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	<title>Janela na web</title>
	
	<link>http://janelanaweb.com</link>
	<description>O seu portal de Management em Português desde 1995 editado por Jorge Nascimento Rodrigues</description>
	<pubDate>Thu, 12 Nov 2009 11:08:00 +0000</pubDate>
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		<title>Efeméride: centenário de Drucker</title>
		<link>http://janelanaweb.com/novidades/efemeride-centenario-de-drucker/</link>
		<comments>http://janelanaweb.com/novidades/efemeride-centenario-de-drucker/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 12 Nov 2009 10:22:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Jorge Nascimento Rodrigues</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Competitividade]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[English articles]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Entrevistas Gurus]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Novidades]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[administração de empresas]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[centenário]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Claremont]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Drucker]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[features]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[gestão]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[inovação]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Management]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[pai do management]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Peter Drucker]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://janelanaweb.com/?p=312</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Se fosse vivo, o "pai" do management faria um século a 19 de Novembro. As comemorações do seu centenário culminam com um Fórum em Viena de Austria, a sua cidade natal. Janela da Web recorda um dos seus inspiradores e entrevistado mais ilustre.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal">Faria um século a 19 de Novembro, se fosse vivo, Peter Ferdinand Drucker (1909-2005), o vienense que se transformou no guru dos gurus da gestão ao longo de 70 anos de vida nos Estados Unidos. Faleceu há quatro anos, a uma semana de fazer 96 anos.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Modesto na sua postura, até ao fim, até falecer em sua casa, em Claremont, na solarenga Califórnia do Sul, sempre recusou o título de “pai” do <em>management</em>, de fundador da popularização das práticas da gestão empresarial e das organizações (incluindo as do Estado e da iniciativa da sociedade civil).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Sempre se recusou a encarar o <em>management</em> como uma doutrina e muito menos como um catálogo de <em>fastfood</em> – na última entrevista que concedeu ao Expresso, já tinha 92 anos, sublinhou: “O <em>management</em> é uma prática, tal como a medicina e o direito. Na realidade, sem prática, o académico não pode contribuir para a gestão”.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">O <a href="http://www.druckerinstitute.com/">The Drucker Institute</a> da Claremont Graduate University levou a cabo entre 2 e 8 de Novembro uma semana de <a href="http://www.drucker100.com/">comemoração do centenário</a>, uma iniciativa que terminará em Viena de Áustria com o <a href="http://www.druckersociety.at/index.php">1º Drucker Global Forum</a> nos dias 19 e 20 próximos, numa organização da Drucker Society of Austria patrocinada pelo presidente da câmara de Viena.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A revista americana de gestão Harvard Business Review dedica-lhe a <a href="http://hbr.harvardbusiness.org/">capa da edição de Novembro</a>, onde a professora da Harvard Business School, Rosabeth Moss Kanter, a mais destacada teórica do <em>management</em> num mundo esmagadoramente masculino, tenta revelar o que diria Peter hoje.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Ele nasceu ainda na capital imperial austro-húngara (este império desintegrar-se-ia no final da Iª Guerra Mundial, tinha Peter nove anos), onde privou, ainda miúdo, com convivas frequentes da casa de seus pais, ilustres vienenses como Sigmund Freud (que não o convencia) e Joseph Schumpeter (em que se inspirou e que sempre admirou).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Os ziguezagues da vida levaram-no como imigrante qualificado até aos Estados Unidos onde iniciou uma carreira múltipla, de jornalista, colunista, consultor, autor marcante na área da gestão (29 obras, sem contar as antologias), inclusive romancista (dois livros publicados nos anos 1980), professor em <em>part-time</em>, apaixonado pela arte e cultura japonesas e <em>frequent flyer</em> para a Terra do Sol Nascente, onde tinha uma legião de fãs mais fiel do que nos próprios EUA ou na sua Europa natal.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Economista, não obrigado!</strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Nunca lhe agradou a Economia, o que deve ter sido motivado por ter apanhado algum enfado ao ouvir as palestras do seminário de Keynes aos fins-de-semana em Cambridge, quando Drucker viveu em Inglaterra nos anos 1930, fugido da Alemanha. Na verdade era doutorado em Direito Internacional pela Universidade de Frankfurt, mas, ironia da vida, ganhou dinheiro em <em>part-time</em> quando chegou à América leccionando Economia. Na verdade, só lhe foi atribuído o título de “professor de gestão” nos anos 1950 quando ingressou na Universidade de Nova Iorque.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Ele sempre se considerou mais um falador sobre História: “Do que realmente falo é de História”, disse ele uma vez numa longa entrevista para a revista Executive Digest, realizada em sua casa, com um almoço de lasanha pelo meio num restaurante de que era <em>habitué</em>.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Peter Drucker começou a ser publicado em Portugal em 1986 com um dos seus livros marcantes, ‘Inovação e Gestão’ (gestão era, neste caso, uma tradução aproximada para um palavrão difícil de dizer em português, empreendedorismo). Concedeu várias entrevistas ao Expresso e à Executive Digest ao longo de vários anos que podem ser lidas <a href="http://gurusonline.tv/pt/conteudos/drucker_homenagem.asp">aqui</a> ou na compilação no livro biográfico ‘<a href="http://www.centroatl.pt/titulos/desafios/peterdrucker.php3">Peter Drucker: O essencial sobre a vida e a obra do homem que inventou a gestão</a>’, publicado no ano da sua morte.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Frases inspiradoras</strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Há algumas frases proferidas por Drucker nas entrevistas referidas que podem servir de fecho desta nota de efeméride:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">-“O estado normal das coisas nunca foi outro senão o da turbulência – o contrário é que é excepção”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">- “É evidente que, mais tarde ou mais cedo, o rebentamento é inevitável. Todas as bolas de sabão acabam por rebentar, por isso o risco é tremendo”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">- “A primeira grande medida (de inovação) é abandonar organizadamente o passado”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">- “O inovador minimiza os riscos, não os maximiza. O inovador não se orienta para o risco, mas para a oportunidade”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">- “Só se marca realmente a diferença quando significamos diferença de facto na vida das pessoas. Ouvi-o de Schumpeter, dias antes de ele falecer. Nunca me esqueci desta (última) conversa”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Drucker rapidamente em 10 “dicas”</strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">. O Estado deve concentrar-se nas suas funções de soberania nucleares; a iniciativa privada empreendedora e o empreendedorismo da sociedade civil (as organizações sem fins lucrativos, de voluntariado) devem ocupar o resto do tecido económico e social</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">. Keynes, o teórico, está totalmente ultrapassado e reprovado pela realidade; Keynes, o metodólogo, é mais importante do que nunca. A forma de Keynes olhar para a economia – sobretudo os seus pontos de vista sobre os fins e os objectivos de uma política económica – terão de nos guiar ainda hoje</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">. Schumpeter deixou várias mensagens: o desequilíbrio é o estado normal de saúde de uma economia; não há lucro a não ser rendas monopolistas, excepto o lucro do inovador, e esse é de curta duração; o que chamamos de lucro é custo do capital</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">. Auto-regule-se para evitar a hiper-regulamentação governamental que acabará sempre por preencher o défice</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">. Colaboração, e não coordenação, é a tarefa central da gestão e do gestor</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">. Os trabalhadores do conhecimento devem ser motivados e não controlados</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">. O futuro está sempre presente nas tendências que já estão debaixo dos seus pés; o problema é que poucos sabem observá-las e ainda menos conseguem tirar proveito das oportunidades que se criam</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">. Concentre-se, sempre, onde os outros não vão ou não estão; descubra e ocupe o seu nicho</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">. Nunca inove para o futuro, isso é oratória romântica; inove para o presente</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">. A inovação nunca sai como a planeámos; é o mercado, os clientes, que dita(m) o sucesso naquilo que nem sequer nos passava pela cabeça</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">

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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>«The BRIC label doesn’t really make sense»</title>
		<link>http://janelanaweb.com/novidades/%c2%abthe-bric-label-doesn%e2%80%99t-really-make-sense%c2%bb/</link>
		<comments>http://janelanaweb.com/novidades/%c2%abthe-bric-label-doesn%e2%80%99t-really-make-sense%c2%bb/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 30 Oct 2009 12:06:21 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Jorge Nascimento Rodrigues</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Competitividade]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[English articles]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Entrevistas Gurus]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Novidades]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Tendências]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[features]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[G3]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[geopolitical marketplace]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[geopolitics]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[geostrategy]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[great power politics]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Parag Kanna]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[superpowers]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[swing states]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[The second world]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[troika]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://janelanaweb.com/?p=298</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[AN INTERVIEW WITH PARAG KHANNA, AUTHOR OF 'THE SECOND WORLD']]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"><a href="mailto:paragkhanna@gmail.com">Parag Khanna</a>, 32, a current new-yorker born in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India, raised in the Emirates and in Germany, a globetrotter, surprised the geopolitical community last year with a book entitled <a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0812979842/janelanawebjnrA/">The Second World </a>(translated into over a dozen languages).</span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"><a href="www.paragkhanna.com">Parag</a> reengineered the concept from the 1970s’ <a href="http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/ziliao/3602/3604/t18008.htm">three worlds theory</a> (the two superpowers – US and Soviet Union, the rest of the capitalist OECD countries, and the Third World). He also imported for geopolitics the image of swing states (battleground electoral states) from the US presidential politics and coined the term &#8220;geopolitical marketplace&#8221; to refer to the dynamic where the first world superpowers, the current three empires (US, EU and China), compete for the influence of the swing states of the second world (where he include the three other BRIC – Brazil, Russia and India).</span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">The author compares the three empires to three big spiders trying to involve the swing states in its particular webs. These swing states are located in pivotal regions of the globe. It’s a new image of the great power politics of the 21<sup>st</sup> Century first decades.</span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">It was announced a new book, entitled <strong>How to Run the World</strong>, also from Random House. It is about the future of diplomacy in a world that looks like the Middle Ages. </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><strong><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">HIGHLIGHTS</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><em><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">. «I believe we already live in a multi-polar world but it is different from the 19th and 20th centuries because it is multi-cultural as well as multi-polar.»</span></em></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><em><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">. </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">«Today it is very much a variable geometry. No one power will be the hegemon.»</span></em></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><em><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></em></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><em><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">. « I think the Persian Gulf region and East Africa as well as the Indian Ocean will be an ever more prominent theater of rivalry.»</span></em></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><em><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></em></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><em><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">.« I am most surprised by how little attention is played to Saudi Arabia&#8217;s very diverse roles. »</span></em></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">© Interview by Jorge Nascimento Rodrigues, October 2009</span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><em><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">QUESTION: You refer the geopolitical hypothesis of a great power web of three spiders. Let&#8217;s name it a G3 for US, China and European Union. Is this a wishful thinking, a solid near future scenario or even current reality? Can we see this troika working inside and on the backyards of the G20 meetings and summits? Most people say that it is a G2 (US-China informal axis) that we can see working in the G20 dynamics&#8230;</span></em></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">ANSWER: I do say that the three superpowers/empires are like big spiders in a web, projecting their own influence through globalization. But I do not say that there is a G-3, rather that there should be a G-3.<span> </span>It is essential to have Europe there because Europe sets the highest normative standards for human rights, environment, and social democracy.<span> </span>I would like to see back-channel and overt dialogue and progressive coordination among the G-3 either before or during the G-20, and perhaps we are moving in that direction</span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">
<p class="MsoPlainText"><em><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">QUESTION: Mainstream anti-hegemony analysts will say that the most probable scenario is a multi-polar word, something similar with the great power politics before the 1st world War. You think so?</span></em></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">ANSWER: I believe we already live in a multi-polar world but it is different from the 19th and 20th centuries because it is multi-cultural as well as multi-polar. It is also truly global, not just through European colonies but genuinely geographically distributed worldwide. So the order may be similarly unstable, but it is certainly on a much larger scale as well</span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">
<p class="MsoPlainText"><em><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">QUESTION: Goldman Sachs in 2001 invented the BRIC concept for the four emergent markets. Today people comment that the group is a real geopolitical entity maneuvering with success for the emergence of the G20 during the Great Depression and the eclipse of the G7. Others say that the BRIC is an axis of opportunity, not a strategic one. What is your comment?</span></em></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">ANSWER: The &#8220;BRIC&#8221; label doesn&#8217;t really make sense since the four countries act very independently and have different growth and development trajectories, and different geopolitical ambitions. Just look at how some people have also begun to drop Russia from the &#8220;BRIC&#8221; concept. Also, their aggregate growth and economic size does not mean that the G-7 will be replaced. It simply adds to the complexity of the global economy and geopolitics</span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">
<p class="MsoPlainText"><em><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">QUESTION: You refer a new second world of swing states, a second layer after the G3 great powers. Who will win the future, say in 2020 or 2030, depends on this swinging dance in the geopolitical marketplace (as you coined). What are your forecasts particularly for the three other BRIC - India, Russia and Brazil?</span></em></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">ANSWER: Each will have a different fate. Russia will for demographic and economic reasons be more integrated into Europe, and may have ceded territory to China.<span> </span>Brazil will be a great power and have influence in emerging markets across Asia and Africa. India will be a naval swing power between the Middle East and Far East, which will be dominated by China</span></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"><em>QUESTION: Certainly most readers will react to the idea that Russia is in the second layer. It has nuclear capacity, strategic resources and a past (Soviet Union). In the book you designed two scenarios for Russia: an almost annex of Europe or a vassal of China. Russia is bluffing today?</em></span></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText">
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">ANSWER: Today Russia is indeed bluffing, but it in fact no longer does this either. It is acting more pragmatically now. [The new President] Medvedev is leading an effort to find a more modest role for Russia with respect to Europe, America, and China. </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"><em>QUESTION: Referring to the vast majority of the second world (a significant part in the G20, in economic terms), it seems we will assist to an </em><em>ad hoc</em><em> dance. As you said, they will dance with one or two of the Big Three over a given issue, but then with another over another issue. You mean a variable geometry? No one of the Big Three will assume (or reassume) hegemony easily?</em></span></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText">
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">ANSWER: It is very much a variable geometry. No one power will be the hegemon.</span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">
<p class="MsoPlainText"><em><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">QUESTION: Due to this swinging status and the power politics involved, this will mean critical problems and turbulence in certain regions of the globe. Which of them you will refer as the most &#8220;hot&#8221; in the future?</span></em></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">ANSWER: I think the Persian Gulf region and East Africa as well as the Indian Ocean will be an ever more prominent theater of rivalry given the volume of energy supplies and trade which flow through the waters there.</span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">
<p class="MsoPlainText"><em><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">QUESTION: What is the role of the third world? Only a playground for tragedies?</span></em></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">ANSWER: The third world will benefit tremendously from the second world&#8217;s economic growth - which is already happening due to China&#8217;s growing demand for commodities, for example. 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<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><em><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">QUESTION: In the <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/geostrategy">old times of great power politics</a> we refer to the shatterbelt regions, nations and states with an ill fate in geopolitics. Bad luck for its geographical location. You refer today about the swing states, the new kind of battleground for great power politics. Some of them are too big indeed to be shatterbelts. Or not? What&#8217;s the difference with the old shatterbelts?</span></em></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">ANSWER: The traditional shatterbelt regions of Eastern Europe and the Middle East are actually finding a new unity. They are no longer divided by foreign imperial powers. Eastern Europe instead has been subsumed into the European empire. North Africa too is increasingly finding itself within the European sphere of influence in a consistent way, while the Arab world as a whole is finding an organic unity through what I call the &#8220;new Arabism&#8221; of trade, finance, culture, media, etc.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><em><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">QUESTION: In a certain sense we are coming back to the 15th-16th centuries when the Portuguese in its globalization wave &#8220;transformed&#8221; the Indian Ocean and the near Pacific - the heart of the world economy at that time - in the battleground of great power politics. History repeats itself?</span></em></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">ANSWER: That was the first strategic wave for the Indian Ocean region and now is indeed the second with the growing role of the US, India, China, Europe, and Persian Gulf states. It could get very complicated there particularly given issues of oil security and piracy</span></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><em><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">QUESTION: What do you expect from the financial summit of the G20 next week? Do you think they can deal with this mixed phase of the Great Recession? Is there a risk of a double dip in the cycle? Can the financial ministers sort out with an &#8220;exit&#8221; strategy?</span></em></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">ANSWER: Each is pursuing its own course in terms of the size of required stimulus, protectionist measures, and so forth. I don&#8217;t believe that they are really coordinating, only discussing. The failure to address the mounting public debt crisis is a bad sign</span></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><em><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">QUESTION: How do you see the future of the dollar as an international currency?</span></em></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">ANSWER: The dollar will have to transition towards a more distributed basket of currencies including the Euro and Renmimbi. To some extent this is already happening as countries shift their reserve composition. Hopefully it can happen without creating more monetary instability</span></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><em><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">QUESTION: From the global actors you have been watching in your travels and in the research for your books and articles, which surprised you more?</span></em></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">ANSWER: I am most surprised by how little attention is played to Saudi Arabia&#8217;s very diverse roles in the Middle East in economic terms, through OPEC in energy markets, and worldwide in terms of religious and financial activities. </span></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN-US">PROFILE</span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN-US">Parag Khanna</span></strong><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN-US"> currently serves as the Director of the Global Governance Initiative and Senior Research Fellow in the American Strategy Program at the New America Foundation, a think tank based in Washington, D.C.. <span> </span>He holds a Bachelor of Science in International Affairs and a minor in Philosophy from the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, a Masters Degree from Georgetown’s Security Studies Program, and is earning a PhD in International Relations at the London School of Economics. Khanna also attended the Freie Universität Berlin. <span> </span>He speaks German, Hindi, French, Spanish and basic Arabic.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN-US">He has worked as an analyst for the Council on Foreign Relations, the World Economic Forum in Geneva and the Brookings Institution. In 2007, he was a senior geopolitical advisor to United States Special Operations Forces in Iraq and Afghanistan. More recently, he also served in the foreign policy advisory group to the Barack Obama for President Campaign.</span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">He is also on the Executive Committee of the Young Lions of New York Public Library. In 2008 he was named one of <em>Esquire’s</em> 75 Most Influential People of the 21st Century, and one of fifteen individuals featured in <em>WIRED</em> magazine’s “Smart List.” He was honored in 2009 as a Young Global Leader of the World Economic Forum. He serves on the board of Independent Diplomat and the New Ideas Fund, and as an advisor to Ergo Advisors and Business for Diplomatic Action.</span></p>

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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Efeméride: 80 anos da Grande Depressão</title>
		<link>http://janelanaweb.com/novidades/efemeride-80-anos-da-grande-depressao/</link>
		<comments>http://janelanaweb.com/novidades/efemeride-80-anos-da-grande-depressao/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 20 Oct 2009 10:10:19 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Jorge Nascimento Rodrigues</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Ardina na Crise]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Novidades]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[80 anos]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Animal Spirits]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[City Londres]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[crash 1929]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[crise global]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[efeméride]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[financeirização]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Galbraith]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Grande Depressão]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Great Depression]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Herbert Hoover]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Montagu Norman]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Quinta-feira Negra]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[segunda-feira negra]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[terça-feira nega]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[This time is different]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Wall Street]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://janelanaweb.com/?p=293</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Foram 11 dias que abalaram o mundo a partir do epicentro de Wall Street em Nova Iorque. Continua a polémica sobre as suas causas. O melhor livro sobre o pânico daquela semana e meia continua a ser o de John Kenneth Galbraith.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal">Há 80 anos o mundo viveu o início da maior Depressão mundial do capitalismo moderno em tempo de paz, excluindo, por isso, a Grande Depressão de 1945 e 1946. Wall Street era sacudida durante onze dias por uma derrocada financeira que se iniciaria num sábado, a 19 de Outubro, e se arrastaria por mais 149 dias de negociação só terminando a 8 de Julho de 1932, com uma quebra de capitalização bolsista de quase 90%.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A riqueza mundial cairia nos três anos seguintes ao <em>crash</em> de Outubro de 1929 mais de 6% ao ano e o comércio internacional sofreria os maiores recuos de sempre da história da globalização capitalista depois da Revolução Industrial – em média, de 1930 a 1932, caiu quase 1/3 ao ano.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>A mão inglesa</strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Tudo começou em Inglaterra em Setembro de 1929 com a falência de um grande grupo financeiro global liderado por <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Hatry">Clarence Charles Hatry</a>, que seria preso na sequência de um jantar no Hotel Charing Cross, em Londres, e com a decisão do Banco de Inglaterra, liderado pelo governador <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montagu_Norman,_1st_Baron_Norman">Montagu Norman</a>, de subir, unilateralmente, a taxa de juro de referência para 6,5%, na tentativa de segurar o papel central da City londrina como pólo de atracção mundial de capitais.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">O efeito destes dois acontecimentos foi uma fragilização muito forte da Wall Street nova-iorquina que em meados de Outubro começaria a manifestar nervosismo até que o pânico dominou a partir da célebre quinta-feira negra de 24 de Outubro e depois com as maiores quedas diárias, até então, do índice Dow Jones na segunda e terça-feiras negras de 28 e 29 de Outubro.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A crise financeira despoletada em Wall Street, mas congeminada em Londres, segundo vários historiadores económicos da época, rapidamente se tornou global.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Contudo, o pior ano desta Grande Depressão não ocorreria logo após o choque de 1929. A dificuldade da Reserva Federal (o banco central americano) em ser eficaz até 1932 (apesar de <a href="http://mises.org/rothbard/agd.pdf">ter injectado na última semana de Outubro de 1929 um aumento de 10% na massa monetária!</a>) e a inabilidade política da Presidência americana (o republicano<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover"> Herbert Hoover</a>, entre Março de 1929 a Março de 1933) conjugou-se com novo golpe estratégico dado em Londres, num domingo, em 20 de Setembro de 1931, com o abandono do padrão ouro pela libra esterlina, o que iniciou um processo de desintegração do sistema financeiro mundial.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">O desastre económico concentrou-se em 1932, quer nos Estados Unidos como à escala global. Agrava-se a quebra do <a href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/trade/imts/Historical%20data%201900-1960.pdf">comércio internacional</a> (exportações mundiais caem 29% em 1931 e 32% em 1932). O ano de 1932 é, de facto, o mais <a href="http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/ARTICLES/Business_Cycles.pdf ">negro do PIB americano </a>(quebra de 13%, a maior de sempre nos EUA) e no número de suicídios (17,4 por 100 mil habitantes) em grande parte dos Estados Unidos, com particular destaque para Nova Iorque (21,3). A 8 de Julho de 1932, o <a href="http://ca.moneycentral.msn.com/investor/charts/historicdata.aspx?symbol=%24US%3aINDU">Dow Jones Industrial Average</a> atinge, finalmente, o seu ponto mais baixo na crise. O índice havia caído 89,2% desde o pico em 3 de Setembro de 1929 e o PIB mundial contrairia 6,6%, o maior de sempre em tempo de paz.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Em 3 de Março de 1933 Hoover termina o mandato e no dia seguinte entra para a presidência o democrata Franklin D. Roosevelt, que ganhara as eleições em 1932 e escapara a uma tentativa de assassinato um mês antes. Pelo final daquele dia de posse, o número de bancos americanos falidos somava 5504. A herança que o novo presidente recebe não poderia ser pior.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Polémica sobre as causas</strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">As causas da Grande Depressão dos anos 1930 continuam envoltas em polémica. O gatilho da crise financeira teria sido a grande especulação dos anos anteriores e do próprio ano de 1929 particularmente em Wall Street, como o narrou John Kenneth Galbraith no seu clássico sobre este acontecimento, intitulado <strong>Crash 1929</strong> (edição em português pela GestãoPlus, 2009; versão em <a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0395859999/janelanawebjnrA/">inglês aqui</a>), que, durante anos, levou os quiosques de aeroporto a torcer o nariz à venda de um livro que dava ideia de um monumental acidente aéreo.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Como este economista disse, o capitalismo vivia, naqueles anos vinte, num “mundo de faz-de-conta”, que, mais tarde ou mais cedo, sofreria uma derrocada. Entre 1920 e 1929, a capitalização bolsista em Wall Street multiplicou por cinco, refere Robert Shiller e George Akerlof em <a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0691142335/janelanawebjnrA/"><strong>Animal Spirits</strong></a>, uma obra publicada este ano.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“O que não era historicamente nada de novo”, frisa Carmen Reinhart e Kenneth Rogoff, em <a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0691142165/janelanawebjnrA/"><strong>This Time is Different</strong></a>, um livro acabado de publicar. O padrão histórico deste tipo de crises financeiras engendradas por especulação bolsista e imobiliária alimentada por excesso de crédito é conhecido e cíclico.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">O frenesim de crédito nos EUA geraria um montante de dívida privada que subiu nos anos 1920 a 184% do PIB americano, sublinha J.-A. Lesourd e C. Gérard, dois historiadores económicos franceses, que recordam sobre os anos 1920 um vício financista, que reconheceremos facilmente nos anos 2000: gerou-se “uma predilecção das empresas por operações de Bolsa, frequentemente artificiais, particularmente intensas nos EUA”. A economia real vivia mais virada para a especulação do que para a produção, ironizam os dois autores de uma História Económica dos séculos XIX e XX.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">O que difere na apreciação das crises financeiras é verificar se ocorre uma projecção global (à escala planetária) ou apenas restrita a um grupo de países ou região específica. A Grande Depressão dos anos 1930 acabaria por ser uma crise global, sublinham Reinhart e Rogoff no livro referido. Tal como sucedera com a iniciada pelo pânico financeiro de 1907 (que geraria em 1908 uma quebra de 3,6% do PIB mundial e uma diminuição do comércio internacional de 6%) e agora pelo pânico de 2008.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">O elo mais fraco era, de facto, a Wall Street, e, segundo o controverso autor Webster G. Tarpley, a própria onda especulativa americana dos anos 1920 teria sido <a href="http://www.tarpley.net/29crash.htm">incentivada pelo governador do Banco de Inglaterra</a> com a conivência do seu amigo Benjamim Strong, do New York Federal Reserve Bank.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Outra interpretação clássica das origens da crise prende-se com o avolumar de uma crise de sobreprodução, provocada pelo duplo crescimento da produção quer nos países desenvolvidos como nos países emergentes de então, alguns deles ainda colónias europeias que iniciaram um processo de industrialização durante a 1ª Guerra Mundial que não parou após o final do conflito. Em Junho de 1929, o índice de produção industrial norte-americano tinha atingido o pico e começado a decair. O mercado bolsista nova-iorquino teria sido um espelho desta crise, com atraso de três meses.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A interpretação menos ortodoxa é a do historiador económico <a href="http://www.econ.ucla.edu/people/faculty/Ohanian.html">Lee E. Ohanian</a>, da Universidade da Califórnia em Los Angeles, que, num trabalho recente para o National Bureau of Economic Research dos Estados Unidos, argumenta que o fósforo que incendiou o ambiente depressivo foi <a href="http://www.nber.org/papers/w15258">a política salarial prosseguida pelo presidente Herbert Hoover</a> que obrigou o sector empresarial americano a manter salários nominais altos com vista a domesticar o alastramento do movimento de sindicalização e a conter a influência ideológica e política do socialismo nos meios laborais.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Esta dinâmica criaria uma distorção paradoxal no mercado laboral de progressiva baixa criação de emprego (e aumento do desemprego de longa duração) e de altos salários nominais na indústria de transformação. Segundo Ohanian, a produção e as horas trabalhadas cairiam 20% por meados de 1930 e cerca de 40% pelo Outono de 1931. O emprego industrial cairia, naquele período, de 30%.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">O filme: 11 dias que abalaram o mundo</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>19 de Outubro (sábado)</strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Queda de 3% no índice Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) em Wall Street nova-iorquina, depois de uma queda de 2,5% no dia anterior. O DJIA manifestava oscilações desde o pico em 3 de Setembro, mas sem clima de desconfiança no <em>trading floor</em>. Acontecimentos além-Atlântico influenciam negativamente Wall Street. A 20 de Setembro tinha falido na City londrina o poderoso grupo de Clarence Hatry e o Banco de Inglaterra, pouco depois, decide aumentar a taxa de juro de 5,5% para 6,5%, na tentativa de captar fluxos de capital de curto prazo dos Estados Unidos e de França para Londres, que era ainda a capital financeira mundial, ainda que em declínio.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>20 de Outubro (domingo)</strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Jornais de Wall Street fazem manchetes com as quedas de sábado. Desconfiança e pessimismo contagiam, pela primeira vez, investidores.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>21 de Outubro (segunda-feira)</strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Pânico começa a apoderar-se dos investidores. Mas os analistas insistem que é “apenas o sacudir das franjas mais lunáticas” (dizia o guru economista da época <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Fisher">Irving Fisher</a>, que arrecadaria o prémio de maior asneira do ano). Queda do DJIA é inferior a 1%.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>22 de Outubro (terça-feira)</strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Recuperação bolsista de 1,7%, aparentemente dando razão à desdramatização.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>23 de Outubro (quarta-feira negra)</strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Mas, logo no dia seguinte, milhares de investidores saem do mercado em debandada, desmentindo os optimistas. Queda do DJIA de 6,3%.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>24 de Outubro (quinta-feira negra)</strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Inicia-se a verdadeira onda de Pânico Financeiro no <em>trading floor</em> de Wall Street. Mudam de mãos 13 milhões de acções a preços ridículos – um recorde para a época. Uma multidão desesperada agrupa-se à porta da Bolsa nova-iorquina. Winston Churchill visita Wall Street e assiste em directo ao pânico. Principais banqueiros de Wall Street reúnem à 1 hora da tarde nos escritórios da J.P. Morgan e decidem “segurar” o mercado, assistindo-se a uma contenção das quedas no final da tarde. O DJIA acaba por cair apenas 2%, muito menos do que no dia anterior, mas descendo, pela primeira vez, abaixo dos 300 pontos.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>25 de Outubro (sexta-feira)</strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Efeito da reunião dos banqueiros melhora médias diárias dos preços das acções. DJIA sobre ligeiramente (0,6%).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>26 de Outubro (sábado)</strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Ligeira queda (0,7%), mas a comunidade financeira sente-se tranquila com a intervenção dos grandes bancos. O The New York Times diz que “sentimento de ansiedade diminuiu”.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>27 de Outubro (domingo)</strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Alguma tranquilidade com o efeito das declarações do presidente Hoover de que a situação estrutural estava “em boa forma e numa base de prosperidade”.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>28 de Outubro (segunda-feira negra)</strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Campanha publicitária matinal das correctoras de Wall Street incentiva investidores a comprar acções “com toda a confiança”. Mas a realidade é outra: o pânico financeiro agrava-se. O investidor não acredita no presidente Hoover nem no marketing. Segunda maior queda percentual diária da história do Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA): 13%. (A maior queda diária de sempre foi, posterior, no <em>crash</em> de 19 de Outubro de 1987 com 22,6%). Efeito mundial nos mercados é imediato.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>29 de Outubro (terça-feira negra)</strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Agrava-se o Grande Pânico financeiro. 16 milhões de acções mudam de mãos – novo recorde na época. Queda do DJIA é de 12%. A bolsa americana perdeu 14 mil milhões de dólares nesse dia, quase 5 vezes mais que o orçamento federal dos EUA. Efeito mundial nos mercados é imediato. No dia seguinte (30/10), o DJIA recupera 12% e no final do mês (31/10) sobe mais 6%. Wall Street volta ao <em>crash</em> na reabertura a 4 de Novembro (DJIA cai 6%) até dia 13.</p>

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		<title>«Keynes would have hated the excessive ‘financialization’ of today»</title>
		<link>http://janelanaweb.com/novidades/%c2%abkeynes-would-have-hated-the-excessive-financialization-of-today%c2%bb/</link>
		<comments>http://janelanaweb.com/novidades/%c2%abkeynes-would-have-hated-the-excessive-financialization-of-today%c2%bb/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2009 16:34:27 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Jorge Nascimento Rodrigues</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[English articles]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Entrevistas Gurus]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Novidades]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[euthanasia of the rentier]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[features]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[financialization]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Keynes]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Keynes work and life]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Keynes's biographer]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Keynesianism]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Robert Skidelsky]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://janelanaweb.com/?p=286</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Lord Skidelsky, Keynes’s biographer, presenting his new book about The Master. A short interview.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">If Keynes was alive today he probably would agree with the critics of financialization who believe finance plays far too great a role in economy and politics nowadays. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">Perhaps it seems a paradox. Keynes was a <em>bon vivant</em>, a bridge gambler and champagne <em>aficionado</em>, he traded in currencies, commodities and stocks where he amassed a fortune (but also lost in the stock market in 1929), he was a manager of an investment company and chairman of a life insurance company, but he regarded financial manias as chaff in a casino - he was a heretic intellectual and investor. Keynes even admitted once he would follow the American Thorstein Veblen radicalism and advocate “<a href="http://janelanaweb.com/novidades/the-medicine-suggested-by-keynes-euthanasia-of-the-%E2%80%98rentier%E2%80%99-system/">the euthanasia of the <em>rentier</em></a>”. Harsh words, indeed. Critics will say he was a dilettante.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">John Maynard Keynes died at 63 in 1946, over sixty years ago, after a long carrier as British civil servant (including director of the Bank of England and member of the Treasury Department), international negotiator (Bretton-Woods has his name in the Wall and long before he represented the Treasury at the Versailles Conference), prolix author, modern art collector, cultural venture capitalist, curator, benefactor, investor, compulsive talker - a man of many facets and tricks (his nickname among his close bohemian friends was <em>Pozzo</em>). </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">Keynes died for the second time in the 1970s when the new anti-Keynesians ridiculed his theories and medicines. For three decades, the British economist was in eclipse. American ‘efficient markets theory’ and monetarism won the academy and the politicians. Milton Friedman, Eugene Fama and Robert Lucas substituted Keynes in the mainstream Economics and Treasury Secretaries and Departments thinking. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">“But, Keynes, it turns out, is having the last giggle. We’re living the second Age of Keynes”, as observed by Paul Krugman reviewing <a href="   http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=1586488279/janelanawebjnrA/"><strong>Keynes: The Return of The Master</strong></a>, the new book from Lord Robert Skidelsky, just published in September, in the UK (Allen Lane, Penguin Books).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">This reemergence of Keynes didn’t come without severe pain. We needed to suffer a Great Panic in 2008 and the menace of a new Great Depression to assist to his glorious return as a savior. Although a dead worldly philosopher, he came back not as ghost but as a master economist, <em>the Master</em>, as in the title of the new book. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">Skidelsky, Keynes’s acclaimed biographer, explained, in this interview, why this book now: “The main reason was that I considered that some of Keynes&#8217; neglected insights into the nature and purpose of economic life were ripe for recall in the light of the total failure of the dominant current schools of economics to explain how a crisis of this magnitude could erupt out of supposedly efficient financial markets.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">If we can summarize The Master in short sentences useful for nowadays politicians, economists and amateurs, we would follow Skidelsky <strong><em>four steps</em></strong> about Keynes thinking:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"><span>1-<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -x-system-font: none;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">The future is uncertain, rather than merely risky; the market system is inherently unstable; this irreducible uncertainty lies behind bubbles and busts of capitalism, explains the intrinsic instability of market economies;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"><span>2-<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -x-system-font: none;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">Economies hit regularly by ‘shocks’ can, if left to themselves, run down and stay depressed a long time; that’s why we need monetary and fiscal tools from the State in those exceptional times for a “abnormal” (a word used with a <em>chirurgical intention</em> by Keynes) government spending, that will work as a multiplier provoking a snowball effect;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"><span>3-<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -x-system-font: none;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">The permanent task of government is to maintain an environment in which the ‘shocks’ were less likely to occur;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"><span>4-<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -x-system-font: none;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">Capitalist financial manias developed a <em>rentier</em> seeking system which is not the same as a means to a civilized word.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">Perhaps these four propositions will suffice to define you as a Keynesian, dear reader.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">AUTHOR&#8217;S PROFILE: <a href="mailto:skidelskyrobert@hotmail.com">Robert Skidelsky</a></span></em></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.skidelskyr.com">Lord Skidelsky</a>, 70, is emeritus professor of Political Economy at the University of Warwick, in the UK. His three volume biography of Keynes, published in 1983, 1992 and 2000, received numerous prizes. This work “should be given a Nobel Prize for History if there was such a thing”, said the British historian and prominent academic Norman Stone. He was elected Fellow of the British Academy in 1994. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">His early life was raised in turbulent times. He was born in Harbin, Manchuria, in 1939 at the time occupied by the Japanese since 1931. His parents were British citizens from Russian and Jewish ancestry. He and his parents were interned in prison camps in Manchuria and in Japan in the 1940s. After, the family was released in exchange for Japanese internees in England. With the triumph of Mao in China, Robert came to Britain as a student in 1950. He published several books since 1967. He began his adventure trough the life of Keynes after appointed professor of International Studies at the University of Warwick in 1978. He retired in 2006. One curious consequence of writing about The Master was that Skidelsky acquired Keynes’s country house in East Sussex in 1986 on a twenty year lease.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">Skidelsky never took a degree in Economics. He got some tutorials or supervisions from eminent economist friends, as he explained. He considers himself an economic literate historian – not a professional economist at all. His passion from his ninth birthday in Tientsin (China) is history, world history. In 1995 he wrote <strong>World after Communism</strong> and in 2008 he completed a short history book: <strong>Britain in the 20<sup>th</sup> Century</strong>. He is co-authoring a book about the sense and non-sense of Globalisation, forthcoming next year. He passed through politics, as a founder member of the British Social Democratic Party and joined the Conservatives. He was against the current several times and left politics in 2001.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">Since 2001 he accepted positions in financial companies in the US. He is ironic about this last twist in his life: “I believe this could only happen in the USA. In the UK nothing I have written or done has suggested to anyone that I might be suited for money-making!”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">TWO TIPS</span></strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> from the interview below</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">Most relevant aspect nowadays</span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">«I think the aspect of Keynes’s work most relevant to what has happened in the last two years is his emphasis on uncertainty, and the distinction he made between uncertainty and risk. Too often we talk of risk management when we should be talking of uncertainty management.»</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">Animal Spirits, rationality and irrationality</span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">«Keynes did not believe that human beings acted irrationally. He thought of rational as &#8216;reasonable&#8217;. In general human beings acted as reasonably as their circumstances allowed. These circumstances included the existence of irreducible uncertainty. Acting according to &#8216;animal spirits&#8217; was rational in the face of the unknown, as indeed was herd behaviour.»<br />
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">A short interview with Lord Robert Skidelsky</span></em></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">QUESTION: This financial crisis, the risk and fear of a new Great Depression, the G20 dynamics bring back Lord Keynes after 30-40 years of exile in the academic world. Do you think - for economics and for politicians - this is a “Keynesian moment”? </span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">ANSWER: Yes definitely. The &#8217;stimulus&#8217; is a Keynesian policy tool based on Keynesian reasoning. As Robert Lucas of Chicago University said &#8216;We are all Keynesians in the foxhole&#8217;.<br />
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">QUESTION: Where the Keynesian heritage is most appropriate: in the anti-cyclical government policies, particularly the fiscal ones, or in the international agenda dealing with the turmoil in the international monetary system and the crisis of the dollar hegemony?</span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">ANSWER: The stimulus is an emergency policy. Once the global economy is out of the foxhole, we have to set up a system which stops us falling into foxholes. This must include a more equal distribution of international reserves, which in turn involves an agreement on exchange rate rules. It also means an end to the political imbalances which have justified the hegemonic position of the dollar.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">QUESTION: You have been a biographer of Lord Keynes for so much time. From his memories, which aspect, event or ditto, you think is the most appropriate for the economic and political landscape of today?</span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">ANSWER: I think the aspect of his work most relevant to what has happened in the last two years is his emphasis on uncertainty, and the distinction he made between uncertainty and risk. Too often we talk of risk management when we should be talking of uncertainty management.<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">QUESTION: Lord Keynes “resurrected” Thorstein Veblen, the iconoclast of the theory of the leisure class, and he once said that he would recommend the “euthanasia of the <span>rentier</span>”. Facing the huge financialization of the OECD economies since the 1970s, in what sense Keynes thoughts can be useful today?</span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">ANSWER: Keynes would have hated the excessive &#8216;financialization&#8217; of the economy for the reason that it exalted abstract love of money above the enjoyment of concrete goods. While the former might be a means to the latter, it was too often a substitute. He wanted the economy to be as concrete as possible, so that people would not lose sight of this primary question: what is wealth for?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">QUESTION: </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 7pt;" lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">Professor Krugman recently opened a new American Keynesian revival, but the academia is very fragmented, and new economics’ approaches since the 1980s emerged, like the complexity economics, the evolutionist economics, the econophisics, the behavioral economics (although based on the <span>animal spirits</span> of Keynes), etc. Do you think it’s time for a Keynesian renaissance, or it would be better that different schools of thought blossom?</span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">ANSWER: I believe the debate between those who believe market participants are rational and those who believe they are irrational is a red herring. The problem lies in the neoclassical definition of rational behaviour as behaviour which conforms with a mathematical model of individual decision-making. Any behaviour which deviates from this model is by definition dubbed irrational. Keynes did not believe that human beings acted irrationally. He thought of rational as &#8216;reasonable&#8217;. In general human beings acted as reasonably as their circumstances allowed. These circumstances included the existence of irreducible uncertainty. Acting according to &#8216;animal spirits&#8217; was rational in the face of the unknown, as indeed was herd behaviour.<br />
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		<title>O fim do século americano</title>
		<link>http://janelanaweb.com/novidades/o-fim-do-seculo-americano/</link>
		<comments>http://janelanaweb.com/novidades/o-fim-do-seculo-americano/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 07 Oct 2009 08:58:03 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Jorge Nascimento Rodrigues</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Ardina na Crise]]></category>

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		<category><![CDATA[After America]]></category>

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		<category><![CDATA[século americano]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://janelanaweb.com/?p=283</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Um livro publicado nos Estados Unidos afirma que a geopolítica entrou numa fase de transição. Paul Starobin, o autor, intitulou a obra sugestivamente: After America. Passaram 68 anos desde que o editor Henry Luce proclamou o "século americano" num editorial da revista Life, por ele fundada.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong><em><a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=067002094X/janelanawebjnrA/">After America</a></em> é um título que fala por si. É o primeiro livro de autor americano, que não pertencendo às correntes radicais anti-imperialistas, fala abertamente, para o (difícil e incrédulo) público do seu país, de que a “Civilização americana chegou a um fim depois da sua longa ascensão até à hegemonia” durante o século XX, diz-nos Paul Starobin. </strong></p>
<p>Hoje a viver na região de Boston, com 52 anos, Starobin tirou um mestrado em Inglaterra na London  School of Economics em Relações Internacionais, percorreu o mundo, o que lhe permitiu vários olhares, acabou por ser o chefe da delegação da revista americana Business Week em Moscovo e acabou por se apaixonar em Tashkent, no distante Uzbequistão. Paul é um globalista e insiste que os americanos têm de entender que se entrou “num período de transição em que o famoso século americano findou”.</p>
<p>“Escrevi este livro sobretudo para o americano comum que tem de se adaptar a este Depois da América em curso”, diz-nos numa entrevista que <a href="http://janelanaweb.com/novidades/%E2%80%9Ci-do-not-believe-in-a-g2-bi-hegemony%E2%80%9D/">pode ser lida aqui (em inglês)</a>, reconhecendo que essa missão tem sido mais fácil do “que junto da classe política em Washington DC, que tem permanecido largamente num estado de negação sobre as novas tendências”.</p>
<p>Simbolicamente, o autor encontra, na entronização recente do G20 como cúpula mundial de decisões, o sinal dessa alteração de fundo, ainda por cima em solo americano, em Pittsburgh. Surpreendentemente, a parteira dessa mudança histórica foi a grande crise financeira surgida nos últimos dois anos a partir da Wall Street. Outros analistas dirão que a própria decisão de escolha do Rio de Janeiro para local dos Jogos Olímpicos de 2016 já reflectirá esta mudança – há um ano quando os quatro finalistas foram escolhidos, o Rio era a localização que recolhia a mais baixa pontuação face a Chicago, Madrid e Tóquio (a com pontuação mais elevada).</p>
<p><strong>Hegemonia não vem do carisma<br />
</strong><br />
O processo de declínio – ainda que suave – da hegemonia americana <strong>vem de trás</strong>. Starobin fala de um pico da liderança mundial nos anos 1990. A queda americana não é, por isso, atribuível, apenas, a este ou aquele presidente americano. Mas, sem dúvida, que a Administração George W. Bush deixou o país no ponto mais baixo de influência internacional, de capacidade em <em>soft power</em>, além de diversos dilemas em termos de projecção externa de <em>hard power</em>.</p>
<p>Muitos segmentos políticos e sociais americanos depositaram, por isso, no novo presidente a esperança na inversão da situação: “O presidente Obama é uma figura carismática, sem dúvida, parece ser estimado em largas partes do mundo, mas isso não é suficiente para restaurar a hegemonia americana – a hegemonia nunca foi o produto de nenhum presidente carismático. Ela emergiu, no passado, de um conjunto de factores e oportunidades”. Starobin frisa que Obama tem uma estratégia “mais adaptada” à nova realidade do que a candidatura perdedora republicana que se imaginava, ainda, na idade de ouro do “século americano”.</p>
<p><strong>Vários futuros em aberto</strong></p>
<p>Mas o futuro está, ainda, em aberto, logo atalha o autor. “O mundo está grávido, mas não só com uma possibilidade do que virá a seguir, mas com múltiplas possibilidades. Estes embriões existem como que em paralelo”, afirma, ainda que reconheça: “É claro que, a dado passo, um ganhador emergirá”. Mas tranquiliza os mais stressados no Ocidente: “Provavelmente estamos ainda longe desse ponto”. Toda a gente fala que o candidato a hegemonista substituto é a China, um país que, <a href="http://geoscopio.tv/2009/10/geoprotagonistas/a-3%C2%AA-fase-da-republica-popular-da-china/">no final dos anos 1970</a>, surpreendeu tudo e todos ao enveredar por um caminho de afirmação de uma grande potência económica.</p>
<p>Mas Starobin, admitindo que a China é, sem dúvida hoje, o mais bem posicionado na corrida, recorda que a História dos ciclos das superpotências sempre foi marcada por dois padrões: a surpresa e a contingência criada pelos movimentos a partir de baixo, o que ele designa de “história orgânica”.</p>
<p>Os próprios Estados Unidos, diz ele, seriam um exemplo de “Império acidental”, que emergiu inesperadamente, fruto das oportunidades das “guerras civis” europeias do século vinte – as duas grandes guerras – que enfraqueceram a potência dominante (a Inglaterra) e os desafiadores directos. Depois, a própria implosão da União Soviética foi inesperada e permitiu um último fôlego ao hegemonismo americano.</p>
<p>Por isso, Starobin, através das suas viagens pelo mundo, ficou, ele próprio, surpreendido. Confessa que torcia o nariz a um tema exótico como o das “cidades-estado” e das “regiões-estado” (algo que em 1993 o estratega japonês Kenichi Ohmae agitou, mas que com a emergência dos BRIC ficou na penumbra). “Sinceramente, eu acho que essas regiões-estado têm mais futuro do que a própria formulação do conceito de BRIC [Brasil, Rússia, Índia e China]. Sempre encarei essa ideia [da Goldman Sachs] como algo artificial. No começo do projecto deste livro não estava muito focalizado nessa possibilidade das cidades e regiões-estado, mas à medida que fui investigando fiquei impressionado com essa hipótese”, sublinha-nos o autor, que avança com mais essa tendência: “É, na verdade, muito intrigante que possa surgir uma nova divisão do mundo, eventualmente multipolar, mas não baseada nas nações-estado, mas num agrupamento de mega-regiões urbanas”.</p>

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		<title>“I do not believe in a G2 bi-hegemony”</title>
		<link>http://janelanaweb.com/novidades/%e2%80%9ci-do-not-believe-in-a-g2-bi-hegemony%e2%80%9d/</link>
		<comments>http://janelanaweb.com/novidades/%e2%80%9ci-do-not-believe-in-a-g2-bi-hegemony%e2%80%9d/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 25 Sep 2009 20:42:44 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Jorge Nascimento Rodrigues</dc:creator>
		
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://janelanaweb.com/?p=275</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[An interview with Paul Starobin, author of After America. It’s the first book from an American author speaking of an After America future. ]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="MsoPlainText">AN INTERVIEW WITH <strong>PAUL STAROBIN</strong>, author of <em><strong>After America</strong></em></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">It’s the first book from an American author speaking of an <em>After America</em> future. The American Century, the Uncle Sam hegemony, the lonely superpower golden times, and more broadly the American Civilization has come to the end of its long climb to global preeminence. Period. Americans and Europeans and other allies have to understand this new reality and act accordingly. </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">For the moment, there’s no superpower substitute. And an After America transitional period can develop a variable geometry of outcomes, even if an obvious “candidate” is always referred in popular conversations: China.  “The world is pregnant, not with one possibility for what might come next, but with multiple possibilities. These embryos exist in parallel with one another – although at some point, a <em>victor</em> will presumably emerge, we are still probably a long way from reaching that point”, wrote Paul Starobin in <a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=067002094X/janelanawebjnrA/"><strong>After America</strong></a> (Viking, May 2009). History is always in the making – the future is always a matter of probabilities (and opportunities) rather than certainties.</span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">Starobin, 52, a globalist, a former Moscow bureau chief for Business Week magazine and a writer for National Journal and Atlantic Monthly magazine, living in the Boston area, a member of the Red Sox Nation (the baseball team of the city), married with a woman from Tashkent (nowadays, capital of Uzbekistan), believes in “organic history” (no, no slow food), in History from the bottom-up. “History as a contingent, messy process, emerging from the <em>soil</em> of global politics, culture and economics”, he told me, in a long conversation about his book published in the US.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">Paul has a Masters of Science degree in International Relations from the London School of Economics. In October 1<sup>st</sup> – 60<sup>th</sup> anniversary of Popular Republic of China - he will be at Houston, Texas, at the Rice University, for a talk and book signing. You can follow <a href="   http://afteramericabook.com/">the book online.</a></span></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"><strong>5 TIPS</strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"><em>The geopolitical conclusion:</em> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">«I believe that America has entered a transitional period whose end point at this present time is simply unknowable because the final destination depends on so many contingent factors.»</span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"><em>The future to be</em>:</span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">«There is no particular reason to think that traditional forms, like the nation-state, will be the main drivers of a new age of history.»</span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"><em>The surprise</em>:</span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">«As I started my research, I was not really focused on the possibility of a new global order based on city-states-but in my travels, I became impressed by just such a possibility and added a chapter to the book suggesting how this path might develop. It is really quite intriguing-a new division of the world, not into a multipolar order of nation-states but into a grouping of urban mega-regions.»</span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"><em>The Atlantic heritag</em>e:</span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">«With the Cold War over, Europe simply does not matter as much in America&#8217;s calculations.»</span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"><em>The black swan:</em></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">«The big question in terms of whether chaos spreads is what sort of vacuum is left as an overstretched U.S. military pulls back from Iraq and, sooner or later, from Afghanistan.» </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">Interview by Jorge Nascimento Rodrigues</span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"><em>QUESTION: From the conversations, the events, the personalities you saw and interviewed for this book, which impressed you more and had a major influence in writing <strong>After America</strong>?</em></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">ANSWER: &#8216;After America&#8217; considers a number of different paths to the future. As I started my research, I was not really focused on the possibility of a new global order based on city-states-but in my travels, I became impressed by just such a possibility and added a chapter to the book suggesting how this path might develop. It is really quite intriguing-a new division of the world, not into a multipolar order of nation-states but into a grouping of urban mega-regions. This could be quite a wide assortment of actors-everyone from Hong Kong and Singapore in the East, to Dubai and Tel Aviv in the Middle East, to Barcelona and Berlin (among many others) in Europe, to Johannesburg in Africa, to Toronto, Las Vegas and Los Angeles in North America, to São Paulo and Santiago in South America. I like the example of city-states because I believe that we have to be imaginative in considering the possibilities of an After America world. There is no particular reason to think that traditional forms, like the nation-state, will be the main drivers of a new age of history.</span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"><em>QUESTION: Kenichi Ohmae in the 1990s wrote a shocking book at that time: <strong>The Rise of Region States</strong>. But it seems that since the emergence of the BRIC, these strategies lost sexy appeal…</em></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">ANSWER: I think “region-states” has more going for it than the BRIC formulation. The BRICs also strikes me as a somewhat artificial conception.</span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><strong><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">The Russian “will”</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"><em>QUESTION: You have been in Moscow from 1999 until 2003, a critical period when Vladimir Putin apparently stopped the continuous crash of the former superpower. Studies of relative global power showed that Russia, despite its nuclear military status, has today less than a half of former Soviet Union power in the 1970s, 40% of Chinese actual relative power and a little bit more than 25% of US power. Do you think the Russians understood this &#8220;after Soviet Union&#8221;?</em></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">ANSWER: There is a powerful current of imperial nostalgia in Russia, especially evident amongst the political elite, which tends to blind Russians to present realities. But deep within their bones, I do think they understand that the world has changed-and that neither the Red nor the White versions of their empire is likely to return in anything like the size and the scope of their dimensions. That said, &#8220;will&#8221; counts for a lot in global affairs, and Russia still possesses national will-at a level, certainly, greater than the Europeans.</span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"><em>QUESTION: <strong>After America</strong> is, so far I know (excluding a few anti-imperialist radicals), the first book from an American perspective and writer, referring the end of the American Century, showing the clear signs of a decline of the US hegemony. Americans had a difficult time understand the crash in soft power with the last George W. Bush Administration and after Obama victory they hope that the new Administration will reconstruct the soft power lost, endure hard power where needed, and change the decline curve. Do you think the US has conditions to regain hegemony with Obama charisma and realistic pragmatism, or, definitely, America entered a transitional period?</em></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">ANSWER: I believe that America has entered a transitional period whose end point at this present time is simply unknowable because the final destination depends on so many contingent factors. President Obama is a charismatic figure, yes, and he seems to be generally well liked around the world, but this is nowhere enough to restore an American hegemony-because the hegemony itself was never the product of a charismatic American president. The hegemony arose from a conjunction of certain economic, political and cultural circumstances, not the least of which was the self-destruction of Europe in its &#8216;civil wars&#8217; of the first half of the 20th century. In a sense, America was an &#8216;Accidental Empire.&#8217;</span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><strong><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">Nails in a coffin</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"><em>QUESTION: Do you think the great financial crisis of last two years (showing the great fragility of American financialization and economic power) and the emergence of the G20 were the last two nails in the coffin of Fukuyama&#8217;s lonely superpower promise?</em></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">ANSWER: There may be more nails to come but these are certainly two important ones. I see the financial crisis as the manifestation of ailments very long in the making in America-not least the failure to develop a modern, rational system of financial regulation. Although the precise timing of the crisis was very hard to predict, I think that historians will be able to show that it was not some freak event but the culmination of longstanding, worrisome trends.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><em><span lang="EN-US">QUESTION: Can we consider the George W. Bush Administration the bridge to the End of the American Century? If Al Gore had won the elections back in 2000 was it possible that the After America was postponed?</span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><em><span lang="EN-US"> </span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">ANSWER: No, I don’t think the tipping point really rested on one presidential administration. If George W. Bush proved a neo-con imperialist, Al Gore might have proved a liberal imperialist. Probably the peak of the American Century was in 1991 with the Cold War triumph and collapse of Soviet Union.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><em>QUESTION: The victory of Obama soft power strategy against the hard power line discourse of the Republican candidate, John McCain, precipitate, irreversibly, America in the After America period? McCain was more suitable to avoid the After America?</em></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">ANSWER: I see John McCain, both by generation and by backround (fighter pilot), as a very much an American Century type. Barack Obama is harder to define—he has a certain global mindset but also of course an American one. It is possible that President Obama will develop a graceful means of American adaptation to an After America world—but possible, too, that he will be trapped by American Century thinking that remains pervasive in Washington,  D.C. Perhaps how he deals with the difficult matter of Afghanistan will stamp his political personality in this regard.</span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"><em>QUESTION: As in all the transitional periods, what comes next depends on the fast and adaptive moves from the different &#8220;species&#8221; candidates to occupy the niches available. From the great powers we see today, which &#8220;candidate&#8221; impressed you more and why?</em></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">ANSWER: No one at this point has emerged as a clear successor to America as a hegemonic power-and it possible that there will never again be a power as dominant as America has been. After the Roman Empire collapsed, centuries rolled by without a new &#8220;Rome&#8221; materializing on the global scene. But if one has to make this forecast, China is the obvious candidate, given its sheer economic heft, its strategic patience and its apparent global ambitions. I don&#8217;t see India, Russia or Brazil, to consider other possibilities, becoming a new hegemon. </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><strong><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">Shifting priorities</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"><em>QUESTION: Some European analysts talk of a new alliance between America and Europe based on Western Atlantic democracy vs. totalitarian soft power rising from China, Russia and other small and medium powers around the world leveraging natural resources through state power. The Cold War heritage of a transatlantic alliance has space as a dominant vector in After America? Or the US will shift clearly its geopolitical priorities?</em></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">ANSWER: The U.S. is already shifting its priorities towards other regions of the world, namely Asia, with China and India as rising powers demanding strategic attention from Washington. A neat division of the world into a democratic Euro-American West and all others does not quite work-India, after all, is the world&#8217;s largest democracy, and some Washington strategists hope to enlist India as a kind of counter-balance against China&#8217;s ambitions in the Indian Ocean region. Brazil is another large democratic power of increasing importance to the U.S. With the Cold War over, Europe simply does not matter as much in America&#8217;s calculations.</span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><em><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">QUESTION: Other analysts, some from America and Asia, refer the emergence of a G2, an informal hegemonic alliance between the US and China for the transitional period. Do you think we can evolve for this type of bi-hegemony? Or the most probable scenario is a concert of great powers like in the 19th century, as the Russians have in mind?</span></em></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><em><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></em></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">ANSWER: I do not believe that the U.S. and China are fated to be enemies but nor do I believe that they are likely to exercise a &#8216;bi-hegemony&#8217; as dual rulers of the world. The countries are too different-in their cultural and political values, for instance-for that kind of core compatibility. I expect a mixture of competition and cooperation to shape the Sino-American relationship in coming years-with perhaps the balance tipping towards competition given China&#8217;s clear ambitions, as a rising power, to exercise more influence in its regional neighborhood.</span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><strong><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">The fragile borders</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"><em>QUESTION: Some scenarios refer the risk of a black swan in this transitional period of After America. Great power politics has horror to no-polarity worlds if past History is of help. In what kind of &#8220;scenario&#8221; context this inter-act can evolve for an arch of chaos and for global wars? Can the &#8220;borders&#8221; of great power politics impact this hoped calm and peaceful rising After America transition?</em></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">ANSWER: While Samuel Huntington simplified matters too much in his diagnosis of a post-Cold War &#8220;clash of civilizations,&#8221; he was right to pay attention to the problem of bloody borders as a formula for broader conflict in the world. The U.S. Empire has such fragile borders-in some cases, already bloody, as in the Afghanistan-Pakistan region, and in Iraq. Closer to the American homeland, chaos in Mexico, a consequence of the drug wars in which the U.S. is complicit as a huge consumer of narcotics, is spilling over to the U.S. Southwest. Transnational gang warfare is another source of chaos that affects America. The big question in terms of whether chaos spreads is what sort of vacuum is left as an overstretched U.S. military pulls back from Iraq and, sooner or later, from Afghanistan. </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"><em>QUESTION: One of the smart power strategies China has been developing in its present world power projection (for instance in Africa, Latin America, Australia, Canada, Eastern Russia) is a different approach from the classical imperialism of the 1870s-1900s or even from the Accidental Empire strategy of the US. Also the soft power &#8220;imperialism of attraction&#8221; based in culture, values, fashions and trends, is diffuse and grey in the case of present China. What kind of &#8220;go global&#8221; expansion are the Chinese doing? Have they sustainable conditions to continue a so-called peaceful rising?</em></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">ANSWER: As an example, I was generally impressed with what the Chinese are doing in copper-rich Chile in terms of a long-term strategy of diplomatic, cultural and economic engagement. The Chinese approach in Chile appears to be sensitive to Chilean concerns of not wanting to be dominated by a new &#8216;imperialist&#8217; in the world, as Chile was once dominated by the United States. At the same time, the Chinese are new to this game of soft-power attraction-and no doubt will make mistakes. My sense is that at this point, the Chinese engagement is going over better in South America than in Africa, where the Chinese tend to be viewed as heavy handed.</span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"><em>QUESTION: So far, what was the most unexpected feedback you received from readers of your book?</em></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">ANSWER: I wrote this book mainly for ordinary Americans, who need to think about how to adapt to the After America worlds in the making. I wasn&#8217;t sure how that message would be received but as it has turned out, happily, I have found most people willing to listen, even in such &#8216;heartland&#8217; places as Texas. If the After America message can find a home in Texas, it can find a home just about anywhere. Unfortunately, the political class, in Washington DC, remains largely in denial about these trends. This, however, was not unexpected.</span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>

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		<title>Retoma: o fantasma do modelo “japonês” ronda os países “ricos”</title>
		<link>http://janelanaweb.com/novidades/retoma-o-fantasma-do-modelo-%e2%80%9cjapones%e2%80%9d-ronda-os-paises-%e2%80%9cricos%e2%80%9d/</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 25 Sep 2009 15:22:41 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Jorge Nascimento Rodrigues</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Ardina na Crise]]></category>

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		<category><![CDATA[Carlota Perez]]></category>

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		<category><![CDATA[Francesco Giavazzi]]></category>

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		<category><![CDATA[Olivier Blanchard]]></category>

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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://janelanaweb.com/?p=269</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[E depois da crise, no ‘Ocidente’? Assistiremos ao regresso do crescimento dourado ou da estagnação secular? Os economistas dividem-se. Os pessimistas falam de uma “retoma” anémica nos países “ricos”, da condenação a um crescimento de tipo “japonês”. Os optimistas vêm na inovação a luz ao fundo do túnel]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal">O presidente da Reserva Federal decretou recentemente que a recessão técnica terá terminado nos Estados Unidos e a OCDE voltou a divulgar o seu “compósito de indicadores” referindo que a maioria dos países da OCDE e dos BRIC já parou de contrair o produto interno bruto. Apesar dos temores de uma recaída próxima ou mais tardia – como aconteceu em 1932 e depois em 1938 na Grande Depressão anterior -, o debate está a mover-se para o terreno do médio-longo prazo.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Será que as economias desenvolvidas vão ter crescimentos medíocres, ‘à japonesa’, inferiores a 2% e tendencialmente próximo de 1%? Será que, inclusive, esses países estarão a sofrer de estagnação crónica da economia real desde os anos 1970? A única saída possível é gerar nova ‘bolha’ financeira (por exemplo em torno das tecnologias “limpas” e dos negócios “verdes”) <span> </span>e prosseguir com a financeirização da dinâmica económica? Será que há alguma saída por via da inovação tecnológica, ou esta deixou de ter o impacto «schumpeteriano», que se apregoava outrora, no crescimento das economias maduras?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Olhando a história económica no pós queda do Muro de Berlim verificamos que, na actual fase de globalização, as taxas de crescimento entre os dois tipos de países comummente designados de desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento estão cada vez mais distantes umas das outras. O crescimento nos desenvolvidos manifestou uma dinâmica duas vezes e meia inferior. O caso do Japão foi o mais extremo, entre os &#8220;ricos&#8221;, com uma média anual do crescimento do PIB em década e meia inferior a 2% (ver tabela 1).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Tabela 1</strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Padrões de crescimento da actual fase da globalização</strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(Taxa média anual de crescimento real do PIB, 1991-2007, em %)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Países desenvolvidos: 2,5%; Países em desenvolvimento: 6,4%; Modelo “japonês”: 1,9%</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Fonte: UNCTAD, Setembro 2009</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Tabela 2</strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Padrões de crescimento nos Estados Unidos desde a Grande Depressão</strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(Taxa média anual de crescimento real do PIB, por décadas, em %)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">1930/1939: 1,3%; 1940/1949: 5,9%; 1950/1959: 4,1%; 1960/1969: 4,4%; 1970/1979: 3,3%; 1980/1989: 3,1%; 1990/1999: 3,1%; 2000/2009: 1,8%</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><em>Fonte: The Great Financial Crisis, 2009 e <a href="http://www.bea.gov/national/xls/gdpchg.xls">http://www.bea.gov/national/xls/gdpchg.xls</a>; Obs: estimativa de -3% para 2009, UNCTAD</em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">No caso dos EUA (ver tabela 2, acima), outrora o “motor” da economia mundial, o tecto da taxa foi baixando desde os anos 1970 e esta última década apresentará um padrão de “tipo japonês” (inferior a 2% de média anual). Em relação à tendência de muito longo prazo da economia americana, que cresceu, em média, quase 4% ao ano nos últimos duzentos anos, as previsões apontam para metade dessa dinâmica histórica no futuro.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Sob o signo da financeirização</strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Em compensação, a financeirização da economia mundial foi arrasadora: em 2007, o valor total dos activos financeiros globais somava 194 biliões de dólares (trilhões, na designação anglo-saxónica), o que significava uma &#8220;profundidade financeira&#8221; de 343% do PIB, segundo o mais recente relatório &#8216;<a href="http://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/publications/gcm_sixth_annual_report/executive_summary.asp">Global Capital Markets</a>&#8216; da McKinsey.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Há, por isso, <strong>um problema sério na economia real nos países capitalistas maduros</strong>, dizem John Bellamy Foster e Fred Magdoff, editores da revista americana Monthly Review, no seu mais recente livro <strong>T<a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=1583671846/janelanawebjnrA/">he Great Financial Crisis</a></strong> (Monthly Review Press, Janeiro 2009). Atribuem essa maleita crónica ao que designam por capitalismo monopolista e financeiro que amortece o efeito da revolução tecnológica, do empreendedorismo e da “destruição criativa” renovadora. “O que poderá fazer sair desta situação o capitalismo? Não se vislumbra outra saída – dentro do sistema – que não seja outra vaga de financeirização, em última análise tão destrutiva como a última”, diz-nos <a href="mailto:jfoster@uoregon.edu">John Foster</a>, que prevê “explosões históricas pela frente”. Uma expressão dos anos da Grande Depressão regressou aos debates: a “estagnação secular”.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Muitos analistas mostram, por isso, prudência e falam de uma futura retoma “anémica” nos países desenvolvidos, e nomeadamente nos EUA, <a href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2009/09/blanchardindex.htm">como o referiu Olivier Blanchard</a>, director de Investigação no Fundo Monetário Internacional, na revista deste organismo, Finance &amp; Development, publicada em Setembro. A OCDE teme que haja mesmo uma queda no produto potencial e que o nível de desemprego se mantenha alto, mesmo com estabilidade de preços. “Outros são mesmo mais pessimistas e alegam que haverá inclusive uma redução da taxa de crescimento, e não só do potencial”, frisa-nos <a href="mailto:francesco.giavazzi@unibocconi.it">Francesco Giavazzi</a>, da <a href="http://faculty,unibocconi.it/francescogiavazzi">Universidade Bocconi</a>.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Tecnologia ao fundo do túnel?</strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">E as tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TIC) parecem não estar a resolver o problema. John Bellamy Foster disse-nos: “A revolução digital foi importante mas não conseguiu, nem de perto, ter o impacto que teve a máquina a vapor, o caminho-de-ferro e o automóvel”. Ou seja, o que Toffler chamou entusiasticamente de “terceira vaga” teve, até hoje, um impacto coxo, com uma intensidade inferior às revoluções industriais.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Mas <a href="mailto:carperezperez@yahoo.com">Carlota Perez</a>, da Universidade de Cambridge, no Reino Unido, não se deixa abater: “Todos estes anos de investimento nas TIC criaram as condições para uma idade de ouro sustentável. É neste sentido que a finança tem de ser ‘seduzida’, através da regulação, do tratamento fiscal e da pressão da opinião pública”. Ela fala de luz ao fundo do túnel desta crise: virá um grande impulso de desenvolvimento que precisou de mais de meio século para gerar os seus efeitos. Depois das crises de 2000 (rebentar da ‘bolha’ tecnológica) e da crise actual (financeira) abre-se um período final de posicionamento da sociedade baseada no conhecimento, mostrou, recentemente, num estudo publicado no <a href="http://cje.oxfordjournals.org/content/vol33/issue4/">Cambridge Journal of Economics (nº33, 2009)</a>. O ponto de vista da professora é que a dinâmica de financeirização será revertida e que a hegemonia da economia real regressará, tal como aconteceu após a Grande Depressão dos anos 1930 até 1970.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Mudar o eixo da política</strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">O economista italiano Giavazzi é ainda, politicamente, mais claro: “A forma de retornar ao crescimento implica uma mudança na carga fiscal, dos rendimentos do trabalho para os activos financeiros. Os governos podem ajudar, mudando a carga fiscal das actividades produtivas para as rendas financeiras”.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">E sugere em termos de estratégia empresarial nos países desenvolvidos: “Enquanto o consumo interno nos grandes países emergentes não se tornar a motor da economia mundial, o que ainda vai demorar tempo, pode e deve explorar-se uma ponte no investimento, com taxas de juro baixas, no sentido de uma reestruturação das estruturas de produção nos países desenvolvidos de modo a se prepararem para a tal mudança de alocação geográfica e de alteração da composição do consumo mundial”.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">As firmas no mundo ocidental têm de se adaptar para a oportunidade da massificação do consumo nos grandes países emergentes. “Vai haver mais consumo na China e menos nos EUA. Mais procura de electrodomésticos básicos, por exemplo, e menos relativamente de automóveis topo de gama. O que tem um corolário: os países que investirem, agora, na reestruturação, sairão mais ricos da crise”, conclui o professor italiano.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>O regresso do pequeno é belo</strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Também o <em>small is beautiful</em> regressa ao sistema financeiro pelo grupo dos Economistas para a Paz e Segurança e pela Iniciativa para Repensar a Economia que reuniu em Agosto em Paris e que teve como relator o economista <a href="http://www.utexas.edu/lbj/faculty/galbraith.html">James K. Galbraith</a> (ver curta entrevista abaixo). A tese central do grupo é que a situação anterior à crise não pode ser restaurada no que toca ao sistema financeiro. Por isso, Galbraith sublinha, no Manifesto da reunião, que o papel das agências de regulação transnacionais e nacionais tem de ser reforçado e que as estruturas do sistema financeiro devem ser emagrecidas para acabar com o “demasiado grande para falir” e lhes quebrar o poder de influência política. Uma medida radical num ambiente em que o que se tem assistido é a uma concentração financeira ainda maior em menos actores na Wall Street, movimento que alguns analistas consideram inclusive que foi fomentado explicitamente pela acção da Reserva Federal e do Tesouro americanos durante o Grande Pânico de 2008.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A força deste ecossistema é conhecida. Galbraith fala-nos de uma dinâmica sociológica por baixo desta realidade numa curta entrevista: foi “criada uma classe profissional treinada de gente que pratica a retenção”. Não admira que John M. Keynes, no seu tempo, já falasse da necessidade de fazer “<a href="http://janelanaweb.com/novidades/the-medicine-suggested-by-keynes-euthanasia-of-the-%E2%80%98rentier%E2%80%99-system/">a eutanásia do <em>rentista</em></a>”, recuperando o radicalismo do economista americano <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen">Thorstein Veblen</a> com a sua teoria sobre a classe ociosa, publicada há cento e dez anos.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>ENTREVISTA RÁPIDA </strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Responde:<a href="http://utip.gov.utexas.edu/JG/"> </a><strong><a href="http://utip.gov.utexas.edu/JG/"><em>James K. Galbraith</em></a> (Universidade do Texas, Austin, EUA)</strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Regressar ao <em>small is beautiful</em> para o sistema financeiro</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><em>P: Na presente fase da gestão da crise, precisaríamos de mais políticas schumpeterianas em vez de keynesianas?</em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">R: Não vejo a relevância da inovação para o momento actual. Mas admito que o investimento dirigido a problemas como a energia e o ambiente tenham relevância.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><em>P: A financeirização da economia dos últimos trinta anos consolidou um ecossistema poderoso que alguns afirmam que ‘capturou’ o Estado. Acha realista que se consiga mexer em profundidade neste sistema como propõe o relatório do grupo de Paris? O próprio presidente Obama acabou, recentemente, por não discursar no New York Stock Exchange.</em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">R: Durante toda a minha carreira propus coisas que não eram consideradas ‘realistas’, mas não descarto as dificuldades.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><em>P: É realista, também, propor o emagrecimento dos grupos bancários transnacionais ocidentais, para mais sabendo que os bancos estatais chineses dominam hoje as classificações mundiais em capitalização?</em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">R: Não estou preocupado com essas classificações. O meu objectivo é um sistema financeiro estável e não predatório. Instituições mais pequenas é melhor, como se refere no relatório. Demasiado grande para falir é um risco que não se deveria repetir. Os próprios chineses entendem isso.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><em>P: Com todas essas medidas em relação ao chamado sistema sombra financeiro não há o risco de ele migrar para outras geografias?</em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">R: Insisto que o princípio de emagrecimento deve ser injectado no sistema. O sistema financeiro não deve retornar à situação em que estava antes da crise.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong> </strong></p>

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		<title>Energy analyst Ed Morse: “A united Europe could greatly influence Moscow.”</title>
		<link>http://janelanaweb.com/novidades/energy-analyst-ed-morse-%e2%80%9ca-united-europe-could-greatly-influence-moscow%e2%80%9d/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 15 Sep 2009 21:55:31 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Jorge Nascimento Rodrigues</dc:creator>
		
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://janelanaweb.com/?p=258</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[An interview with Edward L. Morse, a former Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for International Energy Policy from 1979 to 1981, currently the Global Head of Research at Louis Capital Markets, a global independent broker-dealer.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">Energy Efficiency can be the best ally in geopolitics for net importers and consumers</span></strong><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">. And there are good reasons to believe that prices below “shock” high levels of mid-2008 are here to stay for a while. The reason: the energy efficiency trend will “win” the race against the gap between over-demand from addicted oil consumers and underproduction from oil exporters due to oil peak coming and despite the multiple political marketing announcements of recent new discoveries in Gulf of Mexico, Brazil off the coast pre-salt and elsewhere. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">And this “optimist” efficiency trend is true not only in the OECD countries, but also in the emerging markets. The US is no longer a driver of growth in the global demand for oil. Oil demand growth in the Middle East is now 35-40 percent below the rates of 2003-2008. China, a major oil importer, is investing huge in “green” strategies and developing a go global strategy to secure direct access to commodities, including oil and gas, in the long term. As a conclusion: instead of rates of 1.5-1.8 percent per year, as in the previous decade, oil demand growth is more likely to fall in the range of 1.0-1.3 per cent. This means 500,000 barrels of crude a day less.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">That’s a contrarian view regarding the present mainstream opinion in the media from most oil analysts that expect a new dramatic rising in oil barrel prices, similar to the overshooting we witnessed from beginning 2007 until July 2008, as soon as recovery in the world economy will resume. <span> </span>A new oil shock is in the short-medium-term agenda and an oil crunch is been forecasted for 2015. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN-US">“This is probably a mistaken view. One extraordinary lesson of the last 60 years is that after every spike in oil prices, demand growth flattens considerably”, wrote <a href="mailto:emorse@louiscapital.com">Edward L. Morse</a>, a former Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for International Energy Policy from 1979 to 1981. During the Carter and Reagan American administrations, Morse held various positions in the Department of State. He represented the United States at the International Energy Agency. Morse argues his efficient hypothesis in a recent article at Foreign Affairs magazine, titled ‘<a href="http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/65226/edward-l-morse/low-and-behold">Low and Behold, Making the Most of Cheap Oil</a>’ (September/October 2009, volume 88, number 5).</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN-US">Dr. Morse also adds a deep analysis about the geopolitical strategy of Saudi Arabia, the OPEC leader interested in a growing influence in the G20, and the difficult situation of gas politics from Russia, a major power in a strategic down trend that “has been slow to recognize that the effectiveness of its energy weapon has declined.” Dr. Morse emphasizes the importance of a strategic dialogue with Saudi Arabia and the importance of a truly united Europe to influence Russia.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN-US">OIL &amp; GAS GEOPOLITICS</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN-US">. “<em>It’s highly unlikely for the BRICs to converge in [energy] policy.”</em></span></p>
<p><em><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN-US">. “It is very hard to see how OPEC’s coherence could be maintained by expansion to Russia and Brazil.”</span></em></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><em><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">. “Even in the case of Angola there are already signs that OPEC membership is straining the country’s ability to attract foreign capital, which is in its long-term interest.”</span></em></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><em><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></em></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><em><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">. “There is likely to be a race on in the period 2012-2015 or so between demand and supply and no one has a crystal ball good enough to see whether there will be another price spike before new supplies are harnessed from these regions.”</span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">PROFILE</span></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN-US">Edward Lewis Morse, a New Yorker, 67,</span></strong><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN-US"> is an American energy economist, with a PhD from Princeton University. He is currently the Global Head of Research at Louis Capital Markets, a global independent broker-dealer, located also in New York. From 1969 to 1975, he taught at the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton University. From 2006 to 2008, he was Managing Director and Head of Commodities Research at Lehman Brothers, where he argued the oil price rises of 2007 and 2008 were an unsustainable bubble, fueled, in part, by behavioral herding. After the sink of LB last year in the Great Panic weeks of September and October, he moved to Louis Capital.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN-US">Dr. Morse is Chairman of the New York Energy Forum and serves on a number of academic advisory boards, including those of the energy programs at Columbia University and Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and of the Oxford Energy Policy Club, as well as a member of the editorial committee of <em>The Geopolitics of Energy </em>and of the journal <em>Oil</em>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">Interview by Jorge Nascimento Rodrigues</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">QUESTION: Some analysts refer to a risk of an oil crunch next decade, others to peak oil coming overshooting future high prices, but your main argument is that the main trend is the continuation of energy efficiency from world larger importers and consumers. But, in the article in Foreign Affairs the argument regarding China and other emergent powers’ efficiency is not supported with convincing and detailed data like in the case of OCDE (where that trend is convincingly supported with historical data)…</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><em><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">ANSWER: I disagree that there is no evidence of a change in emerging markets. Over the past few years most of the governments in Asia have eliminated energy subsidies, if no completely, then certainly substantially. This is as true of China as it is of Malaysia, India, and half dozen additional countries. The elimination of energy subsidies to the steel, cement and aluminum industries in China is already having a significant impact of energy demand. Similarly, the Russian government has moved significantly toward the elimination of natural gas price subsidies, which is bound to have a huge impact on supply as well, by freeing up new volumes of gas for global markets.</span></em></p>
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<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">QUESTION: Can the BRICs converge in a common energy front that use the oil and gas as geopolitical weapons in the near future, for instance in the next G20 meetings? Or they have different agendas, times and constraints?</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><em><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">ANSWER: It’s highly unlikely for the BRICs to converge in policy; one of them, Russia, is the world’s largest hydrocarbon producing country; two others – India and China &#8212; are structurally energy short. And Brazil is self sufficient but emerging as a high tech-based exporter. They have very different attitudes toward the scope of the public and private sector when it comes to energy.</span></em></p>
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<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">QUESTION: OPEC gained or lost political capacity during this financial and economic crisis? Will OPEC profit from the G20 geopolitical emergence?</span></p>
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<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><em><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">ANSWER: It’s hard to speak of OPEC in the context of the G-20. Certainly Saudi Arabia, as a major OPEC member and also a major holder of foreign exchange, has clear benefits from membership in the G-20, which other, poorer OPEC countries do not have. The G-20 is expected to join the push toward energy transparency and the elimination of energy subsidies and these goals are very difficult for most of the members of OPEC.</span></em></p>
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<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">QUESTION: Do you think countries like Brazil and Russia that are out of the OPEC will converge for the cartel? Has Saudi Arabia capacity or interest to bring them in? Angola was one of the outsiders that OPEC brought in. The example will be replicated?</span></p>
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<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><em><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">ANSWER: It is very hard to see how OPEC’s coherence could be maintained by expansion to Russia and Brazil. Aside from political differences with Russia, most OPEC members fear that Russia’s participation in OPEC, given the country’s military and industrial strengths, could overwhelm them. Even in the case of Angola there are already signs that OPEC membership is straining the country’s ability to attract foreign capital, which is in its long-term interest. Angola’s production capacity is expected to reach 2.2 million barrels per day by the end of this year and it has an OPEC quota of 1.65 million b/d. That’s a substantial strain and could well violate the covenants and intention of the recent IMF re-financing package that the country just accepted.</span></em></p>
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<p><mce:style><!   /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable 	{mso-style-name:"Tabela normal"; 	mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; 	mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; 	mso-style-noshow:yes; 	mso-style-priority:99; 	mso-style-qformat:yes; 	mso-style-parent:""; 	mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; 	mso-para-margin:0cm; 	mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:10.0pt; 	font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} --><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> Or for regional geopolitical ambitions it’s strategically important for Luanda to stay at the cartel and leverage politically the membership?</span><span lang="EN-US"><em></p>
<p>ANSWER: It is not clear to me that there are any advantages for Luanda to leverage by being in OPEC. Certainly, it opens Angola to more diplomatic opportunities, but as a producer with more than 2 m b/d of production and as Africa’s largest and fastest growing producer it can, much as Norway did in Europe, organize informal and formal meetings centered in Luanda that like this upcoming OPEC meeting scheduled for December can bring the world oil industry’s leadership to the country and assure that Angola’s oil and political leadership will be hosted visibly abroad.</em></span></p>
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<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">QUESTION: There’s some media hype and political marketing around recent Brazil pre-salt, Mexico new deep water discoveries, Canada oil sands, etc. From all that breaking news, what’s really feasible? And what’s the time frame?</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><em><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">ANSWER: BP in announcing a new discovery in the US Gulf of Mexico this past month also announced its view that there are 200 billion barrels of recoverable resources in the Arctic – another Saudi Arabia. The issue for the deep waters – in the Atlantic Basin, Gulf of Mexico, Caspian, Eastern Mediterranean, Arctic Ocean, and the waters off Australia and Indonesia – is one of timing. There was a great spurt of drilling mounting in these waters in 2003 to 2008. The momentum in these waters is still great. But there is likely to be a race on in the period 2012-2015 or so between demand and supply and no one has a crystal ball good enough to see whether there will be another price spike before new supplies are harnessed from these regions.</span></em></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">QUESTION: You</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"> read the article of Saudi prince al-Faisal in <a href="http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/08/17/dont_be_crude ">Foreign Policy</a> calling for realism from America. As you mention also, is it impossible for Washington  to have an independent energy strategy?</span><em><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"></p>
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<p><mce:style><!   /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable 	{mso-style-name:"Tabela normal"; 	mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; 	mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; 	mso-style-noshow:yes; 	mso-style-priority:99; 	mso-style-qformat:yes; 	mso-style-parent:""; 	mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; 	mso-para-margin:0cm; 	mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:10.0pt; 	font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} --><span lang="EN-US"><em> My own article in Foreign Affairs tracks closely with Prince Turki’s article in Foreign Policy magazine. The problem at the moment is that there is no one in Washington, not even at the Department of Energy, in a senior position who wants to seize a leadership position in international energy. This is a loss for the US and from my perspective a loss for the world.</em></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">QUESTION: Is Europe definitely a political prisoner of the gas trap from the Russian great power politics and from some Maghreb rogue states?</span><em><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US"></p>
<p>ANSWER: If Europe is a political prisoner of anything it is of its own internal disagreements. A united Europe could greatly influence Moscow. A Europe with political leaders like Berlusconi who try to achieve special gains vis-à-vis Moscow is the great danger to Europe’s finding a way to assure its energy security.</span></em></p>
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		<title>O Manifesto de Paul Krugman: regresso a Keynes ou que mil flores floresçam?</title>
		<link>http://janelanaweb.com/novidades/o-manifesto-de-paul-krugman-regresso-a-keynes-ou-que-mil-flores-florescam/</link>
		<comments>http://janelanaweb.com/novidades/o-manifesto-de-paul-krugman-regresso-a-keynes-ou-que-mil-flores-florescam/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 14 Sep 2009 23:26:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Jorge Nascimento Rodrigues</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Ardina na Crise]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[English articles]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Novidades]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Reportagens]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Tendências]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Eugene Fama]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[features]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Keynes]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[keynesianismo]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Krugman]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Minsky]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Paul Krugman]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Schumpeter]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Teoria da Eficiência dos Mercados]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://janelanaweb.com/?p=251</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[A “loja” dos economistas está ao rubro. Um dos keynesianos mais reputados resolveu partir a loiça fabricada pela teoria da ‘eficiência dos mercados’. Paul Krugman vs. Eugene Fama, ainda que nenhum dos dois se refira ao outro. Mas muitos economistas, que têm intervido no debate, propõem um caminho nem unipolar nem bipolar, mas de debate diversificado e de investigação plural. Que várias escolas de pensamento floresçam – pode ser o mote.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>DESTAQUE: «Nem Keynes nem Schumpeter saberiam, certamente, que condições seriam as preferíveis hoje. Isso é o papel e o dever da actual geração. É a profundidade da análise dos dois que tem de ser imitada, não as suas receitas», <strong>Carlota Perez</strong>, Universidade de Cambridge, Reino Unido</em></p>
<p>O NOBEL DA ECONOMIA <strong>PAUL KRUGMAN</strong>, um keynesiano assumido, resolveu entrar na ‘loja’ dos economistas e partir a loiça, <a href="http://geoscopio.tv/2009/09/globalizacao/krugman-partiu-a-loica-na-%E2%80%9Cloja%E2%80%9D-dos-economistas-%E2%80%93-diario-de-bordo-30/">como já referimos num <em>post</em> colocado na altura</a>. Num extenso artigo na revista do The New York Times de 6 de Setembro, intitulado ‘How did Economists get it so wrong?’, Krugman ataca a corrente macroeconómica de inspiração neo-clássica nascida na Universidade de Chicago que tem dominado a academia e alimentado o paradigma de banqueiros centrais e financeiros da Wall Street.</p>
<p>O alvo de Paul Krugman, professor de Princeton, colunista do The New York Times (‘The Conscience of a Liberal’) e <em>bloger</em> afamado, foi a “hipótese da eficiência dos mercados [financeiros]” (HEM). Escreve Krugman: “Durante os anos de ouro, os economistas financeiros acabaram por acreditar que os mercados eram inerentemente estáveis – na verdade, julgavam que as acções e outros activos teriam sempre o seu preço definido de um modo certo. Não havia absolutamente nada nesses modelos prevalecentes que sugerisse a possibilidade de um colapso como o que ocorreu no ano passado”.</p>
<p>“Finalmente, alguém com reputação mundial disse aquilo que tinha de ser dito: o rei vai nu”, afirma-nos Jean-Philippe Bouchaud, um econofísico da École Politéchnique de Paris.</p>
<p><strong>Regresso ao Keynes no original</strong></p>
<p>Mas o polémico professor, que Obama não repescou para o seu governo (o que muita gente esperava), também belisca os ‘bastardos’ neo-keynesianos (na expressão irónica cunhada em 1962 pela keynesiana inglesa Joan Robinson) que ajudaram à festa das ‘bolhas’ financeiras dos últimos vinte anos. Sem papas na língua: “Os modelos <em>standard</em> neo-keynesianos não deixaram espaço para uma crise como esta, porque tais modelos, em geral, aceitavam a visão do mercado eficiente no caso do sector financeiro”.</p>
<p>O historiador económico Michael Perelman, da California State University e autor do recente ‘The Confiscation of American Prosperity’, deplora “esse domínio da ‘grande síntese’ nos últimos vinte anos”, animado pelo clima especulativo e a financeirização excessiva das economias da OCDE. “Abordagens alternativas, como a economia comportamental, a economia da complexidade e evolucionista e os pós-keynesianos, viveram nas margens da disciplina, sem terem conseguido exercer grande influência na economia em geral”, sublinha Perelman.</p>
<p>Por isso, os sucessivos “avisos” que foram feitos pela contracorrente não foram ouvidos, a começar pela hipótese da instabilidade financeira explicada pelo falecido economista Hyman Minsky, que conduzia à inevitabilidade de uma grande crise financeira se medidas a contraciclo não fossem tomados. Krugman lamentou no blogue ter tido a necessidade de cortar na versão final deste seu artigo alguns parágrafos em que recordava Minsky.</p>
<p>Face ao aparente colapso da corrente dominante, Krugman lança como que um manifesto pelo regresso ao Keynes original. Opinador hábil e com um sentido político agudo, o académico julga estar aberta uma janela de oportunidade para um Renascimento keynesiano face ao estado moribundo do que apelidou de ‘Idade das Trevas’ da macroeconomia neoclássica. “Uma visão mais ou menos keynesiana é o único jogo plausível em campo”, diz, e reforça mais adiante: “A economia keynesiana continua a ser o melhor enquadramento para compreendermos as recessões e as depressões”. Mark A. Thoma, da Universidade de Oregon, e uma das vozes da blogoesfera americana mais activas no actual debate (através do seu blogue Economist’s View), sublinha-nos: “Acredito que os acontecimentos recentes mudarão a macroeconomia muito mais do que os práticos julgam. E, nesse campo, os modelos na tradição keynesiana liderarão o caminho”.</p>
<p><strong>Desalojar não é fácil</strong></p>
<p>Mas a própria batalha contra a hipótese da eficiência está longe de estar encerrada nos corredores da academia. Apesar da força dos factos, o colapso intelectual dos “eficientistas” não está selado. Como Eugene Fama, 70 anos, professor de finanças da Universidade de Chicago e o pai fundador da teoria, nos refere numa curta entrevista (ver caixa), a crítica de Krugman e de outros cai ao lado. A culpa, dá a entender Fama, foi dos intervenientes nos mercados financeiros e dos políticos e tecnocratas que, na verdade, não aplicaram a sua hipótese. No final, o principal visado pelo artigo no The New York Times respondeu-nos prontamente: “Não vi [o artigo]. Mas também não presto grande atenção a ele [Krugman]”.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Desalojar esta hipótese não é fácil. Tal como na geopolítica, a academia é hoje “um sistema multipolar”, diz-nos Bouchaud, e dentro dele “os interesses objectivos dos que defendem o mercado eficiente são muito profundos”. E Mark Thoma acrescenta com alguma flexibilidade: “A HEM tem diversas interpretações e depende de que definição se tem na ideia – as formulações mais fracas podem ainda ser válidas, ainda que as suas bases fundamentais tenham sido postas em causa pela realidade”.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Luigi Spaventa, da Universidade de Roma e ex-ministro italiano, conclui com uma imagem: deitar a água suja do banho conservando o bebé. Ou nas suas palavras: “Que os mercados são eficientes é uma coisa, a versão forte da hipótese da eficiência de mercado, é outra. São duas proposições diferentes. Parece-me possível manter a primeira, sem aceitar a última. Na verdade é difícil, senão mesmo impossível, manter hoje em dia que a HEM ‘forte’ funciona – como, por exemplo, o professor Lucas defendeu recentemente na revista The Economist, onde a única concessão é a admissão de que a macroeconomia de Keynes é, apesar de tudo, de alguma importância”.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Pluralidade em vez de ‘ambição luciferiana’</strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Jean-Philippe Bouchaud, um econofísico, é abertamente pela diversidade no debate e na investigação no rescaldo do descrédito da HEM. Que diversas escolas floresçam, poderia ser o mote. Luigi Spaventa diz-nos: “A diversidade deve sempre florescer na pesquisa, particularmente nas ciências sociais. Foi isso, precisamente, que foi esquecido nas últimas décadas, quando se defendeu que o paradigma keynesiano não devia ser levado a sério, pois era um conto de fadas. Sem dúvida, que houve desenvolvimentos importantes depois de Keynes que são compatíveis com o paradigma keynesiano e que podem ser de grande utilidade. Mas a ambição ‘luciferiana’ de um grande modelo universal deverá ser provavelmente abandonado. O sacrifício da elegância será certamente premiado por maior relevância”.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Um esquecimento e um corte</strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Paul Krugman confessou que, na edição da peça final para o The New York Times, teve de cortar os parágrafos em que se referia a <a href="http://www.dailyreckoning.co.uk/economic-forecasts/hyman-minsky-why-is-the-economist-suddenly-popular.html">Hyman Minsky</a>, um personagem central da economia a que nos temos referido como o ‘pai’ da hipótese da instabilidade financeira e da inevitabilidade das bolhas e estoiros que, antes de morrer em 1996, insistiu nestas características “inerentes” à vaga de financeirização das economias desenvolvidas, e em particular dos Estados Unidos. Curioso, também, referir que Eugene Fama,<a href="http://janelanaweb.com/novidades/%C2%ABi-say-i-won%C2%BB-%E2%80%93-eugene-fama-the-%E2%80%98father%E2%80%99-of-the-efficient-markets-hypothesis/"> na curta entrevista que realizámos</a>, declinou responder sobre o assunto, alegando &#8220;não estar familiarizado&#8221; com os pontos de vista de Minsky</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Mas Krugman esqueceu, de todo, um outro personagem da história económica, um contemporâneo e rival de Keynes: Joseph Schumpeter. E os temas a que este economista costuma estar associado: inovação, papel do empreendedor, vagas tecnológicas. James K. Galbraith, da Lyndon B. Johson School of Public Affairs, da Universidade do Texas, disse-nos claramente: “Não vejo qual é a relevância da inovação para o momento actual de crise. Admito a importância do seu papel quando dirigida por exemplo ao caso da energia e do ambiente”.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://www.carlotaperez.org/">Carlota Perez</a>, da Universidade de Cambridge, no Reino Unido, e uma das principais especialistas mundiais no impacto da tecnologia na economia, recusa, no entanto, uma oposição Keynes-Schumpeter: “São ambos necessários. A actual crise tem as suas origens na finança, mas só pode ter uma solução na economia real. O que tem de ser feito requer uma intervenção keynesiana para cobrir o campo de jogo e a visão de Schumpeter sobre a inovação como motor do crescimento”.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">E conclui: &#8220;O que é fundamental perceber é que cada revolução tecnológica gera as suas próprias condições, únicas, e coloca os seus desafios específicos. Nem Keynes nem Schumpeter saberiam, certamente, que condições seriam as preferíveis hoje. Isso é o papel e o dever da actual geração. É a profundidade da análise dos dois que tem de ser imitada, não as suas receitas&#8221;.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Vale a pena, por isso, a findar esta artigo, recordar este economista “esquecido” por Krugman.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>O Profeta da Inovação</strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>JOSEPH ALOIS SCHUMPETER</strong> (austro-húngaro, em termos actuais checo, radicado nos Estados Unidos, 1883-1950) uma vez disse, com o seu estilo chocante, de <em>grand seigneur </em>educado em Viena, que os académicos e seus alunos conservadores detestavam: “as depressões são um bom duche frio para o capitalismo”. Ele até concordaria que, em tempos de depressão, os problemas sociais devem ser tratados com alguma medicina keynesiana (do nome do seu eterno rival do outro lado do Atlântico), mas retorquia que o capitalismo é intrinsecamente dinâmico e orientado ao crescimento de longo prazo através da inovação e de um protagonista-herói, o empreendedor.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">O agente da retoma, depois das crises, não é a despesa governamental, mas a acção dos empreendedores, diria ele hoje em dia, se voltasse a vestir a pele de ministro das Finanças como o foi episodicamente em 1919/1920 em Viena de Áustria. A ideia do empreendedor era antiga em Schumpeter e, segundo muitos, a sua principal contribuição para o entendimento do capitalismo. Escreveu-a pela primeira vez em 1911 na ‘Teoria do Desenvolvimento Económico’ (que só foi traduzido para inglês em 1934) e andou a remoer no assunto até 1942 quando publicou a sua obra mais conhecida ‘Capitalismo, Socialismo e Democracia’. Esse personagem revolucionário não vem de nenhuma classe social específica, mas tem uma pulsão (aliás, em alemão, Schumpeter usava a expressão <em>espírito empreendedor</em>) para inovar em todos os aspectos, da tecnologia à organização, provocando um “enxame de imitadores” que colectivamente desencadeiam um “temporal” de “mutação” das estruturas económicas, destruindo “criativamente” as velhas e fazendo emergir as novas. Estas imagens schumpeterianas são as que mais ficaram marcadas na memória, havendo mesmo quem ache que isso é mais sociologia histórica do que economia, pois é difícil de formalizar no ‘economês’ matemático, apesar de até a ‘destruição criativa’ ter sido atacada pelas equações de Philippe Aghion e Peter Howitt. Os críticos, no entanto, recordam que, no final, o profeta da inovação começou a descrer do seu personagem de eleição e, que, por isso, admitia, a contra gosto, que o capitalismo provavelmente não sobreviveria.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Desde 1939, sete anos depois de ter chegado a Harvard, na região de Boston, Schumpeter tentou recuperar, também, a teoria dos ciclos económicos, falando de que a convergência de vários tipos de ciclos provocaria a severidade das depressões, agravada por factores externos como a geopolítica e as políticas públicas. Mas o livro ‘Ciclos de Negócio’ não convenceu boa parte da academia, o que permitiu aos conservadores divulgarem a ideia de que a periodicidade, a regularidade e o carácter repetitivo dos ciclos era coisa de “antigamente”, ainda por cima de uma altura em que as estatísticas eram medíocres.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">CURTA ENTREVISTA</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Eugene Fama em discurso directo</strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><em>«Continuo em minoria»</em></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">P: Face à actual crise, corrigiria algum aspecto da sua hipótese de eficiência do mercado (HEM)?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">R: Penso que as duas coisas não se relacionam de todo.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">P: Alguns economistas referiam há muito que o sistema financeiro é intrinsecamente instável. A realidade não o demonstrou?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">R: Se as firmas financeiras tivessem de suportar tanto os custos como os benefícios das suas acções, penso que o sistema não seria ‘inerentemente’ instável. Quando essas firmas recolhem os benefícios dos bons tempos, mas são os contribuintes que aguentam as perdas nos maus períodos, então o sistema pode tornar-se instável.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">P: A avalancha de críticas diz que a HEM é hoje o pecado original que gerou a crise financeira?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">R: Repito o que já disse recentemente: na verdade, se os bancos e os bancos de investimentos tomassem a eficiência dos mercados mais seriamente, talvez tivessem evitado muitos dos seus recentes problemas. É muito claro que continuo a estar em minoria. Não me dei conta que a HEM tenha tomado conta do mundo dos investimentos.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><em>Nota: Extractos, traduzidos, de <a href="http://janelanaweb.com/novidades/%C2%ABi-say-i-won%C2%BB-%E2%80%93-eugene-fama-the-%E2%80%98father%E2%80%99-of-the-efficient-markets-hypothesis/">uma entrevista publicada em inglês aqui.</a></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">

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		<title>A via sueca para enfrentar a crise financeira dos anos 1990</title>
		<link>http://janelanaweb.com/novidades/a-via-sueca-para-enfrentar-a-crise-financeira-dos-anos-1990/</link>
		<comments>http://janelanaweb.com/novidades/a-via-sueca-para-enfrentar-a-crise-financeira-dos-anos-1990/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 14 Sep 2009 22:26:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Jorge Nascimento Rodrigues</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Ardina na Crise]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Novidades]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Tendências]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Bad banks]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Carl Bildt]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[crise 1992 Estocolmo]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[crise sueca anos 1990]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[features]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Gota]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[nacionalização da banca]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Peter Englund]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[socialização]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Suécia]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[transparência]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://janelanaweb.com/?p=249</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[A opinião de Peter Englund: “Na Suécia limpou-se a mesa”]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal">Face à crise de 1991 a 1993, o governo de Estocolmo não empurrou o lixo financeiro para debaixo do tapete. Mas mais do que a nacionalização (que apenas atingiu 1/10 do sistema), foi a determinação política e a desvalorização da coroa que permitiram a retoma, diz-nos <a href="http://www.hhs.se/Search/Person/Pages/Person.aspx?PersonID=99">Peter Englund</a>, que foi membro do Comité sueco encarregado de analisar as causas da crise, ironicamente um comité que nunca conseguiu elaborar um relatório final de consenso.<strong><em></em></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Confrontados com a surpresa de uma crise aguda entre finais de 1990 e 1993, depois de um &#8216;El Dorado&#8217; de vários anos, os suecos reagiram rápido e em profundidade, recorda <a href="mailto:peter.englund@hhs.se">Peter Englund</a>, de 59 anos, professor do Departamento de Finanças da Escola de Economia de Estocolmo, então membro do comité do governo para a análise das causas da crise bancária (chamado de <em>bankkriskommittén</em>), e que é hoje secretário do Comité do Prémio em Ciências Económicas em memória de Alfred Nobel (vulgarmente designado por Nobel da Economia).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">&#8220;As medidas que o governo tomou então foram mais abrangentes do que as que estão a ser tomadas actualmente. Deu uma garantia para todas as obrigações dos bancos (e não só aos depósitos), mas excluiu o caso das acções&#8221;, diz-nos Englund que acrescenta que &#8220;efectivamente limpou-se a mesa, enquanto, por exemplo, no caso dos japoneses naquela década, fez-se tudo para esconder o mais possível o lixo por baixo do pano&#8221;. Um dos princípios políticos que norteou aquele período crítico foi assim expresso por Englund <a href="http://www.contrahour.com/contrahour/files/TheSwedishBankingCrisisRootsandConsequences.pdf">no seu trabalho de referência sobre o balanço da gestão da crise sueca</a> publicado na ‘Oxford Review of Economic Policy’ (vol.15, nº3, 1999): &#8220;O princípio orientador foi salvar o sistema financeiro com um mínimo de transferência de riqueza para os accionistas originais [dos bancos privados]&#8220;. Um princípio de transparência fundamental.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">A acção do governo de Carl Bildt (1991-1994, partido liberal conservador moderado) evitou o colapso do sistema financeiro sueco sobretudo em Setembro de 1992, quando faliu o mais pequeno dos bancos privados, o Gota, introduzindo na linguagem da crise a expressão do ‘risco sistémico’. O Gota acabaria por ser comprado simbolicamente pelo governo por uma coroa e seria integrado no Nordbanken, maioritariamente dominado pelo Estado. O governo criou uma agência politica e financeiramente independente para acompanhar a intervenção (a <em>Bankstodsnamnden</em>) e dois <em>bad banks</em> para onde foi transferido o ‘lixo’ financeiro, o Securum lidando com os activos do Nordbanken e o Retrieva para lidar com os do Gota.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Ameaça de nacionalização</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Muita gente interpretou a eficácia desta acção rápida devido ao uso da arma da nacionalização do sistema financeiro - da &#8220;socialização&#8221; do capital financeiro, como se ouviu durante a actual crise iniciada em 2007. Mas isso é um mito: &#8220;A nacionalização do sistema financeiro foi muito limitada. Na realidade, foi de 1/10 do total do sistema bancário. Provavelmente a chave política da nossa acção foi a &#8216;ameaça&#8217; de nacionalização se os accionistas privados não avançassem com novo capital - o que, no final, fizeram de diversas formas&#8221;.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Mas Englund acha que o aspecto crítico que abriu as portas à retoma foi a desvalorização da coroa sueca. Admite que o governo poderia tê-lo feito mais cedo. Em 1994, o produto sueco voltou ao crescimento. A média de crescimento anual até 2007 situou-se nos 3,2%.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">No entanto, há que ter cuidado com as comparações: Englund acha que os contextos são diferentes se compararmos a crise sueca de então e a actual crise global. Não só obviamente pela dimensão, mas pela fase em que se encontra o ciclo capitalista, então num período de crescimento, e hoje embrulhado em &#8220;problemas estruturais importantes que vão para além da crise financeira&#8221;. Entre eles, a crise do sector automóvel e de todo o <em>cluster</em> a ele ligado: “A crise dessa indústria rebentaria de qualquer forma, mas provavelmente veio mais cedo e com mais força do que seria suposto acontecer”, sublinha o nosso interlocutor.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Uma das primeiras filhas da financeirização</strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A crise sueca do princípio dos anos 1990 foi uma das primeiras filhas da financeirização extrema das economias ocidentais desenvolvidas desde os anos 1980, da convergência da desregulação dos mercados de crédito com uma política macroeconómica pró-cíclica alimentando nomeadamente uma ‘bolha’ imobiliária e um mercado bolsista (que atingiu um pico em meados de Agosto de 1989, depois de um disparo de 42% desde o início desse ano) naquele país nórdico.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">O sobreaquecimento sueco subitamente rebentou devido a uma combinação de factores, uns puramente locais e outros externos. Gerou-se uma crise bancária de que derivou uma contracção brutal do crédito à economia real, a que se juntou o afundamento do sector imobiliário (50% entre 1991 e 1992) e, depois, uma crise de divisas (na sequência da crise no mecanismo europeu de taxas de câmbio no Verão de 1992 com o abandono do Reino Unido e da Itália). O PIB sueco caiu, em termos reais, mais de 5% no período 1991-1993 (inferior, no entanto, à crise actual em que já quebrou mais de 6% entre 2008 e o primeiro semestre de 2009).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">O salvamento do naufrágio económico sueco custou, então, aos contribuintes em despesas directas em valores líquidos cerca de 2,1% do PIB (que compara com<a href="http://www.imf.org/external/np/pp/eng/2009/020109.pdf"> os salvamentos actuais</a>, segundo um estudo recente do FMI: <span style="color: #1f497d;">abaixo dos casos dos Estados Unidos, 4,8%, da China 4,4%,  da Alemanha 3,4% e do Japão 2,2%; mas superior ao Reino Unido 1,5% e à França 1,3%)</span>.</p>

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