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লিনাক্স শর্ট টিপস-১ ( সিডিরম শব্দ সমস্যা)

2016-09-26T14:39:00.004+06:00

শুধু লিনাক্স কেন যে কোন কাজ করতে গেলেই আমরা প্রথমে ছোট খাটো কিছু সমস্যার সম্মুখিন হই। লিনাক্স বা উইন্ডোজের সমস্যা গুলো যেমন; সিডি রমে অতিরিক্ত শব্দ হওয়া, প্রোগ্রাম ক্রাশ করা, স্ক্রিন রেজুলেশন সমস্যা, স্টার্ত মেনু অদৃশ্য হয়ে যাওয়া, প্যানেল ডিলেট হয়ে যাওয়া ইত্যাদি। এসব ছোট খাটো বিষয় নিয়ে নাড়া চাড়া করে যেসমস্ত সমাধান পেয়েছি তা শর্ট আকারে আপনাদের কাছে তুলে ধরলাম।

তাহলে এবার কাজে আসা যাক...

আজ আপনাদের কাছে আলোচনা করব লিনাক্স সিডিরমে অতিরিক্ত শব্দ সমস্যা। উল্লেখিত সমস্যাটি বেশির ভাগ হয়ে থাকে ভিডিও সিডি চালানোর সময়। লিনাক্স সিডি রম থেকে সরসরি রিড করে ভিডিও চালাতে চেষ্টা করে। কিন্তু ভিডিও সাইজ বড় হওয়াতে প্রতি মহুর্তে রিড করার প্রয়োজন হয়। যার কারনে অতিরিক্ত শব্দ তৈরী হয়। কিন্তু এর সমাধান হচ্ছে লিনাক্সে সিডি অথবা ডিভিডি রেড করার স্পিড সেট করার নির্দেশ দেওয়া। এতে অতিরিক্ত শব্দ কমানো যায়। এজন্য নিছের কমান্ডটি দিনঃ-

sudo hdparm –E 2 /dev/cdrom

এখানে /dev/cdrom এর জায়গায় আপনার সিডি বা ডিভিডির ডিভাইস লোকাশন দিন।

এবার লোকাশন জানার জন্য নিচের কমান্ডটিঃ-

sudo mount –l

অতএব বলাযায় যে উপরে উল্লেখিত নির্দশনা অনুযায়ী চেষ্টা করলে আপনি সিডিরমের অতিরিক্ত শব্দ সমস্যা দূর করতে পারবেন।

মে মাসের প্রথম সপ্তাহে SSC Result 2016 হতে পারে , SSC Exam Result 2016 জানার নিয়ম

2016-04-19T15:35:00.000+06:00

SSC Exam Result 2016:- ২০১৬ সালের এসএসসি পরীক্ষার ফল আগামী মে মাসের ৫-৭ তারিখের মধ্যে প্রকাশ করা হবে। এ লক্ষ্যে ওই তিনদিনের মধ্যে যেকোনো একদিনের সময় চেয়ে শিক্ষা মন্ত্রণালয় থেকে প্রধানমন্ত্রীর কাছে সার-সংক্ষেপ পাঠানো হয়েছে।
মঙ্গলবার শিক্ষা মন্ত্রণালয় ও আন্তঃশিক্ষাবোর্ডের সূত্র থেকে এ বিষয়টি নিশ্চিত করা হয়েছে।
ঢাকা শিক্ষা বোর্ডের সচিব শাহেদুল খবীর চৌধুরী বলেন, আগামী মাসের ৭ তারিখের মধ্যে এসএসসি ও সমমানের ফল প্রকাশের প্রস্তুতি নিয়ে এগোচ্ছি। এ লক্ষ্যে সময় নির্ধারণের জন্য মন্ত্রণালয়ে চিঠি দেয়া হয়েছে।
গত ১ ফেব্রুয়ারি এসএসসি ও সমমানের পরীক্ষা শুরু হয়। এ বছর দেশের ১০টি শিক্ষাবোর্ডের অধীনে ১৬ লাখ সাড়ে ৪৪ হাজার পরীক্ষার্থী পরীক্ষায় অংশ নেয়। [Source: Dainikshiksha]

মোবাইলে SMS এর মাধ্যমে SSC Exam Result 2016 জানার নিয়মঃ

SSC <space> First 3 Letters of Board <space> Roll Number <space> 2016 এবার মেসেজটি 16222 নাম্বারে পাঠিয়ে দিন। ফিরতি এসএমএসে ফলাফল জানতে পারবেন।

For Dakhil Result: Dakhil <space> MAD <space> Roll Number <space> 2016 এবার মেসেজটি 16222 নাম্বারে পাঠিয়ে দিন। ফিরতি এসএমএসে ফলাফল জানতে পারবেন।
SMS Short Code for Different Education Board:
Dhaka Board- DHA, Barisal Board- BAR, Rajshahi Board- RAJ, Jessore Board- JES, Comilla Board-COM, Dinajpur Board- DIN, Chittagong Board-CHI, Sylhet Board-SYL, Madrasha Board- MAD

অনলাইনে SSC Exam Result 2016 সংগ্রহ নিয়মঃ

অনলাইনে শিক্ষাবোর্ডের ওয়েবসাইটে (educationboardresults.gov.bd) মাধ্যমিক স্কুল সার্টিফিকেট (এসএসসি) ও সমমানের পরীক্ষার ফল পাওয়া যাবে।

convert facebook account to facebook page in bangla

2016-04-19T01:36:00.001+06:00

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2016-04-19T01:25:00.001+06:00

বিজ্ঞানী গ্যালিলিও ও তার জীবনী এবং আবিষ্কার।

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2016-04-19T01:21:00.001+06:00

সফটওয়্যার পার্কে সম্ভাবনার দ্বার উন্মোচন হচ্ছে এ মাসেই!!

2015-10-06T22:55:00.001+06:00

বাংলাদেশের প্রথম সফটওয়্যার টেকনোলজি পার্কের শুভ সূচনা হতে যাচ্ছে চলতি মাসেই। এ জন্য বহুল কাঙ্ক্ষিত ঢাকার কারওয়ান বাজারে ১২ তলা বিশিষ্ট সফটওয়্যার টেকনোলোজি পার্ক (এসটিপি) জনতা টাওয়ারে স্পেস বরাদ্দের বিজ্ঞপ্তি প্রকাশ করেছে সরকার। সংশ্লিষ্ট আগ্রহী প্রতিষ্ঠানগুলোকে আগামীকাল বৃহস্পতিবারের মধ্যে আবেদন করতে বলেছে হাইটেক পার্ক কর্তৃপক্ষ। বিজ্ঞপ্তিতে বলা হয়েছে, দেশের বিভিন্ন আইটি, আইটিইএস ও বিপিও ফার্মগুলো কারওয়ান বাজারে অবস্থিত জনতা টাওয়ারে স্পেস প্রাপ্তির জন্য আবেদন করতে পারবে। এ জন্য আগ্রহী প্রতিষ্ঠানগুলোকে বিজ্ঞপ্তিতে প্রকাশিত ২২টি শর্ত পূরণ করে আবেদন করতে হবে। আগ্রহী প্রতিষ্ঠানগুলোকে আগামী ৮ অক্টোবরের মধ্যে হাইটেক পার্কের ব্যবস্থাপনা পরিচালক, বাংলাদেশ হাইটেক পার্ক অথোরিটি, বিসিসি ভবন, আগারগাঁও, ঢাকা বরাবর আবেদন করতে হবে। আরও বিস্তারিত জানতে হাইটেক পার্কের ওয়েবসাইটে প্রকাশিত বিজ্ঞপ্তি http://goo.gl/gqK1vy এই ঠিকানায়। জনতা টাওয়ার সম্পর্কে জানা যায়, আশির দশকের শেষের দিকে তত্কালীন রাষ্ট্রপতি হুসেইন মুহম্মদ এরশাদের স্ত্রী রওশন এরশাদের ব্যক্তিমালিকানাধীন প্রতিষ্ঠান মেসার্স জনতা পাবলিশার্স কর্তৃক জনতা টাওয়ার নির্মাণ করা হয়। উত্তরা ব্যাংকের স্থানীয় শাখা থেকে মেসার্স জনতা পাবলিশার্স লিমিটেড তখন ৬ কোটি টাকা ঋণ নিয়ে জনতা টাওয়ারের নির্মাণকাজ শুরু করে। কিন্তু কাজ শেষ হওয়ার আগেই ক্ষমতা হারান এরশাদ। তবে ভবনটির কাঠামো তৈরির কাজ শেষ হওয়ার পর আর কোনো কাজ করা হয়নি। এইচএম এরশাদ তার পাবলিকেশনের জন্য এ ভবনটির নির্মাণকাজ শুরু করেছিলেন। কিন্তু ক্ষমতা হারানোর সঙ্গে সঙ্গে তার সেই পরিকল্পনা ভেস্তে যায়। উল্টো অবৈধভাবে জায়গা দখল করে ভবন তৈরির দায়ে ১৯৯১ সালে তার বিরুদ্ধে মামলা হয়। এ মামলায় সাজাভোগের জন্য এরশাদ ২০০১ সালের নির্বাচনে অযোগ্য হয়ে যান। আদালতের রায়ে জনতা টাওয়ার বাজেয়াপ্তের ঘোষণা দেয়া হয়। এ ভবনের দেখাশোনার দায়িত্ব দেয়া হয় গণপূর্ত বিভাগকে। সেই থেকে জনতা টাওয়ারটি সরকারি সম্পত্তিতে পরিণত হয়। পরে ২০১০ সালের ৩ আগস্ট প্রধানমন্ত্রী শেখ হাসিনার সভাপতিত্বে অনুষ্ঠিত ডিজিটাল বাংলাদেশ টাস্কফোর্সের প্রথম সভায় কাওরানবাজারের জনতা টাওয়ারকে দেশের প্রথম সফটওয়্যার টেকনোলজি পার্ক হিসেবে গড়ে তোলার সিদ্ধান্ত গৃহীত হয়। সে পরিপ্রেক্ষিতে এটি তথ্য ও যোগাযোগ প্রযুক্তি মন্ত্রণালয়কে বরাদ্দ প্রদানের সিদ্ধান্ত হয়। ৯ ফেব্রুয়ারি ২০১২ ডিজিটাল টাস্কফোর্সের নির্বাহী কমিটির সভায় বিষয়টি উত্থাপিত হয় এবং অবিলম্বে কার্যাদেশ প্রদান করে সফটওয়্যার টেকনোলজি পার্কের সমুদয় কার্যক্রম সম্পন্ন করে ২০১২ সালের সেপ্টেম্বর মাসের মধ্যে চালু করার সিদ্ধান্ত গ্রহণ করা হয়। আবার গত ১৫ ফেব্রুয়ারি ২০১২ তথ্য ও যোগাযোগ প্রযুক্তি মন্ত্রণালয়ের মন্ত্রীর সভাপতিত্বে অনুষ্ঠিত হাইটেক পার্ক অথরিটির সভায় মার্চ মাসের প্রথম সপ্তাহের মধ্যে কার্যাদেশ দেয়া এবং সেপ্টেম্বর মাসের মধ্যে এটিকে সম্পূর্ণরূপে চালু করার জন্য আইন মন্ত্রণালয়ের অনুমোদনের (ভেটিং) জন্য পাঠানোর সিদ্ধান্ত নেয়া হয়। ওই সভায় সফটওয়্যার টেকনোলজি পার্ক বরাদ্দের জন্য ৪ সদস্যের একটি কমিটিও গঠন করা হয়। এরই ধারাবাহিকতায় ১৬ ফেব্রুয়ারি ২০১২ তৎকালীন আইসিটি মন্ত্রী আবুল হোসেন নির্মাণাধীন পার্কটি পরিদর্শন করেন এবং এর কার্যক্রম নির্ধারিত সময়ের মধ্যে সম্পন্ন করার জন্য সংশ্লিষ্টদের পরামর্শ দেন। আবার ২২ ফেবু্রয়ারি ২০১২ বেসিস সফটএক্সপোর উদ্বোধনী অনুষ্ঠানে অর্থমন্ত্রী ৬ মাসের মধ্যে সফটওয়্যার টেকনোলজি পার্ক কার্যকর করার অঙ্গীকার বেশ জোরের সঙ্গেই ব্যক্ত করেন। এর আগে নিজস্ব সচিবালয়ের জন্য সরকারের কাছে জনতা টাওয়ার বরাদ্দ চেয়েছিল দেশের ব্যবসায়ী ও শিল্পপতিদের শীর্ষ সংগঠন এফবিসিসিআই। এ জন্য প্রধানমন্ত্রী শেখ হাসিনার কাছে তারা আবেদনও করেছিল। তখন এফবিসিসিআই সভাপতি ছিলেন আনিসুল হক। প্রধানমন্ত্রী বিষয়টি খতিয়ে দেখতে তার উপদেষ্টা এইচটি ইমামকে দায়িত্ব দিয়েছিলেন। তবে ভবনটি এফবিসিসিআইকে দেয়ার তখন কোনো সিদ্ধান্ত হয়নি। এটিকে সফটওয়্যার টেকনোলজি পার্ক হিসেবেই গড়া হবে এই প্রতিশ্রুতি বারবার দেয়া হয়েছে সরকারের শীর্ষ মহল থেকে। সফটওয়্যার টেকনোলজি পার্ক বাস্তবায়নের কাজ দেওয়া হয় টেকনোপার্ক নামে একটি বেসরকারি সংস্থাকে। তবে যথাযথভাবে ও নির্ধারিত সময়ে কাজ সম্পন্ন না করায় ২০১৩ সালে টেকনোপার্কের সঙ্গে চুক্তি বাতিল করে হাইটেক পার্ক কর্তৃপক্ষ। এর বিরুদ্ধে টেকনোপার্কের করা মামলার পরিপ্রেক্ষিতে ২০১৩ সালের ২৭ মার্চ আদালত জনতা টাওয়ারে সফটওয়্যার পার্ক চালুর প্রক্রিয়ায় স্থগিতাদেশ দেন। এরপর ২০১৪ সালে জুনাইদ আহমেদ পলক তথ্যপ্রযুক্তি মন্ত্রণালয়ের দায়িত্ব নেওয়ার পর এ মামলার নিষ্পত্তির ব্যবস্থা করেন। আদালত মামলাটি নিস্পত্তি করলে দেশের প্রথম সফটওয়্যার টেকনোলজি পার্কের কাজ পুনরায় শুরু করার উদ্যোগ নিয়েছে হাইটেক পার্ক কর্তৃপক্ষ।

Power consuption calculation of a PC or Laptop

2014-11-16T14:30:00.000+06:00

How much of your computer 's power consumption ? you can know……. Power consumption Desktop computers Relatively much lower than the laptop Most of the laptops need 15-45 watts of electricity consumption What is my computer’s power consumption How can I count?
Link at the bottom of your Power Supply to calculate. The type and size of your monitor According to the calculation of Walt then Add it up.
17-19 " CRT - 56-100 W
17-19 " LCD - 19-40 W
0 - 4 " LCD - 1772 W

Let's you 've got a 185 w In Power Supply and 60 W at the monitor. Now we get to add twice 120 60 = 180 watts. Now we divide 180 watts by 1000. And result will come up 0.18 Kilowatts.

The cost of the month = Watts x time x per kilowatt- hour rate X number of days in the month.

Necessary Definition of Database

2012-04-18T03:37:00.000+06:00

Database Management System : Interrelated data and a sets of program by which we can access and manipulate those data is called Data Management System.
Data: Data is sequence of digit. data is those elements which will be information after processed.

there are three type of data
such as i) Numeric
ii) Textual

iii) Graphical

Information : information is processed data.
Data structure : Organized Collection of data and a set of operation on them is called data structure.
File : If we think a unit of interrelated information or records is called file.
Database : All structured data of a organization store in a computer system is called database.

There are four kinds of database

I) Hierarchical DBMS

II) Network DBMS

III) Relational DBMS

IV) Inverted DBMS

Database Integrity: if data are interconnected with each other in the database is called data integrity.
Database redundancy : If homologues data are stayed in defferent place in the database is called database redundancy.
Data Model : Data Model is a collection of same conceptual tools which describe data, data relationship, data semantics, and data constraints. data Model is main base of data structured.

There are three types of data Model

I) Object based logical model

II) record base Logical Model.

III) Physical Model

Relational Data Model: the Data Model which use some table to express relation among data of record base logical model
Data Schema : Overall design of database is called database schema
Data Dictionary: After Compilation of data definition language we get a set of table. Those are stored in a file. This file is called data dictionary.
Data Entity : Data Entity is some objects which has existence ad we can distinguish them form each other.
Entity set : a Group of similar object which has similar properties.
Primary key : An unique identifier which identify the entity differently is called primary key.
Formal Query Language : Formal Query Language is a language by which we can get procedural or non procedural benefit.
Commercial Query Language: Commercial Query Language is a language by which we can get procedural and non procedural benifit.
Most Popular Query Language are:

I) SQL ( Structured Query Language)

II) QBE ( Query By Example)

III) Quel ( ( Query Language)

IV) Datalog.

Several Parts of SQL

I) DDL (Data definition Language)

II) DML ( Data Manipulation Language)

III) Embeded DML

IV) View Definition

V) Authorization

VI) Integrity

VII) Transaction Control

There are three clause of SQL

I) select

II) from

III) where

Aggregate function of SQL

I) average : avg

II) minimum : min

III) Maximum: Max

IV) Total : SUM

V) Count : Count

Server Database System : in this system data are stored centrally. this central computer is call server. This system is called client server system.

Parallel Database system
Distributed Database System

Some Computer Term

2012-04-18T03:31:00.000+06:00

Some Computer Term

OSI reference Model: OSI means Open System interconnection. it is a logical network Layer published by International Organization for Standardization and International Telecommunication Union. it has seven layers such as application layer, presentation layer, session layer, transport layer, network layer, datalink layer, physical layer.

PC card : PC card is a Peripheral card used for laptop card. it could be modem, network interface card etc.\

ping : it is a command to justify the connectivity of network. it use ICMP echo request massages to transfer them to the specified workstation by the command.

POP3: Post office Protocol 3 is a TCP/IP Protocol work on application layer to use to receive e-mail from mail server to client.

Remote Monitoring Protocol: A network protocol that enables hardware and software devices to transmit status information to central network management console.

Routing Information Protocol (RIP): A dynamic routing protocol that enables routers to receive information about others computer is the network. which enables them to keep their routing tables update.

Secure Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTPS) : A secure web Protocol that provides authentication and encryption services to Web client/ servers transactions

Secure Socket Layer (SSL) : A secure web Protocol that provides authentication and encryption services to Web client/ servers transactions

SLIP :Enhanment of SLIP is Serial line Internet Protocol. it is TCP/IP protocol of application layer used for dial up connections

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. (SMTP): An application Layer TCP/IP Protocol which is used for sent Mail.

SNMP: Simple Network Management Protocol is aprotocole which work on Application Layer TCP/IP Protocol used to transmit information about the status of network component to the CNMC

Telecommunication Network Protocol: (Telnet): An application layer protocol to administer remote computer.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): it is a Transport layer connection oriented protocol.

user Datagram Protocol: An connectionless Transport layer Protocol use for short transaction, usually consisting a single request and reply.

WINS Windows Internet Naming service: This service use for resolving NetBIOS Name to IP address.

X.500: it is standard Published By ISO & ITU defining the structure of a global directory service. Windows Active Directory Service and Novell Directory service are based on X.500 structure

Necessary Terms of MCSA

2012-04-18T03:30:00.000+06:00

multiple master replication : a technique usually associated with directory service, in which identical copies of database are maintained on various computer throughout the network.

MAU ( Multistation Access Unit) : a hub used in token ring network. this is more complicated than ethernet hub. because instead of repeating incoming signals out through all port simultaneously, mau sends incoming signal through each port in trun.

multitasking : A technique by which a computer with one processor executes multiple tasks simultaneously.

network access control : A hardware device used on wireless LANs employing the infrastructure topology to provide an interface between a cabled network and wireless network.

Modem : it is a network device which is need for modulation and demodulation. it make analog signal to digital and digital signal to analog signal.

Port : A code number identifying the process running on a TCP/IP computer. transport layer protocol such as TCP and UDP specify The port number of the source and destination application processes in the header o
f each massage they create.

PROTOCOL: An ASCII Text file found TCP/IP systems that lists the codes used in teh Protocol field on the Internet Protocol(IP) header.

Proxy server: Proxy server is a server by which unregistered IP can access to the internet. The proxy server must has a registered IP,

redirector : A network client component that determines whether a resource requested by an application is located on the network or on the network.

Remote Bridge: A network device operating on data link layer of the OSI reference model which is connect to Lan at different location with a WAN link.

Repeater : repeater is a network device which amplifies network signal enabling them to travel longer distance without suffering for effect of attenuation.

routing table:

schema : schema is the structure of directory service . such as Active directory in Microsoft Domain Controller, NDS in Novel Network.

services : services is a windows term to do special task, such (DNS) Donain name service is for name resolving. spooler is for print share etc.

SERVICES : a ASCII test file which contain the codes used in the source port and destination port fields of the TCP and UDP header.

Small computer system interface (SCSI) : a Peripheral Device Interface which enable you to connect internal and extarnal device to a computer.

Windows Domain and Communication Process

2012-04-18T03:27:00.000+06:00

Directory service: A database containing about network entities and resource. Such as active directory for windows 2000 server, bindery for novel Net Ware.

Domain :Domain is a groups of workstation and other devices on a network that are administrated as a single unit.

Domain controller: A computer configured by windows 2000/2003/2007 that is designated to store and manage directory services information.\

Domain Name service: an service which map IP address to Domain name.

Driver : a software by which operation system communicate with hardware.

DHCP : Dynamic Host configuration Protocol is a service which provide IP address to the network automatically.

Dynamic Routing : by this routing systems router builds a routing table automatically by specialized protocol.

EIA/TIA: Electrical Industry Association/ Telecommunication Industry Association

FDDI : Fiber Distributed Data interface

fiber Optic: a network cable use a technology that uses light to send signal rather than electrical charge use by copper cables.

FTP : File Transfer protocol, work application layer on OSI systems

Full Duplex: a form of network communication in which to connected systems can send signals at a time such telephone line.

Half Duplex: a form of network communication in which to connected systems can send signals in one direction at a time such as radio

Hops : In an internetwork each router is a hop.

hosts : An ASCII text file which is used by TCP/IP computer to resolve host name to IP address.

Hub : Hub is a network device which is used in star network topology to connect the computer with each other.

IPCONFIG : a command line utility to know the ip configuration of a computer.

incremental Backup : incremental Backup systems is a backup systems by which we can backs up which was modified or created after the last incremental or full backup. this systems sets archives bit.

IEEE : International Electrical and Electronic Engineers: A organization formed on 1984 which is dedicated to development and publication of standard for the computer and electronics industries

Network tips

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circuit switching : it is one kinds of network communication in which two communicating systems established a connection that remains open through out the life of transaction . the telephone network is the example of circuit switching network.

Packet switching : a type of network communication where both systems does no established the handshake before transmitting data.

cluster : a group of two or more servers computers connected togather so theat they function as a single unified resource, for purpose of fault tolerance, load balancing and parallel processing.

collision : in local area network if two computer send data same time to one another, causing loss data. It is called collision.

connection less : a type of protocol that transmit data without establishing connection with destination systems. Such IP ( Internet Protocol), UDP ( user datagram protocol)

connection oriented : a type of protocol that established connection with destination systems before transmitting data . Such TCP ( Tramsmission Control Protocol), NETBUEI etc.

D channel : A digital communication channel running 16 or 64 kbps that is one of the fundamental unit of services provided by ISDN

default gateway: The router on the local network used by TCP/IP client network to transmit data to another network.

Differential backup: by this type of backup backs up the file which changed after the full backup.

Enhancement of Some Important computer Term

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HCL: Hardware compatibility List: A list of Hardware which was tested by windows 2000

NTFS (New Technology File system): it is new Technology File system by which we can configure local security and domain security and we can input permission any user individually.

FAT16: 16 bit file allocation Table widely used in DOS, win3x, disadvantage of this system is that it only support partition 2GB , it support almost all operating systems.

FAT32: 32 bit file allocation table first introduced 1996 with windows 1996. this system is that it only support partition as large as 2TB.

windows NT and earlier released of NT does not support FAT32.

ACPI: Advance Configuration and Power Interface: The automatic and dynamic detection of hardware that is installed. the ability to determined what hardware resource are required for the device.

IEEE: Institute of electrical and Electronic engeneers.1394 slandered

which support data transfer at speeds up to 400Mbps.

Hot swap: this is a process by which we can add a new hard drive while the computer on.

RG -58 Ethernet : 10 base 2 cabel which radius is .195 that use BNC ( Bayonet Neill Concilman) connector

RG -8 Ethernet : 10 base 5 cable which radius is .405 That use N connector.

STP : (Shielded Twisted pair): It use in token ring network. it’s connector is called IDC(IBM Data Connector)

LED : Light Emitting Diode.

UTP ( Unshielded Twisted pair : It has four fair, two pair is use to pass data. it’s maximum length is 100 meter.

Hub : Ethernet hub is called a multiport repeater , it is a physical layer device.

Repeater : This is a network device which amplify the signal as it pass through it.

MAU : Multi Access Unit: it is a network device used in Token ring network.

Switch : Switch is a network device which works at data link layer of OSI model. it is upgraded from hub.

Router : Router connect two network together forming an internetwork. router function at network layer of OSI Model.

Protocol suit : Combination of two Protocol is called protocol suit.

Novel NetWare : Novel NetWare is the first network system of the world.

FDDI : Fiber Distributed Data Interchange.

Info of Database Adminstrator

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Database Manager
Database Administrator: The mean who contort data program and data structure centrally is called database administrator. The following are his duty.

Schema Definition
Storage structure and access method
Schema and physical organization modification
Granting of authorization for data access.

Entity: Entity is object which has existence and which is distinguish from one another.
Entity set: Entity Set is collection of similar entity which has similar properly or attribute.
Relationship: Relationship is association of among entity.
Primary Key: The unique identifier by which we can identify entity differently from entity set.
Super Key:

Network Data Model : The data model which is express by collection of records and relation is represented links is called network data model. It do not support many to one relationship.

Hierarchical Data model: The data model which is express by collection for records and relation is represented links is called hierarchical Data model. It support to one relationship.

Data Structure Diagram: Data Structure diagram is the schema of network data model.
Tree structure Diagram: Tree structure diagram is the schema of hierarchical Data model.
Relational Data Model: The Data model which represent data by collection of table is called relational data model.

The following are database system:

Server database system
Client server database system
Distributed database system.

Topology

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The logical and physical collection of computer in a network is called topology .Topology means now a days physical topology .
Classifications are :
a.      Bus topology
b.      Ring topology
c.       Star topology
d.      Tree topology
e.       Mesh topology
f.        Hybridge topology
Bus
In a bus topology all computers are connected to a central cable called bus or backbone.
Star
A star topology is intended with each node (file server, workstations, and peripherals) connected straightforwardly to a central network Devices. Data on a star network passes through the network Devices before continuing to its destination. The network Devices manages and controls all functions of the network. It also acts as a repeater for the data flow. This configuration is common with twisted pair cable. Though, it can also be used with coaxial cable or fiber optic cable
Ring
A ring topology may show to be the same as a star topology. on the inside, the MAU (multistation access unit) of a ring contains wiring that allows information to pass from one device to another in a circle or ring . The Token Ring protocol uses a ring topology.
Tree
A tree topology is the combination of characteristics of linear bus and star topologies. It consists of groups of star-configured workstations linked to a linear bus backbone cable. Tree topologies permit for the extension of an existing network, and enable to configure a network to meet their needs.

Basic Concept of Database

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Data: Data is sequence of digit. It is raw materials of information.

System: Some related things make a system. System is divided three steps.

(1) Input

(2) Processing

(3) Output

Data Dictionary: Data Dictionary is a file which content the primary description of information of data file data under database.

Data Structure: The process of arranging databy many way is called data structure.

The flowing are data structure

(1) Array

(2) Record

(3) Stack

(4) Queue

(5) Tree

(6) Linked List

Array: Array means class Arranging same kinds of data is called Array. There are three kinds of array

One Dimensional Array
Two Dimensional Array
Three Dimensional Array

Record: The collection of some field is called record.

Stack: Stack is one kinds of data structure where LIFO (Last in First Out) process is flowed.

Queue: Queue mean line or row. In this structure Last kept data use first. This system is Called FIFO

Tree: In this structure data are input hierarchically.

Pointer: Pointer is an indicator in data structure pointer use to speed up the computer.

String: Combination of some ward is string such as Karim, Rahim, Masud, Dhaka etc.

String Variable: If Variable will be ward is Called String. Normally First character of field name is string which express by first character with $ Sign

Entity: Each record in he data file of database is called entity.

Attribute: Each field in record of data file of database is called Attribute.

4GL: Forth Generation Language. The Database management language is called Forth Generation Language.

Characteristics of RDMS

We can find the information by different condition
We can create customize form to input data

Data Schema: The over all Design of database is called database Schema.

Database Schema: Data management system has special language which is called database language.

There are two kinds of database language.

Procedural language
Non – procedural language

DML: The language of DBMS by which data can be manipulated in the Database.

DDL: By this language describe data schema definitely by expressing a expressing a set of definition.

Procedural DML: In this language system the user define data will be store what kind of database and how can retrieve that data.

Non – Procedural Language: In this Language system the user only define data will be store what types of database but no need to define how data will be retrieve.

Topology

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Important definition for MCSA

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Some Important Definition for Network engineer

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Necessary information for network Specialist

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Active directory: active directory is a directory in widows 2000 server where all data and information are stored of a domain controller

ARP: address resolution protocol which is use to resolve IP Address into the hardware or MAC address. It is a data link layer protocol.

ad hoc topology : it is a wireless technology . Where a group of computers are all equipped with wireless network adapter and are communicate with each other freely.

infrastructure topology : in an infrastructure topology’s networks consist wireless equipped computer that communicate with wireless transceiver connected to the lAN by standard cables. Those transceiver is call access point.

ADSL : asymmetrical digital subscriber line. a point to point digital WAN technology that use standard telephone line

ADSL Terminator Unit – R : It is a device located at the client end ADSL connection. also called a DSL transceiver.

AUI : asynchronous Unit interface

Backbone : a medium by which a series of networks connected. \

baseband network: a network that use a medium that can carry only one signal at a time

Broad brand : a network that use a medium that can carry multiple signal at a time.

bindery : the server based flat file directory service used in novel net Ware service.

BMP: A file format commonly

BNC: Bayonat Neil Concelman. a kinds of connector used thin Ethernet networks

Bridge: a network device which works at data link layer. which reduce network traffic.

Broadcast: a massage transmitted to all of the other computer on the local network.

Broadcast domain: a collection of network that receive a broadcast massage transmitted by any one computer.

Bus: Ethernet topology in which each device is connected with next device.

CATV ( cable television network:

CSMA/CD : Carrier sense Multiple Access with collision detection

CSU/DSU: channel service unit/ data service unit

Protocol information

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Protocol is the language of computer by which the computer communicate with each others over the network. computer use different protocol such PPP, SMTP, SNMP, UDP, TCP/IP.etc.
IANA: Internet Assigned Numbers Authority: this Organization is responsible for providing real IP in the world.
HTTP : Hyper Text transfer Protocol : an application layer protocol that is basis for world wide web communication

ICMP : Internet control massage protocol : A network layer TCP/IP protocol that carries administrative massage, particularly error massage and information queries.

IMAP : Internet Mail Access Protocol.: An application layer TCP/IP protocol used by mail clients to download the mail from a server.

ISDN : Integrated Services Digital Network: A dial Up communication services that uses standard telephone lines to provide high speed digital network.

IP : Internet Protocol : this is a connectionless protocol which work in network layer in OSI Model. IP Packages the data as a datagram. just like the envelope of a letter.

IPSec : IP security Protocol. is a set of protocols which is designed to serve encrypted communication on network layer. it is a TCP/IPprotocol.
IPv6 : latest version of internet protocol that expand IP address 128 bits instead of 32 bits.

L2TP: layer 2 tunneling protocol: A Protocol used to established virtual Private network connection across the internet,

NAT: Network Address Translation is a firewall which enables TCP/IP client computers using unregistered IP address to access internet.

NNTP : Network News Transfer Protocol is a TCP/IP Protocol to used to post, distributes and retrieve Usenet massages to and from news server

NTP : Network Time Protocol is a TCP/IP protocol to synchronize the clocks on network computer.

Point to point Protocol (PPP) : it is a Protocol of datalink layer to connect remote computer specially for dial Up connection.

PPPoE : Point to point protocol over ethernet is A TCP/IP protocol that defines a mechanism for established different negotiated PPP connection between workstation on a network and provide services on the other network which access through a DSL connection or CATV

PPTP : Point to point tunneling protocol is a protocol which work in datalink layer to make secured communication for VPN (Virtual Private Network.).

NetBEUI ( NetBIOS Extended user interface) : Connection oriented protocol suitable of small network. It is not routable protocol.

New Technology File System (NTFS): The latest File system of windows platform. Which has local security and domain security.

Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) : A TCP/IP Protocol to used to post, distributes and retrieve Usenet massages to and from news server

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) : A Dynamic Routing system. where routing table is automatically upgraded and it calculated shortest path to sent data.

How to configure DHCP and DNS server in windows 2000 server

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DHCP

1. Start > program> administrative tools> DHCP

2. Right click on the server , select the New scope on the pop up manu.

3. Wizard will start, click next.

4. Type name of scope and type comments to about the scope >next

5. Input the range of IP address> next

6. Input the exclude IP address which I need to reserve for statically assign. Next

7. Provide the lease duration

8. Router (default gateway of the network. Next

9. Assign DNS server IP

10. Assign WINS server IP

11. Active the DHCP server

12. Finish

13. Authorize the DHCP Scope by right click DHCP server window

DNS server

Requirement

1. Start > program> administrative tools> DNS

2. If not found DNS in the administrative tools please install

that by the following way

i. Start> control panel> add remove component > select network service , click details> check DNS > ok . enter CD Rom in the CD Drive

3. DNS server window will appears right click your DNS server and select configure from the pop up menu.

4. DNS wizard will appears, click next

5. If new DNS select this is the first DNS, otherwise check

bellow option.

6. Yes create a forward lookup zone, next

7. Select new zone, if you configure on domain controller you

Must select active directory integrated zone. Standard

Primary DNS is the copy of master DNS. Standard secondary

DNS is for redundancy and load balancing. Next

8. Next

9. Reverse look up zone dialog box appears select yes and click

10. Finish.

OSI Reference Model

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OSI (Open system inter connection) Reference Model:

The following are OSI reference model

Application layer
Presentation layer
Session layer
Transport layer
Network layer
Data Link layer
Physical Layer

Application Layer: the top layer of OSI reference model. the HTTP, FTP,SMTP, DHCP, SNMP protocols are work in this layer.

Presentation layer: this is 2nd layer of OSI reference model.this layer's responsibility is translating the Syntaxes used by different types of application in different computer in the network. in this layer a computer translate the data accumulated by its own applications from its own abstract syntax to a common syntax which is suitable to transmit through the network.

Session layer: the most important task of this layer are dialog control and dialog separation. dialog control is exchange information between two systems on the network. This layer Establishe, manages as well as terminates sessions between applications

Transport Layer: The TCP & UDP protocol works in this layer. This layer provides end-to-end connection between processes.

Network layer: in this layer the is responsible for packaging transport layer data in diagrams, addressing them to its final destination, routing them across the internet-work and fragmenting the diagrams as needed. the internet protocol (IP) work in this layer. This layer translate between different network types

Data link layer: This layer is responsible for network layer packaging network layer data ,addressing to its next destination. the PPP, SLIP works in this layer.

Physical Layer: The bottom layer of OSI reference model. This layer define what kinds of medium will be in the network

Types of Networking

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There are three basic types of networks include:

LAN: Local area network
MAN: Metropolitan Area Network
WAN: Wide Area Network

Local Area Network

A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network where computer are connected with each other relatively small area. It is usually limited to a geographic area such as a lab, school, or building. LAN computers can be not more than a mile apart.

LAN consists of the following components:

Computers
Network interface cards
Peripheral devices
Networking media
Network devices

LANs are designed to:

Operate within limited Geographic Area.

Allow multi access to high band with media.
Control the network privately under the local administration
Provide full time connectivity to local services
Connect physically adjacent devices.

Some common LAN technology include the following:

Ethernet
Token ring

Ethernet: In LAN configuration, one computer is for the file server. In the file server all software is stores that controls the network and the software which can be shared by the all computers which is attached to the network. All Computers which are connected to the file server are named workstation. The workstations may be less configuration than the file server. LANs, can be setup by all kinds Topology.

Network Topology

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Topology

The logical and physical arrangement of computer in a network is called topology .Topology means now a days physical topology .

Classifications are :

1. Logical

2. Logical bus

3. Logical Ring

4. Physical

5. Linear Bus topology

6. Ring topology

7 Star topology

8 Tree topology

9 Mesh topology

10 Hybrid topology

Bus

In a bus topology all computers are connected to a central cable called bus or backbone

Star

Star topology is a topology where each computer is connected with central network hub or concentrator. Data passes through the hub or switch before fix up destination on a star topology. All functions are manages and controls by the hub or switch of the network. this hub or switch also acts as a repeater for the data flow. usually this network is configured by twisted fair cable. moreover we can use coaxial cabel or fiver optic cable in this kinds of network. Star topology is using in maximum Local Area network

Ring

A ring topology is looking like a star topology. we use multistation access unit called MAU instead of switch/hub of a ring contains wiring that allows information to pass like circle or ring.from one device to another Token Ring protocol uses in ring topology.