Jomisurprise

What is NFC? (Near Field Communication)

noreply@blogger.com (Jomisurprise) — Sat, 5 Mar 2016 12:32:00 +0530

NFC, short for Near Field Communication, is a short range wireless RFID technology that makes use of interacting electromagnetic radio fields instead of the typical direct radio transmissions used by technologies such as Bluetooth. It is meant for applications where a physical touch, or close to it, is required in order to maintain security. NFC requires at least one transmitting device, and another to receive the signal. A range of devices can use the NFC standard and can be considered either passive or active, depending on how the device works.
Passive NFC devices include tags, and other small transmitters, that can send information to other NFC devices without the need for a power source of their own. However, they don’t really process any information sent from other sources, and can’t connect to other passive components. These often take the form of interactive signs on walls or advertisements. It can work with passive devices that don't require their own power supply, such as travel card readers. NFC's data-transmission frequency is 13.56MHz. NFC can transmit data at either 106, 212 or 424 Kbps (kilobits per second).

Active devices are able to both send and receive data, and can communicate with each other as well as with passive devices. Smartphones are by far the most common implementation of active NFC devices, but public transport card readers and touch payment terminals are also good examples of the technology.

Advantages of NFC:

Near Field Communication provides secure communication to all users. It promotes the transfer of data through safe channels as well as the encryption of sensitive information. Although some risk still exists, these measures significantly reduce the threat of hackers and stolen information.

The close proximity needed for NFC to function is not just a technical advantage; it proves to be very useful when in crowded locations. The two inch range allows for less interference which in turn provides a smooth data sharing feed between devices.

NFC provides the technology that permits users to transfer files and perform transactions with ease. It allows individuals to share data cost-efficiently as it has the ability to transfer files like pictures or music without carrier charges. NFC also lets users purchase items wirelessly. The introduction of Passbook on the iPhone and Google Wallet allows individuals to store all their credit card, coupon, and ticket information on their smartphone device for use at any given time.

NFC has a competitive advantage over its rival, Bluetooth. It consumes less power and does not require the setup and connection establishment with another device like Bluetooth does. NFC allows users to connect to other devices in less than one second, whereas, Bluetooth connections take significantly longer.

As a business user, NFC provides many advantages for improving workplace efficiency and customer service. It allows managers to maintain knowledge as to where their employees are if one were to use location services. In regards to improving customer service, the implementation of NFC transactional services such as, Pay Pass or Passbook, enables a fast and efficient experience for consumers

Disadvantages of NFC:

Since Near Field Communication is a relatively new technology, it may not be compatible with other devices. This is the main challenge that NFC technology is facing because device compatibility is a key aspect to expanding its consumer base.

Many companies do not have the motive to implement NFC technology into the workplace as the technology they currently use may be all they need to perform efficiently. Transferring employees over to NFC compatible devices is costly and may not align with the goals of the organization. Another major risk to NFC is computer hacking or phone hacking. As mobile phones become more developed, they become much like a hand held computer, and as with computers, they become prone to viruses. Hackers will want to gain access to these tiny computers because it contains a lot of important information all in one device.

Examples include a phone’s owner credit card information, bill payments, social security information, etc. Moreover, as technology advances, it will becomes easier for hackers to do this.

What is Li-Fi?

noreply@blogger.com (Jomisurprise) — Sat, 12 Dec 2015 12:47:00 +0530

Yes, it's time to shift from Wi-Fi to Li-Fi , an alternative technology that is 100 times faster than the average speeds of Wi-Fi. Scientists have just field-tested the new wireless technology called Li-Fi [Light Fidelity] for the first time and achieved marvelous wireless speeds that are 100 times faster than current Wi-Fi speeds.

This technology is a ground-breaking light-based (LEDs)

[light-emitting diodes] communication technology, which makes use of light waves instead of radio technology to deliver data.

Li-Fi technology will in future enable faster, more reliable internet connections, even when the demand for data usage has outgrown the available supply from existing technologies such as 4G, LTE and Wi-Fi. It will not replace these technologies, but will work seamlessly alongside them.

Using light to deliver wireless internet will also allow connectivity in environments that do not currently readily support Wi-Fi, such as aircraft cabins, hospitals and hazardous environments.

Light is already used for data transmission in fiber-optic cables and for point to

point links, but Li-Fi bulbs are outfitted with a chip that modulates the light imperceptibly for optical data transmission. Li-Fi data is transmitted by the LED bulbs and received by photoreceptors. Li-Fi's early developmental models were capable of 150 megabits-per-second (Mbps). Some commercial kits enabling that speed have been released. In the lab, with stronger LEDs and different technology, researchers have enabled 10 gigabits-per-second (Gbps), which is faster than 802.11ad.

Benefits of Li-Fi:

Higher speeds than Wi-Fi.
10000 times the frequency spectrum of radio.

More secure because data cannot be intercepted without a clear line of sight.
Prevents piggybacking.
Eliminates neighboring network interference.
Unimpeded by radio interference.
Does not create interference in sensitive electronics, making it better for use in environments like hospitals and aircraft.

what about the drawbacks?

currently in the development stage of Li-Fi so it’s unlikely to be in your home anytime in the near future.
Another issue is with light itself, although an advantage for security, as light cannot pass through walls, it’s a disadvantage for practicality. You’ll need to have all the rooms in a building kitted out with Li-Fi distributors if you want full coverage like WiFi.
Light pollution could also prove to be an issue with Li-Fi with other light sources interfering with the signal, this could also be the same for outdoor connectivity.

Wireless World

1.Bluetooth

2.Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)

3.Infrared

4.Wi-max, WLANS, WPANS, WMANS, WWMANS

5.GSM

6.3g

7.4g

8.GPRS

9.CDMA

10.EVDO

11.UMTS and HSDPA

12. LTE (Long-Term Evolution)

13.Li-Fi [Light Fidelity]

Remembering the Missile Man of India, Dr APJ Abdul Kalam

noreply@blogger.com (Jomisurprise) — Tue, 28 Jul 2015 10:29:00 +0530

League of Nations Failures...

noreply@blogger.com (Jomisurprise) — Tue, 28 Jul 2015 09:30:00 +0530

While the League of Nations could celebrate its successes, the League had every reason to examine its failures and where it went wrong. These failures, especially in the 1930’s, cruelly exposed the weaknesses of the League of Nations and played a part in the outbreak of World War Two in 1939. During the 1920’s the failures of the League of Nations were essentially small-scale and did not threaten world peace. However they did set a marker – that the League of Nations could not solve problems if the protagonists did not ‘play the game’.

Article 11 of the League’s Covenant stated: "Any war or threat of war is a matter of concern to the whole League and the League shall take action that may safeguard peace."

Therefore, any conflict between nations, which ended in war and the victory of one state over another, had to be viewed as a failure by the League.

The first crisis the League had to face was in north Italy In 1919, Italian

What is LTE?

noreply@blogger.com (Jomisurprise) — Mon, 27 Jul 2015 12:01:00 +0530

Wireless World

Long-Term Evolution, commonly marketed as 4G LTE, is a standard for wireless communication of high-speed data for mobile phones and data terminals. It is based on the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA network technologies, increasing the capacity and speed using a different radio interface together with core network improvements.

This technology is the most efficient mobile broadband technology for providing an excellent user experience. It offers the highest data rates and shortest latency times.
  Over 600 operators in more than 180 countries are investing in LTE networks.  As it stands, most of the time when your phone displays the “4G” symbol in the upper right corner, it doesn’t really mean it. When the ITU-R set the minimum speeds for 4G, they were a bit unreachable, despite the amount of money tech manufacturers put into achieving them. In response, the regulating body decided that LTE, the name given to the technology used in pursuit of those standards, could be labeled as 4G if it provided a substantial improvement over the 3G technology.

Immediately networks began advertising their connections as 4G LTE, a marketing technique that allowed them to claim next-gen connectivity without having to reach the actual required number first; it would be like the U.S. claiming they had landed on the moon because they got pretty close and the spaceship that got them there was a lot better than the previous ship. It’s not entirely trickery though, despite inconsistent speeds depending on location and network, the difference between 3G and 4G is immediately noticeable.
So the real question is, can you feel a difference between 4G and LTE networks? Is the speed of loading a page or downloading an app on your handheld a lot faster if you have LTE technology built in? Probably not. While the difference between slower 3G networks and new 4G or LTE networks is certainly noticeably faster, most of the 4G and “true 4G” networks have upload and download speeds that are almost identical. For now, LTE is the fastest connection available for wireless networks.
     Creating 4G connectivity requires two components: a network that can support the necessary speeds, and a device that is able to connect to that network and download information at high enough speed. Just because a phone has 4G LTE connectivity inside doesn’t mean you can get the speeds you want, in the same way that buying a car that can drive 200 MPH doesn’t mean you can go that fast on a 55 MPH freeway.
Before carriers were able to truly offer LTE speeds in major areas, they were selling phones that had the capabilities they would need to reach the desired speeds, and afterwards started rolling out the service on a limited scale. Now that LTE service is fairly widespread, this isn’t as much of a problem, but if you don’t live in a major metropolitan area it’s worth checking to make sure you actually need LTE service where you live and work. With the rise in popularity, it’s uncommon for a provider to charge less if you aren’t utilizing the LTE speeds on a regular basis, but you can save money by picking up an older generation smartphone with only 3G or 4G connectivity.
         No matter what the data is or how fast it’s being transferred, it needs to be packaged and sent so that other points on the network can interpret it. Older networks use circuit-switching technology, a term that refers to the method of communicating. In a circuit-switching system, a connection is established directly to the target through the network, and the entirety of the connection, whether it’s a phone call or a file transfer, happens through that connection.

The advantages of a circuit-switched network include a faster connection time, and less chance of the connection dropping. Newer networks take advantage of packet-switching technology, a modern protocol that takes advantage of the much larger number of connected points across the globe. In a packet-switching network, your information is broken up into small chunks which are then sent to your destination over whatever path is currently the most efficient. If a node drops out of your connection in the circuit-switching networks, you’ll have to reconnect, but in a packet-switching network the next packet will simply hunt for a different path.

A lot of the technology used to create 4G speeds doesn’t have anything to do with voice communication. Because voice networks still use circuit-switching technology, it became necessary to reconcile the difference between older and newer network structures. A few different methods have been enacted that deal with the issue, and most carriers chose to deploy one of two options that preserved their control over the minutes used.They do this by either allowing the phone to fall back to circuit-switching standards when used to make or receive a call, or by using packet-switching communication for data and circuit-switching for voice at the same time. The third option is to simply run the voice audio as data over the new LTE networks, a method that most companies have avoided, most likely because it takes away their power to easily charge for voice minutes. Voice over LTE is basically what happens already when you make a Skype call or a Face time Audio connection to another user, with higher-resolution audio and faster connection speeds.
benefits

Delivers extremely fast broadband for people and things (LTE-M)
Operates on a global standard on licensed and unlicensed spectrum (LTE-U)
Offers efficient delivery and smooth implementation

Wireless World

1.Bluetooth

2.Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)

3.Infrared

4.Wi-max, WLANS, WPANS, WMANS, WWMANS

5.GSM

6.3g

7.4g

8.GPRS

9.CDMA

10.EVDO

11.UMTS and HSDPA

12. LTE (Long-Term Evolution)

3G (third generation of mobile telephony)

noreply@blogger.com (Jomisurprise) — Tue, 21 Jul 2015 09:43:00 +0530

Wireless World

3G (third generation of mobile telephony)

3G refers to the third generation of mobile telephony (that is, cellular) technology. The third generation, as the name suggests, follows two earlier generations.

The first generation (1G) began in the early 80's with commercial deployment of Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) cellular networks. Early AMPS networks used Frequency Division Multiplexing Access (FDMA) to carry analog voice over channels in the 800 MHz frequency band.

The second generation (2G) emerged in the 90's when mobile operators deployed two competing digital voice standards. In North America, some operators adopted IS-95, which used Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) to multiplex up to 64 calls per channel in the 800 MHz band. Across the world, many operators adopted the Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) standard, which used Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) to multiplex up to 8 calls per channel in the 900 and 1800 MHz bands.

The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) defined the third generation (3G) of mobile telephony standards IMT-2000 to facilitate growth, increase bandwidth, and support more diverse applications. For example, GSM could deliver not only voice, but also circuit-switched data at speeds up to 14.4 Kbps. But to support mobile multimedia applications, 3G had to deliver packet-switched data with better spectral efficiency, at far greater speeds.

However, to get from 2G to 3G, mobile operators had make "evolutionary" upgrades to existing networks while simultaneously planning their "revolutionary" new mobile broadband networks. This lead to the establishment of two distinct 3G families: 3GPP and 3GPP2.The speed of data transmission on a 3G network ranges between 384KBPS to 2MBPS. This means a 3G network actually allows for more data transmission and therefore the network enables voice and video calling, file transmission, internet surfing, online TV, view high definition videos, play games and much more. 3G is the best option for users who need to always stay connected to Internet.

Contributor Technologies of 3G

The 3G technology is comprised of basically three technologies, but it is not the reason for its nomenclature as 3G. The technologies are:

· CDMA2000 - Code Division Multiple Access.

TD-SCDMA - Time-division Synchronous Code-division Multiple Access.

· W-CDMA (UMTS) - Wideband Code Division Multiple Access.

Wireless World

1.Bluetooth

2.Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)

3.Infrared

4.Wi-max, WLANS, WPANS, WMANS, WWMANS

5.GSM

6.3g

7.4g

8.GPRS

9.CDMA

10.EVDO

11.UMTS and HSDPA

GSM (Global System for Mobile communication)

noreply@blogger.com (Jomisurprise) — Fri, 10 Jul 2015 10:01:00 +0530

Wireless World

GSM (Global System for Mobile communication)

GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile telephony system that is widely used in Europe and other parts of the world. GSM uses a variation of time division multiple access (TDMA) and is the most widely used of the three digital wireless telephony technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA). GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down a channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot. It operates at either the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz frequency band.Where these bands were already allocated, the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands were used instead (for example in Canada and the United States). In rare cases the 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in some countries because they were previously used for first-generation systems.The transmission power in the handset is limited to a maximum of 2 watts in GSM 850/900 and 1 watt in GSM 1800/1900.

wireless-world

1.Bluetooth

2.Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)

3.Infrared

4.Wi-max, WLANS, WPANS, WMANS, WWMANS

5.GSM

6.3g

7.4g

8.GPRS

9.CDMA

10.EVDO

11.UMTS and HSDP

WHAT IS WiMAX?(Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), WLANS, WPANS, WMANS, WWMAS.

noreply@blogger.com (Jomisurprise) — Fri, 10 Jul 2015 09:27:00 +0530

Wireless World
WHAT IS WiMAX?(Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), WLANS, WPANS, WMANS, WWMAS.

WiMAX is an IP based, wireless broadband access technology that provides performance similar to 802.11/Wi-Fi networks with the coverage and QOS (quality of service) of cellular networks. WiMAX is also an acronym meaning "Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX).

WiMAX is a wireless digital communications system, also known as IEEE 802.16, that is intended for wireless "metropolitan area networks". WiMAX can provide broadband wireless access (BWA) up to 30 miles (50 km) for fixed stations, and 3 - 10 miles (5 - 15 km) for mobile stations. In contrast, the WiFi/802.11 wireless local area network standard is limited in most cases to only 100 - 300 feet (30 - 100m).
WiMAX would operate similar to WiFi but at higher speeds over greater distances and for a greater number of users. WiMAX has the ability to provide service even in areas that are difficult for wired infrastructure to reach and the ability to overcome the physical limitations of traditional wired infrastructure.
WiMAX was formed in April 2001, in anticipation of the publication of the original 10-66 GHz IEEE 802.16 specifications. WiMAX is to 802.16 as the WiFi Alliance is to 802.11.
WiMAX, WiFi-like data rates are easily supported, but the issue of interference is lessened. WiMAX operates on both licensed and non-licensed frequencies, providing a regulated environment and viable economic model for wireless carriers.
At its heart, however, WiMAX is a standards initiative. Its purpose is to ensure that the broadband wireless radios manufactured for customer use interoperate from vendor to vendor. The primary advantages of the WiMAX standard are to enable the adoption of advanced radio features in a uniform fashion and reduce costs for all of the radios made by companies, who are part of the WiMAX Forum - a standards body formed to ensure interoperability via testing. The more recent Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard is a similar term describing a parallel technology to WiMAX that is being developed by vendors and carriers as a counterpoint to WiMAX.

WiMAX is:

Acronym for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access.
Based on Wireless MAN technology.
A wireless technology optimized for the delivery of IP centric services over a wide area.
A scaleable wireless platform for constructing alternative and complementary broadband networks.
A certification that denotes interoperability of equipment built to the IEEE 802.16 or compatible standard. The IEEE 802.16 Working Group develops standards that address two types of usage models:
- A fixed usage model (IEEE 802.16-2004).
- A portable usage model (IEEE 802.16e).
WLANS: Wireless Local Area NetworksWLANS allow users in a local area, such as a university campus or library, to form a network or gain access to the internet. A temporary network can be formed by a small number of users without the need of an access point; given that they do not need access to network resources.
WPANS: Wireless Personal Area Networks
The two current technologies for wireless personal area networks are Infra Red (IR) and Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15). These will allow the connectivity of personal devices within an area of about 30 feet. However, IR requires a direct line of site and the range is less.
WMANS: Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks
This technology allows the connection of multiple networks in a metropolitan area such as different buildings in a city, which can be an alternative or backup to laying copper or fiber cabling.
WWANS: Wireless Wide Area Networks
These types of networks can be maintained over large areas, such as cities or countries, via multiple satellite systems or antenna sites looked after by an ISP. These types of systems are referred to as 2G (2nd Generation) systems.

    Wireless World

1.Bluetooth

2.Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)

   3.Infrared

    4.Wi-max, WLANS, WPANS, WMANS, WWMANS

        5.GSM

          6.3g

           7.4g

            8.GPRS

              9.CDMA

                 10.EVDO

                   11.UMTS and HSDPA

what is infrared

noreply@blogger.com (Jomisurprise) — Thu, 9 Jul 2015 23:22:00 +0530

wireless-world

WHAT IS INFRARED?

Infrared technology allows computing devices to communicate via short-range wireless signals. With infrared, computers can transfer files and other digital data bidirectionally. The infrared transmission technology used in computers is similar to that used in consumer product remote control units.

Range - Infrared communications span very short distances. Place two infrared devices within a few feet (no more than 5 meters) of each other when networking them. Unlike Wi-Fi and Bluetooth technologies, infrared network signals cannot penetrate walls or other obstructions and work only in the direct "line of sight."

wireless-world

1.Bluetooth

2.Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)

3.Infrared

4.Wi-max, WLANS, WPANS, WMANS, WWMANS

5.GSM

6.3g

7.4g

8.GPRS

9.CDMA

10.EVDO

11.UMTS and HSDP

Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)

noreply@blogger.com (Jomisurprise) — Thu, 9 Jul 2015 22:32:00 +0530

wireless-world

Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)

Wi-Fi (short for "wireless fidelity") is a term for certain types of wireless local area network (WLAN) that use specifications in the 802.11 family. The term Wi-Fi was created by an organization called the Wi-Fi Alliance, which oversees tests that certify product interoperability. A product that passes the alliance tests is given the label "Wi-Fi certified" (a registered trademark).

Originally, Wi-Fi certification was applicable only to products using the 802.11b standard.The 802.11 specifications are part of an evolving set of wireless network standards known as the 802.11 family. new versions of Wi-Fi called successively 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, 802.11ac, and so on. Each of these related standards can communicate with each other, although newer versions offer better performance and more features.The particular specification under which a Wi-Fi network operates is called the "flavor" of the network. A basic Wi-Fi network with one wireless access point reaches at most only a few hundred feet (100m or less) in any direction. Expanding the range of a Wi-Fi network requires installing additional access points configured to communicate with each other, which becomes expensive and difficult to support, especially outdoors. As with other wireless protocols, signal interference (from other wireless devices, or from physical obstructions such as walls) can lower the effective range of Wi-Fi and its overall reliability.Wireless broadband routers commonly used in home networks serve (along with their other functions) as Wi-Fi access points. Similarly, public Wi-Fi hotspots utilize one or more access points installed inside the coverage area.
Small Wi-Fi radios and antennas are embedded inside smartphones, laptops, printers, and many consumer gadgets enabling them to function as network clients. Access points are configured with network names that clients can discover when scanning the area for available networks.

Bluetooth and Wi-Fi are to some extent complementary in their applications and usage. Wi-Fi is usually access point-centered, with an asymmetrical client-server connection with all traffic routed through the access point, while Bluetooth is usually symmetrical, between two Bluetooth devices. Bluetooth serves well in simple applications where two devices need to connect with minimal configuration like a button press, as in headsets and remote controls, while Wi-Fi suits better in applications where some degree of client configuration is possible and high speeds are required, especially for network access through an access node. However, Bluetooth access points do exist and ad-hoc connections are possible with Wi-Fi though not as simply as with Bluetooth

wireless-world

1.Bluetooth

2.Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)

3.Infrared

4.Wi-max, WLANS, WPANS, WMANS, WWMANS

5.GSM

6.3g

7.4g

8.GPRS

9.CDMA

10.EVDO

11.UMTS and HSDP

What Is Bluetooth

noreply@blogger.com (Jomisurprise) — Thu, 9 Jul 2015 21:30:00 +0530

wireless-world

What Is Bluetooth?

Bluetooth is a specification for the use of low-power radio communications to wirelessly link phones, computers and other network devices over short distances. The name Bluetooth is borrowed from Harald Bluetooth, a king in Denmark more than 1,000 years ago.Bluetooth technology was designed primarily to support simple wireless networking of personal consumer devices and peripherals, including cell phones, PDAs, and wireless headsets. Wireless signals transmitted with Bluetooth cover short distances, typically less than 30 feet (10 meters) up to 100m.

Class	Max. permitted power		Typ. range (m)
Class	(mW)	(dBm)	Typ. range (m)
1	100	20	~100
2	2.5	4	~10
3	1	0	~1

Bluetooth devices generally communicate at less than 1 Mbps to 24 Mbps,

Version	Data rate	Max. application throughput
1.2	1 Mbit/s	>80 kbit/s
2.0 + EDR	3 Mbit/s	>80 kbit/s
3.0 + HS	24 Mbit/s	3.0 + HS
4.0	24 Mbit/s	4.0 LE

Bluetooth networks feature a dynamic topology called a piconet or PAN. Piconets contain a minimum of two and a maximum of eight Bluetooth peer devices. Devices communicate using protocols that are part of the Bluetooth Specification.

Bluetooth v1.0 and v1.0B

Versions 1.0 and 1.0B had many problems and manufacturers had difficulty making their products interoperable. Versions 1.0 and 1.0B also included mandatory Bluetooth hardware device address (BD_ADDR) transmission in the Connecting process (rendering anonymity impossible at the protocol level), which was a major setback for certain services planned for use in Bluetooth environments.

Bluetooth v1.1

Ratified as IEEE Standard 802.15.1–2002
Many errors found in the v1.0B specifications were fixed.
Added possibility of non-encrypted channels.
Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI).

Bluetooth v1.2

Major enhancements include the following:

Faster Connection and Discovery
Adaptive frequency-hopping spread spectrum (AFH), which improves resistance to radio frequency interference by avoiding the use of crowded frequencies in the hopping sequence.
Higher transmission speeds in practice, up to 721 kbit/s, than in v1.1.
Extended Synchronous Connections (eSCO), which improve voice quality of audio links by allowing retransmissions of corrupted packets, and may optionally increase audio latency to provide better concurrent data transfer.
Host Controller Interface (HCI) operation with three-wire UART.
Ratified as IEEE Standard 802.15.1–2005
Introduced Flow Control and Retransmission Modes for L2CAP.

Bluetooth v2.0 + EDR

This version of the Bluetooth Core Specification was released in 2004. The main difference is the introduction of an Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) for faster data transfer. The nominal rate of EDR is about 3 Mbit/s, although the practical data transfer rate is 2.1 Mbit/s. EDR uses a combination of GFSK and Phase Shift Keying modulation (PSK) with two variants, π/4-DQPSK and 8DPSK. EDR can provide a lower power consumption through a reduced

The specification is published as Bluetooth v2.0 + EDR, which implies that EDR is an optional feature. Aside from EDR, the v2.0 specification contains other minor improvements, and products may claim compliance to "Bluetooth v2.0" without supporting the higher data rate. At least one commercial device states "Bluetooth v2.0 without EDR" on its data sheet.

Bluetooth v2.1 + EDR

Bluetooth Core Specification Version 2.1 + EDR was adopted by the Bluetooth SIG on 26 July 2007.

The headline feature of v2.1 is secure simple pairing (SSP): this improves the pairing experience for Bluetooth devices, while increasing the use and strength of security. See the section on Pairing below for more details.

Version 2.1 allows various other improvements, including "Extended inquiry response" (EIR), which provides more information during the inquiry procedure to allow better filtering of devices before connection; and sniff subrating, which reduces the power consumption in low-power mode.

Bluetooth v3.0 + HS

Version 3.0 + HS of the Bluetooth Core Specification was adopted by the Bluetooth SIG on 21 April 2009. Bluetooth v3.0 + HS provides theoretical data transfer speeds of up to 24 Mbit/s, though not over the Bluetooth link itself. Instead, the Bluetooth link is used for negotiation and establishment, and the high data rate traffic is carried over a colocated 802.11 link.

The main new feature is AMP (Alternative MAC/PHY), the addition of 802.11 as a high speed transport. The High-Speed part of the specification is not mandatory, and hence only devices that display the "+HS" logo actually support Bluetooth over 802.11 high-speed data transfer. A Bluetooth v3.0 device without the "+HS" suffix is only required to support features introduced in Core Specification Version 3.0 or earlier Core Specification Addendum 1.

Bluetooth v4.0

General improvements in version 4.0 include the changes necessary to facilitate BLE modes, as well the Generic Attribute Profile (GATT) and Security Manager (SM) services with AES Encryption.
Core Specification Addendum 2 was unveiled in December 2011; it contains improvements to the audio Host Controller Interface and to the High Speed (802.11) Protocol Adaptation Layer.
Core Specification Addendum 3 revision 2 has an adoption date of 24 July 2012.
Core Specification Addendum 4 has an adoption date of 12 February 2013.
Bluetooth V4.1
The Bluetooth SIG announced formal adoption of the Bluetooth v4.1 specification on 4 December 2013. This specification is an incremental software update to Bluetooth Specification v4.0, and not a hardware update. The update incorporates Bluetooth Core Specification Addenda (CSA 1, 2, 3 & 4) and adds new features that improve consumer usability. These include increased co-existence support for LTE, bulk data exchange rates—and aid developer innovation by allowing devices to support multiple roles simultaneously. New features of this specification include:

Mobile Wireless Service Coexistence Signaling
Train Nudging and Generalized Interlaced Scanning
Low Duty Cycle Directed Advertising
L2CAP Connection Oriented and Dedicated Channels with Credit Based Flow Control
Dual Mode and Topology
LE Link Layer Topology
802.11n PAL
Audio Architecture Updates for Wide Band Speech
Fast Data Advertising Interval
Limited Discovery Time

Notice that some features were already available in a Core Specification Addendum (CSA) before the release of v4.1.
Bluetooth V4.2
Bluetooth v4.2 was released on December 2, 2014. It Introduces some key features for IoT. Some features, such as Data Length Extension, require a hardware update. But some older Bluetooth hardware may receive some Bluetooth v4.2 features, such as privacy updates via firmware.
The major areas of improvement are:

LE Data Packet Length Extension
LE Secure Connections
Link Layer Privacy
Link Layer Extended Scanner Filter Policies
IP connectivity for Bluetooth Smart devices to become available soon after the introduction of BT v4.2 via the new Internet Protocol Support Profile (IPSP).
IPSP adds an IPv6 connection option for Bluetooth Smart, to support connected home and other IoT implementations.

wireless-world

1.Bluetooth

2.Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)

3.Infrared

4.Wi-max, WLANS, WPANS, WMANS, WWMANS

5.GSM

6.3g

7.4g

8.GPRS

9.CDMA

10.EVDO

11.UMTS and HSDPA

Wireless World

noreply@blogger.com (Jomisurprise) — Thu, 9 Jul 2015 20:41:00 +0530

Wireless World

What Is a Wireless Network?

A wireless local-area network (LAN) uses radio waves to connect devices such as laptops to the Internet and to your business network and its applications. When you connect a laptop to a WiFi hotspot at a cafe, hotel, airport lounge, or other public place, you're connecting to that business's wireless network.

What Is a Wireless Network vs. a Wired Network?

A wired network connects devices to the Internet or other network using cables. The most common wired networks use cables connected to Ethernet ports on the network router on one end and to a computer or other device on the cable's opposite end.

Benefits..

Convenience. Access your network resources from any location within your wireless network's coverage area or from any WiFi hotspot.
Mobility. You're no longer tied to your desk, as you were with a wired connection. You and your employees can go online in conference room meetings, for example.
Productivity. Wireless access to the Internet and to your company's key applications and resources helps your staff get the job done and encourages collaboration.
Easy setup. You don't have to string cables, so installation can be quick and cost-effective.
Expandable. You can easily expand wireless networks with existing equipment, while a wired network might require additional wiring.
Security. Advances in wireless networks provide robust security protections.
Cost. Because wireless networks eliminate or reduce wiring costs, they can cost less to operate than wired networks.

What is,

1.Bluetooth

2.Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)

3.Infrared

4.Wi-max, WLANS, WPANS, WMANS, WWMANS

5.GSM

6.3g

7.4g

8.GPRS

9.CDMA

10.EVDO

11.UMTS and HSDPA

Common Mistakes at Interviews

noreply@blogger.com (Jomisurprise) — Mon, 29 Jun 2015 12:46:00 +0530

Common Mistakes at Interviews

An interview is a process for finding a suitable candidate for a job. It can take place in a number of ways, That is.. face to face, panel interviews, telephonic interviews or video interviews. But the purpose remains the same,That is. to find the right candidate who possesses the competencies and skill sets to match the job requirements and the one, will also fit into thee organisational culture.

The job interview process can happen in multiple stages. By understanding the format and different type of interviews, you can practice and be prepared. Thus you can achieve success at job Interviews.

Do not give lost looks during your interview. Do not indicate that you are lost. Show interest in whatever you are doing. Do complete research before going for interview.You can also show interest by asking questions about the job, the organisation, and its services and products. The best way to impress an employer is to ask questions that build upon your interview discussion. This shows you are interested and paying close attention to the interviewer.

Do not ask unnecessary questions. Avoid talking too Much and asking unnecessary information and questions. Listen patiently to your interviewer

Giving wrong answers and defending the same or giving contradictory answers are unacceptable behavior from candidates

Not Being Prepared Re-read the relevant version of your CV and the job advert, just before the interview. You'd be surprised how many people can't remember what they wrote on their CV. And if you remember what type of person the job advert was looking for, it's easier to demonstrate that you have those qualities.Make sure you've brought with you anything you were asked for. It's fine to bring a note-pad and pen, but make sure they're tidy.

Lack of research on the company you plan to work for

Being unaware about the details of your present company

Repeating the same thing again and again in different ways

Getting aggressive

Being too passive

Pleading for the job

Not listening to the question asked due to excitement and nervousness

Exhibiting lack of enthusiasm through your body language

Bad mouthing your present boss

Talking ill about your present organisation

Covering up your lack of knowledge by lying

Sharing your life's Problems with the interviewer

Forgetting the follow-up

Focusing on the funds

Being too modest

Not showing why you're the best choice

Dressing down

Not talking the interview seriously

Forgetting your manners

A bad handshake

Using YES or NO answers

Failing to explain what you will bring to the party.

Read more ,
How to prepare for an Interview

What is a Resume Structure?

To give yourResume a professional appearance:

Resume Preparation Do's and Don'ts for Job-Seekers

How do you create a good first impression

Common Resume Mistakes

Debt Consolidation

noreply@blogger.com (Jomisurprise) — Wed, 18 Feb 2015 22:04:00 +0530

    Debt Consolidation

Debt consolidation is one of the most common consumer debt resolutions available. It can be a good solution for some; but as with all financial decisions, it's important to be 100% informed before committing to a debt consolidation program.
  Debt Consolidation has been considered as a very easy and convenient option for debtors to break free from the debt bondage. A lot of the people have problems in keeping track of their bills when they have to make payments to many lenders. Consolidation of multiple debts has provided relief to people from this daunting task. They now have to make payment to one lender only. This debt relief option has also provided relief to the people who are distressed due to the high monthly payments and interest rate of their unsecured loans which include credit card bills. It has done this by lowering the interest rate and monthly payments. People who have a low credit score are also benefiting from consolidating their debts. This is because consolidation of debts can be done with a bad credit history   as well and can improve the bad credit score when the previous creditors are paid.

--> There are many options for people who want to consolidate their debts. These people can take a loan which is large enough to cover the total amount of all the earlier loans and pay off these earlier loans with the large loan. On the other hand, there are companies which are offering debt consolidation programs. These companies provide customers with an easy repayment plan and negotiate with their creditors for better terms of repayment such as lower interest rate. The debtors then pay these companies every month and this payment is then passed on to the earlier creditors. Many consumers are now attempting to get out from under their large credit card balances, and experts generally recommend that they do so as responsibly as possible by first reviewing all aspects of their finances to ensure that they are making wise decisions which they can afford, according to a report from USA Today. For one thing, it may be helpful to first try to get a lower credit card rate, either by calling their lender and negotiating for one, or by obtaining a new balance transfer accounts that come with 0 percent APRs for the first several months the account is open.

Those who cannot afford to make larger payments to their accounts may also want to consider earning additional income or scaling back their contributions to retirement savings until the balance is paid off in full, the report said.
Borrowers who are in especially tough situations may want to consider the various debt relief options available to them.

Useful Tips to Make your PC Secure

noreply@blogger.com (Jomisurprise) — Sat, 14 Jul 2012 06:22:00 +0530

Very Useful Tips to Make your PC Secure

Internet hold dangers for the unwary computer user.

Without proper precautions, your data is at risk every minute when your system is connected to the web.

Here are some of the most useful handy tips to make your PC secure.

Vaccinate Your PC – Computer viruses are vile bits of code that can cause a lot of damage to your PC. To stay safe, your first line of defense should be a good antivirus suite from companies like Norton and McAfee, or download and install Microsoft Security Essentials from http://bit.ly/HCeRGz.

In-fact you can download AVG Antivirus from http://free.avg.com/gb-en without paying any fee.

Check your Firewall – Firewall can either be software-based or hardware-based that filters and monitors the data sent to and received from the internet. It stops anyone accessing your PC over the internet without permission. Windows gives you a built in firewall. You must ensure that your firewall is ON before you connect to the outer world through internet.

To check your, click Start -> Control Panel -> System -> Security -> Check Firewall Status. The firewall status should be “ON”.

Stay Upto Date – To protect your PC from vulnerabilities you can, or should, make sure your PC is kept up to date and has the necessary patches to keep it safe. Updates helps to cure bugs that cause crashes and add new features.

To update manually click Start -> type ‘Update’. Now click Updates Windows -> Check for Updates to see any new updates. Click Install Updates to apply them. You can automate the process by configuring Automatic Updates in Windows.

Password - A password is a secret word that is used for authentication. Make sure all the user accounts on your PC should be protected by a password. To set passwords, lick Start -> Control Panel -> User Accounts and Family Safety -> change your Windows Password. In case if there is no password cluck Create your Windows Password.

You must choose a strong password which is difficult to guess. You can visit to get some useful password creation tips by Microsoft Safety & Security Center Password Checker.

Get Early Warnings – Mostly our PC gets infected by visiting an infected website. To safe your PC from visiting such infected websites download McAfee SiteAdvisor tool or AVG tool.

Limit Admin Access – It’s a good idea to use your PC with a standard user account, and use your Administrator account only when you need to make big changes. As if a hacker comes along, they will find it difficult to infiltrate your machine.In Control Panel select Add or Remove User Accounts -> Create new account. Select Standard User and provide an account name. Don’t forget to set password for account.

Motor Vehicle Forms

noreply@blogger.com (Jomisurprise) — Thu, 12 Jul 2012 14:29:00 +0530

Forms Downloads

Form for International Driving Permit

Driving License :

New Combined Driving License Form (Download)

1	Form No.1 (Download)
2	Form No.2 (Download)
3	Form No.3 (Download)
4	Form No.4 (Download)
Form 1 to 4 required for driving license
5	Eye Certificate(Download)
6	Form 1A Medical Certificate (Download)
7	Form No.8 (Addition of new class of vehicle) (Download)
8	Form LTVA (Authorisation to drive transport vehicles) (Download)
9	Form 9 (Renewal of Driving License) (Download)
10	Form CLD (Form of intimation of license & application for duplicate)(Download)
11	Form DLLD (Application for duplicate driving license) (Download)
Registration of vehicle :
12	Application for Fancy Number Booking (Download)
Checklist for Registration of Vehicles
13	Application for Registration of New vehicle (Download)
14	Application for Renewal of Motor vehicle other than transport vehicle – Form 25
15	Application for issue of duplicate Certificate of Registration - Form 26 (Download)
16	Application for assignment of new Registration Mark to vehicle - Form 27 (Download)
17	Application for No Objection Certificate to a vehicle - Form 28(Download)
18	Application for Transfer of Owership of a vehicle - Form 29 (Download)
19	Report of Transfer of Owenership of vehicle - Form 30(Download)
20	Application for transfer of ownership in the name of the person succeeding to the possession of the vehicle - Form 31 (Download)
21	Application for transfer of ownership in case of a motor vehicle purchased or acquired in Public Auction Form - 32 (Download)
22	Intimation of change of address for recording in the Certificate of Registration and office records - Form - 33 (Download)
23	Application for making an entry of an Agreement of Hire Purchase / Lease Hypothecation subsequent to registration - Form 34 (Download)
24	Notice of Termination of Hire puchase / Hypothication - Form - 35(Download)
25	Application for issue of a fresh Certificate of Registration in the name of the Financier - Form - 36(Download)
VARIOUS FORMS FOR PERMIT :
26	Application for grant of permit in respect of Tourist Vehicle - Form - 45(Download)
27	Form of application for grant - of authorization or tourist permit or national permit - Form - 46 (Download)
28	Authorisation for Tourist Permit or National Permit - Form - 47 (Download)
29	Application for the grant of National Permit - Form - 48(Download)
CONDUCTOR LICENSE :
30	Form of Application For a Conductor’s Licence - Form CLA (Download)
31	Form of Application For Renewal of Conductors Licence (Download)
MISCELLANIOUS FORMS:
32	FORM 1-A MEDICAL CERTIFICATE(Download)
33	Application for Renewal of Certificate of Fitness(Download)

Water Pollution

noreply@blogger.com (Jomisurprise) — Thu, 12 Jul 2012 14:15:00 +0530

Effects of Water Pollution

Effects of Oil Pollution and Antifreeze
If oil is spilled on the water, the effects on the ecosystem and the components are harmful. Many animals can be annihilated in case they ingest oil. Oil contaminated prey may be a reason of death for many. If the oil coats the feathers of birds, these may die. Oil and antifreeze makes the water have a foul odor and there is a sticky film on the surface of water that kills animals. Oil is the most harmful pollutant in the water.

Contaminated Ground Water Effects
If contaminated water enters the ground, there may be serious effects. People may become very sick and there is a probability of developing liver or kidney problems and cancer or other illnesses.

Fertilizers and Other Chemicals
Nitrates in drinking water lead to diseases of infants that may result in their death. Cadmium is a metal in sludge-derived fertilizer. This can be absorbed by crops. When people ingest this, they may cause diarrheal disorders, liver and kidney damage. The inorganic substances like mercury, arsenic and lead are the causes of pollution. Other chemicals can also lead to problems concerning the taste, smell and color of water. Pesticides, PCBs and PCPs are all poisonous to all sorts of life. Pesticides are used in farming, homes and forestry. PCBs are found as insulators in old electrical transformers. PCPs are found in products like wood preservatives.

Effects of Agricultural Water Pollution
Rain and irrigation water drains off cultivated land that has been fertilized and treated with pesticides, the excess nitrogen and poisons are mixed with it into the water supply. These pesticides are toxic and pollute the water in a different mode. Aquatic plants' growth cause de-oxygenation of water and annihilate flora and fauna in a stream, lake and river. Fertilizers enhance the growth of bacteria that are in water and increase the concentration of bacteria to hazardous levels.

Effects of Thermal Water Pollution
Machinery in the industries are cooled with water from lakes and rivers. This water reaches the river in a heated state. The water decreases the ability of the aquatic system to hold oxygen and raises the growth of warm water species.

Effects of Heavy Metal Water Pollution
Heavy metals like lead, mercury, iron, cadmium, aluminum and magnesium are present in water sources. If these metals are present in the sediment, these reach the food chain through plants and aquatic animals. This causes heavy metal poisoning in case their level in the water is very high.

Some Other Effects of Water Pollution
In rivers, oceans and seas, pollution affects flora and fauna in them. Further, the birds and animals that consume this contaminated food supply can perish. Blood diseases, nervous system disorders and heart diseases are some of the effects of water pollution.

Computer freezes, hangs, lockup or stop responding

noreply@blogger.com (Jomisurprise) — Wed, 27 Jun 2012 07:10:00 +0530

Confirming the first case in Ahmedabad of human infection caused by Crimean–Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) virus, the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) on Wednesday asked people not to panic as any possible outbreak of the disease could be controlled by proper hygiene and infection control measures in hospitals where the patients are admitted.

A six-member team of specialists from the National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) will visit Ahmedabad on Thursday.

Tests conducted at the National Institute of Virology (under ICMR, Pune) have confirmed the presence of the CCHF virus in blood as well as urine samples of a patient.

While reports from Gujarat claimed three persons from Sanad had died and a few others were being treated for the deadly disease, the Centre did not give out any figure of the dead or those affected.

“After proper control measure, the outbreaks can be successfully handled locally. In this instance, awareness among the doctors and also prompt diagnosis at NIV is an evidence of the competence of our system and there should be no reason for any panic reaction,” the ICMR statement said.

However, as of now there is no medicine or vaccine that can prevent or cure the disease. The CCHF virus is known to be transmitted among animals through ticks. It does not affect animals, but kills 20 to 40 per cent of humans who contract it.

The ICMR added that typically, one to three days after the incubation period following a tick bite (5-6 days after exposure to infected blood or tissues), flu-like symptoms appear, which may resolve after a week. In up to 75 per cent of cases, however, signs of hemorrhage appear within 3-5 days of the onset of illness. Patients usually begin to recover after 9-10 days, but it can lead to death in some cases.

The CCHF virus has earlier been reported from Africa, the Balkans, the Middle East and Pakistan. There is serological evidence of CCHF infection being present in India in animals.

Reports from Ahmedabad suggest that a woman died of the disease on January 3, followed by the doctor and the nurse who had attended on her. The doctors took the nurse's sample which tested positive for the Congo virus. Fifty others are being tested for the disease.

The Gujarat government has already warned of a possible outbreak and started screening process in 16,000 villages.

The virus is said to be highly infectious and causes multi-organ failures after affecting the brain, resulting in convulsions.

Best Google Adsense Niches

noreply@blogger.com (Jomisurprise) — Mon, 25 Jun 2012 07:49:00 +0530

11 High Paying Adsense Niche Topics
1. Health: Weigh Loss & Fitness, Anti-aging, Cancer, Dentistry and Orthodontics
2. Insurance: Car and auto insurance, Health and Medical Insurance
3. Computers & Internet: Computer Hardware, Computer Repairs, PC and Internet Security, Dedicated Hosting, ISP and Networking,Online Degree, , SEO software and tools, Web Development
4. Banking and Finance: Loans and Mortgage, Credit and Finance, Debt consolidation
5.Legal representation: Searches for attorney increased the bidding rate for this niche
6. Digital Photography: digital photography schools, certificate, digital photography education, Careers in photography
7. Psychotherapy: We can include this category in health, but i think it is best to treat this as a different niche as it gives more adsense revenue as a separate site.
8. Real Estate: A damn good niche for getting good adsense income. Google pays nice price for clicks on these Real Estate related ads.
9. Consumer Electronics: Gadgets, Mobiles and many other Electronic devices
10. Antiques and Collectibles: Another good niche to choose for getting high adsense income.
11. Dating: There are Lots of lonely hearts out there and the online dating sites are willing to pay more money to find them.
I know what you’re thinking now! Start blogs in all niches and receive good sum of money from Google Adsense! Right?
That’s really a bad idea. If you do so, you’ll definitely quit blogging in a matter of days. Only chose the niche that interests you. It is always advisable to blog on your interests rather than writing just for money. Because, you can write valuable and quality content if the topic you chose is of your interest. Or-Else you have to suffer from poor quality content which in turn affects your visitors as well as the income from Adsense.

Free Gprs Working Tricks,PC & Mobile

noreply@blogger.com (Jomisurprise) — Fri, 22 Jun 2012 23:42:00 +0530

Free Gprs Working Tricks,Reliance On PC & Mobile

"Free Gprs Tricks" is the most popular term searched but recently all Free Gprs Trick banned by most of the telecom operators but today we again leaked new free reliance gprs tricks,This is not a handler trick but this is working like paid gprs, Yes you heard it right this is working like paid gprs and its working on Reliance 3G as well as 2G
Just follow the below steps for Free Gprs In Reliance 3G or 2G :
Create new Access point with the below gprs setting
Access Point Name = rcommms
Proxy = 92.48.126.219 and Port : 80
If the above proxy and port number didn't work for you then use the below one's :

91.201.21.170:80 ; 196.200.140.19:80 ; 95.140.47.243:8080 ; 46.137.190.246:80 ; 93.189.5.138:8080 ; 92.48.126.211:80

213.197.81.50:3128 ; 109.235.54.59:80 ; 80.87.245.65:8080

86.105.88.48:8080 ; 78.47.47.135:312

Connect with Internet by Access point : rcomms
In Firefox > Tools > Options > Advance > Networks > Settings > Manual Proxy
And then edit it with the any above proxy and port
Save it, and start to enjoy free gprs in PC

Adobe Master Collection CS5 Serial Numbers

noreply@blogger.com (Jomisurprise) — Wed, 20 Jun 2012 08:39:00 +0530

Adobe Master Collection CS5 Serial Numbers

I have created a full tutorial on how you can use these serials, as you need to mod your Hosts file to get them accepted. If you do not follow steps accordingly than you might not be able to get them into work so check out tutorial carefully.

1. First step is to install your product as a trial version, well you can install them individually or you can install Master Collection.

2. So after you have installed your product do not run it just close it and than go to Start and search for Notepad and run it as an administrator.

3. Now through your Notepad, navigate to Computer > Local Disk (C:) > Windows > System32 > Drivers > Etc. > Hosts and add text from this file @ the end of the HOSTS File like in the image below and than Save it.
4. So now you have completed the main step which will help you in getting your serial accepted, now last step is to Disconnect your Internet & fire up your software and than insert below serial’s according to your system like for Windows or Mac.

Serials for Windows Version :

1325-1263-0034-6192-0472-9778
1325-1157-8207-7707-9798-6532
1325-1319-1010-6434-1955-4619
1325-1870-2938-9873-5356-2624
1325-1174-1834-0596-8505-0323
1325-1271-7898-3364-1803-3655
1325-1823-6020-0958-5549-2729
1325-1177-2533-5307-9327-8593
1325-1960-8746-4023-7312-2320
1325-1095-0854-7085-2679-7165

Serials for Mac Version :

1325-0150-1163-7532-1626-3430
1325-0178-1927-9019-0123-2254
1325-0702-3693-1544-9166-3515
1325-0549-2240-0071-3409-1342

5. Now just use any serials above according to your OS and than your Serials will be accepted, so make sure your Hosts file part is completed successfully because if its not done correctly than your serials might not get accepted.

On Smart Phones and Anti-Social Networking

noreply@blogger.com (Jomisurprise) — Tue, 19 Jun 2012 03:06:00 +0530

On Smart Phones and Anti-Social Networking

The phone was invented as a way for geographically distanced people to communicate. Social networking exploded in its popularity over the last several years as a way to connect with people you knew, as well as many others you didn’t. What is happening now, however, is not so simple and straightforward.

‘Social’ Networks

Spend time on any general purpose social network today, and you’re bound to discover not a simple apathy, but a healthy disdain & contempt for other ‘social’ networks. There are communities & groups on each, who share & rejoice in the ridiculing of other networks. It would not be a problem if the ridicule & the disdain were targeted only at the individual companies behind these networks, the issue is that it is being targeted towards users.

People are now forming opinions about each other depending on whether they’re primarily using Facebook or Google Plus or Twitter for their social networking and whether they’re on a network or not. Are you checking-in on Foursquare? Are you sharing pictures of our meeting on Instagram? The scenario of a date or prospective couples meeting only to discover one of them isn’t on Twitter and hence having a negative influence isn’t an imaginary future, it’s a reality today.

Is this what it means to be social? When we judge people, and this is becoming more & more common & widespread, we are being the exact opposite.

‘Smart’ Phones

Instead of the phone simply being used to communicate, phone ecosystems have become organized religion. There are evangelists (fanatics) who not only vigorously defend their platform of choice, but wage war on those who choose another. When the vitriol reaches the level of death threats, one wonders who is being ‘smart’ in this whole affair. Using a smartphone doesn’t make one smart, it makes the company’s marketing smart.

Look at how stats are being published on whether iPhone or Android users are more likely to have sex on the first date. If you think these are just blogs eying page views, think again. There are companies behind these stats, out there because there exists a market for them. It is real.

When one meets a person in real life today, one of the Frequently Asked First Questions is about which smartphone you use. Several judgements & conclusions follow, though they may not be expressed explicitly. If you reside on different continents of the ecosystem, a real distance is created.

The continents of these different ecosystems belong to different companies and are drifting further and further apart. These tectonic shifts are getting worse. Remember what a phone was invented for? Now, these ‘smart’ phones are creating islands of communities hostile to each other. Instead of communicating, they’re distancing many people.

You

Facebook is a 800 million strong social network. Yet, as a public company, it has opted for the “controlled company exemption”‘, retaining 57% voting control to a single individual. Google has compromised on its flagship successful product, to promote its own rival social network. Twitter has decided to accede to governments, opting for a country-specific censorship policy, with Google following in its toes, with Blogger. The ‘Universal’ in URL is lost forever.

The question is, are you being really social? Are you really smart? If you were you would agree that both the Internet and humanism in general are suffering, thanks to a few companies.

How to Setup Google DFP on your Site

noreply@blogger.com (Jomisurprise) — Tue, 19 Jun 2012 02:39:00 +0530

How to Setup Google DFP on your Site

Say you use an advertising network like Google AdSense for serving ads but also accept direct advertisers on your website? Or have you signed up with multiple ad-networks but, due to limited ad space on your site, you will only like to run ads from the network that pays you the most money (read maximum CPM)?

In either of these cases, Google DFP, or Double-click for Publishers, could be an ideal solution for you. It is a free ad server from Google, like OpenX, that lets you sell ad space on your website more effectively.

You may choose to run banner ads, text ads or even rich-media (like video and flash ads) through DFP. The tool, which was formerly known as Google Ad Manager, requires no downloads or installation and any website publisher can sign-up for the DFP program as long as they have an active Google AdSense account.

Sell Your Advertising Space with Google DFP

Say you have a news website (or a blog) where you cover topics such as technology, sports, entertainment and so on. An advertiser wants to serve banner ad campaigns on all your tech related pages. He will pay $20 CPM for all US based impressions (see-order) and you can fill your remnant inventory through Google AdSense ads.

Let’s see how we can easily setup such an ad campaign through Google DFP.

Step 1: Create Ad Units

We need to tell DFP about the advertising space on our web pages. For instance, in our above example, we’ll have to create three ad slots for the 300×250 rectangle, the 160×600 skyscraper and the 468×60 banner. These are standard IAB units though you are free to define custom ad sizes as well.

Go to DFP –> Inventory –> Ad Units –> New Ad Unit. Give your ad unit a descriptive name so that you can easily determine where exactly that ad unit will be displayed and it’s size. Also check the option “Maximize revenue of unsold and remnant inventory with AdSense.”

Step 2: Define Placements

You have multiple ad units on the same page and there’s a possibility that an advertiser may want to place ads on more than one unit. Therefore, we need to create a placement which is like a group of one or more ad units where an advertiser’s ad can be displayed.

Go to Inventory tab –> Placements –> New Placement and define the placement. To keep things simple, we will associate only one ad unit (the 300×250 one) with our ad placement. Check the option that says “Offer this placement to advertisers” through AdWords and DoubleClick Ad planner to attract more advertisers.

Step 3. Create an Order

Now that we have defined our ad inventory, it’s time to feed in the client’s order. The advertiser will specify where he wants to place the ad, what kind of demographics he wants to target, what’s the price he is willing to pay and how long will the campaign run on our site.

Go to DFP –> Orders –> New Order. Create a company for the advertiser and then fill in the order details under “new line item.” Set the Type to “Price Priority” if you want the highest paying ads to be served on your site. Set Value CPM equal to the price that the client will pay and then add the targeting criteria.

Step 4. Upload the Ad Creative

It’s time for your to upload the “actual ad” that will display on your web pages. You can either upload images, Flash videos or even snippets of HTML and JavaScript in case you’re going with text ads.

Go to DFP –> Line Items and select the “Line Item” that you’ve created in the previous step. Click Add Creatives –> New Creative and upload the image / SWF Flash file. You can even upload multiple creative ads per line item and they’ll display evenly across that site – this helps you determine an appropriate ad copy that performs best with your visitors.

Step 5. Get the Ad Tags for your Site

We are almost done. All we need to do is get the JavaScript code from Google Ad Manager DFP and copy-paste it into our blog’s template.

Click the Inventory tab in your DFP dashboard and choose “Generate Ad Tags” – select the appropriate ad unit (the one that we created in Step #1) and choose “Generate Tags.” Add this code to your website and within 10-15 minutes, the DFP tool should start serving ads on your pages.

Access Facebook on any Mobile Without the Internet

noreply@blogger.com (Jomisurprise) — Tue, 19 Jun 2012 01:47:00 +0530

Access Facebook on any Mobile Without the Internet

You can now use Facebook on any mobile phone without GPRS or the Internet. You can chat with Facebook friends, send messages, add friends and more.

Do you have an old mobile phone, like the Nokia C6-01, that has no browser and can do little more than make phone calls? Or are you stuck in some remote place where there’s no Internet or no other form of data (EGDE/GPRS/3G) connectivity is available?

Not a problem. You can still use your Facebook account in India by dialing *325# (or *fbk#) from your mobile phone – this service requires no data plan or Internet and it will even work on phones of the Stone Age. Here’s a quick tour:

You dial the *325# number, then enter your Facebook username and password and you are in. You can then send number based commands to access various features of Facebook, chat with friends who are online, add new people to your friends list, and more.

I played with the service for some time and it was a nice experience overall. If there were a Unix-like shell interface for Facebook, it would be much similar. Fonetwish says that this service is currently available for Airtel, Aircel, Idea and Tata Docomo users in India.

It may be too much work to read your Facebook news feed stories one by one but this is a good option to quickly update your Facebook status or for chatting with friends who are online. The price is reasonable too – you just have pay a subscription fee of 1.00 per day for unlimited usage.

Auction Sale (Sec 64 of the Sale of Goods Act 1930)

noreply@blogger.com (Jomisurprise) — Mon, 18 Jun 2012 13:27:00 +0530

Auction

An auction sale is a public sale to any person bidding the highest price, upon terms and conditions previously announced. The sale described in the previous chapter was negotiated privately, a definite purchaser appearing with whom the seller dealt directly, knowing with whom he was doing business. An auction sale on the other hand is public and any person may become the purchaser. The owner does not even know, until the bidding takes place, what price he will receive1 for his property.

Usually the seller can realize more for his property at private sale. However he may be compelled to sell at auction, either because the law requires the sale of his property publicly, or because private purchasers do not appear or he thinks a public sale would bring a larger price. In the large cities there are customary auction rooms and licensed auctioneers whose time and energy is devoted to auction sales. In the country districts the sale is usually had at some gathering place, as the post office, railway station, town hall or on the property.

Under Sec64 of the Sale of Goods Act 1930,In the case of sale by auction-

(1) where goods are put up for sale in lots, each lot is prima facie deemed to be the subject of a separate contract of sale.

(2) the sale is complete when the auctioneer announces its completion by the fall of the hammer or in other customary manner, and, until such announcement is made, any bidder may retract his bid.

(3) a right to bid may be reserved expressly by or on behalf of the seller and, where such rights is expressly so reserved, but not otherwise, the seller or any one person on his behalf may, subject to the provisions hereinafter contained, bid at the auction,

(4) where the sale is not notified to be subject to a right to bid on behalf of the seller, it shall not be lawful for the seller to bid himself or to employ any person to bid at such sale, or for the auctioneer knowingly to take any bid from the seller or any such person, and any such person, and any sale contravening this rule may be treated as fraudulent by the buyer.

(5) the sale may be notified to be subject to a reserved or upset price.

(6) if the seller makes use of pretended bidding to raise the price, the sale is voidable at the option of the buyer.

Sector 64A. In contracts of sale, amount of increased or deceased to tax to be added or deducted

(1) Unless a different intention appears from the terms of the contract, in the event of any tax of the nature described in sub-section (2) being imposed, increased, decreased or remitted in respect of any goods after the making of any contract for the sale or purchase of such goods without stipulations as to the payment of tax where tax was not chargeable at the time of the making of the contract, or for the sale or purchase of such good tax- paid where tax was chargeable at that time.-

(a) if such imposition or increase so takes effect that the tax or increased tax, as the case may be, or any part of such tax is paid or is payable, the seller may add so much to the contract price as will be equivalent to the amount paid or payable in respect of such tax or increase of tax, and he shall be entitled to be paid and to sue for and recover such addition, and

(b) if such decrease or remission so takes effect that the decreased tax only, or no tax, as the case may be, is paid or is payable, the buyer made deduct so much from the contract price as will be equivalent to the decrease of tax or remitted tax, and he shall not be liable to pay, or be sued for, or in respect of, such deduction.

(2) The provisions of sub-section (1) apply to the following taxes, namely:-

(a) any duty of customs or excise on goods.

(b) any tax on the sale or purchase of goods.

Jomisurprise

What is NFC? (Near Field Communication)

What is Li-Fi?

7.4g

8.GPRS

9.CDMA

10.EVDO

11.UMTS and HSDPA

Remembering the Missile Man of India, Dr APJ Abdul Kalam

League of Nations Failures...

What is LTE?

7.4g

8.GPRS

9.CDMA

10.EVDO

11.UMTS and HSDPA

3G (third generation of mobile telephony)

3G refers to the third generation of mobile telephony (that is, cellular) technology. The third generation, as the name suggests, follows two earlier generations.

7.4g

8.GPRS

9.CDMA

10.EVDO

11.UMTS and HSDPA

GSM (Global System for Mobile communication)

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7.4g

8.GPRS

9.CDMA

10.EVDO

11.UMTS and HSDP

WHAT IS WiMAX?(Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), WLANS, WPANS, WMANS, WWMAS.

6.3g

7.4g

8.GPRS

9.CDMA

10.EVDO

11.UMTS and HSDPA

what is infrared

7.4g

8.GPRS

9.CDMA

10.EVDO

11.UMTS and HSDP

Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)

7.4g

8.GPRS

9.CDMA

10.EVDO

11.UMTS and HSDP

What Is Bluetooth

Bluetooth devices generally communicate at less than 1 Mbps to 24 Mbps,

Bluetooth networks feature a dynamic topology called a piconet or PAN. Piconets contain a minimum of two and a maximum of eight Bluetooth peer devices. Devices communicate using protocols that are part of the Bluetooth Specification.

6.3g

7.4g

8.GPRS

9.CDMA

10.EVDO

11.UMTS and HSDPA

Wireless World

What Is a Wireless Network?

What Is a Wireless Network vs. a Wired Network?

Benefits..

What is,

6.3g

7.4g

8.GPRS

9.CDMA

10.EVDO

11.UMTS and HSDPA

1.Bluetooth