INFO GUANO PHOSPHAT

Lapisan Sedimen Batuan Rock Guano Phosphat

2010-04-07T15:19:00.001+07:00

DOLOMITE - CaMg(CO3)2

2010-04-07T15:07:00.002+07:00

Dolomite........Calcium Magnesium Carbonate..........CaMg(CO3)2

In England, dolomite has become a useful source for the production of magnesite by reacting calcined dolomite with sea-water.

The History Says
Dolomite is named for the French mineralogist Deodat de Dolomieu. They are found all over the world and are quite common in sedimentary rock sequences. These rocks are called appropriately enough dolomite or dolomitic limestone. Disputes have arisen as to how these dolomite beds formed and the debate has been called the "Dolomite Problem".

The Present Scenario
Dolomite at present time, does not form on the surface of the earth; yet massive layers of dolomite can be found in ancient rocks. That is quite a problem for sedimentologists who see sandstones, shales and limestones formed today almost before their eyes.

DOLOMITE is a double carbonate of calium and magnesium, CaCO3, MgCO3. The mineral was first identified by Count Dolomien in 1791 and named after its discoverer. It is of sedimentary origin and is supposed to have been formed due to chemical action of sea-water containing high percentage of magnesia, on limestone.

Theoretically, dolomite contains:
CaCO3........54.35%
MgCO3.......45.65%

In other words, it contains:
CaO........30.4%
MgO ......21.7%
CO2 ..... 47.9%

In nature, considerable variations in the composition of dolomite relating to lime and magnesia percentages are found. When the percentage of CaCO3 increases by 10% or more over the theoretical composition, the mineral is termed 'calcitic dolomite', 'high-calcium dolomite' or 'lime-dolomite'. With the decrease in percentage of MgCO3, it is called 'dolomitic limestone'. With the variations of MgCO3 between 5 to 10%, it is called 'magnesian limestone', and upto 5% MgCO3 or less it is taken to be limestone for all purposes in trade and commercial parlance.

Dolomite usually contains impurities, chiefly silica, alumina and iron oxide. For commercial purposes, the percentage of combined impurities should not go beyond 7% above which, it becomes unsuitable for industrial use. It is then used only for road ballasts, building stones, flooring chips etc.

Hardness Associated Minerals Chemical/Typical composition Colour characteristics Luster Field Indicators

3.5-4............ include calcite
sulfide ore minerals
fluorite
barite
quartz

and occasionally with gold white often pink or pinkish and can be colorless, white, yellow, gray or even brown or black when iron is present in the crystal Unlike calcite, effervesces weakly with warm acid or when first powdered with cold HCl pearly to vitreous to dull typical pink color, crystal habit, hardness, slow reaction to acid, density and luster

Industrial Applications

Dolomite is chiefly used as refractory, ramming, and fettling material in steel melting shop, and as fluxing material in blast furnace operation in secondary steel and ferromanganese manufacture. To a lesser extent it is used in the glass industry especially in sheet-glass manufacture. It also finds use in the manufacture of mineral wool.

In England, dolomite has become a useful source for the production of magnesite by reacting calcined dolomite with sea-water. The UK is meeting nearly 50% of her magnesite requirements by this method. Dolomite is also a good source of magnesium metal. The magnesium metal is extracted from dolomite by the well-known fero-silicon process.

Dolomite decomposes completely above 900ºC. The product resulting from this relatively low-temperature calcination is highly porous and reactive and is known as 'calcinated dolomite'. Dolomite is sometimes used both in the raw and calcined form as refractory material for hearth maintenance and for banking door in open hearth furnaces.

For most refractory uses, it is desirable to subject the dolomite to a heat treatment at a high temperature of the order of 1700ºC, to shrink the material thoroughly and render it less reactive. Dead burnt (D.B.) dolomite is sthe term generally used for the refractory made by firing dolomite, with or without additives, at high temperature to produce dense, well-shrunk particles.

In basic converters the bricks employed are generally of D.B. dolomite and sometimes also of D.B. magnesite. Dolomite bricks are kept in the outer lining because it has lower thermal conductivity than magnesite.

Manufacturing Process
Dead burnt refractory dolomite is produced in rotary kilns. Generally high-grade dolomite, containing combined impurities less than 3%, is selected for dead burning. As it is difficult to densify high purity dolomite in a rotary kiln, it is customary to use some mineralizers to facilitate dead burning. Iron oxide is a common additive. The manufacturing process varies with the grade of D.B. dolomite desired to be produced. In most of the plants in European countries a typical operation, employing rotary kilns lined in the hot zone with basic bricks and fired with powdered coal, is used. The temperature reached in the hot zone is of the order of 1760ºC. The kilns have continuous gas sampling equipment which measures and records the oxygen, combustibles, and carbon dioxide contents of the kiln exit gases for combustion control. The latter is particularly important in achieving a uniform quality of the product, effective use of dead burning agents and efficient use of fuel in the manufacture of dead burnt dolomite.

The dolomite after dead burning is cooled in either rotary or reciprocating recuperative coolers. The air used for cooling gets heated and is again used as secondary air for combustion in the kilns. When D.B. dolomite is manufactured with an additive, it is necessary to use somewhat higher firing temperature in order to shrink the dolomite in a reasonable time-cycle in the kiln. This has been accomplished by improved thermal efficiency in the kiln. Some of the means to attain higher efficiency have been the use of insulating brick-back of the basic lining in the hot zone and the optimum utilization of secondary air from the recuperative coolers, in order to pick up as much of the available heat as is possible from the cooling of the product.

There is another product known as 'stabilised' refractory dolomite. It is manufactured by the process similar to that of portland clinker. Dolomite and serpentine with small amounts of suitable stabilising agents, are ground to a slurry in a ball mill. The slurry is fired to a dense mature clinker in a rotaery kiln having a temperature of the order of 1760ºC.

The optimum capacity of vertical or shaft kiln using coke admixed with dolomite for fuel is kept at a minimum of 100 tonnes a day. Such kilns are widely used in the USA and the UK, Scandinavia and other European countries. Great progress has been made in the automation of kilns in the steel-producing countries. D.B. dolomite can stand temperatures upto 2300ºC. It is widely used as a refractory material wherever steel is refined using basic slag. It is used for original hearth installations in the open hearth furnaces as well as for hearth maintenance. These hearths are installed using tar-dolomite ramming mixes and rammed dolomite. Dolomite refractories are also used in electrical furnaces and in cement industry during clinker manufacture.

Specifications
Steel manufacturers prefer dolomite of the following composition for dead burning:
• MgCO3 ------------- 35% Min.
• SiO2 --------------- 1% Max.
• Fe2O3+Al2O3 ------- 1.5% Max.
• CaCO3 -------------- Remainder

Dolomite for use as flux in steel metallurgy should be hard, compact and fine-grained so that it can stand the burden of the batch in the blast furnace as well as the basic steel convertor. It should not be crystalline, i.e., it should not have a saccharoidal texture which gives fritting effect in the furnace. Impurities as low as possible are preferred. It should be free from phosphorous and sulphur. Generally, two grades of dolomite are used, one is called blast furnace (BF) grade and the other steel melting shop (SMS) grade.

The dolomite containing insolubles (Al2O3+Fe2O3+SiO2) upto 7%, is used in the blast furnace by most of the steel manufacturers in the country but the dolomite dontaining a maximum of 4 to 5% insolubles is preferred. Silica and alumina contents in dolomite are not regarded deleterious for blast furnaces. They only cause unnecessary increase in the slag. Dolomite has been found as a useful support to limestone in removing sulphur from the iron ore. It also reduces the viscosity of the slag, thus chemical reactions in the furnace. For the steel melting shop the total insolubles below 4% are preferred. The silica content should be as low as possible, in no case above 2% being tolerated.

The ferro-manganese manufacturers in India usually prefer SMS dolomite for fluxing purposes.

In general, the metallurgical industries require dolomite of the following grades for fluxing purposes.
Blast furnace grade SMS and Ferro-Manganese grades
CaO 28 - 30% Min. CaCO3 MgCO3 95% Max.
MgO 18 - 20% Min. Fe2O3 + Al2O3 2% Max.
Al2O3 + SiO2 + Fe2O3
(total insolubles) 7% Max. SiO2 for SMS
for ferromanganese 2% Max.
3% Max.
For use in the colourless sheet-glass industry, the dolomite should contain not more than 0.1% Fe2O3. Total acid insolubles less than 2% are preferred. A higher content or SiO2 or Al2O3 is not regarded deleterious.

GUANO ROCK PHOSPHAT FROM JAVA

2010-03-31T02:52:00.001+07:00

Rock Guano phosphate made from mineral mountains and environmental friendly. Directly taken rock guano phosphate from the caves. There are a abundance source of rock guano phosphat in indonesia especially in east javanese province. Guano from Madura Island was wellknown as the best quality of GUANO at all of the world, and so do of other places at east javanese province, as at gresik, tuban, and bojonegoro. Natural fertilizer is composition of soil's nutrition . Having contents of Phosphate (P205) since 10% , 15%, 18%, 23%up etc and included bat droppings . With Rock Guano Phosphate making it helpful for plants growth especially towards the flowering, fruiting and vegetables.
Our natural fertilizer with rock guano phosphate no other added chemical ingredients but 100 % is pure and natural. It is can be applied in all kinds of cultivation especially fruits, flowers and vegetables.

Advantage of using Natural fertilizer rock guano phosphate :

· Increase the crop

· Neutralizing pH of acid soil

· Balancing pH (acidity) of soil

· Grow more root, longer and bigger

· Freshen the plant

· Increase the sweet taste of fruit

· Increase the amount and size of fruit

· Improve the fruit color, become more attractive

· Improve result of crop.

· Improve medium and plant productivity

· Overcoming symptom of organic matter deficiency

· Ready to be absorbed by medium (soil)

· Reduce the transport cost

· Non toxic and not dry the plant

· Can be utilized for any type of plant and any medium (soil)

BAT GUANO PHOSPHAT

Give Healthy Soil with Phosphate Guano Fertilizers HOME NEWS GUANO The 100% Natural Organic Soil Amendment The word guano originated from the Quichua language of the Inca civilization and means "the droppings of sea birds". It is a misnomer to refer to bat dung as guano. As the word is used today, guano describes both bat and sea bird manure. The most famous guano was that used by the Inca. The guano would collect on the rainless islands and coast of Peru. Atmospheric conditions insured a minimal loss of nutrients. There is very little leaching of valuable material, nor is there a considerable loss of nitrogenous matter. For this the Inca would guard and regulate the treasured soil enricher. Access to the guano deposits were restricted to chosen caretakers. Disrupting the rookeries could result in punishment by death. Guano became a very important part of the development of agriculture in these United States. During the peak of the guano era, drastic steps were taken to maintain a supply for the U.S. farmer. "On August 18, 1856, Congress passed an act to authorize protection to be given to citizens of the United States who may discover guano, under which any citizen of the United States was authorized to take possession of and occupy any unclaimed island, rock or key containing guano. The discoverers of such islands were entitled to exclusive rights to the deposits thereon, but the guano could only be removed for the use of the citizens of the United States."Nutrients in guano are as different as there are a variety of producers, food sources and environmental constraints. Sea birds eat strictly small fish and are not scavengers. Bat guano is available from one species that thrives on fruit, while another feasts on insects. Guano can be fresh, semi-fossilized or fossilized and will be a factor, among others, on the nutrient content when used. Guano is provided in the ready to use condition, thoroughly aged to the vintage state of a good natural fertilizer. Guano can be used inside or outdoors for all living plants. Guano supplies fast and slow release nutrients to the biological system. Apply the pure guano in smaller amounts than ordinary barnyard or poultry manure. Applied as a top dressing and worked into the soil or mixed with water and applied, guano will have a dramatic influence. Hydroponic growers, in contrast to normal fertilization, are finding that guano and water are a natural alternative to chemical solutions. Use nitrogen guano for growth, phosphorus guano for budding and all guano for your plants general health and well being. Guano can be blended with topsoil before laying sod or grass seed and while planting trees and shrubs. Add guano to your container growing mix for a supercharged potting soil. For more information on bats and their importance to our ecosystems, please visit Bat Conservation International by clicking here .

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FRESH BAT GUANO (PUPUK KOTORAN KELELAWAR)

Keberadaan kelelawar bagi kita sudah bukan binatang asing lagi. Mamalia dari ordo Chiroptera yang bisa terbang ini memang mempunyai perbedaan dan kekhasan tersendiri dibanding binatang terbang lain, misalnya burung. Kelelawar mempunyai dua tangan layaknya binatang lain. Tangan yang digunakan untuk aktifitas memegang benda tersebut berkembang menjadi sayap. Kelelawar terbang dengan mengandalkan frekuensi suara. Namun pada tulisan kali ini bukan masalah gelombang suara yang akan kita bincangkan. Biarlah masalah gelombang suara dibahas oleh ahlinya. Kita akan membincangkan sisi lain dari kelelawar yang terlupakan namun kalau mau kita manfaatkan tentu akan mendatangkan manfaat yang besar. Keberadaan kelelwar bagi ekosistem memang tidak bisa kita pandang sebelah mata. Lihatlah pada keseimbangan alam dinegeri kita tercinta ini. Kelelawar mempunyai peranan yang sangat penting. Hamper setiap malam kelelawar mencari makan dari buah-buahan dan dari buah-buahan yang dimakan tersebut kelelawar memancarkan biji-biji buah tersebut keberbagai lokasi yang jaraknya berkilo-kilo meter. Sebagai penyerbuk tanaman yang bernilai ekonomis, mulai dari jambu, duwet, ace, petai, kapuk, keluwih, cendana dan lain sebagainya. Satu lagi yang tak kalah hebatnya. Kotoran kelelawar ternyata juga bisa menjadi pupuk yang sangat bagus. Karena kotoran kelelawar khususnya yang hidup digua-gua yang ada di Indonesia mengandung senyawa organik. Kotoran kelelawar yang dalam dunia pertanian disebut pupuk guano mengandung nitrogen, fosfor dan potassium sangat bagus untuk mendukung pertumbuhan, merangsang akar dan pembungaan serta kekuatan batang tanaman. Kotoran kelelawar yang sudah mengendap lama dalam dasar gua akan bercampur dengan tanah dan bakteri pengurai. Pupuk seperti inilah yang saat ini sedang dicari sebagai pengganti pupuk dari bahan kimia. Selain lebih ramah lingkungan juga tidak mengandung efek lain yang ditimbulkan. Anda ingin mencoba. Saat ini telah banyak tersedia dipasaran khususnya di tempat penjual tanaman hias dan pupuk di kota anda. Info selengkapnya.......klik.......... (see more)

GUANO by wikipedia

Guano (from the Quechua 'wanu', via Spanish) is the excrement (feces and urine) of seabirds, bats, and seals. Guano manure is an effective fertilizer and gunpowder ingredient due to its high levels of phosphorus and nitrogen and also its lack of odor. Superphosphate made from guano is used for aerial topdressing. Soil that is deficient in organic matter can be made more productive by addition of this manure.
Contents:

• 1 Composition

• 2 History

• 3 Sourcing

• 4 Properties

Composition

Guano consists of ammonia, along with uric, phosphoric, oxalic, and carbonic acids, as well as some earth salts and impurities. Guano also has a high concentration of nitrates.
Currently vast volumes of phosphorus are needed to produce fertilizer, as it is an essential plant macronutrient. Guano is rich in phosphorus and is an intensely effective phosphorus fertilizer.

History

The word "guano" originates from the Quichua language of the Inca civilization and means "the droppings of sea birds". Incas collected guano from the coast of Peru for use as soil enricher. The Incas assigned great value to guano, restricting access to it and punishing any disturbance to the birds with death.
Guano has been harvested over several centuries along the coast of Peru, where islands and rocky shores have been sheltered from humans and predators. The Guanay Cormorant has historically been the most important producer of guano; its guano is richer in nitrogen than guano from other seabirds. Other important guano producing species off the coast of Peru are the Peruvian Pelican and the Peruvian Booby. In November 1802, Alexander von Humboldt studied guano and its fertilizing properties at Callao in Peru, and his subsequent writings on this topic made the subject known in Europe.
The high concentration of nitrates also made guano an important strategic commodity. The War of the Pacific (1879 to 1883) between the Peru-Bolivia alliance and Chile was primarily based upon Bolivia's attempt to tax Chilean guano harvesters and over control of a part of the Atacama Desert that lies between the 23rd and 26th parallels on the Pacific coast. The discovery during the 1840s of the use of guano as a fertilizer and saltpeter as a key ingredient in explosives made the area strategically valuable.In this context the US passed the Guano Islands Act in 1856 giving citizens discovering a source of guano the right to take possession of unclaimed land and entitlement to exclusive rights to the deposits. However, the guano could only be removed for the use by citizens of the United States. This enabled US citizens to take possession of unoccupied islands containing guano.
By the end of the 19th century, the importance of guano declined with the rise of artificial fertiliser, although guano is still used by organic gardeners and farmers

Sourcing

The ideal type of guano is found in exceptionally dry climates, as rainwater drains the guano of nitrates. Guano is harvested on various islands in the Pacific Ocean (for example, the Chincha Islands) and in other oceans (for example, Juan de Nova Island and Christmas Island). These islands have been home to mass seabird colonies for many centuries, and the guano has collected to a depth of many metres. In the 19th century, Peru was famous for its supply of guano.
Bat guano is usually mined in caves and this mining is associated with a corresponding loss of troglobytic biota and diminishing of biodiversity. Guano deposits support a great variety of cave-adapted invertebrate species, which rely on bat faeces as their sole nutrient input. In addition to the biological component, deep guano deposits contain local paleoclimatic records in strata that have built up over thousands of years, which are unrecoverable once disturbed.
The greatest damage caused by mining to caves with extant guano deposits is to the bat colonies themselves. Bats are highly vulnerable to regular disturbance to their roosts. Some species, such as Phyllonycteris aphylla, have low fat reserves, and will starve to death when regularly disturbed and put into a panic state during their resting period. Many species will drop pups when in panic, with subsequent death, leading to a steady reduction in population. Research in Jamaica has shown that mining for bat guano is directly related to the loss of bat species, associated invertebrates and fungi, and is the greatest threat to bat caves on the island.

Properties

In agriculture and gardening guano has a number of uses, including as: soil builder, lawn treatment, fungicide (when fed to plants through the leaves), nematicide (decomposing microbes help control nematodes), and as composting activator (nutrients and microbes speed up decomposition).