<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7592916179683298158</id><updated>2014-10-24T17:21:43.913-07:00</updated><category term="desenvolvimento"/><category term="roupa velha"/><category term="Brasil"/><category term="mercado"/><category term="democracia"/><category term="educação"/><category term="esperança"/><category term="Presidente-do-Futuro-do-Brasil"/><category term="universidade"/><category term="direito"/><category term="inovação"/><category term="personalidade"/><category term="política industrial"/><category term="Europa"/><category term="América Latina"/><category term="Estados Unidos"/><category term="confiança"/><category term="criatividade"/><category term="education"/><category term="família"/><category term="juventude"/><category term="reform"/><category term="sustentabilidade"/><category term="Globalization"/><category term="Roberto Mangabeira Unger"/><category term="administração"/><category term="amazônia"/><category term="conferência"/><category term="constituição"/><category term="crise"/><category term="cultura"/><category term="desenvolvimento sustentável"/><category term="empreendedorismo"/><category term="futuro"/><category term="law schools"/><category term="legal education"/><category term="meio ambiente"/><category term="nordeste"/><category term="partido político"/><category term="política"/><category term="pragmatismo"/><category term="university"/><category term="África"/><title type='text'>Jogue fora a roupa velha</title><subtitle type='html'>Aqui vocês encontrarão reflexões sobre o que ainda não existe. Cartas esperançosas do &quot;eleitor-do-futuro&quot; (cidadãos brasileiros) que tentam conclamar o &quot;Presidente-do-Futuro-do-Brasil&quot; (povo brasileiro) a lutar por outra forma de desenvolvimento. Formulações sobre economia, política e educação. E algumas confissões e curiosidades. O pano de fundo é o desejo sincero de jogar fora a roupa velha, que veste o Brasil há décadas, costurada com idéias e instituições que não nos servem mais.</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25&amp;redirect=false'/><author><name>Daniel Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12805593786336601456</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iA_C9N5zpTI/ThStBJ8VFvI/AAAAAAAAACQ/HM-IbAjXOmw/s220/DSC02865.JPG'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>78</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7592916179683298158.post-2014571202509253277</id><published>2014-10-05T05:35:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2014-10-05T05:36:38.734-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Jurista Criativo: um manifesto</title><content type='html'>Entre o terno e a rebeldia sem causa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;http://bibliotecadigital.fgv.br/dspace/bitstream/handle/10438/12036/Cadernos%20FGV%20DIREITO%20RIO%20-%20Vol.%209.pdf?sequence=2</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/feeds/2014571202509253277/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2014/10/jurista-criativo-um-manifesto.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/2014571202509253277'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/2014571202509253277'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2014/10/jurista-criativo-um-manifesto.html' title='Jurista Criativo: um manifesto'/><author><name>Daniel Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12805593786336601456</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iA_C9N5zpTI/ThStBJ8VFvI/AAAAAAAAACQ/HM-IbAjXOmw/s220/DSC02865.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7592916179683298158.post-1952106056276495192</id><published>2014-05-20T16:00:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2014-05-20T18:46:02.130-07:00</updated><title type='text'>O medo do novo</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;columnist-top&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #f6f6f6; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16.363636016845703px; line-height: 20.363636016845703px; margin: 15px 0px 20px; min-height: 110px;&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: #990000; border-top-color: rgb(184, 76, 76); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 4px; float: left; font-family: folhaii-heavy, serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 16px 10px 20px; text-transform: lowercase; width: 600px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/colunas/vladimirsafatle&quot; style=&quot;color: white; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;vladimir safatle&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;complemnt&quot; style=&quot;padding: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;article class=&quot;news&quot; id=&quot;news&quot; role=&quot;article&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16.363636016845703px; line-height: 20.363636016845703px;&quot;&gt;&lt;header&gt;&lt;h1 style=&quot;font-family: folhaii-heavy, serif; font-size: 40px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 40px; margin: 0px 0px 20px;&quot;&gt;O medo do novo&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;author&quot; itemprop=&quot;author&quot; style=&quot;color: #666666; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 5px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;time datetime=&quot;2014-05-20 02:00&quot; style=&quot;color: #666666; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; line-height: 16px;&quot;&gt;20/05/2014&amp;nbsp;&lt;i class=&quot;sprite icon-clock&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; background-image: url(http://f.i.uol.com.br/folha/furniture/5.4/images/sprite.png); background-position: -433px -102px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; display: inline-block; height: 12px; width: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;02h00&lt;/time&gt;&lt;/header&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;toolbar&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.027451) 0px 6px 1px inset, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157) 2px 3px 1px; margin: 15px 0px 20px; max-height: 26px; min-height: 26px; padding: 10px 10px 3px; position: relative; z-index: 999999999;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;buttons&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;options&quot; style=&quot;color: #999999; position: absolute; right: 10px; top: 12px; width: 93px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;content&quot; itemprop=&quot;articleBody&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 22px; min-height: 200px;&quot;&gt;O filósofo francês Gilles Deleuze (1925-1995) costumava dizer que algo novo nunca aparece de uma vez. Pois, quando se nasce, sempre se nasce frágil e titubeante, acostumando-se aos poucos com a situação na qual o recém-nascido se encontra pela primeira vez.&lt;br /&gt;Por isso, o que é novo, para poder sobreviver, precisa revestir-se por um tempo com a capa do já visto. Assim, as forças que, no fundo, tudo fazem para deixar as estruturas intocadas não irão destruir o que acabou de nascer. Elas nem sequer perceberão sua singularidade, até que seja tarde demais para reagir.&lt;br /&gt;Essa descrição de Deleuze era, na verdade, uma espécie de conselho que talvez seja a nossa versão contemporânea para as virtudes da prudência. O tipo do conselho de que sempre nos esquecemos quando agimos.&lt;br /&gt;Na maioria das vezes, nossos desejos são maiores do que a nossa capacidade de preparar as nossas ações. Por isso, talvez, tantos projetos de transformação acabem abortados, muitas vezes por interesses de conservação do que já perdeu seu tempo, mas que faz de tudo para esconder dos outros que já está morto.&lt;br /&gt;Acho que tal perspectiva vale, principalmente, para o que se passa agora no campo da política. Estamos em um momento que está apenas começando e exigirá toda nossa criatividade e paciência para a construção de novas experiências políticas.&lt;br /&gt;Alguns gostariam de confiar na espontaneidade da revolta, mas como mostram os desdobramentos da Primavera Árabe no Egito, o entusiasmo por si só não garante a realidade de nossos sonhos.&lt;br /&gt;Outros entendem que a potência do novo sempre traz no seu bojo novas formas de organização, mas permitir que tais novas formas não sejam destruídas em seu nascedouro nem sempre é fácil.&lt;br /&gt;No que diz respeito ao campo das esquerdas, há de se dizer que ainda conseguiremos criar uma esquerda não dirigista, que não seja refém de interesses eleitorais comezinhos travestidos de necessidade histórica, que pare de usar o discurso do medo para esconder sua falta de capacidade de produzir futuros.&lt;br /&gt;Uma esquerda que demonstre à sociedade não os seus conflitos internos ou as suas depressões seguras, mas, sim, sua força criativa. Uma esquerda que entenda como é impossível defender a transformação da experiência democrática na sociedade enquanto continua a ter as piores práticas no interior de certos aparelhos partidários. Pois ninguém confiará em alguém incapaz de fazer na própria casa aquilo que se propõe a fazer na casa dos outros.&lt;br /&gt;Há uma juventude combativa e dinâmica que sabe isso e que aprendeu a não se contentar com pouco.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;three-star&quot; style=&quot;background-image: url(http://f.i.uol.com.br/folha/furniture/5.4/images/icn-three_stars.png); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; display: inline-block; height: 15px; margin-left: 5px; width: 57px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;aside&gt;&lt;/aside&gt;&lt;/article&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;clearfix&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16.363636016845703px; line-height: 20.363636016845703px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section class=&quot;biography&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 20px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;content&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #00adef; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: white; min-height: 90px;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;vladimir safatle&quot; src=&quot;http://f.i.uol.com.br/folha/colunas/images/11130465.jpeg&quot; height=&quot;70&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; float: left; margin: 10px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; width=&quot;70&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 10px; min-height: 50px; padding: 10px 10px 10px 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Vladimir Safatle&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;é professor livre-docente do Departamento de filosofia da USP (Universidade de São Paulo). Escreve às terças.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/section&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/feeds/1952106056276495192/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2014/05/o-medo-do-novo.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/1952106056276495192'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/1952106056276495192'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2014/05/o-medo-do-novo.html' title='O medo do novo'/><author><name>Daniel Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12805593786336601456</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iA_C9N5zpTI/ThStBJ8VFvI/AAAAAAAAACQ/HM-IbAjXOmw/s220/DSC02865.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7592916179683298158.post-7229819662177453889</id><published>2014-05-06T08:03:00.005-07:00</published><updated>2014-05-14T06:32:06.682-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Há vida entre a democracia e a economia!</title><content type='html'>Existe algo entre a democracia e a economia?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No discurso e arranjo da sociedade contemporânea, parece impossível pensar fora destes dois horizontes de reflexão.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A dicotomia, entre os intelectuais e políticos da moda, parece nos forçar a ter de escolher entre um dos mundos -- ou uma parcela de cada.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ou &#39;hierarquia&#39; ou &#39;colaboração&#39;, ou &#39;centralização&#39; ou &#39;descentralização&#39;, ou &#39;estado&#39; ou &#39;mercado&#39;. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;E aí, o raciocínio segue, cairíamos, quase inevitavelmente, em um regime democrático ou em um regime econômico, como nossas únicas (e também melhores) opções de vida.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Correto? Acho que não.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A história do domínio da democracia e economia como horizontes de pensamento e regimes de colaboração dominantes é recente.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Por um lado, a economia, como a compreendemos hoje, é evidentemente muito distinta da economia do passado. E a democracia/estado moderno ainda é uma criança, sob a perspectiva histórica.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Por outro lado, regimes alternativos de colaboração existiram e influenciaram largamente a sociedade no passado. A religião, por exemplo, serviu como regime dominante durante a Idade Média na Europa, pelo menos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;E mesmo hoje, em escala menor, outras formas de colaboração existem em distintos países, ou mesmo dentro de um mesmo país. Cada uma delas define, em parte, o que somos, como nos comportamos, o que podemos vir a ser.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Estas formas de colaboração acabam, portanto, mediando a distância entre nossos sonhos e nossa ação.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hoje, acho que carecemos de uma visão alternativa entre estes dois mundos. Algo que funcionasse de um jeito diferente, com métodos e finalidades e instituições diferentes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Não por modismo ou rebeldia, mas para permitir que gente diferente se realize de diferentes maneiras. &amp;nbsp;E, ao estimular essa variabilidade, para também enriquecer as sociedades com diferentes caminhos de realização.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ao acontecer isso, imagino que, paradoxalmente, a democracia e a economia também se enriquecerão, pois agora poderão operar seu juízo com muito mais informação e muito mais opções do que antes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/feeds/7229819662177453889/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2014/05/ha-vida-entre-democracia-e-economia.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/7229819662177453889'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/7229819662177453889'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2014/05/ha-vida-entre-democracia-e-economia.html' title='Há vida entre a democracia e a economia!'/><author><name>Daniel Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12805593786336601456</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iA_C9N5zpTI/ThStBJ8VFvI/AAAAAAAAACQ/HM-IbAjXOmw/s220/DSC02865.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7592916179683298158.post-2688088622117289370</id><published>2014-05-06T07:01:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2014-05-06T07:01:01.852-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Bê-a-bá da modernidade: paz, justiça, dinheiro ou criatividade?</title><content type='html'>Nossa visão de mundo (incluindo os debates intelectual e político), com frequência, oscila entre três ideais: paz, justiça e dinheiro. Os estatistas de séculos passados se conformavam com paz social. Aí veio a turma do deixa disso e, para acalmar as massas rebeladas, disseram que tínhamos de lutar pela &#39;justiça&#39;. Em paralelo, já tinha um grupo cansado com o palavreado sem resultado e passaram a pregar mais &#39;dinheiro&#39;. Hoje somos uma mistura de paz, justiça e dinheiro. De um modo ou outro, todos são a favor dos três. A briga parece ser para negociar as quotas. Claro, tem a turma do nada presta, mas nesta direção nada prestará mesmo. Será que não poderíamos criar um outro ideal, anterior e decisivo, para discutir nossa direção? Sugiro &#39;capacidade criativa&#39;. O poder de cada um de ser diferente, de fazer o que ninguém nunca fez (ser ser punido por isso). Se fosse assim, paz, justiça e dinheiro seriam reinterpreatos em nome de um novo ideal. Teríamos novos adversários e precisaríamos de novos líderes, novos direitos e novos instrumentos.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/feeds/2688088622117289370/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2014/05/be-ba-da-modernidade-paz-justica.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/2688088622117289370'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/2688088622117289370'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2014/05/be-ba-da-modernidade-paz-justica.html' title='Bê-a-bá da modernidade: paz, justiça, dinheiro ou criatividade?'/><author><name>Daniel Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12805593786336601456</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iA_C9N5zpTI/ThStBJ8VFvI/AAAAAAAAACQ/HM-IbAjXOmw/s220/DSC02865.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7592916179683298158.post-6773720919978583635</id><published>2014-03-30T10:14:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2014-03-30T10:14:31.743-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Rodrik - Missing Manufacturing</title><content type='html'>http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/dani-rodrikdeveloping-economies--missing-manufacturing</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/feeds/6773720919978583635/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2014/03/rodrik-missing-manufacturing.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/6773720919978583635'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/6773720919978583635'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2014/03/rodrik-missing-manufacturing.html' title='Rodrik - Missing Manufacturing'/><author><name>Daniel Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12805593786336601456</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iA_C9N5zpTI/ThStBJ8VFvI/AAAAAAAAACQ/HM-IbAjXOmw/s220/DSC02865.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7592916179683298158.post-166969467375592944</id><published>2014-03-30T08:46:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2014-03-30T08:46:28.225-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Rodrik - The Tyranny of Political Economy </title><content type='html'>http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/how-economists-killed-policy-analysis-by-dani-rodrik&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/feeds/166969467375592944/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2014/03/rodrik-tyranny-of-political-economy.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/166969467375592944'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/166969467375592944'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2014/03/rodrik-tyranny-of-political-economy.html' title='Rodrik - The Tyranny of Political Economy '/><author><name>Daniel Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12805593786336601456</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iA_C9N5zpTI/ThStBJ8VFvI/AAAAAAAAACQ/HM-IbAjXOmw/s220/DSC02865.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7592916179683298158.post-4428424049916501723</id><published>2013-12-24T05:12:00.002-08:00</published><updated>2013-12-24T05:14:28.236-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Estado patrimonialista? André Lara Resende e Jessé de Souza </title><content type='html'>&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Os artigos de André e Jessé são muito interessantes, tanto se lidos individualmente, como se lidos em conjunto. &amp;nbsp;Revelam duas visões de mundo bem distintas, como se perceberá. André tende a subscrever a uma visão liberal-progressista, que vê mercado como chave para o progresso brasileiro, e que vê o estado, em sua versão de hoje, como um dos grandes entraves. Jessé, por sua vez, tende a rechaçar este viés elitista, e a lembrar-nos do valor que o estado tem em uma sociedade radicalmente desigual como a nossa. &lt;span style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Em que pese as diferenças de disposições subjetivas, não estou certo se há uma contraposição radical entre as ideias de André e Jessé. André, neste artigo, é ambíguo em relação ao &#39;tamanho&#39; do estado. Critica, por um lado, capitalismo seletivista, em que o estado intervém e escolhe vencedores do mercado (por exemplo, via BNDES). Por outro, a solução que recomenda não é &lt;/span&gt;&lt;u style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;menos&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt; estado, mas &lt;/span&gt;&lt;u style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;estado diferente&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt; -- federal e desconcentrado. Para André, a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;solução para o problema radical da sociedade brasileira -- o patrimonialismo -- viria com um estado diferente, não exatamente menor (ao menos, não neste artigo). Se é assim, então a verdadeira causa do&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;patrimonialismo não seria o tamanho do Estado, pura e simplesmente, mas um tipo de organização indesejável da máquina pública, que se associa a um tipo de organização indesejável do mercado. Se entendi bem, a&amp;nbsp;raiz do problema, na visão de André, estaria na forma em que estado e mercado se associam no Brasil. Mas aí o problema já não é só do &#39;Estado&#39;, mas de um estilo de casamento.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h1 style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #010101; font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 34px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 35px;&quot;&gt;Capitalismo de Estado patrimonialista&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #555555; display: inline; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px;&quot;&gt;No lugar de insistir numa reforma de cima para baixo, governo deveria voltar à federação, dar autonomia aos Estados e aos municípios em todas suas esferas&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;bb-md-noticia-fecha&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #929292; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10px;&quot;&gt;22 de dezembro de 2013 | 2h 04&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, serif; font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7592916179683298158&quot; name=&quot;noticia&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #333333; cursor: pointer; font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, serif; font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;bb-md-noticia-tabs&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, serif; font-size: 12px; margin-top: 29px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;barraInteratividade&quot; style=&quot;float: left; height: 43px; overflow: hidden; width: 635px;&quot;&gt;&lt;ul class=&quot;bb-md-noticia-tab-main&quot; style=&quot;background-image: url(http://www.estadao.com.br/estadao/novo/img/border-bottom.gif); background-position: 100% 42px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-left-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; height: 43px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 665px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;bb-active&quot; id=&quot;tab-materia&quot; style=&quot;background-attachment: scroll; background-image: url(http://www.estadao.com.br/estadao/novo/img/noticia-tab-bg-active.gif); background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-width: medium; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-width: 1px; border-style: none none none solid; float: left; height: 18px; line-height: 17px; margin-left: -1px; padding: 12px 7px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/impresso,capitalismo-de-estado-patrimonialista-,1111446,0.htm#bb-md-noticia-tabs-1&quot; style=&quot;color: #929292; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Notícia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;bb-md-noticia-social&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-width: 1px; border-style: none none solid solid; float: left; height: 18px; line-height: 17px; margin-left: -1px; padding: 12px 7px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;bb-md-noticia-social-email&quot; style=&quot;color: #666666; float: left; margin-right: 2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/impresso,capitalismo-de-estado-patrimonialista-,1111446,0.htm#&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(102, 102, 102) !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Email&quot; src=&quot;http://www.estadao.com.br/estadao/novo/img/ic-email.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: none; float: left; padding-right: 2px;&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;bb-md-noticia-social-print&quot; style=&quot;color: #666666; float: left; margin-right: 2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/impresso,capitalismo-de-estado-patrimonialista-,1111446,0.htm#&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(102, 102, 102) !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Print&quot; src=&quot;http://www.estadao.com.br/estadao/novo/img/ic-print.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: none; float: left; padding-right: 2px;&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;bb-md-noticia-social-texto&quot; style=&quot;border-left-color: rgb(225, 225, 225); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; color: #666666; float: left; margin-right: 2px; padding-left: 5px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;changetext&quot; href=&quot;http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/impresso,capitalismo-de-estado-patrimonialista-,1111446,0.htm#&quot; style=&quot;color: #006699; cursor: pointer; display: inline !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 22px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px 2px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;&quot; title=&quot;Aumentar&quot;&gt;A+&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;changetext&quot; href=&quot;http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/impresso,capitalismo-de-estado-patrimonialista-,1111446,0.htm#&quot; style=&quot;color: #006699; cursor: pointer; display: inline !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;&quot; title=&quot;Diminuir&quot;&gt;A-&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;box-compartilhe&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; float: left; height: 37px; padding-top: 13px; width: 635px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;faceConnect&quot; style=&quot;float: left; height: auto; width: 625px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;btSendFbk&quot; style=&quot;border-right-color: rgb(225, 225, 225); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; float: left; height: 22px; margin-right: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;fb-send fb_iframe_widget&quot; data-height=&quot;40&quot; data-href=&quot;http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/impresso,capitalismo-de-estado-patrimonialista-,1111446,0.htm&quot; data-width=&quot;60&quot; fb-iframe-plugin-query=&quot;app_id=&amp;amp;height=40&amp;amp;href=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.estadao.com.br%2Fnoticias%2Fimpresso%2Ccapitalismo-de-estado-patrimonialista-%2C1111446%2C0.htm&amp;amp;locale=pt_BR&amp;amp;sdk=joey&amp;amp;width=60&quot; fb-xfbml-state=&quot;rendered&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; height: 20px; position: relative; text-align: justify; vertical-align: bottom; width: 57px;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allowtransparency=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;40px&quot; name=&quot;f332c347b4&quot; scrolling=&quot;no&quot; src=&quot;http://www.facebook.com/plugins/send.php?app_id=&amp;amp;channel=http%3A%2F%2Fstatic.ak.facebook.com%2Fconnect%2Fxd_arbiter.php%3Fversion%3D28%23cb%3Df3bf8e77d%26domain%3Dwww.estadao.com.br%26origin%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.estadao.com.br%252Ff23da39a3c%26relation%3Dparent.parent&amp;amp;height=40&amp;amp;href=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.estadao.com.br%2Fnoticias%2Fimpresso%2Ccapitalismo-de-estado-patrimonialista-%2C1111446%2C0.htm&amp;amp;locale=pt_BR&amp;amp;sdk=joey&amp;amp;width=60&quot; style=&quot;border-style: none; height: 20px; position: absolute; visibility: visible; width: 57px;&quot; title=&quot;fb:send Facebook Social Plugin&quot; width=&quot;60px&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;btRecommendFbk&quot; style=&quot;clear: none; float: left; height: 22px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-right: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;fb-like fb_edge_widget_with_comment fb_iframe_widget&quot; data-action=&quot;recommend&quot; data-colorscheme=&quot;light&quot; data-height=&quot;40&quot; data-href=&quot;http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/impresso,capitalismo-de-estado-patrimonialista-,1111446,0.htm&quot; data-layout=&quot;button_count&quot; data-send=&quot;false&quot; data-show-faces=&quot;false&quot; fb-xfbml-state=&quot;rendered&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; height: 20px; position: relative; text-align: justify; width: 126px;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe class=&quot;fb_ltr&quot; id=&quot;f1ef00ff74&quot; name=&quot;f33ef69da4&quot; scrolling=&quot;no&quot; src=&quot;http://www.facebook.com/plugins/like.php?action=recommend&amp;amp;api_key=&amp;amp;channel_url=http%3A%2F%2Fstatic.ak.facebook.com%2Fconnect%2Fxd_arbiter.php%3Fversion%3D28%23cb%3Df28376a12%26domain%3Dwww.estadao.com.br%26origin%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.estadao.com.br%252Ff23da39a3c%26relation%3Dparent.parent&amp;amp;colorscheme=light&amp;amp;extended_social_context=false&amp;amp;href=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.estadao.com.br%2Fnoticias%2Fimpresso%2Ccapitalismo-de-estado-patrimonialista-%2C1111446%2C0.htm&amp;amp;layout=button_count&amp;amp;locale=pt_BR&amp;amp;node_type=link&amp;amp;sdk=joey&amp;amp;send=false&amp;amp;show_faces=false&amp;amp;width=130&quot; style=&quot;border-style: none; height: 20px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 126px;&quot; title=&quot;Like this content on Facebook.&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;btLinkein&quot; style=&quot;clear: none; float: left; height: 22px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-right: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IN-widget&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block !important; font-size: 1px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;li_ui_li_gen_1387835734374_0&quot; style=&quot;display: block !important; overflow: visible !important; position: relative !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7592916179683298158&quot; id=&quot;li_ui_li_gen_1387835734374_0-link&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; font-size: 12px; height: 20px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;li_ui_li_gen_1387835734374_0-logo&quot; style=&quot;background-image: url(http://s.c.lnkd.licdn.com/scds/common/u/img/sprite/sprite_connect_v13.png) !important; background-position: 0px -276px !important; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat !important; border: 0px !important; cursor: pointer !important; display: block !important; float: right !important; height: 20px !important; left: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; text-indent: -9999em !important; top: 0px !important; width: 20px !important;&quot;&gt;in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;li_ui_li_gen_1387835734374_0-title&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(236, 236, 236) !important; background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, rgb(254, 254, 254) 0%, rgb(236, 236, 236) 100%) !important; border-bottom-color: rgb(185, 185, 185) !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-right-color: rgb(191, 191, 191) !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-top-color: rgb(226, 226, 226) !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 2px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0px !important; cursor: pointer !important; display: block !important; float: left !important; height: 18px !important; line-height: 20px !important; margin-left: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px 4px 0px 23px !important; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 1px 0px !important; vertical-align: top !important; white-space: nowrap !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;li_ui_li_gen_1387835734374_0-mark&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block !important; overflow: hidden !important; width: 0px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;li_ui_li_gen_1387835734374_0-title-text&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: Arial, sans-serif !important; font-size: 11px !important; font-weight: bold !important; height: 18px !important; vertical-align: top !important;&quot;&gt;Compartilhar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block !important; font-size: 1px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IN-right&quot; id=&quot;li_ui_li_gen_1387835734381_1-container&quot; style=&quot;cursor: pointer !important; display: inline-block !important; float: left !important; height: 18px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding-left: 2px !important; position: relative !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IN-right&quot; id=&quot;li_ui_li_gen_1387835734381_1&quot; style=&quot;background-image: url(http://s.c.lnkd.licdn.com/scds/common/u/img/sprite/sprite_connect_v13.png) !important; background-position-x: 100%; background-position-y: -100px !important; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat !important; display: block !important; float: left !important; height: 18px !important; margin-right: 4px !important; padding-right: 4px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IN-right&quot; id=&quot;li_ui_li_gen_1387835734381_1-inner&quot; style=&quot;background-image: url(http://s.c.lnkd.licdn.com/scds/common/u/img/sprite/sprite_connect_v13.png) !important; background-position: 0px -60px !important; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat !important; display: block !important; float: left !important; padding-left: 8px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IN-right&quot; id=&quot;li_ui_li_gen_1387835734381_1-content&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(4, 85, 139) !important; display: inline !important; font-family: Arial, sans-serif !important; font-size: 11px !important; font-weight: bold !important; line-height: 18px !important; padding: 0px 5px !important;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;btGoogle&quot; style=&quot;border-left-color: rgb(225, 225, 225); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; clear: none; float: left; height: 22px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 7px !important; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;___plusone_0&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border-style: none; display: inline-block; float: none; font-size: 1px; height: 20px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 32px;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe data-gapiattached=&quot;true&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; hspace=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;I0_1387835736036&quot; marginheight=&quot;0&quot; marginwidth=&quot;0&quot; name=&quot;I0_1387835736036&quot; scrolling=&quot;no&quot; src=&quot;https://apis.google.com/u/0/_/+1/fastbutton?usegapi=1&amp;amp;bsv=o&amp;amp;size=medium&amp;amp;count=false&amp;amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;amp;origin=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.estadao.com.br&amp;amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.estadao.com.br%2Fnoticias%2Fimpresso%2Ccapitalismo-de-estado-patrimonialista-%2C1111446%2C0.htm&amp;amp;gsrc=3p&amp;amp;ic=1&amp;amp;jsh=m%3B%2F_%2Fscs%2Fapps-static%2F_%2Fjs%2Fk%3Doz.gapi.en.mOLnkRqL9CQ.O%2Fm%3D__features__%2Fam%3DYQ%2Frt%3Dj%2Fd%3D1%2Frs%3DAItRSTNizMrIh2UNxY4aMMpsfjqBeU3fIQ#_methods=onPlusOne%2C_ready%2C_close%2C_open%2C_resizeMe%2C_renderstart%2Concircled%2Cdrefresh%2Cerefresh&amp;amp;id=I0_1387835736036&amp;amp;parent=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.estadao.com.br&amp;amp;pfname=&amp;amp;rpctoken=25178039&quot; style=&quot;border-style: none; height: 20px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; position: static; top: 0px; visibility: visible; width: 32px;&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; title=&quot;+1&quot; vspace=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;twitter&quot; style=&quot;clear: none; float: left; height: 22px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-right: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allowtransparency=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;twitter-share-button twitter-tweet-button twitter-count-horizontal&quot; data-twttr-rendered=&quot;true&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;linkTweet&quot; scrolling=&quot;no&quot; src=&quot;http://platform.twitter.com/widgets/tweet_button.1387492107.html#_=1387835736020&amp;amp;count=horizontal&amp;amp;id=linkTweet&amp;amp;lang=en&amp;amp;original_referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.estadao.com.br%2Fnoticias%2Fimpresso%2Ccapitalismo-de-estado-patrimonialista-%2C1111446%2C0.htm&amp;amp;size=m&amp;amp;text=Capitalismo%20de%20Estado%20patrimonialista%20%20&amp;amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.estadao.com.br%2Fnoticias%2Fimpresso%2Ccapitalismo-de-estado-patrimonialista-%2C1111446%2C0.htm&amp;amp;via=estadao&quot; style=&quot;height: 20px; width: 108px;&quot; title=&quot;Twitter Tweet Button&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;bb-md-noticia_tab&quot; id=&quot;bb-md-noticia-tabs-1&quot; style=&quot;clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;texto-noticia&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;bb-md-noticia-autor&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; padding: 18px 0px 8px;&quot;&gt;André Lara Resende&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;corpo&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: #464646; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;O sentimento em relação ao Brasil no exterior mudou em 2013. O otimismo no País já vinha em queda há algum tempo, mas a percepção externa parece ter finalmente alcançado - e até mesmo ultrapassado - o recente desalento doméstico. A evidente deterioração da situação fiscal brasileira - apesar do uso de todo tipo de manobras contábeis para impedir que a extensão da piora fique clara - é o fator mais preocupante para analistas e investidores estrangeiros. A queda do superávit primário se refletiu num aumento do prêmio de risco, medido pelo seguro financeiro contra a probabilidade de calote - os chamados CDS - da dívida brasileira.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;notRel&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; float: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;notRelacionadas&quot; style=&quot;background-image: url(http://www.estadao.com.br/EN/img/pattern.png); background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; clear: left; float: left; margin: 0px 22px 14px 0px; padding: 5px; width: 180px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;bg&quot; style=&quot;float: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;h6 style=&quot;border-top-color: rgb(105, 75, 33); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 5px; color: #694b21; display: inline; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 6px; padding: 5px 0px 0px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: 5px;&quot;&gt;NOTÍCIAS RELACIONADAS&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;float: left; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 6px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;display: block; float: left; padding: 10px 0px; width: 168px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a data-fonte=&quot;Editorial&quot; data-indice=&quot;0&quot; data-showcase=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/impresso,o-ano-em-que-se-espera-pouco-,1111460,0.htm&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; cursor: pointer; font-family: arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;O ano em que se espera pouco&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;display: block; float: left; padding: 10px 0px; width: 168px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a data-fonte=&quot;Editorial&quot; data-indice=&quot;1&quot; data-showcase=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/impresso,entre-a-ortodoxia-e-a-mudanca-do-modelo-economico-,1111443,0.htm&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; cursor: pointer; font-family: arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Entre a ortodoxia e a mudança do modelo econômico&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;display: block; float: left; padding: 10px 0px; width: 168px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a data-fonte=&quot;Zunnit&quot; data-indice=&quot;0&quot; data-showcase=&quot;left&quot; href=&quot;http://economia.estadao.com.br/noticias/,bc-decreta-liquidacao-da-quantia-e-da-diferencial,122562,0.htm&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; cursor: pointer; font-family: arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;BC decreta liquidação da Quantia e da Diferencial&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;display: block; float: left; padding: 10px 0px; width: 168px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a data-fonte=&quot;Zunnit&quot; data-indice=&quot;1&quot; data-showcase=&quot;left&quot; href=&quot;http://economia.estadao.com.br/noticias/ae-mercados,gafisa-divulga-detalhes-sobre-incorporacao-da-shertis,14519,0.htm&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; cursor: pointer; font-family: arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Gafisa divulga detalhes sobre incorporação da Shertis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;display: block; float: left; padding: 10px 0px; width: 168px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a data-fonte=&quot;Zunnit&quot; data-indice=&quot;2&quot; data-showcase=&quot;left&quot; href=&quot;http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/economia,bndes-destinou-r-77-bi-em-2-anos-a-empresas-locais,170931,0.htm&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; cursor: pointer; font-family: arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;BNDES destinou R$ 7,7 bi em 2 anos a empresas locais&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: #464646; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: #464646; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;A alta do prêmio de risco, se entendido como a probabilidade de o país vir a ter problema de solvência com sua dívida pública, como ocorreu no passado recente, parece-me despropositado. A dívida em moeda estrangeira, especialmente a dívida pública, é pequena, não passa de 5% do PIB. Mesmo a dívida bruta total, que os truques contábeis têm menos capacidade de maquiar, está entorno de 60% do PIB. É alta, mas está longe de ser preocupante. O prêmio de risco reflete um desconforto mais difuso sobre o futuro do país. Os problemas são muitos, a grande maioria deles não é nova, mas há uma dimensão especialmente grave no atual quadro brasileiro: um Estado despreparado, patrimonialista, com objetivos próprios, dissociados da sociedade.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: #464646; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Desde a estabilidade monetária, o país vinha fazendo avanços sistemáticos na ordenação das finanças públicas. A carga fiscal passou de 25% para 36% do PIB e a dívida pública estava em queda. O processo foi revertido a partir de 2008. É preocupante, mas o problema do Estado brasileiro, hoje, não é de solvência, nem de descontrole macroeconômico, que poderia ser revertido, mas o fato de atuar contra a sociedade, a favor de seus interesses próprios. O custo do Estado está hoje perto de 40% da renda anual, equivalente aos mais altos do mundo, mas seu desempenho é abaixo da crítica.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: #464646; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;O papel do Estado sempre foi um tema polêmico. Durante o século 20, tomou contornos ideológicos tão demarcados que praticamente inviabilizou o debate sereno e reacional. Parece inevitável que sociedades maiores e mais complexas sejam mais difíceis de ser administradas, exijam mais das empresas, das instituições e também do Estado. Há uma inexorável correlação entre tamanho e complexidades em toda empreitada humana. O mundo está superpovoado e definitivamente interligado pelo avanço das comunicações e da informática. A questão da escala e da complexidade está em toda parte, mas é ainda mais grave onde é menos reconhecido: na esfera da vida pública. As sociedades modernas se sofisticaram, tornaram-se mais complexas. O Estado foi obrigado a crescer para atender às suas novas funções.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: #464646; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Em livro de 2011, Vito Tanzii faz uma isenta e ponderada análise do inexorável avanço do Estado sobre todas as esferas da vida. O peso do Estado cresceu sistematicamente em toda parte do mundo. A proporção da renda extraída da sociedade pelo Estado, que era geralmente inferior a 10% no início do século 20, dobrou lá pela metade do século, até atingir mais de 40%, neste início de século 21. O avanço foi sistemático, sobretudo a partir da década de 30.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: #464646; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Quando se exige mais do Estado, é razoável que o seu custo suba, mas espera-se que haja alguma correlação entre o custo e o serviço prestado, entre o custo e a qualidade do Estado. Não foi o que ocorreu no Brasil. Ao contrário, a rápida elevação recente da fatia da renda extraída da sociedade não foi acompanhada pelo investimento em infraestrutura. Houve séria deterioração da segurança pública e um dramático aumento da criminalidade. Não houve melhora digna de nota nem na educação, nem na saúde. O saneamento e o transporte público continuam abaixo da crítica.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: #464646; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Notícias recentes indicam que mais de 20% das pessoas - até 50% em alguns Estados - dizem terem sido vítimas de assaltos nos últimos doze meses. O nível de compreensão da língua e da matemática dos alunos brasileiros, segundo resultados recém-divulgados do PISA, exame de avaliação internacional de estudantes conduzido pela OCDE, é deplorável. O Brasil continua entre os últimos colocados, junto com a Albânia, a Tunísia e a Jordânia, muito abaixo do Chile e do México.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: #464646; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;O World Economic Forum publica anualmente um índice global de competitividade. O Brasil caiu para o 56.º lugar este ano. Ocupa o 80.º lugar em relação ao funcionamento das instituições e a 124.ª posição em relação à eficiência do governo. A educação está na 121.ª posição e a confiança nos políticos, na 136.ª. Os bolsões de excelência tecnológica e a qualidade do empresariado ocupam a 36.ª e a 39.ª posições. As estatísticas e os rankings apenas confirmam uma realidade perceptível a olho nu: o Estado brasileiro não está à altura do estágio de desenvolvimento do País.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: #464646; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;A herança patrimonialista, misturada aos desafios de um país grande e desigual, a meio caminho para o mundo desenvolvido, criou um Estado caro, ineficiente e, sobretudo, disfuncional. Um Estado cujo único objetivo é viabilizar a expansão de seu poder e de suas áreas de influência. Um Estado que cria uma regulamentação kafkiana, com exigências burocráticas cartoriais absurdas, cujo resultado é aumentar custos, reduzir a produtividade e complicar todas as esferas da vida. O patrimonialismo do Estado brasileiro, sua incapacidade de respeitar os limites e os deveres em relação à sociedade, tem longa tradição, mas toma novos contornos com a sofisticação da economia, com a chegada do País à sociedade do espetáculo e à democracia de massas. O uso e o abuso das técnicas publicitárias, a criação de dificuldades de toda ordem para a venda de facilidades, a simbiose com cultura dos direitos especiais adquiridos e a aliança com grupos econômicos selecionados são a nova face do velho patrimonialismo.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: #464646; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Crítica.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Diante da polarização do debate, a crítica ao patrimonialismo do Estado tende a ser desqualificada como uma reação conservadora aos avanços da cidadania. Cada uma das dimensões do progresso da cidadania - a civil, a política e a social - enfrentou, a seu tempo, fortes reações ideológicas. O século 18 foi palco da luta pela cidadania civil, pelos direitos de opinião, de expressão e à justiça. No século 19, avançaram os aspectos políticos da cidadania, o direito ao voto e de participação política. Finalmente, no século 20, sobretudo a partir da década de 30, houve o avanço da dimensão social, com a criação dos sistemas de assistência e previdência, de educação e de saúde pública, capazes de garantir um padrão de vida mínimo para o exercício das demais dimensões da cidadania.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: #464646; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Adotado depois da grande crise do capitalismo do início dos anos 30 do século 20, o Estado Assistencialista foi uma forma de aliviar as pressões sociais e o apelo do comunismo marxista, mas nunca deixou de enfrentar resistência. Resistência que encontrou na teoria econômica um poderoso aliado. A economia sempre teve um de seus pilares na tese de que os mercados competitivos tendem ao equilíbrio eficiente. O mercado competitivo é uma construção intelectual, uma referência importante para a alocação eficiente de recursos, mas a polarização ideológica levou a uma inferência indevida: a de que toda interferência governamental sobre o livre mercado seria contraproducente.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: #464646; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Com a vitória incontestável dos direitos sociais, a teoria econômica paga até hoje o preço político de ser percebida como intrinsecamente conservadora. Toda crítica à falta de critérios e à ineficiência do gasto público, sobretudo se embalado como gasto social, é tachada de reacionária e desconsiderada. No Brasil de hoje, o velho patrimonialismo do Estado se esconde por trás do assistencialismo. O patrimonialismo indefensável reveste-se de assistencialismo inatacável. Desde que sob o guarda-chuva de gasto social, toda sorte de abuso patrimonialista não admite questionamento.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: #464646; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;A divisão do trabalho, o comércio internacional e os mercados são poderosos estímulos à criação de riqueza, mas dependem de leis, instituições e do Estado inteligentemente organizado. A complexidade do mundo contemporâneo exige do Estado ainda mais do que suas funções clássicas. As modernas sociedades democráticas requerem, necessariamente, algum tipo de assistencialismo distributivista, o que exige a coordenação do Estado. O desafio é ter um Estado competente, que contribua para uma sociedade melhor e cujos serviços justifiquem seu custo.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: #464646; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Um seminário recente, em Viena, em homenagem a Peter Drucker, reuniu expoentes da administração para discutir o tema da complexidade no mundo contemporâneo. Concordaram que a gestão dos negócios está mais complicada do que jamais foi e que a capacidade de lidar com a complexidade é prioridade na agenda dos empresários. Como em todas as outras esferas da vida contemporânea, os homens de negócios são confrontados com muito mais de tudo a todo tempo.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: #464646; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Duas linhas alternativas de interpretação se delinearam. A primeira é de que é preciso simplificar, concentrar em alguns poucos objetivos, dar às empresas um foco e uma direção para os que nela trabalham, ainda que por imposição, de cima para baixo. A segunda interpretação sustenta que a maior complexidade é apenas uma nova ordem, que exige a revisão do modo de se administrar. A revolução das comunicações e da informática tornou obsoleta a administração linear, de comando e controle, que deve ser substituída por uma nova, baseada em redes espontâneas de módulos autônomos. O mundo contemporâneo é não linear e as empresas, assim como as demais instituições, ainda não se adaptaram a essa não linearidade. O caminho a ser seguido é reconhecer a nova ordem e não insistir na tradicional gestão de comando e controle, pois é a imposição de um estilo anacrônico de gestão que é contraproducente na complexidade contemporânea.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: #464646; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;As duas interpretações exprimem as alternativas para se lidar com a complexidade contemporânea, não apenas na vida empresarial, mas também na vida pública. A opção por simplificar, ainda que de cima para baixo, por concentrar em alguns objetivos claros e dar uma direção para o país, tem enorme apelo diante das dificuldades da democracia representativa. O encanto provocado pelo novo capitalismo de estado chinês é exemplo do apelo da simplificação autoritária. Como demonstrou a experiência soviética, é sempre possível acelerar o crescimento por meio da mobilização centralizada de poupança e do investimento estatal, com base em grandes planos, formulados a partir de um &quot;projeto nacional&quot; definido pelo Estado. A estratégia demonstrou ser bem-sucedida para as economias de baixa renda, onde as taxas de poupança e investimento são limitadas pelas necessidades básicas de consumo. Enquanto se percorre caminhos tecnológicos conhecidos, é possível acelerar autoritariamente o crescimento, mas quando a economia se aproxima da fronteira tecnológica, a estratégia do planejamento estatal deixa de obter resultados.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: #464646; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Tendo aprendido as lições do fracasso do planejamento central soviético, o capitalismo de estado chinês compreendeu que não poderia prescindir dos mercados. Usa as companhias estatais para garantir investimentos nos setores considerados estratégicos e utiliza empresas privadas escolhidas para dominar os mercados. Os resultados foram extraordinários, mas as tensões e desafios têm aumentado. Embora a China tenha dado sinais de que pode vir a aumentar o papel dos mercados, é pouco provável que a flexibilização mude a essência do modelo. Seu objetivo é manter o poder político concentrado na mão do Estado e a maximizar a probabilidade de perpetuação do governo.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: #464646; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Há uma diferença fundamental entre o Brasil e a China. A China tem uma tradição milenar de autoritarismo burocrático competente. O custo do Estado é menos de 30% renda e está em queda. Já a participação do Estado no investimento, na chamada formação bruta de capital fixo, é de 21% do PIB. Ou seja, só o investimento direto do Estado chinês é uma proporção maior da renda nacional do que todo o investimento brasileiro, público, privado e estrangeiro, que não chega a 19% do PIB. Na China, o Estado é competente, custa pouco e investe muito. No Brasil, o Estado é caro e incompetente, não investe, nem cumpre suas funções básicas.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: #464646; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;É questionável se o investimento estatal direto ainda seria capaz de fazer a diferença e acelerar o crescimento no Brasil. O modelo foi adotado por aqui durante o regime militar. Depois de reformas modernizadoras, inteligentemente concebidas e adotadas com competência, as taxas de crescimento atingiram níveis de até dois dígitos, durante o chamado &quot;milagre econômico&quot;, da primeira metade da década de 70. O seu esgotamento, a partir da década de 80, deixou um triste legado: o Estado deficitário e endividado, as empresas estatais esclerosadas e duas décadas de estagnação sob o signo da inflação crônica.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: #464646; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Modelo.&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;Na última década, o Brasil se beneficiou do ganho nas relações de troca com o exterior. A alta dos preços dos produtos primários, provocada pela demanda da China, significou uma expressiva transferência de renda para o Brasil. Os governos do PT foram suficientemente inteligentes para manter as bases da política macroeconômica, mas passaram a desmontar as reformas que viabilizaram a estabilidade monetária. O processo se acelerou a partir da crise de 2008. Aparelharam o Estado, criaram novas estatais e elegeram parceiros privados incompetentes. Com a desculpa de praticar uma politica anticíclica, expandiram o gasto corrente do governo, mas não investiram em infraestrutura. O resultado é conhecido: baixa produtividade, uma economia que não cresce e contas públicas que se deterioram.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: #464646; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Não é possível saber se o capitalismo de estado chinês continuará bem-sucedido, mas uma coisa é certa: o capitalismo chinês requer um Estado competente e autoritário. No Brasil, não temos a requerida competência, nem desejamos - quero crer - o autoritarismo. Diante da complexidade do mundo contemporâneo, a tentação da solução autoritária estará sempre presente, mas o caminho mais promissor é o da alternativa delineada na conferência de Viena: não insistir na tradicional gestão centralizada, de comando e controle, mas avançar na descentralização. Um Estado autoritário e patrimonialista, sustentado pela demagogia, o marketing e a intimidação, onde apenas as aparências democráticas são respeitadas, é o caminho mais rápido para volta ao subdesenvolvimento. A fórmula, como demonstra sua aplicação na Argentina e em outros países vizinhos, é devastadora.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: #464646; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Não há como bem governar com o Estado disfuncional. A primeira tarefa de quem pretende fazer um bom governo será a de reconstruir o Estado. No lugar de insistir numa reforma de cima para baixo, de comando e controle, deveríamos experimentar a descentralização. Deveríamos voltar à federação, dar autonomia aos Estados e aos municípios em todas suas esferas, desde a fiscal, até a segurança, a saúde e a educação. Como escreveu Hirschman, no prefácio da edição alemã do seu Exit, Voice and Loyality: &quot;Assim como os economistas, com a ênfase nas virtudes da competição (i.e. da &#39;saída&#39;), não deram atenção à contribuição da &#39;voz&#39;, os cientistas políticos, com seu interesse na participação política e no protesto, negligenciaram o possível papel da &#39;saída&#39; na análise do comportamento político.&quot; Tenho a impressão de que mais possibilidade da opção de &quot;saída&quot; em relação à &quot;voz&quot;, isto é, de ter a opção de se mudar ao invés de protestar, é mais importante do que nunca, num mundo complexo e interligado.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: #464646; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Os mercados não são milagrosos, mas um pouco de competição no sistema político, sob o guarda-chuva de uma verdadeira federação, pode ser a única forma de viabilizar a complexidade contemporânea com a democracia e a existência de Estados eficientes e com mais respeito pelos contribuintes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: #464646; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;ECONOMISTA E EX-PRESIDENTE DO BNDES&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: #464646; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;_________&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 class=&quot;breadcrumb&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Georgia, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 10px 10px 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://revistacult.uol.com.br/home&quot; style=&quot;color: black; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 10px 10px 0px 0px; text-decoration: none;&quot; title=&quot;ir para Home.&quot;&gt;Home&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://revistacult.uol.com.br/home/category/edicoes/&quot; style=&quot;color: black; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 10px 10px 0px 0px; text-decoration: none;&quot; title=&quot;Ir para categoria Edições .&quot;&gt;Edições&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://revistacult.uol.com.br/home/category/edicoes/124/&quot; style=&quot;color: black; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 10px 10px 0px 0px; text-decoration: none;&quot; title=&quot;Ir para categoria 124 .&quot;&gt;124&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;gt; A atualidade de Max Weber no Brasil&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h1 style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Georgia, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 23px; margin: 0px; padding: 10px 10px 0px;&quot;&gt;A atualidade de Max Weber no Brasil&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;tagSingle&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Georgia, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin: 10px 0px 15px; padding: 5px 10px 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;TAGS:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://revistacult.uol.com.br/home/tag/filosofia/&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot; style=&quot;color: black; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: none; padding: 5px 0px 0px; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;filosofia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Georgia, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px; padding: 10px;&quot;&gt;A noção de “patrimonialismo” continua a orientar parte significativa da reflexão sociológica nacional. No entanto, é preciso fundamentar um novo paradigma à luz da própria crítica weberiana&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Georgia, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px; padding: 10px; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;Por Jessé de Souza&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Georgia, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px; padding: 10px;&quot;&gt;Max Weber é provavelmente o autor mais influente e conhecido no âmbito das ciências sociais. Não apenas a sociologia e a ciência política modernas o têm como autor central e referência constante, mas também o direito, a economia, a administração de empresas e até a filosofia mobilizam várias de suas interpretações e idéias. É difícil imaginar um pensador contemporâneo que não tenha sido influenciado por suas idéias. Em Pierre Bourdieu e Jürgen Habermas, por exemplo, a influência é decisiva. Mas também no contexto brasileiro, Weber não só é um dos autores mais citados nas teses acadêmicas de ciências sociais entre nós, mas também foi inspiração para a produção do conceito mais influente, ainda hoje, da sociologia e da ciência política brasileiras: a noção – ambígua e equívoca, como teremos, mais adiante, ocasião de explicitar – de patrimonialismo. O que explica tamanha influência?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Georgia, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px; padding: 10px;&quot;&gt;Sua influência diz respeito à especificidade do que ele denominava de “racionalismo ocidental”. “Racionalismo” significa a forma, culturalmente singular, de como uma civilização específica e, por extensão, também os indivíduos, que constituem sua forma de pensar e agir a partir desses modelos culturais, interpreta o mundo. Isso implica, antes de tudo, que não existe definição “universal” possível acerca do que é “racional” ou do que seja “racionalidade”. A forma como a racionalidade vai ser definida em cada sociedade específica depende, desse modo, da matriz civilizacional a qual essa sociedade particular pertença. Em relação à civilização ocidental moderna, Weber irá definir seu racionalismo específico como sendo o do “racionalismo da dominação do mundo”. Esse racionalismo difere de modo profundo, por exemplo, dos racionalismos não-ocidentais como o da “fuga do mundo”, típico da sociedade de castas hindu, ou do racionalismo da “acomodação ao mundo” típico da sociedade tradicional chinesa. O racionalismo da dominação do mundo vai ser definido por uma “atitude instrumental” em relação a todas as três dimensões possíveis da ação humana: ação no mundo exterior, na natureza; no mundo social; e no próprio mundo subjetivo, como meros “meios” para a consecução de fins heterônomos como poder e dinheiro.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Georgia, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px; padding: 10px;&quot;&gt;Weber logra transformar a percepção de uma “racionalidade objetiva” que se impõe aos sujeitos de modo independente de sua vontade, no fundamento mesmo de uma “sociologia compreensiva”, toda voltada a captar o “sentido subjetivo” das ações humanas. É que, no “racionalismo moderno”, são os pressupostos da “ação eficaz”, no sentido de efetivamente transformadora da realidade externa, que a tornam “compreensível” para todos, permitindo a “evidência intersubjetiva” que garante a cientificidade de proposições e descrições da realidade.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Georgia, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px; padding: 10px;&quot;&gt;Mas Weber não formula apenas a possibilidade de junção científica dos aspectos subjetivos e objetivos no contexto do “racionalismo da dominação do mundo”. Ele inspirou também, precisamente por ter captado a “ambigüidade constitutiva” do racionalismo singular ao ocidente, os dois diagnósticos mais importantes para a autocompreensão do ocidente até nossos dias: uma concepção liberal, afirmativa e triunfalista do racionalismo ocidental; e uma concepção crítica desse mesmo racionalismo, que procura mostrar sua unidimensionalidade e superficialidade.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Georgia, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px; padding: 10px;&quot;&gt;Para a versão liberal e afirmativa, Weber fornece, por um lado, sua análise da “revolução simbólica” do protestantismo ascético, para ele a efetiva revolução moderna, na medida em que transformou a “consciência” dos indivíduos, e a partir daí a realidade externa, e não o contrário, como na Revolução Francesa, que termina em restauração do poder monárquico. É a figura do protestante ascético, dotado de vontade férrea e com as armas da disciplina e do autocontrole, quem cria o fundamento histórico para a noção do “sujeito moderno” e até mesmo para a noção moderna de “personalidade” enquanto entidade percebida como um todo unitário com fins e motivos conscientes e refletidos. Todas as versões apologéticas do “sujeito liberal” (às vezes, com a contribuição de Tocqueville, sujeito também tornado unidimensional e acrítico) nutrem-se, quase sempre com fundamento empírico na história da pujança econômica e política americana, em maior ou menor grau, da figura do pioneiro protestante weberiano. Por outro lado, é Weber quem reconstrói sistematicamente a lógica de funcionamento, tanto do mercado competitivo capitalista, quanto do Estado racional centralizado, de modo a percebê-los como instituições cuja eficiência e “racionalidade” não teriam igual. Ainda que a perspectiva liberal apologética se restrinja ao elogio do mercado, confluem, aqui, os aspectos subjetivos e objetivos (institucionais) que fundamentam, de modo convincente, a afirmação do “dado”, ou seja, do mundo como ele é.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Georgia, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px; padding: 10px;&quot;&gt;Mas Weber (e nisso reside sua atualidade extraordinária) também percebia o lado sombrio do racionalismo ocidental.&amp;nbsp; Se o pioneiro protestante ainda possuía perspectivas éticas na sua conduta, seu “filho” e, muito especialmente, seu “neto”, habitante do mundo secularizado, é percebido por Weber de modo bastante diferente. Para descrevê-lo, Weber lança mão de dois “tipos ideais”, ou seja, de modelos abstratos, no caso, de modelos abstratos de condução de vida individual, os quais se encontram sempre misturados em proporções diversas na realidade empírica concreta. Esses “tipos ideais”, que explicam o indivíduo típico moderno para Weber, são, por um lado, o “especialista sem espírito”, que tudo sabe acerca do seu pequeno mundo de atividade e nada sabe (nem quer saber) acerca de contextos mais amplos que determinam seu pequeno mundo, e, por outro lado, o “homem do prazer sem coração”, que tende a amesquinhar seu mundo sentimental e emotivo à busca de prazeres momentâneos e imediatos.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Georgia, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px; padding: 10px;&quot;&gt;Se a primeira leitura fornece o estofo para a apologia liberal do mercado e do sujeito percebido como independente da sociedade e de valores supra-individuais, a segunda leitura marcou profundamente toda a reflexão crítica até nossos dias. A percepção do indivíduo moderno como suporte das ilusões da independência absoluta e da própria perfeição narcísica, quando, na verdade, realiza, sem saber, todas as virtualidades de uma razão instrumental que termina em consumismo e conformismo político, está na base de todas as variações influentes do assim chamado “marxismo ocidental”. Esse termo, denominação ampla que se refere às perspectivas intelectuais que procuraram unir o impulso crítico do marxismo com a análise weberiana do racionalismo ocidental enquanto razão instrumental, foi a base de praticamente todas as concepções críticas do século 20.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Georgia, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px; padding: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Weber no Brasil&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Georgia, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px; padding: 10px;&quot;&gt;No Brasil, a influência do pensamento weberiano é dominada pela leitura liberal apologética. É de Weber que se retira a autoridade científica e a “palavra”, no sentido do “nome” e não do “conceito científico”, para a legitimação científica da noção central, ainda hoje, da sociologia e da ciência política brasileira: a noção de “patrimonialismo”, para indicar uma suposta ação parasitária do Estado e de sua “elite” sobre a sociedade. Entre nós, no entanto, esse conceito perde qualquer contextualização histórica, fundamental no seu uso por Max Weber, e passa a designar uma espécie de “mal de origem” da atuação do Estado enquanto tal em qualquer período histórico. Em Raymundo Faoro, por exemplo, que fez dessa noção seu mote investigativo – enquanto na maioria dos intelectuais brasileiros ela é um pressuposto implícito, embora fundamental – a noção de patrimonialismo carece de qualquer precisão histórica e conceitual. Historicamente, na visão de Faoro, existiria patrimonialismo desde o Portugal medieval, onde não havia sequer a noção de “soberania popular” e, portanto, não havia a separação entre bem privado (do rei) e bem público, já que o rei e seus prepostos não podiam “roubar” o que já era dele de direito.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Georgia, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px; padding: 10px;&quot;&gt;Em segundo lugar, no âmbito de suas generalizações sociológicas, o patrimonialismo acaba se tornando, de forma implícita, em um equivalente funcional para a mera intervenção estatal. No decorrer do livro de Faoro, o conceito de patrimonialismo perde crescentemente qualquer vínculo concreto, passando a ser substitutivo da mera noção de intervenção do Estado, seja quando este é furiosamente tributário e dilapidador, por ocasião da exploração das minas no século 18, seja quando o mesmo é benignamente interventor, quando D. João cria, no início do século 19, as pré-condições para o desenvolvimento do comércio e da economia monetária, quadruplicando a receita estatal e introduzindo inúmeras melhorias públicas.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Georgia, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px; padding: 10px;&quot;&gt;A imprecisão contamina até a noção central de “estamento”, uma suposta “elite” incrustada no Estado, que seria o suporte social do patrimonialismo. O tal “estamento” é composto, afinal, quem o suporta e fundamenta? Os juízes, o presidente, os burocratas? O que dizer do empresariado brasileiro, especialmente o paulista, que foi, no caso brasileiro, o principal beneficiário do processo de industrialização nacional financiado pelo Estado interventor desde Vargas? Ele também é parte do “estamento” estatal? Deveria ser, pois foi quem econômica e socialmente mais ganhou com o suposto “Estado patrimonial” brasileiro.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Georgia, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px; padding: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;A quem interessa a idealização do mercado e a demonização do Estado?&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Georgia, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px; padding: 10px;&quot;&gt;Como fica, em vista disso, a falsa oposição entre mercado “idealizado” e Estado “corrupto”?&amp;nbsp; Ora, trata-se de um conceito que se refere a todos e a ninguém e pouco ou nada esclarece. Se o potencial científico e esclarecedor dessa noção é tendencialmente nulo, o mesmo não pode ser dito de seu potencial ideológico e político. Ela “simplifica” e “distorce” a realidade social de diversas maneiras e sempre em um único sentido: aquele que simplifica e “idealiza” o mercado e subjetiviza e “demoniza” o Estado. De weberiano, pelo menos, esse processo não tem nada. Vimos que a marca da riqueza da reflexão weberiana é precisamente perceber a ambigüidade constitutiva dessas instituições fundamentais do mundo moderno e, com isso, perceber a ambigüidade imanente ao próprio racionalismo ocidental. O mercado cria riquezas com uma eficiência singular, mas produz, simultaneamente, desigualdades e injustiça social de todo tipo. O Estado pode agir das mais diversas maneiras, dependendo da correlação de forças política que esteja no controle do poder de Estado.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Georgia, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px; padding: 10px;&quot;&gt;Como uma hipótese tão frágil, pode-se perguntar o leitor atento, conseguiu ser até hoje o conceito central da reflexão brasileira, a tal ponto que é repetido, mesmo hoje, não só pela maioria dos intelectuais, na universidade e fora dela, mas também pela mídia e pelos cidadãos comuns nos bares de esquina do Brasil afora? Se quisermos responder a essa questão “weberianamente” – o Max Weber crítico que sempre se interessou pela forma como indivíduos e classes “legitimam” seus “interesses” materiais e ideais criando “racionalizações convincentes” –, temos que perceber as necessidades e interesses que esse tipo de visão de mundo justifica. A quem interessa “demonizar” o Estado, pleitear o Estado mínimo, criticar a incipiente assistência social estatal, e, em suma, reduzir os interesses da sociedade aos interesses da reprodução do mercado?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Georgia, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px; padding: 10px;&quot;&gt;Quaisquer que sejam os interesses em jogo, o tema do patrimonialismo, precisamente por sua aparência de “crítica radical”, dramatiza um conflito aparente e falso, aquele entre mercado e Estado, sob o preço de deixar à sombra todas as contradições de uma sociedade que naturaliza desigualdades sociais abissais e um cotidiano de carência e exclusão.&amp;nbsp; Na crítica deste paradigma ultrapassado e superficial, e na construção de outros mais adequados e verdadeiramente críticos, a tradição crítica que Weber também inspirou pode construir, também entre nós, uma alternativa fundamental para a auto-reflexão dos brasileiros. É de se esperar, como vemos, que as tradições que se alimentam da riqueza da obra desse pensador cada vez mais atual, ainda continuem a desempenhar, aqui e alhures, um papel nada desprezível.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Georgia, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px; padding: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Jessé de Souza&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;é professor de sociologia da UFJF e organizador do livro A&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Atualidade de Max Weber&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Editora UNB), entre outros&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: #464646; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: #464646; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/feeds/4428424049916501723/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2013/12/estado-patrimonialista-andre-lara.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/4428424049916501723'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/4428424049916501723'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2013/12/estado-patrimonialista-andre-lara.html' title='Estado patrimonialista? André Lara Resende e Jessé de Souza '/><author><name>Daniel Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12805593786336601456</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iA_C9N5zpTI/ThStBJ8VFvI/AAAAAAAAACQ/HM-IbAjXOmw/s220/DSC02865.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7592916179683298158.post-6968723521373685665</id><published>2013-09-16T06:39:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2013-09-16T06:40:09.463-07:00</updated><title type='text'>A society of causes</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;WordSection1&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;I dream of a society in which every person is a cause-driven individual.&amp;nbsp; In this society, our roles and our causes will interact in a unique fashion.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;(1) Today, the nature, culture and context in which we are born and raised define our roles: our genders, our nationalities, our professions.&amp;nbsp; Our identities, to a large extent, are role-dependent, beyond our control, designed by forces over which we have no saying.&amp;nbsp; I, for example, am Daniel, male, Brazilian, lawyer.&amp;nbsp; Little of what I am I have freely chosen to be.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;(2) But as each of us start setting our own causes, and start working out to fulfill them, we gradually dilute the weight of our roles over our own identities.&amp;nbsp; My cause starts to interfere in my roles—the place where I live might change, my profession might change, my preferences might change.&amp;nbsp; I begin to influence my own identity, at the same time that my identity also starts to influence yours.&amp;nbsp; As I seek to fulfill my cause, I start creating new contexts, new settings, that also have an impact on your preferences and your actions.&amp;nbsp; And as you seek to achieve your cause, you also start to adjust your roles, as well as to influence mine.&amp;nbsp; At this moment, my cause starts to be part of your identity, as well as your cause begins to be part of mine.&amp;nbsp; We gradually start speaking and acting not only in terms of what we are, as defined by our roles today, but also in terms of what we might become, as we hope the future to look like.&amp;nbsp; Then, we start to notice that our roles become less significant than our causes in the definition of our own identity.&amp;nbsp; I am still Daniel, male, Brazilian, lawyer, but, most importantly, I am now also a person committed to a cause of world significance.&amp;nbsp; In my day-to-day life, when I seek to achieve my goals, I start playing with two kinds of thoughts: at the same time that I ask how I can get things done, in terms of the existing social organization, I also start questioning how I could get things done, in light of alternative social organizations.&amp;nbsp; My dreams of an alternative world start tailoring my actions, as if the borders between present and future were no longer clear and stable.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;(3) And when we all start behaving as if tomorrow were a constitutive part of today, our dreams become a constitutive part of our reality, as much as our causes become an essential part our identity.&amp;nbsp; My identity is diluted into my cause, as if my existence lied in the future.&amp;nbsp; Agnes is no longer known as an Albanian, woman, nun, but as mother Teresa of Calcutta, a leader who saved the lives of missions of poor and marginalized individuals in several countries.&amp;nbsp; Michael King is no longer recognized only as an American, male, married, clergyman, but as Martin Luther King, the voice of the civil rights movement.&amp;nbsp; Nelson is no longer a South African, male, married, lawyer, but Mandela, the symbol of the victory against the regime of the Apartheid.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;At this stage, none of our roles matter much, if compared to our causes.&amp;nbsp; We have no nationalities, no genders, no race, no professions.&amp;nbsp; We become the very embodiment of our causes, as if 100% of our identities were set by ourselves, and as if all we have always been were only a function of what we have decided to become.&amp;nbsp; When each person begin to fight for her cause, we will also begin to think in the future, live in the future, behave in the future, as if our very existence were also part of our best dreams. &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/feeds/6968723521373685665/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2013/09/a-society-of-causes.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/6968723521373685665'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/6968723521373685665'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2013/09/a-society-of-causes.html' title='A society of causes'/><author><name>Daniel Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12805593786336601456</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iA_C9N5zpTI/ThStBJ8VFvI/AAAAAAAAACQ/HM-IbAjXOmw/s220/DSC02865.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7592916179683298158.post-5539488020917211882</id><published>2013-09-09T11:56:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2013-09-16T06:43:11.684-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Jurista criativo</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;A segunda metade do século XX foi marcada pela hegemonia de dois perfis de jurista no ocidente: o jurista &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;clássico &lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;e o jurista &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;crítico&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;(a) O &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;jurista clássico &lt;/b&gt;concebe o direito como um sistema que encarna um conjunto de valores coletivos e que organiza o processo de evolução social.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Atribui ao judiciário o poder central de mediar a dinâmica de progresso coletivo, e vê o magistrado como o ‘exemplo’ maior de ação jurídica.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A preocupação central do jurista clássico é a &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;justificação &lt;/i&gt;do exercício da sua autoridade, o que exige exercer seu poder na medida certa para realização da justiça.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;(b) O &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;jurista crítico &lt;/b&gt;concebe o direito como mera expressão de interesses de grupos de poder, com frequência em conflito com o interesse geral da sociedade.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Desafia a elegância da argumentação judicial, apontando suas contradições implícitas, e rechaça a centralidade do juiz no jogo de transformação social.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Eleva a política de massas como método &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;por excelência &lt;/i&gt;de encaminhamento profundas transformações coletivas e, quando muito, vê no judiciário um espaço para resguardar direitos das minorias e resistir à opressão da elite.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Seu impulso dominante é a &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;revolução&lt;/i&gt; das estruturas sociais em nome da emancipação coletiva.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Ao longo do século passado, a profissão jurídica, as escolas de direito, os clubes de advogados e a rotina de nossas instituições foram marcadas pela combinação, em algum grau, destes dois perfis. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Nas primeiras décadas do século XXI, começamos a perceber, em setores de vanguarda da academia e da sociedade, o surgimento de novo perfil de jurista: o &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;jurista criativo&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;Estimulado pela crescente complexidade dos problemas sociais de nosso tempo e pela dinâmica da globalização, o jurista criativo trata o direito como insumo de reorganização coletiva, e concebe a sociedade como o &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;atelier &lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;em que realiza a sua criatividade.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;Ao mesmo tempo que reconhece a capacidade do direito de organizar a colaboração coletiva, não ignora suas tensões internas e seu potencial de opressão.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;Reconhece o judiciário como organismo social relevante, porém secundário.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;Entende o direito como combinação de regras em constante tensão, que exprimem valores e interesses prioritários em contextos variados. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;É mais profundo e mais sensível que o jurista clássico, mais forte e mais cortante que o jurista crítico.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;Seu impulso dominante é a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;criatividade&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;social&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;Hoje, contudo, o jurista criativo ainda é incompreendido e marginalizado na sociedade contemporânea. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;Na ausência de um horizonte que reconheça e abrigue seu jeito de pensar e de agir, o jurista criativo tende a buscar guarida dentro dos horizontes jurídicos convencionais.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;Surgem, excepcional e episodicamente, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;figuras híbridas&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;: o jurista &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;clássico-criativo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;, o jurista &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;crítico-criativo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;, e, com mais frequência, o &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;líder social-criativo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;que encarna a função de jurista, na ausência deles.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Em que pese a relevância desses agentes, grande parte da criatividade dos juristas permanece desperdiçada em nossos dias.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Para libertar a sua criatividade e direcionar sua ação para o enfrentamento efetivo dos desafios sociais mais graves do nosso tempo, defendo a necessidade de se criar, na cultura jurídica atual, um novo espaço para abrigar o jurista criativo. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Ponto de partida para a reorientação da cultura jurídica pode ser repensar o ensino e o papel da escola de direito no século XXI. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/feeds/5539488020917211882/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2013/09/jurista-criativo.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/5539488020917211882'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/5539488020917211882'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2013/09/jurista-criativo.html' title='Jurista criativo'/><author><name>Daniel Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12805593786336601456</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iA_C9N5zpTI/ThStBJ8VFvI/AAAAAAAAACQ/HM-IbAjXOmw/s220/DSC02865.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7592916179683298158.post-271726228124286022</id><published>2013-07-07T15:46:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2013-07-07T15:46:55.994-07:00</updated><title type='text'>How Estonia became E-stonia</title><content type='html'>http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-22317297&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;story-date&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #505050; display: block; float: left; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 16px; padding: 13px 0px 8px; width: 290px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;date&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;16 May 2013&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;time-text&quot; style=&quot;color: #666666;&quot;&gt;Last updated at&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;time&quot;&gt;08:15 ET&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;share-help&quot; id=&quot;page-bookmark-links-head&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #505050; float: right; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 16px; margin: 8px -160px -2px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 240px; z-index: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 1.846em; left: -5000px; letter-spacing: -1px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; top: -5000px;&quot;&gt;Share this page&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;float: right; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px 0px 11px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;email&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none; float: left; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools/email/www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-22317297&quot; style=&quot;background-image: url(http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/view/3_0_16/cream/hi/shared/img/story_sprite.gif); background-position: -620px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #4a7194; display: block; float: left; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 16px; text-decoration: none; text-indent: -6000px;&quot; title=&quot;Email this story&quot;&gt;Email&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;print&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none; float: left; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-22317297?print=true&quot; style=&quot;background-image: url(http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/view/3_0_16/cream/hi/shared/img/story_sprite.gif); background-position: -773px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #4a7194; display: block; float: left; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 16px; text-decoration: none; text-indent: -6000px;&quot; title=&quot;Print this story&quot;&gt;Print&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;bbc-st bbc-st-slim bbc-st-colour bbc-st-dark bbc-st-force-flash-hide bbc-st-disable-facebook-panel&quot; id=&quot;top-share-toolbar&quot; style=&quot;float: right; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 0.8124999580904848em; line-height: 1; margin-right: -7px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; top: -3px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;bbc-st-wrapper bbc-st-rst bbc-st-v1&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1em; line-height: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;bbc-st-count&quot; style=&quot;background-image: url(http://static.bbci.co.uk/modules/sharetools/v1/img/sprite-0.3.2.png); background-position: 100% -201px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; float: left; font-size: 1em; height: 16px; margin: 3px 0px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul class=&quot;bbc-st-buttons&quot; style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 1em; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: auto !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;bbc-st-share-cta&quot; style=&quot;background-position: 0px 50%; float: left; font-size: 1em; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-22317297#&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #41850d; background-image: url(http://static.bbci.co.uk/modules/sharetools/v1/img/sprite-0.3.2.png); background-position: -68px -158px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: white; display: block; float: left; font-size: 1.1em; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 19px; width: 55px;&quot; title=&quot;Share this page to other places&quot;&gt;Share&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;bbc-st-facebook-cta&quot; style=&quot;background-position: 0px 50%; float: left; font-size: 1em; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-22317297#&quot; style=&quot;background-color: gainsboro; background-image: url(http://static.bbci.co.uk/modules/sharetools/v1/img/sprite-0.3.2.png); background-position: -17px -150px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; display: block; float: left; font-size: 1em; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; text-indent: -9999px; width: 16px;&quot; title=&quot;Share this page on Facebook&quot;&gt;Facebook&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;bbc-st-twitter-cta&quot; style=&quot;background-position: 0px 50%; float: left; font-size: 1em; line-height: 18px; list-style: none; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-22317297#&quot; style=&quot;background-color: gainsboro; background-image: url(http://static.bbci.co.uk/modules/sharetools/v1/img/sprite-0.3.2.png); background-position: -17px -167px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; display: block; float: left; font-size: 1em; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; text-indent: -9999px; width: 16px;&quot; title=&quot;Share this page on Twitter&quot;&gt;Twitter&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h1 class=&quot;story-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; clear: both; color: #505050; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 2.461em; letter-spacing: -1px; line-height: 34px; margin: 3px -160px 13px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; width: 623px;&quot;&gt;How Estonia became E-stonia&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;byline&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(216, 216, 216); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #505050; display: block; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 16px; margin: -1px -160px 21px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 12px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;byline-name&quot; style=&quot;display: block; font-size: 1.231em; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;&quot;&gt;By Tim Mansel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;byline-title&quot; style=&quot;display: block; margin-bottom: 0px;&quot;&gt;BBC News&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;videoInStoryB&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 16px; width: 448px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;emp&quot; id=&quot;emp-22515406-32438&quot; style=&quot;cursor: pointer; height: 252px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;252&quot; src=&quot;http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/67577000/jpg/_67577587_tallinn.jpg&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0px;&quot; width=&quot;448&quot; /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: #1f4f82; display: block; font-weight: bold; height: 80px; left: 0px; margin-top: -40px; opacity: 0.75; position: absolute; top: 50%; width: 80px;&quot; title=&quot;Click to play&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background-color: red; color: #1f4f82; display: block; font-weight: bold; height: 80px; left: 0px; margin-top: -40px; opacity: 0; position: absolute; top: 50%; width: 80px;&quot; title=&quot;Click to play&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-image: url(http://emp.bbci.co.uk/emp/releases/worldwide/revisions/749603_749269_749444_6/cta_play.png); height: 36px; left: 26px; margin-top: -18px; position: absolute; top: 50%; width: 27px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;caption&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; color: #333333; float: none; font-size: 1em; padding: 0px 0px 16px; position: relative; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;Ancient and modern: Estonia is preparing for a digital future&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;embedded-hyper&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; clear: right; color: #505050; display: inline; float: right; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px -160px 0px 16px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 144px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;hidden&quot; href=&quot;http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-22317297#story_continues_1&quot; style=&quot;color: #4a7194; font-weight: bold; left: -5000px; position: absolute; text-decoration: none; top: -5000px;&quot;&gt;Continue reading the main story&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;hyperpuff&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 1.231em; margin: 0px 0px 8px; overflow: hidden; padding: 12px 0px; position: relative; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-12686570&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #d60000; color: white; display: block; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: -13px; margin-top: -13px; padding: 13px 8px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; z-index: 1;&quot;&gt;Knowledge economy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;background-image: none; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;story&quot; href=&quot;http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-23129474&quot; rel=&quot;published-1372806765584&quot; style=&quot;color: #4a7194; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Kosovo lessons in tolerance&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;background-image: none; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;story&quot; href=&quot;http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-22688596&quot; rel=&quot;published-1372201973947&quot; style=&quot;color: #4a7194; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;World&#39;s most family-friendly countries&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;background-image: none; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;story&quot; href=&quot;http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-22938868&quot; rel=&quot;published-1371614407779&quot; style=&quot;color: #4a7194; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;IMF enters university market&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;background-image: none; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;story&quot; href=&quot;http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-15838288&quot; rel=&quot;published-1321964761634&quot; style=&quot;color: #4a7194; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Getting in touch&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;introduction&quot; id=&quot;story_continues_1&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;In some countries, computer programming might be seen as the realm of the nerd.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;But not in Estonia, where it is seen as fun, simple and cool.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;This northernmost of the three Baltic states, a small corner of the Soviet Union until 1991, is now one of the most internet-dependent countries in the world.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;And Estonian schools are teaching children as young as seven how to programme computers.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;Estonia&#39;s e-revolution began in the 1990s, not long after independence. Toomas Hendrik Ilves, then the country&#39;s ambassador to the United States, now Estonia&#39;s president, takes some of the credit.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;There&#39;s a story from his time in the US that he is fond of telling. He read a book whose &quot;Luddite, neo-Marxist&quot; thesis, he says, was that computerisation would be the death of work.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;The book cited a Kentucky steel mill where several thousands of workers had been made redundant, because after automatisation, the new owners could produce the same amount of steel with only 100 employees.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;&quot;This may be bad if you are an American,&quot; he says. &quot;But from an Estonian point of view, where you have this existential angst about your small size - we were at that time only 1.4 million people - I said this is exactly what we need.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;&quot;We need to really computerise, in every possible way, to massively increase our functional size.&quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cross-head&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #505050; display: block; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.231em; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 16px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;&quot;&gt;Online schools&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;So Estonia became E-stonia - a neat Ilves joke. And with the help of a government-backed technology investment body, called the Tiger Leap Foundation, all Estonian schools were online by the late 1990s.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;caption body-width&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; clear: both; color: #505050; float: none; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;President Toomas Ilves&quot; height=&quot;261&quot; src=&quot;http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/67584000/jpg/_67584198_017888113-1.jpg&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0px; position: relative;&quot; width=&quot;464&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: block; width: 464px;&quot;&gt;President Ilves saw the online economy as an opportunity for a small country&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;Through Tiger Leap, they have been teaching programming at secondary level for some time. But their latest project is to introduce the concept to children earlier, when they enter at the age of seven. So far, they have trained 60 teachers to teach the first four year groups.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;&quot;By next September, when the new school year begins, I hope every school finds it to be important to integrate programming in their classes,&quot; says Tiger Leap&#39;s Ave Lauringson, who is in charge of the project.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;story-feature wide &quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; clear: right; color: #505050; display: inline; float: right; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px -160px 16px 16px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 304px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;hidden&quot; href=&quot;http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-22317297#story_continues_2&quot; style=&quot;color: #4a7194; font-weight: bold; left: -5000px; position: absolute; text-decoration: none; top: -5000px;&quot;&gt;Continue reading the main story&lt;/a&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;border-bottom-color: rgb(216, 216, 216); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(216, 216, 216); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 1.231em; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 11px 0px 12px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;&quot;&gt;EDUCATION IN ESTONIA&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;clear: both; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;background-image: url(http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/view/3_0_16/cream/hi/shared/img/story_sprite.gif); background-position: -1200px 5px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; font-size: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 16px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;Ranked 9th in most recent Pisa tests for science, 16th for maths and 13th for reading&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;background-image: url(http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/view/3_0_16/cream/hi/shared/img/story_sprite.gif); background-position: -1200px 5px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; font-size: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 16px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;This places Estonia alongside countries such as Norway, Switzerland and Iceland, ranked 5th in Europe for reading&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;background-image: url(http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/view/3_0_16/cream/hi/shared/img/story_sprite.gif); background-position: -1200px 5px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; font-size: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 16px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;Historically high attainment levels in secondary education, but not rising&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;background-image: url(http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/view/3_0_16/cream/hi/shared/img/story_sprite.gif); background-position: -1200px 5px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; font-size: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 16px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;88% of three year olds in pre-primary education, which is above average&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;background-image: url(http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/view/3_0_16/cream/hi/shared/img/story_sprite.gif); background-position: -1200px 5px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; font-size: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 16px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;Pupils have some of the lowest numbers of hours in the classroom each year among developed countries&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;background-image: url(http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/view/3_0_16/cream/hi/shared/img/story_sprite.gif); background-position: -1200px 5px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; font-size: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 16px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;Teachers&#39; pay is relatively low compared with other graduates and OECD average&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;background-image: url(http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/view/3_0_16/cream/hi/shared/img/story_sprite.gif); background-position: -1200px 5px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; font-size: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 16px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;Expenditure on education rose sharply between 2000 and 2009, but restricted by recession&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;background-image: url(http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/view/3_0_16/cream/hi/shared/img/story_sprite.gif); background-position: -1200px 5px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; font-size: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 16px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;6.3% GDP spent on education, marginally above OECD average&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;background-image: url(http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/view/3_0_16/cream/hi/shared/img/story_sprite.gif); background-position: -1200px 5px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; font-size: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 16px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;Unemployment has risen with recession&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 12px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;em style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;Source: OECD 2012 Education at a Glance&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;story_continues_2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;In a newly-built, yellow-painted school in Lagedi, outside the Estonian capital, Tallinn, this can already be seen taking shape. A class of 10-year-olds are designing their own computer games, supervised by information and communications technology (ICT) teacher Hannes Raimets, a slight, quietly-spoken 24-year-old, a child of the first e-generation.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;&quot;I think teaching them to program has lots of benefits. It helps the children develop their creativity and logical thinking,&quot; he says. &quot;Also, it&#39;s fun, building your own game. &quot;I think it&#39;s their favourite subject at school,&quot; says Mr Raimets.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;What is also evident is that computer programming, at least at a basic level, just isn&#39;t that hard.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;President Ilves makes the same point. Born in Stockholm of Estonian parents, he grew up and attended high school in the US. He learned programming at 13, as part of an experimental maths class, and says it helped him to pay his way through college.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;&quot;I don&#39;t think programming computers is such a deep, dark secret. I think it&#39;s strictly logic,&quot; he says.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;&quot;Here in Estonia, we begin foreign language education either in Grade One or Grade Two. If you&#39;re learning the rules of grammar at seven or eight, then how&#39;s that different from the rules of programming? In fact, programming is far more logical than any language.&quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cross-head&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #505050; display: block; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.231em; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 16px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;&quot;&gt;Folk digital&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;President Ilves argues that education reforms take 15 or 20 years to show an effect. He feels this point is proved by the large number of technology start-ups for which Estonia today is attracting attention.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;One of these is Frostnova, whose chief executive, Mikk Melder, is 25. His company has designed a game for primary school children called Ennemuistne, drawing heavily on local folklore and myth.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;caption body-width&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; clear: both; color: #505050; float: none; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon &quot; height=&quot;261&quot; src=&quot;http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/67584000/jpg/_67584199_017670245-1.jpg&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0px; position: relative;&quot; width=&quot;464&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: block; width: 464px;&quot;&gt;UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon using Skype, an Estonian invention&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;Mr Melder says he visited local museums to make sure the architecture depicted is strictly accurate. Players can dress their characters in traditional costume and make them dance a uniquely Estonian jig.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;&quot;This is the ultimate purpose of the game,&quot; he says. &quot;To bring something old, preserved and traditional into today&#39;s world, into the digital age.&quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;Rather better known is Skype, an Estonian start-up long since gone global.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;Skype was bought by Microsoft in 2011 for a cool $8.5bn, but still employs 450 people at its local headquarters on the outskirts of Tallinn, roughly a quarter of its total workforce. Tiit Paananen, from Skype, says they are passionate about education and that it works closely with Estonian universities and secondary schools.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;&quot;Your capability not only to use, but also to create IT components will give you a competitive edge,&quot; says Mr Paananen. He is happy to hear that they are now starting even younger.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;&quot;Skype has kicked off a wave of technological innovations in Estonia and all these knowledge-rich, highly-paid jobs will need those bright heads for the future.&quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cross-head&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #505050; display: block; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.231em; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 16px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;&quot;&gt;Online voting&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;Estonians today vote online and pay tax online. Their health records are online and, using what President Ilves likes to call a &quot;personal access key&quot; - others refer to it as an ID card - they can pick up prescriptions at the pharmacy. The card offers access to a wide range of other services.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;All this will be second nature to the youngest generation of E-stonians. They encounter electronic communication as soon as they enter school through the eKool (e-school) system. Exam marks, homework assignments and attendance in class are all available to parents at the click of a mouse.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;caption body-width&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; clear: both; color: #505050; float: none; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Tallinn, Estonia&quot; height=&quot;261&quot; src=&quot;http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/67409000/jpg/_67409873_001659247-1.jpg&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0px; position: relative;&quot; width=&quot;464&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: block; width: 464px;&quot;&gt;The Baltic country sees technology as part of its cultural independence&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;&quot;For most kids in Estonia, eKool is their first connection to ICT,&quot; says eKool&#39;s chief executive, Sander Kasak.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;&quot;They will be at school for 10 to 12 years, so they&#39;ll be learning about technological improvements all the time. So you could say eKool is not only a technological partner, but also an educational partner.&quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;For Mairi Tonsiver, whose 11-year-old son Uku is a student at Lagedi School, eKool is a life-saver. He has just spent three school days at home because of sickness, but by checking online, his mother can find out exactly what he has missed and needs to catch up on.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;&quot;It was much more difficult and much more time-consuming when we didn&#39;t have eKool,&quot; she says.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;&quot;And your kids can&#39;t now make the excuse that they didn&#39;t write down what homework they have to do, because now you can just go to the computer and check it.&quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;Uku says he wants to be a cosmonaut. Designing computer games is probably not a bad way to start.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;comment-introduction&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;introduction&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; color: #333333; font-size: 1.077em; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;Is Estonia taking the right path with its plans for a digital economy? Should this be followed by other countries?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;comment&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border-top-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; clear: both; color: #505050; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 16px; padding-top: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;blockquote style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; color: #333333; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;Personally, I really like that. But this is not only for children. The main reason for teaching programming is to develop technology and IT. Children&#39;s vision of the world is unlimited while the grown-up outlook is limited by parents and surrounding environment.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;author&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; color: #333333; font-size: 1.077em; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;Merle T, Estonia&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;comment&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border-top-style: none; clear: both; color: #505050; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 16px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;blockquote style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; color: #333333; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;It is wonderful, but how about a country like Pakistan (and a town as backward as Charsadda) where skilled teachers, as well as resources (specifically in computers) are scarce? Can we access the syllabus and teaching methodologies of Estonian schools on net?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;author&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; color: #333333; font-size: 1.077em; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;Sajjad, Chrasadda, Pakistan&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;comment&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border-top-style: none; clear: both; color: #505050; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 16px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;blockquote style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; color: #333333; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;As Estonia launched it&#39;s EstCube-1 - first Estonian space satellite - earlier this month, it became the 41st space country and demonstrated, how well is the country developed in economic, technological and social sense.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;author&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; color: #333333; font-size: 1.077em; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;Simonas , Vilnius, Lithuania&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;comment&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border-top-style: none; clear: both; color: #505050; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 16px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;blockquote style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; color: #333333; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;I&#39;m very jealous of Estonia&#39;s computerized system but surely there must be some resistance to such electronic change. I wonder if the personal access card has brought up any privacy issues.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;author&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; color: #333333; font-size: 1.077em; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;Ben, Seattle, USA&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;comment&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border-top-style: none; clear: both; color: #505050; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 16px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;blockquote style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; color: #333333; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;Estonia, being small, has become a laboratory for showing other countries what can be done with judicious use of IT and how it can make everyone&#39;s life better. With the restoration of independence in 1991 Estonia was a technological backwater. However, this meant Estonia did not have to accommodate any legacy IT infrastructure and could immediately jump to the leading edge in IT - the Tiger&#39;s Leap. It is ironic that the Soviet devastation across Estonia in fact provided the clean sheet necessary for such a rapid advance.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;author&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; color: #333333; font-size: 1.077em; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;&quot;&gt;Agu, Baltimore, Maryland, USA&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/feeds/271726228124286022/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2013/07/how-estonia-became-e-stonia.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/271726228124286022'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/271726228124286022'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2013/07/how-estonia-became-e-stonia.html' title='How Estonia became E-stonia'/><author><name>Daniel Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12805593786336601456</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iA_C9N5zpTI/ThStBJ8VFvI/AAAAAAAAACQ/HM-IbAjXOmw/s220/DSC02865.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7592916179683298158.post-8107406954014535265</id><published>2013-06-17T20:01:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2013-06-17T20:01:01.955-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Povo Brasileiro</title><content type='html'>0,20 por 1 novo País! </content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/feeds/8107406954014535265/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2013/06/povo-brasileiro.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/8107406954014535265'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/8107406954014535265'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2013/06/povo-brasileiro.html' title='Povo Brasileiro'/><author><name>Daniel Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12805593786336601456</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iA_C9N5zpTI/ThStBJ8VFvI/AAAAAAAAACQ/HM-IbAjXOmw/s220/DSC02865.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7592916179683298158.post-3368123058064843261</id><published>2013-05-03T05:49:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2013-05-03T05:49:50.291-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Future of humanities</title><content type='html'>http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2013/05/oh-the-humanities/?utm_source=SilverpopMailing&amp;amp;utm_medium=email&amp;amp;utm_campaign=05.03.13%2520%281%29</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/feeds/3368123058064843261/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2013/05/future-of-humanities.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/3368123058064843261'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/3368123058064843261'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2013/05/future-of-humanities.html' title='Future of humanities'/><author><name>Daniel Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12805593786336601456</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iA_C9N5zpTI/ThStBJ8VFvI/AAAAAAAAACQ/HM-IbAjXOmw/s220/DSC02865.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7592916179683298158.post-5451880384305942223</id><published>2013-05-02T16:37:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2013-05-02T16:37:05.048-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Peacemakers</title><content type='html'>http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/01/young-peacemakers/?hp</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/feeds/5451880384305942223/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2013/05/peacemakers.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/5451880384305942223'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/5451880384305942223'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2013/05/peacemakers.html' title='Peacemakers'/><author><name>Daniel Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12805593786336601456</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iA_C9N5zpTI/ThStBJ8VFvI/AAAAAAAAACQ/HM-IbAjXOmw/s220/DSC02865.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7592916179683298158.post-7182855313483897146</id><published>2013-04-22T09:06:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2013-04-22T09:06:23.371-07:00</updated><title type='text'>BNDES abandona política de criação de campeãs nacionais</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;&lt;header style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;h1 class=&quot;pg-color10&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 38px; letter-spacing: -0.07em; line-height: 42px; margin: 4px 0px 12px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;BNDES abandona política de criação de &#39;campeãs nacionais&#39;, diz jornal&lt;div id=&quot;comentarios-teaser&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;comentarios teaser&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;bgcolor9&quot; href=&quot;http://economia.uol.com.br/noticias/redacao/2013/04/22/bndes-abandona-politica-de-criacao-de-campeas-nacionais-diz-jornal.htm#comentarios&quot; rel=&quot;go-to-comments&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(57, 115, 100) !important; background-image: url(http://int.imguol.com/comentarios/noticias/sprite.png); background-position: 3px -157px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border: 0px; color: white; display: inline-block; float: left; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 15px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: 0px !important;&quot;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;info-header&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 12px 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;pg-color10&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clear: both; color: black; float: left; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; margin-right: 10px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;agencia-logo &quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Do UOL, em São Paulo&lt;/div&gt;&lt;time class=&quot;pg-color5&quot; datetime=&quot;2013-04-22T09:56&quot; pubdate=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; bottom: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102) !important; float: left; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;data&quot; style=&quot;border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230); border-right-style: solid; border-width: 0px 1px 0px 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 6px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 7px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;22/04/2013&lt;/span&gt;09h56&lt;/time&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;botoes&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: 999;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;modinteracao&quot; style=&quot;border-top-color: rgb(230, 230, 230); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 0px 0px; clear: both; font-family: arial; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 27px; line-height: inherit; margin: 8px 0px 25px; min-height: 27px; padding: 14px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 21px; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;email first&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 21px; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;button&quot; href=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background-image: url(http://imguol.com/c/_layout/v1/_geral/bgs/bg_interacao.png); background-position: 0px -97px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: black; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 21px; text-indent: -9999px; width: 57px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;googleplus&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 21px; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 31px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;___plusone_0&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border: 0px none; display: inline-block; float: none; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 32px;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allowtransparency=&quot;true&quot; data-gapiattached=&quot;true&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; hspace=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;I0_1366646650972&quot; marginheight=&quot;0&quot; marginwidth=&quot;0&quot; name=&quot;I0_1366646650972&quot; scrolling=&quot;no&quot; src=&quot;https://plusone.google.com/_/+1/fastbutton?bsv&amp;amp;size=medium&amp;amp;annotation=none&amp;amp;hl=en-US&amp;amp;origin=http%3A%2F%2Feconomia.uol.com.br&amp;amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Feconomia.uol.com.br%2Fnoticias%2Fredacao%2F2013%2F04%2F22%2Fbndes-abandona-politica-de-criacao-de-campeas-nacionais-diz-jornal.htm%3Fcmpid%3Dcgp-economia-news&amp;amp;ic=1&amp;amp;jsh=m%3B%2F_%2Fscs%2Fapps-static%2F_%2Fjs%2Fk%3Doz.gapi.en.-nld-iPpl_I.O%2Fm%3D__features__%2Fam%3DUQ%2Frt%3Dj%2Fd%3D1%2Frs%3DAItRSTMPnIfUw38eBvhvk96M_MzUJ0TM7Q#_methods=onPlusOne%2C_ready%2C_close%2C_open%2C_resizeMe%2C_renderstart%2Concircled&amp;amp;id=I0_1366646650972&amp;amp;parent=http%3A%2F%2Feconomia.uol.com.br&amp;amp;rpctoken=74124242&quot; style=&quot;border-style: none; border-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 20px; left: 0px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible; width: 32px;&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; title=&quot;+1&quot; vspace=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;twitter widget&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 21px; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 100px;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allowtransparency=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;twitter-share-button twitter-count-horizontal&quot; data-twttr-rendered=&quot;true&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; scrolling=&quot;no&quot; src=&quot;http://platform.twitter.com/widgets/tweet_button.1366232305.html#_=1366646650808&amp;amp;count=horizontal&amp;amp;id=twitter-widget-0&amp;amp;lang=pt&amp;amp;original_referer=http%3A%2F%2Feconomia.uol.com.br%2Fnoticias%2Fredacao%2F2013%2F04%2F22%2Fbndes-abandona-politica-de-criacao-de-campeas-nacionais-diz-jornal.htm&amp;amp;related=UOL&amp;amp;size=m&amp;amp;text=BNDES%20abandona%20pol%C3%ADtica%20de%20cria%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20de%20&#39;campe%C3%A3s%20nacionais&#39;%2C%20diz%20jornal&amp;amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Feconomia.uol.com.br%2Fnoticias%2Fredacao%2F2013%2F04%2F22%2Fbndes-abandona-politica-de-criacao-de-campeas-nacionais-diz-jornal.htm%3Fcmpid%3Dctw-economia-news&amp;amp;via=UOLEconomia%20%23UOL%20&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 20px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 121px;&quot; title=&quot;Twitter Tweet Button&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;facebook last widget&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 21px; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 3px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 117px; z-index: 999;&quot;&gt;&lt;fb:like action=&quot;recommend&quot; font=&quot;arial&quot; href=&quot;http://economia.uol.com.br/noticias/redacao/2013/04/22/bndes-abandona-politica-de-criacao-de-campeas-nacionais-diz-jornal.htm?cmpid=cfb-economia-news&quot; layout=&quot;button_count&quot; send=&quot;false&quot; show_faces=&quot;false&quot; width=&quot;150&quot;&gt;&lt;/fb:like&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;ferramentas&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 18px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;pg-color10&quot; href=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background-image: url(http://imguol.com/c/_layout/v1/_geral/bgs/bg_interacao.png); background-position: 90px -81px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #999999; cursor: pointer; float: right; font-size: 11px; height: 14px; margin-top: 1px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 2px; text-align: right; width: 85px;&quot; title=&quot;Comunicar erro&quot;&gt;Comunicar erro&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;pg-color10&quot; href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;imprimirPubli&quot; style=&quot;background-image: url(http://imguol.com/c/_layout/v1/_geral/bgs/bg_interacao.png); background-position: 44px -64px !important; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #999999; cursor: pointer; float: right; font-size: 11px; height: 14px; margin-top: 0px; padding-right: 21px; padding-top: 3px; position: relative; text-align: right; width: 40px !important; z-index: 10;&quot; title=&quot;Imprimir&quot;&gt;Imprimir&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;fundoPubli&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; float: right; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 28px; line-height: inherit; margin: -5px 0px 0px -1px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: 94px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 74px; z-index: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;publiPrint&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; float: right; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: -5px 0px 0px -12px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: 74px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hp.com/latam/br/lar/produtos/inkadvantage/index.html?jumpid=in_r4273_br/pt/inkadvantage_uolnoticias_botaoimprimir/20120911&quot; id=&quot;linkHP&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #999999; cursor: pointer; float: right; font-size: 11px; height: 14px; margin-top: 1px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 2px; text-align: right; text-decoration: none; width: 85px;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://n.i.uol.com.br/publicidade/selo-hp.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; width=&quot;75&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/header&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;imagem-representativa imagem-615x300&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 600px;&quot;&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;credito-foto&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Folhapress&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;imagem&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;http://w3.i.uol.com.br/Wap/2010/10/14/wap-midia-indoor-luciano-coutinho-presidente-bndes-banco-nacional-do-desenvolvimento-1287083234246_615x300.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 600px;&quot; title=&quot;Folhapress&quot; width=&quot;600&quot; /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;O presidente do BNDES (Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social), Luciano Coutinho, afirmou que o banco abandonou a política de criação de &quot;campeãs nacionais&quot;. As informações são do jornal &quot;O Estado de S. Paulo&quot;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;De acordo com reportagem desta segunda-feira (22), o presidente afirmou que a política tinha &quot;méritos&quot; e &quot;chegou até onde podia ir&quot;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;De acordo com Coutinho, o país tem potencial limitado para projetar empresas líderes. Ele citou os setores de petroquímica, celulose, frigoríficos, siderurgia, suco de laranja e cimento.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;A estratégia de criação de empresas &quot;campeãs nacionais&quot; foi iniciada há seis anos, quando Coutinho já era presidente do BNDES, para incentivar fusões e aquisições.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Nos últimos seis anos, de acordo com o &quot;Estado de S. Paulo&quot;, o BNDES injetou cerca de R$ 18 bilhões nos frigoríficos JBS e Marfrig, na Lácteos Brasil (LBR), na Oi e na Fibria.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Algumas das empresas estão em situação delicada, como a LBR, em processo de recuperação judicial, e o Marfrig.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Os defensores da política dizem acreditar que é preciso fortalecer companhias para que elas sejam competitivas no mercado internacional.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Críticos da política afirmam que, dessa forma, o governo promove concentração de mercado, não atinge o objetivo de internacionalização e tira recursos de outros setores.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Segundo Coutinho, o BNDESPar, braço de participações do BNDES, tem se concentrado em investir em empresas de tecnologia de informação e empresas supridoras de bens de capital.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Ele não comentou as operações com as empresas de Eike Batista, e afirmou apenas que &quot;o BNDES está tranquilo em relação ao grupo EBX&quot;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;modalbumfotos modulos&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;conteudo&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://economia.uol.com.br/album/2013/04/18/petrobras-lidera-entre-maiores-empresas-brasileiras-veja.htm&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;Veja Álbum de fotos&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 4px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Investimento deve crescer 5% neste ano, diz Coutinho&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Em entrevista ao jornal, o presidente do BNDES afirmou que o investimento no país deve crescer &quot;pelo menos 5% neste ano&quot;. Em 2014, Coutinho diz acreditar em uma taxa de crescimento de 8%, o que levaria os investimentos ao patamar de 20%.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Ele admitiu que a taxa ainda é insuficiente para sustentar o crescimento do país, mas lembrou que a crise econômica no final de 2008 interrompeu o ritmo de investimentos. &quot;O Brasil está retomando uma trajetória virtuosa em que o crescimento volta a ser liderado pelos investimentos&quot;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Ele aposta em um crescimento de 3% a 3,5% do PIB (Produto Interno Bruto) em 2013, e de 4,5% para o ano que vem.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;aside style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; margin: 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;ferramentas&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 25px; line-height: inherit; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 10px 0px 0px; position: relative; right: 0px; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/aside&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/feeds/7182855313483897146/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2013/04/bndes-abandona-politica-de-criacao-de.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/7182855313483897146'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/7182855313483897146'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2013/04/bndes-abandona-politica-de-criacao-de.html' title='BNDES abandona política de criação de campeãs nacionais'/><author><name>Daniel Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12805593786336601456</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iA_C9N5zpTI/ThStBJ8VFvI/AAAAAAAAACQ/HM-IbAjXOmw/s220/DSC02865.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7592916179683298158.post-1838228728597006999</id><published>2013-03-30T11:01:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2013-03-30T11:01:22.686-07:00</updated><title type='text'>NAIM - Why the people in power are increasingly powerless</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Washington Post&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;March 01, 2013&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In 2009, during his first address before a joint session of Congress, President Obama championed a budget that would serve as a blueprint for the country’s future through ambitious investments in energy, health care and education. “This is America,” the new president proclaimed. “We don’t do what’s easy.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Four years later, even easy seems impossible. “Let’s agree right here, right now, to keep the people’s government open, pay our bills on time and always uphold the full faith and credit of the United States of America,” Obama pleaded during his State of the Union address.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By having to exhort Congress to execute even the most basic functions of government, Obama — fresh off the “fiscal cliff” fight and facing yet another showdown with lawmakers over massive automatic spending cuts — revealed just how limited the powers of the highest office in the land have become.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Washington hardly has a monopoly on political paralysis. The Syrian uprising will reach its second anniversary on March 15, reminding us that the international community has failed to take action that could stem the bloodshed. Italy’s election stalemate has driven the country into yet another bout of political and economic uncertainty. And the latest round of U.N. climate talks has brought the world no closer to tackling global warming.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The world over, power no longer buys as much as it used to. In fact, power is eroding: It is easier to get, but harder to use and far easier to lose. A businessman can become chief executive, only to discover that a start-up is upending the business models in his industry. A politician can become prime minister, only to discover that she is tied down by myriad minority parties that can veto her initiatives. A general can become military chief, only to discover that the mighty weapons and advanced technology at his disposal are ineffective in the face of IEDs and suicide bombers. And a cardinal can become pope this month, only to discover that new preachers in Africa and Latin America are pilfering his flock.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“One of my biggest shocks was the discovery that all the imposing government palaces and other trappings of government were in fact empty places,” Joschka Fischer, one of Germany’s most popular politicians and a former vice chancellor and foreign minister, told me. “The imperial architecture of governmental palaces masks how limited the power of those who work there really is.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Why is power increasingly fleeting?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;First, there is more competition for it. The number of sovereign states has nearly quadrupled since the 1940s, from 51 to 193, and they contend not just with one another but also with agencies such as the International Monetary Fund — or hedge funds, or international drug cartels — as well as with transnational activist groups such as the Sierra Club or Amnesty International.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In 2011, when the Arab Spring exploded, autocrats ruled 22countries, down from 89in 1977, highlighting how difficult it is these days to amass absolute power. And within countries, power is more dispersed. In 2012, only four of the world’s 34 wealthiest democracies had a president or a prime minister whose party also had a majority in parliament. Right now, those weakened heads of state include, among many others, Britain’s David Cameron, Israel’s Benjamin Netanyahu and the next leader of Italy. In non-democratic countries that allow political parties — such as Jordan and Burma — the clout of minority parties is growing. Autocrats who in the past had little trouble crushing dissenting voices now have to tolerate them or, in some cases, succumb to them.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Power is crumbling in the world’s battlefields and boardrooms as well.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A 2001 study by political scientist Ivan Arreguin-Toft found that in the asymmetric wars that broke out between 1800 and 1849, the weaker side (in terms of armaments and troops) achieved its strategic goals in only 12 percent of cases. But in the wars of that kind between 1950 and 1998, the supposedly weaker side prevailed 55 percent of the time. Military might is no longer what it used to be.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Neither is corporate power. Remember when what was good for General Motors was good for America, or when IBM reigned supreme in the world of computers? In 1980, a U.S. company ranked among the 20 percent largest in its industry had only a 1-in-10 chance of falling out of that tier over the next five years. Two decades later, that chance grew to 1 in 4. According to management consultant John Challenger, the tenure of the average American chief executive has dropped from about 10 years in the 1990s to about 51 / 2 years more recently. Last year, Forbes emphasized that “churn” was the main characteristic of its latest list of the world’s billionaires, with almost as many members losing wealth (441) as gaining it (460).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Clearly, the presidents of the United States and China and the chief executives of JPMorgan Chase and Shell Oil still wield immense power; it’s just a lot less than their predecessors had. In the past, presidents and chief executives not only faced fewer challengers and competitors, they also had fewer constraints on how they deployed power — constraints that today are as varied as global financial markets, a more politically aware and demanding population, and the 24-hour glare of media scrutiny. As a result, power players now often pay a steeper and more immediate price for their mistakes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The 2010 BP oil spill, for example, far eclipsed the 1989 Exxon Valdez disaster not only in terms of financial and environmental costs but also in terms of the impact on the company’s brand and equity. One analysis found that Exxon shares lost 3.9 percent of their value in the first two weeks after the accident, while BP shares lost 13.1 percent in the seven trading sessions after the Deepwater Horizon spill, indicating that “the market reaction in BP shares has been far more swift and severe,” in part as “a function of the dramatically accelerated flow of information in the market.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Political leaders, meanwhile, are finding their war powers constrained by constituents who are less tolerant of military casualties, as we saw during France’s precipitous troop withdrawal from the Afghan war in November after a series of deadly insurgent attacks.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It’s not just the supposed “democratizing” and “empowering” force of the Internet that is eroding power. New information technologies are tools — important ones for sure — but to have impact, tools need users, and users need direction and motivation. Facebook, Twitter and text messages were fundamental in empowering the Arab Spring protesters. But the circumstances that motivated them to take to the streets were local and personal conditions: unemployment and the rising, unmet expectations of a fast-growing, better-educated middle class. Moreover, the same technologies that have empowered citizens have created new avenues for state surveillance and repression, helping Iran, for example, identify and imprison participants in its stillborn Green Revolution.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nor is the decay of power related to the supposed decline of America and rise of China — one of the most useless and distracting debates of our time. When the Taliban is able to deny the world’s mightiest military a victory, when Somali pirates with rickety boats and AK-47s thumb their noses at the most modern multinational fleet ever assembled, when European leaders fail to stem the economic crisis that started in Greece’s minuscule economy and when the world is incapable of agreeing on how to curb carbon emissions, it becomes clear that something is happening to global power that transcends any zero-sum, Sino-American rivalry.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The biggest challenges to traditional power have come from transformations in the basics of life — how we live, where, for how long and how well. These changes can be encapsulated in three simultaneous revolutions: the More, Mobility and Mentality revolutions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The More Revolution. The 21st century has more of everything, from people to literacy to products on the market to political parties. The global middle class is expanding, and by 2050, the world’s population will be four times larger than it was 100 years earlier. According to the World Bank, the proportion of people living in extreme poverty plunged over the past decade, the first time that has happened since statistics on global poverty became available, and since 2006, 28formerly “low-income countries” have joined the ranks of “middle-income” ones.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;An impatient and better-informed middle class that wants progress faster than governments can deliver, and whose intolerance for corruption has transformed it into a potent force, is the engine driving many of this decade’s political changes in the developing world. India’s expanding middle class, for instance, helped catapult the largely unknown anti-corruption activist Anna Hazare to fame by flocking to him in 2011 after he launched a hunger strike.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Mobility Revolution. Not only are there more people today with higher standards of living, but they are also moving more than at any other time — and that makes them harder to control. The United Nations estimates that there are 214 million migrants across the globe living somewhere other than their country of origin, an increase of 37 percent in the past two decades. Ethnic, religious and professional diasporas are changing the distribution of power within and among populations. An interesting case: In 2007, a Nigerian-born man was elected in Portlaoise, Ireland, a commuter town west of Dublin, as that country’s first black mayor.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Mentality Revolution. An ever-consuming and ever-moving population — with access to more resources and information than ever before — has also undergone a massive cognitive and emotional transformation. The World Values Survey, for instance, has identified an increasing global consensus regarding the importance of individual freedoms and gender equality, as well as popular intolerance for authoritarianism. Dissatisfaction with political systems and government institutions is also a growing and global phenomenon.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Together, these three revolutions are eroding the barriers that have shielded the powerful from challengers. The More Revolution helps the challengers overwhelm the barriers, the Mobility Revolution helps them circumvent them, and the Mentality Revolution helps them undermine them.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Should we embrace this decline of traditional power? In some ways, yes — it has given us freer societies, more elections and options for voters, new ways of becoming politically active, more investment and trade, and more choices for consumers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But the decay of power also poses dangers to our wallets, families and lives. It explains why the U.S. economy is at the mercy of self-inflicted crises in Washington. It explains why European nations struggle to act together in the face of crippling economic problems, despite spending decades developing institutions geared toward collective action. It explains why fragile states that have difficulty delivering basic services are proliferating. It explains why the world is paralyzed in the effort to curb greenhouse gas emissions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Given the end of power as we know it, our traditional checks and balances — originally meant to constrain excessive power — are now threatening to choke what little power is left. As Peter Orszag, Obama’s former budget chief, has observed, “Radical as it sounds, we need to counter the gridlock of our political institutions by making them a bit less democratic.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Size no longer means strength. Bureaucracy no longer means control. And titles no longer mean authority. And if the future of power lies in disruption and interference, not management and consolidation, can we expect to ever know stability again?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/feeds/1838228728597006999/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2013/03/naim-why-people-in-power-are.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/1838228728597006999'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/1838228728597006999'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2013/03/naim-why-people-in-power-are.html' title='NAIM - Why the people in power are increasingly powerless'/><author><name>Daniel Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12805593786336601456</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iA_C9N5zpTI/ThStBJ8VFvI/AAAAAAAAACQ/HM-IbAjXOmw/s220/DSC02865.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7592916179683298158.post-6604912634351095597</id><published>2013-03-23T11:54:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2013-03-23T11:54:20.965-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Wealth inequality in the US</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&amp;amp;v=QPKKQnijnsM&quot;&gt;Check here!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Seria ótimo ver vídeo como este sobre o Brasil.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/feeds/6604912634351095597/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2013/03/wealth-inequality-in-us.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/6604912634351095597'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/6604912634351095597'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2013/03/wealth-inequality-in-us.html' title='Wealth inequality in the US'/><author><name>Daniel Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12805593786336601456</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iA_C9N5zpTI/ThStBJ8VFvI/AAAAAAAAACQ/HM-IbAjXOmw/s220/DSC02865.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7592916179683298158.post-9050874772898045070</id><published>2013-03-18T12:18:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2013-03-18T12:18:53.557-07:00</updated><title type='text'>BROOKS - How Movements Recover</title><content type='html'>       &lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt; &lt;o:OfficeDocumentSettings&gt;  &lt;o:AllowPNG/&gt; &lt;/o:OfficeDocumentSettings&gt;&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt; &lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt; &lt;w:WordDocument&gt;  &lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;  &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;  &lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;  &lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;  &lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;  &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;  &lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;  &lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;  &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;  &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;  &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;EN-US&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;  &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;JA&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;  &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;  &lt;w:Compatibility&gt;   &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;   &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;   &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;   &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;   &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;   &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;   &lt;w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/&gt;   &lt;w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/&gt;   &lt;w:OverrideTableStyleHps/&gt;   &lt;w:UseFELayout/&gt;  &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;  &lt;m:mathPr&gt;   &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;   &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;   &lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;&amp;#45;-&quot;/&gt;   &lt;m:smallFrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;/&gt;   &lt;m:dispDef/&gt;   &lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;   &lt;m:rMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;   &lt;m:defJc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;/&gt;   &lt;m:wrapIndent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;/&gt;   &lt;m:intLim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;/&gt;   &lt;m:naryLim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;/&gt;  &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt;&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt; &lt;w:LatentStyles DefLockedState=&quot;false&quot; DefUnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;   DefSemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; DefQFormat=&quot;false&quot; DefPriority=&quot;99&quot;   LatentStyleCount=&quot;276&quot;&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;0&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Normal&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 1&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 2&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 3&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 4&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 5&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 6&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 7&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 8&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 9&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 1&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 2&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 3&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 4&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 5&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 6&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 7&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 8&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 9&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;0&quot; Name=&quot;footnote text&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;35&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;caption&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;0&quot; Name=&quot;footnote reference&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;10&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Title&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; Name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;11&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;22&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Strong&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;20&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;59&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Revision&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;29&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;32&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;33&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;37&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;/&gt; &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt;&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt; &lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt;&lt;style&gt; /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable  {mso-style-name:&quot;Table Normal&quot;;  mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;  mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;  mso-style-noshow:yes;  mso-style-priority:99;  mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;  mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;  mso-para-margin:0in;  mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;  mso-pagination:widow-orphan;  font-size:12.0pt;  font-family:Cambria;  mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;  mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;  mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;  mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} &lt;/style&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;   &lt;!--StartFragment--&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; mso-outline-level: 6;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; text-transform: uppercase;&quot;&gt;OP-ED COLUMNIST&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after: avoid;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; font-size: 19pt;&quot;&gt;How Movements Recover&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.5pt; mso-outline-level: 6;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: grey; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;By&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: grey; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: grey; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://topics.nytimes.com/top/opinion/editorialsandoped/oped/columnists/davidbrooks/index.html&quot; title=&quot;More Articles by DAVID BROOKS&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #666699; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;ＭＳ 明朝&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;DAVID BROOKS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 14.4pt; mso-outline-level: 6;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: grey; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Published: March 14, 2013&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: grey; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: grey; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/15/opinion/brooks-how-movements-recover.html#commentsContainer&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #666699; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;ＭＳ 明朝&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;270 Comments&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia;&quot;&gt;The Catholic Church in North Africa was in crisis at the beginning of the fourth century. The Roman emperor Diocletian had persecuted the Christians, and many bishops and priests had collaborated with the regime. Priests had turned over Christian believers to the pagan magistrates. Bishops had surrendered Holy Scriptures to be burned in the public square. An air of corruption and lewdness hung over the church. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 17.6pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia;&quot;&gt;Two rival reform movements arose to restore the integrity of Catholicism. Those in the first movement, the Donatists, believed the church needed to purify itself and return to its core identity.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia;&quot;&gt;The mission of the church, in the Donatist view, was to provide a holy alternative to a unclean world. The Donatists wanted to purge the traitors from the priesthood.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia;&quot;&gt;After they pruned their membership, the Donatists wanted to close ranks to create a community of committed believers. They would separate themselves from impurity, re-establish their core principles and defend them against the hostile forces.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia;&quot;&gt;The Donatists believed that, in those hard times, the first job was to defend Christian law so it wouldn’t be diluted by compromise. With this defensive posture, the Donatists would at least build a sturdy ark for all those who wanted to be Christian.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia;&quot;&gt;This Donatist tendency — to close ranks and return defensively to first principles — can be seen today whenever a movement faces a crisis. Modern-day Donatists emerge after every Republican defeat: conservatives who think the main task is to purge and purify. There are modern-day Donatists in humanities departments, who pull in as they lose relevance on campus.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia;&quot;&gt;You can see them in the waning union movement: people who double down on history and their self-conscious traditions. You can see them in the current Roman Catholic Church, which feels besieged in a hostile world. You can identify the modern-day Donatists because they feel history is flowing away from them, and when they gossip it’s always about intra-community rivalries that nobody outside their world could possibly care about.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia;&quot;&gt;In the fourth century, another revival movement arose, embraced by Augustine, who was Bishop of Hippo. The problem with the Donatists, Augustine argued, is that they are too static. They try to seal off an ark to ride out the storm, but they end up sealing themselves in. They cut themselves off from new circumstances and growth.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia;&quot;&gt;Augustine, as his magisterial biographer Peter Brown puts it, “was deeply preoccupied by the idea of the basic unity of the human race.” He reacted against any effort to divide people between those within the church and those permanently outside.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia;&quot;&gt;He wanted the church to go on offense and swallow the world. This would involve swallowing impurities as well as purities. It would mean putting to use those who are imperfect. This was the price to be paid if you wanted an active church coexisting with sinners, disciplining and rebuking them.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia;&quot;&gt;In this view, the church would be attractive because it was hungering and thirsting for fulfillment. Far from being a stable ark, the church would be a dynamic, ever-changing network, propelled onto the streets by its own tensions. Augustine had this deep, volatile personality. His ideal church was firmly rooted in doctrine, but yearning for discovery.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia;&quot;&gt;This second tendency is also found in movements that are in crisis, but it is rare because it requires a lack of defensiveness, and a confidence that your identity is secure even amid crisis.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia;&quot;&gt;Like most of the world, I don’t know much about Pope Francis, but it’s hard not to be impressed by someone who says he prefers a church that suffers “accidents on the streets” to a church that is sick because it self-referentially closes in on itself.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia;&quot;&gt;It’s hard not to be impressed by someone who stands by traditional Catholic teaching, but then goes out and visits Jeronimo Podesta, a former bishop who had married in defiance of the church and who was dying poor and forgotten. It’s hard not to be impressed by someone who ferociously rebukes those priests who refuse to baptize the children of single mothers.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia;&quot;&gt;It’s hard not to be impressed by someone who seems to feel a compulsive need to be riding the buses, who refuses to live in the official residences, who sends his priests out to the frontiers and who once said he would die if locked away in the Vatican.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 17.6pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia;&quot;&gt;I’ll leave it to Catholics to decide if Francis is good for the church. The subject here is how do you revive a movement in crisis. The natural instinct is to turn Donatist, to build an ark and defend what’s precious. The counterintuitive but more successful strategy is to follow Augustine, to exploit a moment of weakness by making yourself even more vulnerable, by striking outward into complexity, swallowing the pure and impure, counterattacking crisis with an evangelical assault.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 15.3pt; mso-outline-level: 6;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #aaaaaa; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;A version of this op-ed appeared in print on March 15, 2013, on page&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #aaaaaa; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #aaaaaa; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;A25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #aaaaaa; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #aaaaaa; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;of the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #aaaaaa; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #aaaaaa; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;New York edition&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #aaaaaa; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #aaaaaa; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;with the headline: How Movements Recover. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;!--EndFragment--&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/feeds/9050874772898045070/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2013/03/brooks-how-movements-recover_18.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/9050874772898045070'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/9050874772898045070'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2013/03/brooks-how-movements-recover_18.html' title='BROOKS - How Movements Recover'/><author><name>Daniel Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12805593786336601456</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iA_C9N5zpTI/ThStBJ8VFvI/AAAAAAAAACQ/HM-IbAjXOmw/s220/DSC02865.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7592916179683298158.post-1564328241865967071</id><published>2013-01-14T14:11:00.002-08:00</published><updated>2013-01-14T14:18:16.297-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Civics</title><content type='html'>Teach for America, Zipcar, Open University, Terra Nova, Mother2Mother, Innovation hub,&amp;nbsp;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Courier New&#39;; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;Banco Palmas,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Courier New&#39;; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;Associação Ebenézer/Projeto Cies,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Courier New&#39;; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;Cren (Centro de Recuperação e Educação Nutricional),&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;Graacc (Grupo de Apoio ao Adolescente e à Criança com Câncer),&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Courier New&#39;; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;Grupo Cultural AfroReggae,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Courier New&#39;; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;Adel (Agência de Desenvolvimento Econômico Local, Rio Grande do Norte),&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Courier New&#39;; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;Terra Nova,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Courier New&#39;; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;Banco de Alimentos,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Courier New&#39;; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;Instituto Chapada de Educação e Pesquisa,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Courier New&#39;; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;Instituto de Pesquisas Sistemicas e Desenvolvimento de Redes Sociais Noos,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Courier New&#39;; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;Instituto Rumo Nautico/Projeto Grael,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;C.E.S.A.R - Centro de Estudos e Sistemas Avançados do Recife,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Courier New&#39;; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;Urban Investment Strategies Center&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;, Neurosynaptic Communications (NCPL),&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Courier New&#39;; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;RLabs,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;Nexii,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Courier New&#39;; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;Open Africa,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;Streetwise,&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;Red Cross&lt;/span&gt;...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;are only few among many examples of civic entrepreneurialism sprouting out of civil society in different parts of the world. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;At the same time that they tackle challenging social problems, they create new forms of interaction in social life that bring about substantial benefits for individuals. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yet, we can hardly understand the meaning of their actions with our traditional economic and democratic discourses. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;What are they? &amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Entrepreneurs that do not seek to make money, or at least not mainly to make money? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Citizens who are not reasoning, voting or protesting in the public sphere?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Soldiers who are not hurting anyone? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bureaucrats working outside the state and inventing institutions directly? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Artists who have turned the social laws into their canvass? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Engineers working on social affairs rather than physical objects? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Priests preaching on the streets rather than churches? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Social movements that speak through their inventions, rather than critiques? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Professors teaching on real life?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Politicians outside the state structure?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lovers whose loved object is humanity itself? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Living dreamers?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Civics.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/feeds/1564328241865967071/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2013/01/civics.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/1564328241865967071'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/1564328241865967071'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2013/01/civics.html' title='Civics'/><author><name>Daniel Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12805593786336601456</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iA_C9N5zpTI/ThStBJ8VFvI/AAAAAAAAACQ/HM-IbAjXOmw/s220/DSC02865.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7592916179683298158.post-5392516091986691663</id><published>2013-01-14T13:58:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2013-01-14T13:58:31.501-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Denial of death - Ernest Becker</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 1.571em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;“The most that any one of us can seem to do is to fashion something – an object or ourselves – and drop it into the confusion, make an offering to it, so to speak, to the life force”.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/feeds/5392516091986691663/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2013/01/denial-of-death-ernest-becker.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/5392516091986691663'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/5392516091986691663'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2013/01/denial-of-death-ernest-becker.html' title='Denial of death - Ernest Becker'/><author><name>Daniel Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12805593786336601456</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iA_C9N5zpTI/ThStBJ8VFvI/AAAAAAAAACQ/HM-IbAjXOmw/s220/DSC02865.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7592916179683298158.post-76209783502861690</id><published>2012-09-02T10:17:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2012-09-02T10:23:58.528-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Apartheid entre conhecimento e serviço público?</title><content type='html'>Ontem conversei com uma colega brasileira, graduada em educação em Harvard, que atualmente é professora de ensino primário em escola pública em Cambridge, nos Estados Unidos. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Parecia super informada sobre recentes inovações no ensino em Massachusetts, no processo de formação de professores, nos métodos de administração escolar. Perguntei por que não voltava para o Brasil, se tinha tanto interessem em contribuir com o aprimoramento da educação. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Para minha surpresa, ela respondeu que tentou por muito tempo, mas não conseguiu. Disse que apresentou o currículo em diversas escolas públicas no município de São Paulo e em diversas cidades do entono. Nenhuma porta se abriu e decidiu permanecer nos EUA, pelo menos até que surja uma oportunidade.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Disse ainda que esta é a realidade de diversos alunos brasileiros que se formam na escola de educação em Harvard. Citou exemplos de outros dois colegas exatamente na mesma situação. Uma nordestina super qualificada tentou retornar ao seu estado de origem e foi desprezada pela administração estadual. O outro, paulista com experiência no mercado financeiro, decidiu mudar de vida e se dedicar à educação. &amp;nbsp;Passou dois anos tentando uma oportunidade no setor público ou em locais em que pudesse fazer a diferença. Não conseguiu. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Triste. E muito díficil entender... Qual a razão disso? Inveja? Medo da meritocracia? Receio de dividir o &#39;espaço&#39; dentro da empresa ou da administração pública? Cargos distribuídos para apadrinhados políticos? Não conheço detalhes e não sei a razão. Mas confesso que dá uma dor no coração ouvir essas estórias. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Minha colega encontrou emprego em escola pública em Cambridge e ensina americanos e filhos de imigrantes. Sua amiga nordestina conseguiu uma oferta e está de mudanças para a África! E o colega de São Paulo optou por regressar ao mercado financeiro.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Quando um país rejeita alguns de seus melhores quadros, menospreza a vontade genuina de jovens inspirados que querem dedicar sua vida à causa pública, tem algo de muito errado acontecendo. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Enquanto isso, a&amp;nbsp;educação brasileira continua uma maravilha! Assim como a qualidade das lideranças políticas que nos conduzem.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/feeds/76209783502861690/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2012/09/apartheid-entre-conhecimento-e-servico.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/76209783502861690'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/76209783502861690'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2012/09/apartheid-entre-conhecimento-e-servico.html' title='Apartheid entre conhecimento e serviço público?'/><author><name>Daniel Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12805593786336601456</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iA_C9N5zpTI/ThStBJ8VFvI/AAAAAAAAACQ/HM-IbAjXOmw/s220/DSC02865.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7592916179683298158.post-4322775259191733014</id><published>2012-06-10T08:30:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2012-06-10T08:30:39.666-07:00</updated><title type='text'>The Power of Networks</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;object width=&quot;320&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; class=&quot;BLOGGER-youtube-video&quot; classid=&quot;clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000&quot; codebase=&quot;http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0&quot; data-thumbnail-src=&quot;http://0.gvt0.com/vi/nJmGrNdJ5Gw/0.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;param name=&quot;movie&quot; value=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/v/nJmGrNdJ5Gw&amp;fs=1&amp;source=uds&quot; /&gt;&lt;param name=&quot;bgcolor&quot; value=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; /&gt;&lt;param name=&quot;allowFullScreen&quot; value=&quot;true&quot; /&gt;&lt;embed width=&quot;320&quot; height=&quot;266&quot;  src=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/v/nJmGrNdJ5Gw&amp;fs=1&amp;source=uds&quot; type=&quot;application/x-shockwave-flash&quot; allowfullscreen=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/feeds/4322775259191733014/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2012/06/power-of-networks.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/4322775259191733014'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/4322775259191733014'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2012/06/power-of-networks.html' title='The Power of Networks'/><author><name>Daniel Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12805593786336601456</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iA_C9N5zpTI/ThStBJ8VFvI/AAAAAAAAACQ/HM-IbAjXOmw/s220/DSC02865.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7592916179683298158.post-8078656464813896055</id><published>2012-05-01T17:30:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2014-05-06T08:33:31.935-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Magicalization: you can change the world</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.situado.net/fotos/2007/09/como-fazer-magica.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;http://www.situado.net/fotos/2007/09/como-fazer-magica.jpg&quot; height=&quot;176&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;I am often skeptical of big words and large narratives that seek to magnify historical events.&amp;nbsp;I think these narratives often deceive us in a very serious way. They tend to block our inherent creative powers. We become passive contemplators of someone else&#39;s art, instead of what we really are: natural artists&amp;nbsp;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2011/07/education-for-creativity-not-for.html&quot;&gt;read this&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Behind every historical fact, underlying every grand rationale, there is a wonderful simple thing: a person. Someone, constrained by genetic codes, partially shaped by his culture and his environment, full of defects and limitations, filled with emotions, and anxiety. Someone pretty much like you and me.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is only because of this person, or because of a group of these persons, that history is what it is. If there were a revolution, there were human beings carrying it forward. If there was a successful company, there was one or some leaders behind it. If there was a successful religious movement, there were spiritualized people there.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is all about us. Everything. Always. Even though learn for decades, from high school to university, that this was not the case.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;However, we like narratives -- they stimulate our imagination. The problem is that when we tell the stories very well, they have such an effect on our minds, that they tend to get independent life. They stop being our construction and become fate, someone else&#39;s intelligent plan. They are taken to reveal an underlying truth -- an idea none of us have control of.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We magicalize historical events:&amp;nbsp;give them super-human power, transcendent light. We make them sublime.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The US Constitution is a good example of this. It does not matter if it was complacent with slavery or if the founding fathers were not exactly &#39;saints&#39; for our contemporary standards. Americans see the Constitution as the deepest expression of&amp;nbsp;perfection. It embodies the American soul.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What is missing in this way of thinking is to understand the our decisive share in the phenomena we often magicalize. Capitalism was not born alone. Communism did not fall alone. We made them -- collectively. And we can always throw them away. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Every law is a result of someone -- who designed it or copied it from somewhere else.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is time to press the narratives. And remake them.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To restore the contradictions lying behind every grand description of our world -- and see how someone, somehow, somewhen managed to bridge the gap between them.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This unique capacity, the capacity to unite different viewpoints into a single story, is politics. It requires ideas, intellectual power, creativity. And it also requires an immense emotional control to read circumstances and people and to make your view dominant.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We need to teach our students politics.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Not one ideology or another -- as if we were brainwashing them. This will only make them&amp;nbsp;complacent with their past.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We need to each our students how magicalization takes place. Show them stories of some of the great &#39;magicalizers&#39; of all times. How they did what they did. What they said. What happened afterwards.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;They will start to build commonalities among different experiences. They will notice that everything that exists only exists because someone decided to do what&amp;nbsp;nobody did before.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Once they understand this, then it might be that they might also want to become magicalizers. But magicalization will probably have a different meaning -- it will not be used to deceive or disempower, but stress a very basic truth. The world is in our hands: we can destroy it or save it.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/feeds/8078656464813896055/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2014/05/magicalization-you-can-change-world.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/8078656464813896055'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/8078656464813896055'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2014/05/magicalization-you-can-change-world.html' title='Magicalization: you can change the world'/><author><name>Daniel Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12805593786336601456</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iA_C9N5zpTI/ThStBJ8VFvI/AAAAAAAAACQ/HM-IbAjXOmw/s220/DSC02865.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7592916179683298158.post-8608556685932094428</id><published>2012-05-01T06:54:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2012-05-01T06:54:35.635-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Something does not make sense</title><content type='html'>We need to change the structures...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The institutions are wicked...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The market is oppressive...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Democratic politics is corrupt...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Educational system does not prepare our citizens...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Culture is contaminated by pre-modern views...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And then comes 1 person, somewhere, somehow, and starts changing the world!</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/feeds/8608556685932094428/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2012/05/something-does-not-make-sense.html#comment-form' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/8608556685932094428'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/8608556685932094428'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2012/05/something-does-not-make-sense.html' title='Something does not make sense'/><author><name>Daniel Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12805593786336601456</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iA_C9N5zpTI/ThStBJ8VFvI/AAAAAAAAACQ/HM-IbAjXOmw/s220/DSC02865.JPG'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7592916179683298158.post-6267615431028562397</id><published>2012-04-22T13:57:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2012-04-22T13:57:11.852-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Quem se importa...</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;object width=&quot;320&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; class=&quot;BLOGGER-youtube-video&quot; classid=&quot;clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000&quot; codebase=&quot;http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0&quot; data-thumbnail-src=&quot;http://1.gvt0.com/vi/rwhMIEyoFJk/0.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;param name=&quot;movie&quot; value=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/v/rwhMIEyoFJk&amp;fs=1&amp;source=uds&quot; /&gt;&lt;param name=&quot;bgcolor&quot; value=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; /&gt;&lt;embed width=&quot;320&quot; height=&quot;266&quot;  src=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/v/rwhMIEyoFJk&amp;fs=1&amp;source=uds&quot; type=&quot;application/x-shockwave-flash&quot;&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/feeds/6267615431028562397/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2012/04/quem-se-importa.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/6267615431028562397'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/6267615431028562397'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2012/04/quem-se-importa.html' title='Quem se importa...'/><author><name>Daniel Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12805593786336601456</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iA_C9N5zpTI/ThStBJ8VFvI/AAAAAAAAACQ/HM-IbAjXOmw/s220/DSC02865.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7592916179683298158.post-5978789615397800276</id><published>2012-02-26T20:38:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2012-02-26T20:38:12.335-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Creative thinking and startups</title><content type='html'>http://blog.startupprofessionals.com/2012/02/entrepreneurs-need-creative-thinking.html</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/feeds/5978789615397800276/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2012/02/creative-thinking-and-startups.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/5978789615397800276'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7592916179683298158/posts/default/5978789615397800276'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jogue-fora-a-roupa-velha.blogspot.com/2012/02/creative-thinking-and-startups.html' title='Creative thinking and startups'/><author><name>Daniel Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12805593786336601456</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iA_C9N5zpTI/ThStBJ8VFvI/AAAAAAAAACQ/HM-IbAjXOmw/s220/DSC02865.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>