacoity
403. Dishonest misappropriation of property
404. Dishonest misappropriation of property possessed by deceased person at the time of his death
405. Criminal breach of trust
406. Punishment for criminal breach of trust
407. Criminal breach of trust by carrier, etc.
408. Criminal breach of trust by clerk or servant
409. Criminal breach of trust by public servant, or by banker, merchant or agent
410. Stolen Property
411. Dishonestly receiving stolen property
412. Dishonestly receiving property stolen in the commission of a dacoity
413. Habitually dealing in stolen property
414. Assisting in concealment of stolen property
415. Cheating
416. Cheating by personation
417. Punishment for cheating
418. Cheating with knowledge that wrongful loss may ensue to person whose interest offender is bound to protect
419. Punishment for cheating by personation
420. Cheating and dishonestly inducing delivery of property
421. Dishonest or fraudulent removal or concealment of property to prevent distribution among creditors
422. Dishonestly or fraudulently preventing debt being available for creditors
423. Dishonest or fraudulent execution of deed of transfer containing false statement of consideration
424. Dishonest or fraudulent removal or concealment of property
425. Mischief
426. Punished for mischief
427. Mischief causing damage to the amount of fifty rupees
428. Mischief by killing or maiming animal of the value of ten rupees
429. Mischief by killing or maiming cattle, etc., of any value or any animal of the value of fifty rupees
430. Mischief by injury to works of irrigation or by wrongfully diverting water
431. Mischief by injury to public road, bridge, river or channel
432. Mischief by causing inundation or obstruction to public drainage attended with damage
433. Mischief by destroying, moving or rendering less useful a light-house or sea-mark
434. Mischief by destroying or moving, etc., a land- mark fixed by public authority
435. Mischief by destroying or moving, etc., a land- mark fixed by public authority Mischief by fire or explosive substance with intent to cause damage to amount of one hundred or (in case of agricultural produce) ten rupees
436. Mischief by fire or explosive substance with intent to destroy house, etc.
437. Mischief with intent to destroy or make unsafe a decked vessel or one of twenty tons burden
438. Punishment for the mischief described in section 437 committed by fire or explosive substance
439. Punishment for intentionally running vessel agground or ashore with intent to commit theft, etc.
440. Mischief committed after preparation made for causing death or hurt
441. Criminal trespass
442. House trespass
443. Lurking house-trespass
444. Lurking house-trespass by night
445. Housing breaking
446. House-breaking by night
447. Punishment for criminal trespass
448. Punishment for house-trespass
449. House-trespass in order to commit offence punishable with death
450. House-trespass in order to commit offence punishable with imprisonment for life
451. House-trespass in order to commit offence punishable with imprisonment
452. House-trespass after preparation for hurt, assault or wrongful restraint
453. Punishment for lurking house-trespass or house-breaking
454. Lurking house-trespass or house-breaking in order to commit offence punishable with imprisonment
455. Lurking house-trespass or house-breaking after preparation for hurt, assault or wrongful restraint
456 Punishment for lurking house-trespass or house-breaking by night
457. Lurking house trespass or house-breaking by night in order to commit offence punishable with imprisonment
458. Lurking house-trespass or house-breaking by night after preparation for hurt, assault, or wrongful restraint
459. Grievous hurt caused whilst committing lurking house trespass or house-breaking
460. All persons jointly concerned in lurking house-trespass or house-breaking by night punishable where death or grievous hurt caused by one of them
461. Dishonestly breaking open receptacle containing property
462. Punishment for same offence when committed by person entrusted with custody
463. Forgery
464. Making a false document
465 Punishment for forgery
466. Forgery of record of court or of public register, etc.
467. Forgery of valuable security, will, etc.
468. Forgery for purpose of cheating
469. Forgery for purpose of harming reputation
470. Forged document or electronic record
471. Using as genuine a forged document or electronic record
472. Making or possessing counterfeit seal, etc., with intent to commit forgery punishable under section 467
473. Making or possessing counterfeit seal, etc., with intent to commit forgery punishable otherwise
474. Having possession of document described in Section 466 or 467, knowing it to be forged and intending to use it as genuine
475. Counterfeiting device or mark used for authenticating documents described in Section 467, or possessing counterfeit marked material
476. Counterfeiting device or mark used for authenticating documents or electronic record other than those described in Section 467, or possessing counterfeit marked material
477. Fraudulent cancellation, destruction, etc., of will, authority to adopt, or valuable security
477A. Falsification of accounts
478. Trade marks
479. Property mark
480. Using a false trade mark
481. Using a false property mark
482. Punishment for using a false property mark
483. Counterfeiting a property mark used by another
484. Counterfeiting a mark used by a public servant
485. Making or possession of any instrument for counterfeiting a property mark
486. Selling goods marked with a counterfeit property mark
487. Making a false mark upon any receptacle containing goods
488. Punishment for making use of any such false mark
489. Tempering with property mark with intent to cause injury
489A. Counterfeiting currency-notes or bank-notes
489B. Using as genuine, forged or counterfeit currency-notes or bank-notes
489C. Possession of forged or counterfeit currency-notes or bank-notes
489D. Making or possessing instruments or materials for forgoing or counterfeiting currency-notes or bank-notes
489E. Making or using documents resembling currency-notes or bank-notes
490. Breach of contract of service during voyage or journey
491. Breach of contract to attend on and supply wants of helpless person
492. Breach of contract to serve at distant place to which servant is conveyed at master's expense
493. Cohabitation caused by a man deceitfully inducing a belief of lawful marriage
494. Marrying again during lifetime of husband or wife
495. Same offence with concealment of former marriage from person with whom subsequent marriage is contracted
496. Marriage ceremony fraudulently gone through without lawful marriage
497. Adultery
498. Enticing or taking away or detaining with criminal intent a married woman
498A. Husband or relative of husband of a woman subjecting her to cruelty
499. Defamation
500. Punishment for defamation
501. Printing or engraving matter known to be defamatory
502. Sale of printed or engraved substance containing defamatory matter
503. Criminal intimidation
504. Intentional insult with intent to provoke breach of the peace
505. Statements conducing to public mischief
506. Punishment for criminal intimidation
507. Criminal intimidation by an anonymous communication
508. Act caused by inducing person to believe that he will be rendered an object of the Divine displeasure
509. Word, gesture or act intended to insult the modesty of a woman
510. Misconduct in public by a drunken person
511. Punishment for attempting to commit offences punishable with imprisonment for life or other imprisonment

International Mobile Identity Number

2009-12-01T03:21:00.000-08:00

> Dear All,
>
> Now-a-days each one of us use Mobile devices and
> always fear that it may be stolen.
>
>
> Each mobile carries a unique IMEI i..e.
> International Mobile Identity Number which can be used to
> track your mobile anywhere in the
> world.
>
>
> This is how it works!!!!!!
>
> 1.Dial *#06# from your mobile.
>
> 2.Your mobile shows a unique 15 digit serial number.
>

3. Note down this number somewhere except your mobile as this is the number which will help you trace your mobile
> in case of a theft.
>
> 4.Once stolen you just have to mail this 15 digit IMEI number to cop@vsnl.net
>
>
> 5.No need to go to police.
>
>
> 6.Your Mobile will be traced within next 24 hrs via complex system of GPRS and internet.
>
> 7.You will find where your hand set is being operated even in case your number is changed.
>
>
> PASS ON THIS VERY IMPORTANT MESSAGE TO ALL YOUR
> FRIENDS AND RELATIVES.
>

Fascinating and astonishing facts of life & nature

2009-12-01T03:17:00.000-08:00

ASTONISHING FACTS

Longest english word
Praetertranssubstantiationalistically --> has 37 letters.

Book without letter 'e'
Gadfy, written by Earnest Wright in 1939 is a 50,000+ word book, which doesn't contain a single word with ' e' in it

Word without vowel
Rhythm

Organ of body which has no sensation when cut
Brain

Only animal & reptile which sheds tear while eating
Crocodile

No of Alphabets, which SOUND AS WORDS:
B Bee
C Sea
G Zee
I Eye
Q Queue
R Are
S Yes
T Tea
U You
Y Why

_____

WHAT ARE THEY ?

Q) If we say 'MUMMY', they come together & go apart when we say 'DADDY'?
(A) LIPS

(Q) What goes up & never comes down?
(A) AGE

(Q) Patches over patches but no stitches?
(A) CABBAGE

(Q) What is that we cannot see, but is always before you?
(A) FUTURE

(Q) What goes up & down a hill, but never moves?
(A) ROAD

(Q) You can never wet it?
(A) SHADOW

(Q) What belongs to to You, but used by your friends more often you do?
(A) YOUR NAME

_____

FASCINATING ANIMALS, BIRDS, TREES

SNAILS have 14175 teeth laid along 135 rows on their tounge.

A BUTTERFLY has 12,000 eyes.

DOLPHINS sleep with 1 eye open.

A BLUE WHALE can eat as much as 3 tonnes of food everyday, but at the same time can live without food for 6 months.

The EARTH has over 12,00,000 species of animals, 3,00,000 species of plants & 1,00,000 other species.

The fierce DINOSAUR was TRYNOSAURS which has sixty long & sharp teeth, used to attack & eat other dinosaurs.

DIMETRODON was a mammal like REPTILE with a snail on its back. This acted as a radiator to cool the body of the animal.

CASSOWARY is one of the dangerous BIRD, that can kill a man or animal by tearing off with its dagger like claw.

The SWAN has over 25,000 feathers in its body.

OSTRICH eats pebbles to help digestion by grinding up the ingested food.

POLAR BEAR can look clumsy & slow but during chase on ice, can reach 25 miles / hr of speed.

KIWIS are the only birds, which hunt by sense of smell.

ELEPHANT teeth can weigh as much as 9 pounds.

OWL is the only bird, which can rotate its head to 270 degrees.

_____

IN 24 HOURS AVERAGE HUMAN

IN 24 HOURS AVERAGE HUMAN:

HEART beats 1,03,689 times.

LUNGS respire 23,045 times.

BLOOD flows 16,80,000 miles.

NAILS grow 0.00007 inches

HAIR grows 0.01715 inches

Take 2.9 pounds WATER (including all liquids)

Take of 3.25 pounds FOOD.

Breathe 438 cubic feet AIR.

Lose 85.60, BODY TEMPERATURE.

Produce 1.43 pints SWEAT.

Speak 4,800 WORDS.

During SLEEP move 25.4 times

DANGEROUS LYRICS

2009-11-30T21:34:00.000-08:00

The way she came into the palce
I knew right then and there
There was something different
About this girl

The way she moved
Her hair, her face, her lines
Divinity in motion

As she stalked the room
I could feel the aura
Of her presence
Every head turned
Feeling passion and lust

The girl was persuasive
The girl I could not trust
The girl was bad
The girl was dangerous

I never knew but I was
Walking the line
Come go with me
I said I have no time
She said don't you pretend we didn't
Talk on the phone
My baby cried
And left me standing alone

She's so dangerous
The girl is dangerous
Take away my money
Throw away my time
You can call me honey
But you're no damn good for me

She came at me in sections
With the eyes of desire
I fell trapped into her
Web of sin
A touch, a kiss
A whisper of lvoe
I was at the point
Of no return

Deep in the darkness of
Passion's insanity
I felt taken by lust's
Strange inhumanity
This girl was persuasive
This girl I could not trust
The girl was bad
The girl was dangerous

I never knew
But I was living in vain
She called my house
And said you know my name
And don't you pretend
You never did me before
With tears in her eyes
My baby walked out the door

She's so dangerous
The girl is so dangerous
Take away my money
Throw away my time
You can call me honey
But you're no damn good for me
Dangerous
The girl is so dangerous
I have to pray to God
'Cause I know how
Lust can blind
It's a passion in my soul
But you're no damn lover
Friend of mine

And then it happened
She touched me
For the lips of
A strange woman
Drop as a honeycomb
And her mouth was
Smoother than oil
But her inner spirit and words
Were as sharp as
A two-edged sword
But I loved it
'Cause it's dangerous

I cannot sleep alone tonight
My baby left me here tonight
I cannot cope 'til it's all right
You and your manipulation
You hurt my baby

She's so dsngerous
The girl is so dangerous
Take away my money
Throw away my time
You can call me honey
but you're no damn good for me

Dangerous
The girl is so dangerous
Take away my money
Throw away my time
You can call me honey
But you're no damn good for me

Dangerous
The girl is so dangerous
I have to pray to God
Cause I know how
Lust can blind
It's a passion in my soul
But you're no damn lover
Friend of mine