JMIR mHealth and uHealth

Patient-Centered Lupus Erythematosus Mobile Apps: Systematic Search and Cross-Sectional Evaluation by Patients and Physicians

2026-05-29T15:45:16-04:00

Background: Lupus erythematosus (LE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that significantly impacts patients’ quality of life. Photosensitivity is a key impairment that severely limits the quality of life, especially in cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE), where exposure to sunlight can lead to rashes, exacerbations, and pain. In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), other manifestations such as joint pain, fatigue, and organ damage may contribute to decreased physical function and emotional distress. Mobile health apps (MHA) offer potential support for comprehensive disease management for the symptoms mentioned above. However, there is a lack of systematic analysis of available lupus management apps. Objective: This study aims to systematically identify publicly available German or English MHA for lupus management as well as to assess their quality by surveying both patients and physicians. Methods: A systematic search and assessment of German or English mobile apps for patients with lupus, available in the Google Play Store and Apple App Store, was conducted independently by two reviewers. The two apps that met all relevant criteria were then reviewed independently by seven physicians using the German Mobile Application Rating Scale (MARS) and the System Usability Scale (SUS). Subsequently, they were reviewed by five patients (three with SLE and two with CLE), using the user version of MARS (uMARS) and SUS. Additionally, the Affinity for Technology Interaction (ATI) scale was collected from both patients and physicians to evaluate the technical affinity in both groups. Results: In total, 29 apps were available on the Apple Store and 26 on the Google Store, with 18 apps being present and downloadable on both platforms. Of the 18 apps, 16 were excluded because they did not meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Only two apps, and met all the required criteria and were included in the study. The mean MARS scores varied from 2.61/5 to 4.17/5 and mean SUS from 17.5/100 to 100/100 between physicians. The app with the highest mean overall MARS score was , which was rated with 3.91/5 on average by the physicians. Patients evaluated the app with a comparably mean uMARS score (3.95/5). Technical affinity, objectified by ATI, was higher in patients than physicians (3.9 vs 3.68). Conclusions: Systematic identification and evaluation showed high-quality apps for patient-centered lupus MHA as indicated by MARS and uMARS scores greater than 3 for both and .

Acceptability, Feasibility, and Outcome Responsiveness of the Joint Effort Mobile App for Promoting Lower-Risk Cannabis Use Among Young Adults: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

2026-05-28T16:30:16-04:00

Background: Cannabis use (CU) among young adults continues to be an important public health issue. Interventions to support lower-risk CU during young adulthood can improve health outcomes. Mobile applications constitute a promising mode of service delivery. However, there is a lack of evidence-based apps specifically developed for young adult cannabis users. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the acceptability of a novel mobile app intervention (Joint Effort) and to assess the feasibility and outcome responsiveness of the study procedures used. Methods: A pilot study with a parallel-group randomized trial design was conducted with Canadian-based university students aged 18‐30 years reporting using cannabis ≥1 day in the past month. Participants were randomly assigned on a 1:1 ratio to either an experimental group (EG) involving the use of the Joint Effort mobile app or to a control group (CG) involving a web-based brief normative feedback message. The Joint Effort mobile app was designed to support CU self-management. This theory-informed behavior change intervention aims to reinforce the use of protective behavioral strategies by targeting intention, attitude, social norms, and self-efficacy. The app’s acceptability was assessed via uptake, engagement, and appreciation. The feasibility of study procedures was assessed via recruitment time, recruitment rate, and attrition rate. Outcome responsiveness was informed by participant-reported outcomes: CU frequency, intention to take action on CU, protective behavioral strategies use, severity of dependence, and psychological distress. All data were collected using a web-based survey at baseline, one-month (T1), and 2-month (T2) postbaseline. Descriptive analyses were carried out on all outcomes. Results: The recruitment period lasted 124 days, and the recruitment rate was 56% (99/178). The final dataset analyzed included 80 participants (39 in EG and 41 in CG). Mean age was 23.4 (SD 2.6) years, and 66% (53/80) self-identified as women. Study attrition was 18% (14/80). User uptake of the Joint Effort app (ie, proportion of participants in the EG who downloaded the app) was estimated at 59% (23/39), and the average time spent on it per participant was 8.2 minutes (SD 7.3; median 7.5, IQR 5.7). The app obtained a mean total score on the User Engagement Scale-Short Form of 3.8/5 (SD 0.5) and a mean app quality total score of 4.2/5 (SD 0.5) on the end user version of the Mobile App Rating Scale. The proportion of participants who reported daily CU in the past month decreased from 13% (5/39) at baseline to 4% (1/24) at T2 in the EG and from 7% (3/41) to 6% (2/36) in the CG. Conclusions: Joint Effort appears to be a promising, acceptable, and scalable mobile app to help young adult cannabis users who wish to better manage their CU. Findings should inform future randomized controlled trials to assess the efficacy of this mobile-based intervention for cannabis users. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05099016; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05099016

Effects, Acceptability, and Use of a Dynamically Tailored Mobile What Do You Drink Intervention to Reduce Excessive Drinking Among Adolescents and Young Adults in the Netherlands: Randomized Controlled Trial

2026-05-26T18:15:14-04:00

Background: Excessive alcohol consumption among adolescents and young adults is a serious health problem. Dynamically tailored interventions could reduce their excessive drinking. We therefore developed “What Do You Drink” (WDYD), a 17-week dynamically tailored mHealth (mobile health) intervention providing personalized support on alcohol consumption. Objective: We aim to evaluate the effectiveness, acceptability, and use of WDYD in reducing alcohol consumption of adolescents and young adults at risk. Methods: We conducted a 2-arm, parallel-group randomized controlled trial using ecological momentary assessments. Recruitment was via an educational alcohol program, an online lifestyle monitor, social media advertisements, or news items on websites. Participants downloaded the standalone WDYD app, and when having given active informed consent, were randomized to the intervention or control group. Participants in the intervention group received dynamically tailored feedback sessions on alcohol consumption (wk 0‐5, 7, 9, 13, and 17) and goal-monitoring reminders. Both groups completed an online baseline survey, 2 follow-up surveys (wk 9 and 33), and various ecological momentary assessments (7 daily assessments during wk 1, 7, 13, 19, 25, 31, and 33). Participants provided consent before randomization, in which they were informed that 2 study groups existed. After randomization, no disclosure of group assignment was provided, although participants could potentially infer it from receiving tailored sessions vs no tailored sessions. Primary outcomes were excessive drinking, binge drinking, and weekly alcohol consumption. Secondary outcomes were intrinsic motivation, self-confidence, and mood. Acceptability of WDYD was measured by survey questions; use was tracked via app data logs. Results: Analyses were based on data from 1767 participants; 720 in the intervention group and 1047 participants in the control group. Almost half of them were female (2276/4795, 47.5%), and most (3471/4595, 72.4%) participants were aged 18‐24 (median 19.40, IQR 2.92) years. The dropout rate was high, up to 96% (4603/4795) in the final 33rd week. No significant effect of WDYD was found on primary outcomes and mood, except for week 1 (excessive drinking: standardized =−0.35, SE 0.15; 95% CI −0.64 to −0.05; binge drinking: standardized =−0.36, SE 0.16; 95% CI −0.68 to −0.04; mood: standardized =0.20, SE 0.06, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.32). Both groups reduced their alcohol consumption. Significant positive effects were found for intrinsic motivation and self-confidence up to 25 weeks (wk 25: standardized =0.54, SE 0.24; 95% CI 0.06 to 1.02 for motivation; standardized =0.72, SE 0.26; 95% CI 0.22 to 1.23 for self-confidence). Participants evaluated WDYD as acceptable and usable. Conclusions: WDYD did not significantly reduce excessive drinking compared to control, but improved motivation and self-confidence. High dropout rates highlight challenges in sustaining engagement in long-term mHealth interventions. Future research should explore strategies to enhance retention and optimize dynamic tailoring. Trial Registration: ICTRP NL-OMON28135; https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=NL-OMON28135

Reducing Sedentary Time After Knee Replacement Using a Multicomponent mHealth Intervention: Randomized Controlled Trial

2026-05-26T16:31:00-04:00

Background: Total knee replacement (TKR) is a common surgery for end-stage knee osteoarthritis. Although reductions in pain and improvements in mobility occur after surgery, physical activity levels often do not change. Given the challenges of increasing physical activity in this population, targeting reductions in sedentary behavior may be a first step; however, no prior studies have examined the feasibility and effects of a sedentary reduction intervention after TKR. Objective: This study examined the effects of a 2-month multicomponent mobile health sedentary reduction intervention (NEAT!2) on sedentary time in adults with TKR. Methods: Adults (N=83; mean age 65.3, SD 9.4 years; mean BMI 32.7, SD 6.9 kg/m²; 62/83, 74.7% female; 64/83, 77.1% White) with a TKR ≤1 year ago were randomized to the NEAT!2 group (n=42, 50.6%) or the attention-matched control group (n=41, 49.4%). The NEAT!2 intervention focused on reducing sedentary time via a smartphone app designed to interrupt prolonged bouts (≥30 minutes) of sedentary behavior and through 5 coaching calls emphasizing goal setting and problem solving. The control group focused on surgery recovery via an app or website and 5 educational calls. Sedentary time, total physical activity, physical function, and pain were measured at 2 and 5 months. Linear mixed-effects models examined intervention effects and differences between groups at each time point. Results: Retention was 96% and 95% at 2 and 5 months, respectively, with no differences between groups. Participants in the NEAT!2 group completed an average of 4.95 (SD 0.2) calls, used the app on an average of 40.3 (SD 13.8) days (out of 56 days), and received an average of 9.6 (SD 6.0) notifications per day. At 5 months, there was a significant increase in sit-to-stand transitions in the NEAT!2 group and a substantial decrease in the control group, resulting in a significant difference between groups (mean difference 4.06, 95% CI 0.13-7.99; P=.04); however, the NEAT!2 intervention did not result in significant effects on any of the other study outcomes at 2 or 5 months. Additionally, more days of app use were associated with greater increases in moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (r=0.335; 95% CI 0.017-0.585; P=.04). Conclusions: This study highlights the challenges of reducing sitting time in adults with TKR. Future studies should explore alternative behavior change techniques across different levels of influence (eg, environmental and social) to support interventions implemented within the first year after TKR. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04482400; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04482400

Exploring Consumers’ Situational Snacking Behaviors Using a Mobile App: Longitudinal Cohort Study (FOODLOOP) Among Millennials in the Netherlands

2026-05-26T11:15:14-04:00

Background: Consumers are increasingly moving away from the traditional 3-meal-a-day eating routine to a pattern where they are snacking throughout the day to fulfill dietary needs, a trend known as “snackification.” Snacking depends on a variety of product-, context-, and consumer-specific determinants, but consumers’ long-term snacking behaviors in light of these determinants have remained little studied. Objective: This study aims to enhance understanding of consumers’ snacking behaviors by capturing longitudinal real-world situational snacking behaviors. As snackification is highly prominent in the Netherlands, and especially among millennials (born between 1980 and 2000), Dutch millennials were used as a case study. Methods: FOODLOOP studied situational snacking behaviors of a cohort of 264 Dutch millennials over the course of a year through a time-series structure. Data were collected on 12 nonconsecutive days, divided over the 4 seasons, using the mobile app Traqq (Department of Human Nutrition and Health of Wageningen University) and following the principles of ecological momentary assessment. Results: On average, 4.52 snacks were consumed per day, of which 64% were more healthful snacks, including coffee, tea, fruit, and bread products. Snacking was mostly driven by the food choice motives liking and appetite, as well as hunger and thirst, convenience, and pleasure. Most snacking occurred at home, with others, in the afternoon, and in spring. Dutch millennials with children consumed more snacks than Dutch millennials without children, and Dutch millennials born between 1980 and 1990 consumed more snacks than Dutch millennials born between 1990 and 2000. Conclusions: Our study shows that situational snacking determinants are essential for understanding consumers’ real-world snacking behaviors, as Dutch millennials’ snacking behaviors differ given product-, context-, and consumer-specific determinants, and are not restricted to specific motives, locations, social settings, or times, congruent with the ongoing snackification trend. We also demonstrate that a mobile app following the principles of ecological momentary assessment is a highly valuable methodological tool to gather longitudinal data on consumers’ situational snacking behaviors.

A Theory-Based Digital Intervention to Improve Maternal Oral Health Behaviors for Young Children: Quasi-Experimental Study

2026-05-22T17:00:24-04:00

Background: Parental oral health education is critical for preventing early childhood caries. However, few interventions are theoretically grounded or use digital approaches. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a health belief model–based digital intervention on maternal oral health behaviors. Methods: This quasi-experimental study enrolled 648 mother-child dyads from 19 community health care centers (CHCs) in Beijing, China. CHCs were allocated to intervention or control groups depending on their voluntary adoption of the dental referral system. Ten CHCs (n=332, 52.6%) were assigned to the intervention group, where mothers received oral health education materials and had access to a dental referral system. The remaining 9 CHCs (n=316, 47.4%) served as the control group, in which mothers continued to receive standard child health care services. The primary outcome was parent-assisted toothbrushing, and the secondary outcome included other oral health behaviors, including night feeding practices, sugar intake, and dental visits. To evaluate the intervention effects on behavioral outcomes, generalized linear mixed models were used, accounting for repeated measures and potential confounding factors. Results: Compared with the control group, the intervention group demonstrated a significant increase in parent-assisted toothbrushing, with an absolute difference of 10.3 (95% CI 3.0 to 17.6; =.006) percentage points at 6 months and 1.5 (95% CI −7.2 to 10.1; =.74) percentage points at 12 months. Additionally, dental visit rates were significantly higher in the intervention group at 12 months (odds ratio 4.65, 95% CI 1.30 to 16.70; =.02). However, no statistically significant differences were observed between groups in nighttime feeding cessation or sugar intake control at either the 6- or 12-month follow-ups. Conclusions: The health belief model–based digital intervention was effective in the short term for enhancing parent-assisted toothbrushing in young children, but its long-term effectiveness remains unproven. Future research should therefore prioritize exploring sustainability strategies. Trial Registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2000039866; https://tinyurl.com/mr3r6aan

Associations Between 24-Hour Physical Behavior, Self-Perceived Stress, and Coping Self-Efficacy in Everyday Life: Ambulatory Assessment Study

2026-05-22T16:00:24-04:00

Background: Psychological stress poses a risk to mental and physical health and has become a major public health challenge. As physical behaviors (ie, physical activity, sedentary behavior (SB), and sleep) play a key role in mental well-being, their targeted modification could be an approach to coping with stress in everyday life. Previous studies have primarily either analyzed the associations between isolated physical behaviors and stress-related outcomes or employed cross-sectional designs. Accordingly, there is a need for deeper insights into the within- and between-person associations between physical behavior over a 24-hour cycle and psychological stress in naturalistic settings. Objective: This study aimed to investigate how 24-hour physical behavior compositions are associated with daily self-perceived stress and stress-related coping self-efficacy and how replacing time in one behavior with another is linked to changes in both stress-related indicators. Methods: A total of 198 healthy university employees (mean age 35.87 y, SD 10.76; 109, 54.8% female) participated in a 15-day ambulatory assessment study. Participants reported their momentary stress and coping self-efficacy perceptions up to 6 times a day in electronic diaries. 24–hour physical behavior was measured using a thigh-worn Move 4 accelerometer. The movement data were then classified on a daily basis into the 4 behavior categories of sleep, SB, light physical activity (LPA), and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). In order to obtain physical behavior compositions, an isometric log-ratio transformation was applied, resulting in 4 different sets. The associations between physical behavior compositions, self-perceived stress, and coping self-efficacy were analyzed using 2-level mixed multilevel models. Exploratory reallocation models were conducted to simulate the effects of time shifts from one behavior to another on both stress-related outcomes. Results: The geometric average day comprised 33.9% (8.1/24 h) sleep, 45.2% (10.8/24 h) SB, 15.8% (3.8/24 h) LPA, and 5.1% (1.2/24 h) in MVPA. More time spent sleeping compared to being sedentary was associated with lower self-perceived stress (standardized =–.03; –2.045; .04) but not with coping self-efficacy (=–1.333; .18) in the 24-hour cycle. The ratio of SB to the other physical behaviors and time spent in LPA or MVPA relative to SB showed no association with either stress-related outcome. Significant random effects indicate high individual variability in the analyzed associations. The exploratory substitution of SB by LPA, MVPA, or sleep showed no significant changes in self-perceived stress or coping self-efficacy within a 60-minute period. Conclusions: Adapting 24-hour physical behavior seems to be a promising approach to reduce stress in everyday life, for example, by extending sleep duration instead of being awake in SB. Further research should be conducted on contextual and personal influencing factors in order to develop tailored stress management interventions for the 24-hour cycle.

Definition and Test-Retest Reliability of a Monitoring Method Integrating Accelerometric Actigraphy and Bluetooth Indoor Location Tracking Applied in a Long-Term Residential Unit for Persons With Dementia: Longitudinal Observational Study

2026-05-21T17:15:14-04:00

Background: Dementia has an impact on the physical activities performed daily in a social context. Sleeping and resting, in general, are also affected by dementia. Monitoring techniques based on miniaturized wearable sensors and on sensorized environments allow for actigraphic recordings and location tracking. The availability of contemporaneous physical activities profile led to quantify, in the social actigraphy approach, the level of correlation between individuals living in the same environment. Objective: This study has two main objectives: (1) to define a methodology for actigraphic recordings, based on wearable accelerometers, and on location tracking, based on Bluetooth wearable technology, and to apply it in a well-defined social context, a long-term care residential unit for people with dementia; and (2) to quantify test-retest reliability of the indices obtained by the monitoring methodology. Methods: Persons with dementia living in the long-term care unit have been equipped with miniaturized wearable sensors, an accelerometer at their dominant wrist, and a Bluetooth beacon at their ankle for 7 days. The raw recordings allowed for computing indices related to physical activity intensities, to the occurrence of walking bouts, to the efficiency of sleep and waking phases, to social interactions between individuals, and to locations preferably occupied. The 7-day session was repeated at short (3 weeks) and long (3 months) terms in order to quantify the test-retest reliability of the indices. Results: Twenty-five persons with dementia were enrolled, 4 of them dropped out, and valid data were obtained, in the different sessions, from 19 to 21 individuals of the recruited group. Control data from 10 age-matched healthy participants were derived from published datasets. As a group, compared with age-matched healthy participants, persons with dementia showed a comparable duration of phases of no activity and of light activity (energy cost lower than 3 metabolic equivalents of tasks [METs]), a relevantly lower duration (−84.3%) of phases of moderate activity (energy cost ranging from 3 to 6 METs), and substantial absence (−100%) of phases of vigorous activity (larger than 6 METs); moreover, daytime and nighttime were characterized by comparable wake and sleep, respectively, efficiency; finally, as to the social interactions, persons with dementia showed a lower correlation of their motor activity profiles (−53.1%). The test-retest reliability was excellent for physical activity indices (intraclass correlation coefficients ranging from 0.76 to 0.98), good for social indices (0.65‐0.67), excellent for sleep or wake efficiency (0.74‐0.89), and fair for location tracking indices (0.37‐0.78). Conclusions: The considered methodology, particularly concerning accelerometry, proved to be feasible, informative, and with a good to excellent test-retest reliability. Interestingly, the methodology clearly identified behaviors, such as wandering, in a minority of individuals inside this study’s group of persons with dementia, thus supporting a possible clinical use of the methodology.

mHealth-Supported Exercise Rehabilitation to Reverse Frailty After Autologous Transplantation in Multiple Myeloma: Randomized Controlled Trial

2026-05-21T16:30:02-04:00

Background: Frailty is highly prevalent in survivors of multiple myeloma (MM) after autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation and is associated with poor functional recovery and adverse clinical outcomes. Although exercise is known to improve physical function, traditional center-based rehabilitation models are often inaccessible to this population during early posttransplant recovery. Mobile health (mHealth)–supported exercise may offer a scalable alternative; however, evidence in hematologic malignancies remains limited. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a 16-week mHealth-supported exercise rehabilitation program on frailty phenotype and physical function in survivors of MM within 180 days after autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation. Methods: In this single-center randomized controlled trial, participants who self-reported as prefrail or frail were randomized 1:1 to an mHealth-supported exercise group (n=16) or usual care control (n=16). Remote assessments were conducted at baseline (week 0), midpoint (week 9), and follow-up (week 17). The intervention consisted of 8 weeks of supervised tele-exercise (3 sessions/week, 50 minutes/session), followed by 8 weeks of independent home-based exercise using the same mHealth platform. Exercise intensity was prescribed using a repetitions-in-reserve–based rating of perceived exertion approach with symptom-guided progression. The primary outcome was change in the 5-component Fried frailty phenotype score (0-5). Secondary outcomes included Short Physical Performance Battery components, chair stand time, gait speed, and handgrip strength. Intention-to-treat analyses were conducted using generalized estimating equations to evaluate between-group differences over time. Results: Participants had a mean age of 64.6 (SD 7.1) years and were enrolled a mean of 136 (SD 36.3) days posttransplant. At baseline, 94% (30/32) of participants were classified as frail. Adherence to the supervised sessions was 85% (326/384 sessions), and adherence during the unsupervised phase was 78% (298/384 sessions). The exercise group demonstrated a significantly greater reduction in frailty score compared with control from baseline to week 17 (P<.001). Between-group difference estimates showed a clinically meaningful improvement favoring exercise at both week 9 and week 17 (P<.001). Chair stand time improved significantly in the exercise group compared with control, with faster completion times observed at week 9 and sustained through week 17 (P=.002). Improvements in other Short Physical Performance Battery components and handgrip strength favored the exercise group but did not reach statistical significance. No serious adverse events occurred. Conclusions: A 16-week mHealth-supported, progressively prescribed exercise rehabilitation program was feasible, safe, and effective in reversing frailty phenotype and improving functional mobility in survivors of MM early after autologous transplantation. This approach provides a scalable model for delivering structured rehabilitation during a high-risk recovery window. Larger trials incorporating attention-matched controls and longer follow-up are warranted. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05142371; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05142371

Mobile Apps for Tinnitus: Systematic Search in App Stores and Review of Intervention Components and Behavior Change Techniques

2026-05-19T17:00:22-04:00

Background: Previous research suggests that 14.4% of the general population is affected by tinnitus. For some of those affected, the ear noise is bothersome or associated with severe distress. There are various treatment options such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), sound therapy, or hearing aids. In addition to browser-based online interventions, mobile apps have been introduced as novel treatment approaches. Previous studies have identified several apps aimed at supporting users with tinnitus. Yet, knowledge about the content of tinnitus apps is limited. Objective: This study aimed to provide an overview of apps specifically developed for tinnitus by analyzing general app characteristics, as well as app content, focusing on intervention components and behavior change techniques (BCTs). Methods: A systematic search using 7 search terms (eg, tinnitus and ear noise) was conducted in the Google Play Store and the Apple App Store. Apps designed specifically for tinnitus and available in German or English met the inclusion criteria. Two independent trained raters assessed general app characteristics (eg, age group and costs) using the app description section of the German version of the Mobile App Rating Scale. In addition, raters analyzed app content using the BCT taxonomy (v1) and a list of typical intervention components in tinnitus treatment. Differences in ratings were discussed, and a third trained rater was consulted if no consensus was reached. Results: A total of 1198 apps were identified in the systematic search. Of those, 69 apps were included in the final analysis. Fifty-two apps were available for free, 23 of which offered in-app purchases. Among the 17 paid apps, costs ranged between €0.69 (US $0.81) and €450 (US $527) per 12 months. Fifty-eight of 69 apps provided sounds (eg, white noise and nature sounds). Many apps assessed tinnitus characteristics (n=38) and provided information about tinnitus (n=27). The most frequently used BCTs were “instruction on how to perform the behavior” (n=25; eg, audio instructions for relaxation techniques), “feedback on behavior” (n=11), “behavioral practice/rehearsal” (n=11), “information about health consequences” (n=11), “information about emotional consequences” (n=11), and “prompts/cues” (n=11). The number of BCTs implemented varied widely across apps (0‐18 per app). Conclusions: Most tinnitus apps offer sound-based interventions (eg, white noise and nature sounds). Notably, CBT elements (eg, cognitive restructuring, attention training, and relaxation training) are implemented less frequently, despite CBT being recommended in tinnitus treatment guidelines. Further research on the efficacy of tinnitus apps is needed. Transparent reporting of intervention techniques may help clarify mechanisms of action and support the replication of effective interventions. Given the large number of readily accessible apps, this study provides an overview relevant to both researchers and health care professionals.