<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><rss xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xmlns:openSearch="http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/" xmlns:blogger="http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008" xmlns:georss="http://www.georss.org/georss" xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0" version="2.0"><channel><atom:id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8508519656628787686</atom:id><lastBuildDate>Sun, 11 May 2025 23:41:34 +0000</lastBuildDate><category>autocad</category><category>curso</category><category>organizar el proyecto</category><category>canto gregoriano</category><category>románico</category><category>Cpt 1</category><category>Cpt 4</category><category>gótico</category><category>música coral</category><category>personalizar el autocad</category><category>proyecto</category><category>Cpt 10</category><category>Cpt 2</category><category>Cpt 3</category><category>mediciones y presupuestos</category><category>sistema de archivo</category><category>Cpt 6</category><category>Cpt 8</category><category>bloques</category><category>clases de autocad</category><category>gestión</category><category>oferta curso</category><category>reparcelar</category><category>urbanismo</category><category>urbanizador</category><category>Cpt 11</category><category>Cpt 5</category><category>Cpt 7</category><category>Cpt 9</category><category>caja de cambios</category><category>cambio automático</category><category>cambio manual</category><category>catedral</category><category>clases particulares</category><category>combustible</category><category>doble embrague</category><category>eficiencia</category><category>embrague automático</category><category>pares de engranajes</category><category>practica</category><category>rendimiento</category><category>sonoridad</category><category>Cpt 12</category><category>aviones</category><category>año-luz.</category><category>boiler</category><category>caldera</category><category>calefacción</category><category>capas</category><category>color</category><category>curso online</category><category>sistema solar</category><category>tipo de linea</category><category>universo</category><title>Julio Alvarez | AutoCAD y ARQuitectura</title><description></description><link>http://juliocad.blogspot.com/</link><managingEditor>noreply@blogger.com (Julio)</managingEditor><generator>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>85</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8508519656628787686.post-4722485040877690129</guid><pubDate>Sun, 05 Jul 2015 08:24:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2015-07-05T10:24:32.493+02:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">canto gregoriano</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">románico</category><title>INTERPRETACION SOBRE EL ROMÁNICO en SAN ISIDORO DE LEÓN</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKKo2tsUfI8Dkw9nCUJI08HrRXPnM96u-PJs2h_nVEpBcSr8i-nok36ZTQqG4PgZn3hSd09TWOAy4-J8TMHFpP3JgZTsp8ehoDPROpjda0uaNkhrUeOM7CuY1iA0uhj4GtfBybE6lUiB8m/s1600/01_zocalo.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;El estilo artístico que se identifica con la denominación de
ROMÁNICO, comprende naturalmente todas las vertientes tradicionales de las
artes plásticas: arquitectura, escultura y pintura, pero también se extiende a otros
tipos de manifestaciones artísticas como la música, destacando especialmente el
aspecto coral o CANTO, ya que es precisamente en esta época, cuando surge y se
desarrolla el “canto gregoriano”, al amparo de los grandes monasterios que se
desarrollan por toda Europa, en una sinergia muy destacable junto con las
peregrinaciones a lo largo del camino de Santiago. &lt;br /&gt;
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El desarrollo temporal de esta época, abarca desde los
comienzos del siglo XI, a partir del año mil, hasta que es reemplazado por el gótico,
que inicia sus primeras manifestaciones dentro de la arquitectura, en la
segunda mitad del siglo XII. Con independencia de otras manifestaciones
artísticas, el caso de la “arquitectura” es bastante característico, ya que en
ambos casos se configuran unas pautas de diseño muy marcadas para cada estilo,
con algunas diferencias notables y singulares, como son las bóvedas y los arbotantes.&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Otro par de circunstancias destacables sobre esta época
histórica, son por un lado la discontinuidad que representa la aparición de la
arquitectura románica al comenzar el siglo XI, respecto al periodo
inmediatamente anterior, ya que entre los siglos sexto y décimo, apenas hay
unos pocos ejemplos de arquitectura, además de dimensiones bastante reducidas, si
se comparan con los del ROMÁNICO, y por otra parte una nueva transición
igualmente abrupta respecto al gótico, ya que a partir de la segunda mitad del
siglo XII prácticamente no se inicia ningún nuevo edificio de cierta
importancia, basado en los elementos y características constructivas de
ROMÁNICO.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Esas circunstancias y sus hipotéticas motivaciones se han desarrollado en otras entradas de la página de referencia: &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://julioalvarez.es/romanico-gotico-y-canto-gregoriano-2/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Románico, Gótico y Canto Gregoriano&lt;/a&gt;&quot;, a la que se remite a cualquiera que esté interesado en el tema. En esta ocasión lo que se pretende desarrollar, es solo una visión muy esquemática y sintética, sobre la configuración geométrica y el proceso constructivo de una iglesia ROMÁNICA, con ayuda de las ilustraciones que acompañan al artículo, que contienen una pequeña referencia explicativa, y un modelo en 3D que se muestra en movimiento a través de una animación informática. Se ha tomado como ejemplo de referencia la iglesia de &quot;San Isidoro de León&quot;, aunque reducida al esquema inicial, eludiendo las modificaciones posteriores de la capilla central en el gótico, o los añadidos del barroco.&lt;br /&gt;
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·         Archivo del&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dropbox.com/s/k0ndjy4al6bwfhu/SanIsidoro.2.skp?dl=0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt; modelo 3D en formato *.SKP&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;·         Archivo del &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dropbox.com/s/efninip9c7j5tda/SanIsidoro.kmz?dl=0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;modelo 3D en formato *.KMZ&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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</description><link>http://juliocad.blogspot.com/2015/07/interpretacion-sobre-el-romanico-en-san.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Julio)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKXY2ZMoEEMZx8tTCnSqUnog3zdO8JFVDhM3B7VsJ1BTFxONQvghOi5aBBSLmSACgsPL54AsOksvJaaljichdipTmFylEYc06XxhzyZ2rAv82USHWZXmUBFKZapKmPe8YxTX_eG1iWefpf/s72-c/01_zocalo_p.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>1</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8508519656628787686.post-7765464408346438242</guid><pubDate>Tue, 15 Apr 2014 07:10:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2014-04-15T09:10:21.372+02:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">canto gregoriano</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">catedral</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">combustible</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">gótico</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">música coral</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">románico</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">sonoridad</category><title>DEL ROMÁNICO AL GÓTICO VII - [Integrales y Derivadas]</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Durante los seis capítulos anteriores se ha
desarrollado paulatinamente una argumentación que de forma resumida consiste en
atribuir, la evolución entre el estilo “románico” y el “gótico”, a unos pocos
cambios en las técnicas de construcción, y también a la “motivación” que
representaba en aquella época, la posibilidad de mejorar de una forma muy
notable y acusada, la “sonoridad” de los recintos en los que se desarrollaba la
música coral del “canto gregoriano”, que podía escucharse en monasterios,
iglesias y catedrales.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTm-2D2HUtXd5D3QgAZbXG3QzsP3Xp19bziR9qAzCWfd2ois-lzv3HWph3bAg0vNGAaKbpbY9X90YtTXEdAFHS0nUcBYMxEFZleFjBPGgsOLmQemOx0FqgTLUe8DW64XTegSVJ2rhciVUi/s1600/Imagen12.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTm-2D2HUtXd5D3QgAZbXG3QzsP3Xp19bziR9qAzCWfd2ois-lzv3HWph3bAg0vNGAaKbpbY9X90YtTXEdAFHS0nUcBYMxEFZleFjBPGgsOLmQemOx0FqgTLUe8DW64XTegSVJ2rhciVUi/s1600/Imagen12.jpg&quot; height=&quot;185&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Evidentemente se trata de una argumentación
desarrollada bajo un punto de vista personal, que no coincide con las
interpretaciones habituales, pero es completamente rigurosa con los datos y
referencias históricas, y desde luego se ha prestado un especial cuidado sobre
la coherencia de esta interpretación, con respecto a los conocimientos actuales
de “técnicas de construcción” y “acústica de recintos”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;LA GRAN INTEGRACIÓN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Esta nueva argumentación supone atribuir ese “notable
y repentino” cambio en las formas y la estética de la construcción de los
edificios, no tanto a una evolución de índole cultural, que trataría de
expresar nuevas y profundas inquietudes, mediante un repertorio de formas y
estética completamente distinto del anterior, para operar como directrices de
diseño en los nuevos edificios, sino más bien a la concurrencia y sinergia
mutua, entre dos circunstancias de un carácter mucho más pragmático. Por un
lado, las nuevas técnicas de construcción, que permiten realizar&amp;nbsp; edificios mucho más altos, grandes y
voluminosos aunque desempeñando unos recursos parecidos o equivalentes a los
anteriores, y por otro lado la considerable y notable “mejora” con la que se
puede escuchar&amp;nbsp; el “canto gregoriano” dentro
de ellos, ya que la sonoridad de estos y por tanto la “magnitud del sonido” que
escucha el oyente, se multiplica por un factor cuatro a cinco veces mayor, en
la mayoria de los casos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpI5vvlckPNijX9GQm7RrOPIEnGDBC7LY5Lrn69e_KoHxUT3AlptfcXmRIpHLzkqRt-LCXARYOEogtXeSh71oJ8id_DDVG8QKLwxCHCPo6LsftZfEmK_5w7mNPhyphenhyphenHv658cRoD84tklVqeq/s1600/Imagen3.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; display: inline !important; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpI5vvlckPNijX9GQm7RrOPIEnGDBC7LY5Lrn69e_KoHxUT3AlptfcXmRIpHLzkqRt-LCXARYOEogtXeSh71oJ8id_DDVG8QKLwxCHCPo6LsftZfEmK_5w7mNPhyphenhyphenHv658cRoD84tklVqeq/s1600/Imagen3.jpg&quot; height=&quot;166&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Lógicamente la afirmación que se acaba de
hacer podría considerarse completamente gratuita, ya que no se conocen pruebas
directas que la respalden, como podría ser la “memoria” de un proyecto, donde
el autor desarrolla mediante un documento escrito, las motivaciones u objetivos
que justifican la ejecución del nuevo edificio. No obstante voy a tratar de
exponer y acompañar unos cuantos argumentos, que si bien pueden considerarse
circunstanciales, yo creo que respaldan con una claridad notable la afirmación
que se acaba de hacer.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El
Órgano de la Catedral&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;, es un instrumento musical que constituye el “alma” de
la misma. Como instrumento de música, está basado en la vibración de la masa de
aire que se encuentra dentro de un tubo rígido, normalmente abierto en uno de
sus extremos, y con una lengüeta vibrante en el otro, sobre la que se sopla con
un chorro de aire procedente de un fuelle u otro sistema parecido. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2s0FUBOqa6WzfxYPUJeCkB9QOIy_fXTcjieqDj64swHq23fBDT0Gm1lyJHiwu1IkKLTZEerU99EgbFW1EqqK6lToS1petBrn4GuXG6m5flEJEiA6tVgfB6Ix6h-YT3duoLxIfpKbq3gSA/s1600/Imagen5.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2s0FUBOqa6WzfxYPUJeCkB9QOIy_fXTcjieqDj64swHq23fBDT0Gm1lyJHiwu1IkKLTZEerU99EgbFW1EqqK6lToS1petBrn4GuXG6m5flEJEiA6tVgfB6Ix6h-YT3duoLxIfpKbq3gSA/s1600/Imagen5.jpg&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; width=&quot;175&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;La vibración de la lengüeta, se propaga al
interior induciendo una “resonancia” en la masa de aire, que acomoda su frecuencia
principal a la longitud del tubo, produciendo el sonido correspondiente a esa
nota concreta. Cada tubo produce una sola nota musical, pero para una misma
nota, se puede disponer de varios tubos, que incluso pueden ser de distinto
material y/o forma, de modo que el órgano se organiza con diferentes registros,
que se pueden combinar y corresponden a conjuntos de tubos con diferencias de
timbre, matiz y/o sonoridad. Esto hace que el órgano pueda disponer de varios
teclados, pedales y/o registros, y su ejecución pueda llegar a ser notablemente
compleja.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Evidentemente la base de la sonoridad del
órgano, es la propia vibración del aire transmitida de forma directa e
inmediata al espacio circundante, y que se destaca de una manera especialmente
notable cuanto mayor es el tiempo de reverberación (TR) del gran recinto de “la
catedral”, donde se sigue oyendo su sonido, incluso durante cinco, seis o más
segundos, después de haber interrumpido la ejecución. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;La Música
de Cámara&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;,
es una terminología dentro del género musical, que se refiere a composiciones
escritas normalmente para un pequeño conjunto de instrumentos, como un cuarteto
de cuerda (dos violines, una viola y un chelo), que se desarrolla con gran
proliferación en el siglo diez y ocho (XVIII), alrededor de los palacios de la
nobleza. Estas composiciones se hacían con el fin de que fuesen oídas, en
reuniones sociales de unos cuantos aristócratas invitados, que se reunían en
una “cámara” o salón del palacio de turno, para escuchar esa música.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ8pIYiY1YR1ASq0-ecWsYxzJsU4iyQtJ3YKQ5FCnuxQG4i7BVSXpDNY0vl9LIGHAg0soRMlEWy7I_ytNCo3gFsqYacnx0d9mSVO5zzYKhekxyL4z_cgOJd49Nd9pArnQLcZor2CK8maR1/s1600/Imagen6.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ8pIYiY1YR1ASq0-ecWsYxzJsU4iyQtJ3YKQ5FCnuxQG4i7BVSXpDNY0vl9LIGHAg0soRMlEWy7I_ytNCo3gFsqYacnx0d9mSVO5zzYKhekxyL4z_cgOJd49Nd9pArnQLcZor2CK8maR1/s1600/Imagen6.jpg&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; width=&quot;186&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Lógicamente por amplio que fuera el salón del
palacio correspondiente, su “volumen” y por tanto el TR (tiempo de
reverberación), estaban completamente fuera de escala, con respecto a los
parámetros de sonoridad del recinto de una catedral o de una sala de conciertos
para música sinfónica. Esto indica que esa música se compone con otras pautas
diferentes de viveza y ritmo, ya que se trata de una música mucho más ligera, con
una denominación diferente, que ya no es adecuada para la audición en directo
dentro de grandes espacios con TRs altos, donde la persistencia acústica, distorsiona
o hace perder la viveza y agilidad en el ritmo, que caracteriza este tipo de
composición musical.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Otra referencia sobre la misma idea, es la
aparición de dos nuevos géneros musicales caracterizados por la agilidad y rapidez
de su ritmo, como son precisamente el “Jazz” y el “Rock and Roll”, que no
surgen hasta el siglo XX, y están vinculados con actuaciones en pequeños
locales como las salas de Jazz y/o a grabaciones en estudio, o bien a una “megafonía
exacervada” en discotecas y grandes conciertos, como en el caso del Rock and
Roll.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;La
Catedral de Florencia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;, es un edificio que está considerado como la primera
gran obra que da paso hacia el “Renacimiento”, y es históricamente conocida
entre otras cosas, por el papel protagonista que desempeña el gran arquitecto
Brunelleschi.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El proyecto de construcción había sido concebido
con una gran cúpula, de dimensiones próximas a las del “panteón romano”, aunque
en este caso era preciso construirla sobre unos muros mucho más altos, en una
posición bastante más elevada. Esta característica aseguraba disponer de un
recinto con un “volumen” considerable, casi desconocido hasta entonces, pero también
plantea unos problemas técnicos de construcción que nadie se atreve a abordar durante
un cierto periodo de tiempo. Es precisamente Brunelleschi, quien acepta el
desafío para construir esa gran cúpula, y lo resuelve con una solución muy
novedosa basada en realizar “dos” cúpulas concéntricas mucho más ligeras, y con
un trazado “parabólico” que proporciona más estabilidad, por acomodarse mejor a
la curva de la “catenaria” que es la que realmente describe el polígono de
cargas que se generan con la distribución real del “peso” de los materiales.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgO2DmMms7VHF2NOOt8EK8dkpfvLlR1Q1bPc5XWe6xDWzIbt3DWtUbpm2mkUKv1Y6nPTkYkDy3UpuqoPm2CM7FdK0Zs6k5R8Zcn6WUea5fQ40OnJqlIoh7T2R58flkDTHpx4R__gG_fV_j/s1600/Imagen7.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgO2DmMms7VHF2NOOt8EK8dkpfvLlR1Q1bPc5XWe6xDWzIbt3DWtUbpm2mkUKv1Y6nPTkYkDy3UpuqoPm2CM7FdK0Zs6k5R8Zcn6WUea5fQ40OnJqlIoh7T2R58flkDTHpx4R__gG_fV_j/s1600/Imagen7.jpg&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; width=&quot;148&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El personaje de Brunelleschi es uno de los
prototipos de hombre del renacimiento. Tiene una primera etapa como escultor,
pero además es un notable conocedor de las “matemáticas y la música”, que en
aquella época eran disciplinas integradas conjuntamente. Finalmente es&amp;nbsp; conocido históricamente sobre todo, por la
construcción de la cúpula de esta Catedral. Durante la ejecución de la obra se
producen&amp;nbsp; algunos avatares y peripecias
en la relación con las autoridades y con otros colegas, pero finalmente su
mérito es plenamente reconocido, y en la gran “inauguración” del edificio, el
propio Brunelleschi compone un “motete a cinco voces”, que es una composición
musical de tipo coral y polifónico, lo que supone que debe ser “cantada” por
“cinco” coros u orfeones independientes, entonando cada uno la melodía en una
octava distinta.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Considerando que el teclado de un piano solo
dispone de siete octavas, precisamente porque al “duplicarse” la frecuencia de
la nota inicial al avanzar cada octava, queda cubierto prácticamente todo el
espectro de audición del oído, que va prácticamente de 50 a 20.000 herzios. Si
la primera octava se inicia en 80Hz, las seis siguientes se inician en 160, 320,
640, 1.280, 2.560 y 5.120 Hz, y la última termina alrededor de los 10.240, ya
sin espacio para una octava adicional. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Evidentemente una composición a cinco voces
debe cubrir prácticamente todo el espectro de audición “posible”, ya que solo
se excluyen las octavas de los extremos, y además debe ser alcanzado con la
entonación de las personas que cantan, por lo que constituye efectivamente una
auténtica demostración práctica del mérito, además de “una buena razón”, para construir
un recinto como ese.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;LA BATALLA de LAS NAVAS DE TOLOSA&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En este caso voy a tratar un acontecimiento
histórico que aparentemente no tiene nada que ver con los argumentos anteriores,
pero sin embargo yo creo que a raíz del mismo se “derivan” algunas
circunstancias que me gustaría destacar, por lo que haciendo un pequeño juego semántico
con el significado de las “integrales y derivadas” dentro de la disciplina de
las matemáticas, cuyo último concepto no siempre queda suficientemente claro, me
he permitido titular el capítulo, como una alusión velada hacia esas “derivaciones”,
tan poco convencionales.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO3E6wbEDNB73UCg42chtVwLXVEuus2fojvhMMT99YxAoWlL4SEZHTsUHxVc7UN5VeSTA_GKV18jGvvTXBEYsomhaHnMQifGDpjh337T6dJcXslpSbAD3MjF3GpLDIDD1HIZh8WrlZC0DL/s1600/Imagen8.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO3E6wbEDNB73UCg42chtVwLXVEuus2fojvhMMT99YxAoWlL4SEZHTsUHxVc7UN5VeSTA_GKV18jGvvTXBEYsomhaHnMQifGDpjh337T6dJcXslpSbAD3MjF3GpLDIDD1HIZh8WrlZC0DL/s1600/Imagen8.jpg&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; width=&quot;156&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El acontecimiento histórico de la batalla de
las Navas de Tolosa, es sobradamente conocido y se puede consultar con
facilidad, pero a modo de resumen, creo que se puede decir que constituye el
punto de inflexión decisivo en la evolución de “La Reconquista”. Esta batalla
se produce en el verano del año 1.212 en tierras de la provincia de Jaén,
ligeramente al sur aunque bastante próxima al paso de Despeñaperros, en lo que
puede considerarse como la puerta de Andalucía o la “Al_Andalus” musulmana.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;La batalla se origina como una alianza de
todos los reinos cristianos de la península, desde el Atlántico al
Mediterráneo, incluyendo los reinos de León que comprende también Asturias y
Galicia, Castilla, Navarra y Aragón con los condados catalanes, los
almogávares, e incluso con la participación de caballeros trasmontanos o
franceses del otro lado de los Pirineos. Las fuerzas son dirigidas y
capitaneadas por el rey de Castilla que promueve esta alianza, con el respaldo
del Papa y algún Obispo, y aunque el rey de León no asiste directamente a la
batalla por desavenencias con el de Castilla, sí que participan los ejércitos y
caballeros del reino de León, y dentro de la batalla el rey Sancho de Navarra,
arranca las cadenas del recinto que delimita la tienda del Miramamolín huido de
la batalla, y a raíz del acontecimiento se las cuelga en su escudo de armas,
desde el cual pasan al de los Reyes Católicos y de ahí al de España, donde aún
se conservan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;La fecha de 1.212 evidentemente entra de
lleno en ese periodo de cincuenta años que ya se había mencionado
anteriormente, en el que se inicia la construcción de las grandes catedrales
góticas por toda Europa, probablemente para conseguir esa “nueva sonoridad
impresionante” que se puede escuchar dentro de sus recintos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;PRIMERA DERIVADA – La Mezquita de Córdoba&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Como consecuencia de la batalla anterior, en
los años siguientes se produce un declive considerable de los reinos
musulmanes, y una nueva hegemonía del reino de Castilla, y en pocos años, sus
tropas conquistan y ocupan las ciudades de Córdoba y Sevilla. Lógicamente
cuando los cristianos entran en Córdoba a mediados del siglo trece, se
encuentran con “La Mezquita”, que es un recinto cerrado cuajado de arcos y
columnas, que mantiene una altura constante en torno a los seis u ocho metros
libres, con una extensión horizontal en torno a los 13.000m2, lo cual
representa un recinto cerrado con un volumen del orden de los cien mil metros
cúbicos. [100.000m3]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_8Ig6-0fsGxpZAtCopFPTmUG38TmYDAEBWmUBEQD9LylUGBB94ZFXqwWsCtXlvaI5r2Y0ObFgugQ7GzpkAkgGDHRVBSOz1LH8ojicYxA5EZz_heyrJpoeSbHjcUyRjyp3ibl3NZr7zsJp/s1600/Imagen11.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_8Ig6-0fsGxpZAtCopFPTmUG38TmYDAEBWmUBEQD9LylUGBB94ZFXqwWsCtXlvaI5r2Y0ObFgugQ7GzpkAkgGDHRVBSOz1LH8ojicYxA5EZz_heyrJpoeSbHjcUyRjyp3ibl3NZr7zsJp/s1600/Imagen11.jpg&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; width=&quot;188&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Si ahora consideramos que el volumen del
recinto de un catedral como la de Santiago de Compostela puede estar en el entorno
de los treinta mil metros cúbicos, y las de León o Burgos, alrededor de los cincuenta
mil, y que ninguna catedral de esa época, incluida Notre Dame de París, sobrepasa
esta cifra de forma significativa, creo que debió transcurrir muy poco tiempo,
para que alguien que conociese las verdaderas inquietudes para construir las nuevas
catedrales, decidiese situar un “coro” dentro de aquella mezquita, para cantar “gregoriano”
a pleno pulmón, con el fin de poder escuchar el resultado.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Aunque yo no haya estado allí, estoy
plenamente convencido, que este tipo de acontecimiento o algo parecido, debió
de suceder realmente, y además que su resultado debió de cumplir holgadamente
las expectativas, debido sobre todo al aplastante rigor de la “física” y sus
ecuaciones, como en este caso la del profesor Sabine. Presumo en consecuencia,
que aquellos “bárbaros cristianos”, debieron instalar inmediatamente el “cabildo
de la catedral” dentro de aquella mezquita, para poder cantar “maitines”, “laudes”,
“vísperas” y “completas”, todos los días del año, y además supongo que los
musulmanes cordobeses debían escuchar diariamente aquellos cantos completamente
“embelesados”, ya que en un recinto como ese, debían sonar como auténtica
música celestial.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;SEGUNDA DERIVADA – La Catedral de Sevilla&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;A comienzos del siglo quince, y más
concretamente en el año 1.401, el cabildo de la catedral de Sevilla que se
encontraba instalado en la antigua mezquita de la ciudad, probablemente
siguiendo las pautas de Córdoba, decide construir una nueva catedral, debido
sobre todo al estado ruinoso y deteriorado que presentaba la mezquita en aquel momento.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWApzbU4HnRiXJZU3mMccAb7yKVIj3oR30rsU3ecbIx0jvT0wUZUtdgLQ57AwVaCdAb5lNpSvQEhGt0WeUiKM7Jgl84TPGVWq6DD4-OlvvvRtKEGdBEc5TRHLcyvY-_JGtEilXBN-mW-Mc/s1600/Imagen10.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWApzbU4HnRiXJZU3mMccAb7yKVIj3oR30rsU3ecbIx0jvT0wUZUtdgLQ57AwVaCdAb5lNpSvQEhGt0WeUiKM7Jgl84TPGVWq6DD4-OlvvvRtKEGdBEc5TRHLcyvY-_JGtEilXBN-mW-Mc/s1600/Imagen10.jpg&quot; height=&quot;177&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Al abordar el proyecto y la construcción del
nuevo edificio, ya existía una relativa experiencia acumulada sobre el tamaño
de los recintos, y los límites prácticos de las nuevas técnicas de construcción
mediante bóvedas de nervios, e incluso se encuentra abierto y en curso, el
desafío para concluir la catedral de Florencia. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Presumo que al abordar el nuevo reto para
proyectar y construir una gran catedral, los responsables de aquella iniciativa
debieron de marcarse como es lógico, un objetivo relativamente ambicioso, y
aunque no puedo tener ninguna seguridad en lo que sostengo, me imagino que para
cualquier persona de aquel cabildo que hubiera escuchado el canto de un coro dentro
de la mezquita de Córdoba, el desafío tendría que ser obviamente el poder
acercarse o igualar al menos la “sonoridad” o reverberación de aquella
mezquita.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;TERCERA DERIVADA – La Catedral de Córdoba&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Una vez iniciada la construcción de una nueva
catedral como la que se había proyectado en Sevilla que se encontraba en curso
de ejecución a lo largo de todo el siglo quince, presumo que entre los miembros
del cabildo cordobés, debió de surgir alguna inquietud sobre la posibilidad de
que esa nueva catedral, pudiese llegar a igualar o superar la “sonoridad” de su
mezquita, relegando su importancia relativa. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En aquellos tiempos la seguridad intelectual
que proporcionan las ecuaciones de la física y en particular la de Sabine, eran
rigurosamente desconocidas y probablemente los bulos, las rotundas afirmaciones
de expertos “auténticamente entendidos” y también algunos buscones
oportunistas, seguramente contribuían a incrementar ese tipo de inquietudes, y yo
pienso que esos posibles temores al “riesgo” de perder el protagonismo de una
sonoridad excepcional, pudieron ser una razón verosímil para que durante el
siglo quince, el cabildo de Córdoba decida ampliar la propia mezquita, ¿¡..empotrando
una nueva catedral dentro de ella..¡?, para que al aumentar considerablemente su
recinto, se mantenga intacta su singularidad y protagonismo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;La verdad es que esta tercera idea, creo que
es la más especulativa y aventurada, pero la verdad es que como “arquitecto”
siempre me he preguntado, ¿&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;qué tipo de
razones&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;?, han podido tener los responsables de la decisión, para “empotrar”
la ejecución de esa nueva catedral, en un edificio como la Mezquita de Córdoba,
de una manera tan drástica, para mantener luego intacto el resto del edificio …
¿!..¡?. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWCLjrpTG6qTcdxU-t2ej-jN7B4JIektzmH-2wmYkZqQsLbRyduGELm4FaQwozno4i7j_7Tg7Uk-vWIv8Bdqcx69om-zm4KXOhWBHc2GJNxBXyZA8yTGBIhSDPJO18dyPSPx7_8aQOYmJ1/s1600/Catedrales.4.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWCLjrpTG6qTcdxU-t2ej-jN7B4JIektzmH-2wmYkZqQsLbRyduGELm4FaQwozno4i7j_7Tg7Uk-vWIv8Bdqcx69om-zm4KXOhWBHc2GJNxBXyZA8yTGBIhSDPJO18dyPSPx7_8aQOYmJ1/s1600/Catedrales.4.jpg&quot; height=&quot;302&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</description><link>http://juliocad.blogspot.com/2014/04/del-romanico-al-gotico-vii-integrales-y.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Julio)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTm-2D2HUtXd5D3QgAZbXG3QzsP3Xp19bziR9qAzCWfd2ois-lzv3HWph3bAg0vNGAaKbpbY9X90YtTXEdAFHS0nUcBYMxEFZleFjBPGgsOLmQemOx0FqgTLUe8DW64XTegSVJ2rhciVUi/s72-c/Imagen12.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8508519656628787686.post-5236967774426986207</guid><pubDate>Fri, 28 Mar 2014 11:26:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2014-03-28T12:26:42.687+01:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">canto gregoriano</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">catedral</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">gótico</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">música coral</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">románico</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">sonoridad</category><title>DEL ROMÁNICO AL GÓTICO VI - [Los Grandes Edificios]</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggGQFiRphTvEAFmArbOS_Y1N1GI9tbrbuTA0owftn3LhOnNFHCpLcqyASkExxEwCEF4FeFX6wiBUfG60e1D8OYq1TatssWXvrKi41EcAUguqJoGRI6xtpbGglHmcUGGYJCs0E6Q5a62itR/s1600/Imagen21.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggGQFiRphTvEAFmArbOS_Y1N1GI9tbrbuTA0owftn3LhOnNFHCpLcqyASkExxEwCEF4FeFX6wiBUfG60e1D8OYq1TatssWXvrKi41EcAUguqJoGRI6xtpbGglHmcUGGYJCs0E6Q5a62itR/s1600/Imagen21.jpg&quot; height=&quot;238&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Entre finales del siglo XII y comienzos del
XIII, es decir alrededor del año 1.200, comienzan a construirse las grandes
catedrales góticas, promovidas por los cabildos, y normalmente apoyados o
respaldados de distintas formas, por el poder de los reyes o la nobleza local.
Este proceso dura hasta el siglo XV o incluso el XVI en los que todavía se
inicia la construcción de algunas grandes catedrales góticas, como Sevilla
(1401), o las de Salamanca (nueva) y Segovia que inicialmente se proyectan casi
iguales, aunque la de Salamanca sufre una paralización de unos setenta años,
que al reanudase modifica el trazado del ábside en girola, por una nueva
configuración con planta de salón.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;En la sesión anterior, se habían
comentado las principales características de las bóvedas construidas con
nervios, que son precisamente las que constituyen la gran novedad de esta
época, y las que precisamente permiten la construcción de edificios que
aumentan considerable y cualitativamente, el tamaño y volumen de los
anteriores.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Esta nueva “&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;técnica de
construcción&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;” es la que da pie al estilo arquitectónico conocido como
“gótico”, el cual considero que deriva principalmente de esa nueva manera de
construir, y no de otras directrices estéticas, diseños y/o formas premeditadas
en función de una “moda” o “gusto” imperante en la época, o cualquier otra
interpretación sobre “espiritualidad” u ocurrencias similares.&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;El desarrollo de esta nueva
técnica de construcción, pero sobre todo la abrupta y brusca interrupción del
sistema anterior, debe tener lógicamente su propia motivación y sentido, y yo
personalmente creo que es precisamente el fenómeno de la “reverberación
acústica” en un recinto cerrado, la que al ser proporcional al volumen
absoluto, motiva el crecimiento abrumador y espectacular en el tamaño de los
edificios, ya que ese aumento de tamaño constituye un complemento y refuerzo
enormemente eficaz para poder “oír y escuchar” cualquier melodía de “&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;canto
gregoriano&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;”, con una &quot;&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;sonoridad&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&quot; desconocida e
impensable hasta ese momento, transmitiendo estas experiencias a lo largo de
todo el Camino de Santiago, como un reguero de pólvora. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;En un intervalo del orden de 50
años, desde 1180 al 1230, se inician o proyectan a lo largo de toda Europa, un
considerable número de iglesias o catedrales, con una altura libre de la nave central,
en el entorno de los treinta metros, que eran completamente inalcanzables con el
sistema de construcción anterior, que empleaba gruesos sillares de piedra en la
configuración de las bóvedas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Con el fin de apreciar estas diferencias, se acompaña un conjunto de
gráficos con la misma pauta o esquema que en el caso del edificio románico y
una descripción sobre las diferencias. En este caso se ha elegido una
representación esquemática de la catedral de León, y tanto al comienzo como al
final se incluye a su vez una superposición de la iglesia románica de San
Isidoro, que permiten comparar de forma intuitiva las diferencias de tamaño
entre ambos estilos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhisMjXfTOFctocjjy0jrsHA7GpezfOgUBCXuxHPIUbGO8nHihMcIfpteqprXRkllQqxTFCAx9Oh9J8c8uRysBlNF9IRELCaCWwq-JBKzYunjbCTdEvvv5X8PpYaxjglSlP8szUZqjUHanJ/s1600/Imagen3.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhisMjXfTOFctocjjy0jrsHA7GpezfOgUBCXuxHPIUbGO8nHihMcIfpteqprXRkllQqxTFCAx9Oh9J8c8uRysBlNF9IRELCaCWwq-JBKzYunjbCTdEvvv5X8PpYaxjglSlP8szUZqjUHanJ/s1600/Imagen3.jpg&quot; height=&quot;143&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Trazado
y&amp;nbsp; replanteo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Presenta
características similares aunque los edificios incrementan considerablemente
sus dimensiones.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Cimentación
y Arranque&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 351.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;También mantiene las
mismas características.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 351.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Muros y
soportes iniciales&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 351.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2bXb_1OVEFeaZm0xGN6afUfMOj0eR86h2o5uBZygiAiwv5pog7OGlCeHMQBIfHzJzSUB3nereyRrmYbt9ZqIHWLkAB9ADQjMg8fsVmAu_cUSVDX7nh4P68OgO7F7MXyYl71Q8lh1ZeIGe/s1600/Imagen4.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2bXb_1OVEFeaZm0xGN6afUfMOj0eR86h2o5uBZygiAiwv5pog7OGlCeHMQBIfHzJzSUB3nereyRrmYbt9ZqIHWLkAB9ADQjMg8fsVmAu_cUSVDX7nh4P68OgO7F7MXyYl71Q8lh1ZeIGe/s1600/Imagen4.jpg&quot; height=&quot;139&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 351.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En este caso los
muros son similares en el arranque aunque aparecen los soportes laterales de
los arbotantes en lugar de los contrafuertes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Los Arcos&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjjsIzJaw35fVzTHKsgc8JJefUIl8zG0_CFKD1juKZDx7T3kukz2xx57kZ2A2AWwYPkJ8RINYVRQwtD4yK-hdHSn2-8CvwsSDvWUXk-LhPK5K-_gy9c_zEM4kLqtIEXhLtT7pDxwFEyp_6/s1600/Imagen5.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjjsIzJaw35fVzTHKsgc8JJefUIl8zG0_CFKD1juKZDx7T3kukz2xx57kZ2A2AWwYPkJ8RINYVRQwtD4yK-hdHSn2-8CvwsSDvWUXk-LhPK5K-_gy9c_zEM4kLqtIEXhLtT7pDxwFEyp_6/s1600/Imagen5.jpg&quot; height=&quot;144&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEjK94_CDw5Oi-D-MSt_BCWkERsS0H1CCgjPuAJeB0t6MFGICEiTckXr5MFo4mU6hqifXLQh_VKd4PAZS9razNUNGI1Fnwe5EOYO_ogxJYYRdZdeRi9KjEzUEZytJ8HLtyKm4nZizmrAtH/s1600/Imagen7.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEjK94_CDw5Oi-D-MSt_BCWkERsS0H1CCgjPuAJeB0t6MFGICEiTckXr5MFo4mU6hqifXLQh_VKd4PAZS9razNUNGI1Fnwe5EOYO_ogxJYYRdZdeRi9KjEzUEZytJ8HLtyKm4nZizmrAtH/s1600/Imagen7.jpg&quot; height=&quot;148&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjj8pasDsyD8QxGulf1_qoQu8X7KHWw8IngtvRnoAm5A1ua9wJr7G8vBjRna3BH93OW4WfNs8P3JlJs-ZeJqIbuC0OM7OoocOCPZw_fcrwiaWElAFtjCfo0XcRcDYDhAzVU0q4SQB_5ltwW/s1600/Imagen8.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjj8pasDsyD8QxGulf1_qoQu8X7KHWw8IngtvRnoAm5A1ua9wJr7G8vBjRna3BH93OW4WfNs8P3JlJs-ZeJqIbuC0OM7OoocOCPZw_fcrwiaWElAFtjCfo0XcRcDYDhAzVU0q4SQB_5ltwW/s1600/Imagen8.jpg&quot; height=&quot;148&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En el trazado de los
arcos es donde probablemente se haya originado ese cambio que conduce a una
nueva técnica de construcción, ya que antes de montar el arco en su
emplazamiento, este se sitúa primeramente en el suelo, colocando juntas todas
las dovelas que lo forman, lo cual permite comprobar su geometría dentro del
conjunto y la precisión del labrado, antes de iniciar el pesado y tedioso
trabajo de levantar, colocar y ajustar en su posición cada una de las piezas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Al situar las piezas del
arco completo en el suelo, se puede optar por colocar el conjunto, simplemente “abatido”
sobre el plano horizontal del suelo, pero hay que tener en cuenta que
probablemente la “clave” entendiendo en este caso la pieza que cierra el arco
en el punto medio, no se haya realizado aún, ya que al ser la última pieza del
conjunto que es colocada, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;es la que
permite realizar un ajuste final, y es posible que en muchos casos, el inicio
de su “labra” se posponga hasta después del montaje final del arco.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Este hueco entre las
piezas que se colocan en el suelo, puede haber llevado a que el conjunto no se
coloque con la configuración del arco completo abatido sobre la horizontal,
sino que aprovechando que ambos lados “arrancan” necesariamente desde un plano
perfectamente nivelado y horizontal, permite colocar el conjunto de dovelas,
prolongando la continuidad de las dos ramas del arco, aprovechando la rigurosa simetría
de la “junta” que configura el apoyo de ambos arranques.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Esta forma de operar puede
haber conducido de una forma bastante intuitiva y lógica, hacia la adopción del
arco “ojival”, en cuanto un maestro constructor se da cuenta de que gracias a
esa simetría, él podría deducir el “radio” necesario para las dos ramas del
arco, “después” de haber adoptado la altura que mejor le convenga, con total
independencia del ancho o separación entre los dos apoyos. Lógicamente este
razonamiento es el que hace posible construir arcos diagonales y laterales
sobre un área rectangular, con una altura de coronación similar para todos
ellos, posibilitando a su vez la ejecución del cierre de la bóveda con
mampuestos ligeros, en lugar de los pesados sillares que requiere la bóveda de
cañón.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Bóvedas
laterales&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnfYGMVjl1jvnZ4bx4jyOUqgSlIXfja7ivusgF4ljr586bKJE-32wIz-hgxCqgXUqeCCM2MlNVfg6SG7RjO0P0gz5z7nCouu-Mr8x68yhNxvH60Hts9cSW487fxhJ4ATT56TPwU84C5AIS/s1600/Imagen9.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnfYGMVjl1jvnZ4bx4jyOUqgSlIXfja7ivusgF4ljr586bKJE-32wIz-hgxCqgXUqeCCM2MlNVfg6SG7RjO0P0gz5z7nCouu-Mr8x68yhNxvH60Hts9cSW487fxhJ4ATT56TPwU84C5AIS/s1600/Imagen9.jpg&quot; height=&quot;148&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Las bóvedas laterales adquieren ahora mayor
dimensión e importancia y se emplea en ellas la misma configuración de la
principal a base de nervios cruzados en las diagonales.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Muros
superiores&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Ahora los muros adquieren una altura más considerable,
por lo que un cierto sentido de seguridad y prudencia, recomendaría hacer estos
lo más “rígidos y ligeros” que fuera posible, concentrando la “solidez” en la
zona del soporte, y eliminando la mayor cantidad de “entrepaño inerte” que
fuera posible, con lo que aparece precisamente el espacio oportuno, para cerrar
el recinto con grandes vidrieras.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlEqMTxiIQOVR4odFeEjGNHORXSUwanrjUW9IF5ZaMgcmnLK2Z_6gHPH4jZ9zuJ-WvBOfDi1HeHXpaxpnT9K_b8dM95nm9WnjmPvWjK3TMbN6ly9xdqVQdnOtQ1CKfbyB4PIBl2ZtrdpTE/s1600/Imagen10.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlEqMTxiIQOVR4odFeEjGNHORXSUwanrjUW9IF5ZaMgcmnLK2Z_6gHPH4jZ9zuJ-WvBOfDi1HeHXpaxpnT9K_b8dM95nm9WnjmPvWjK3TMbN6ly9xdqVQdnOtQ1CKfbyB4PIBl2ZtrdpTE/s1600/Imagen10.jpg&quot; height=&quot;140&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Bóveda
Central&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;La bóveda principal se configura, mediante
una sucesión de módulos rectangulares apoyando cada esquina en un soporte, y un
par de arcos de sillería cruzados en diagonal, con otros cuatro delimitando el
contorno rectangular, de tal forma que la separación entre ellos se reduce
considerablemente, y permite completar el cierre con mampuestos ligeros
apoyados en ese sistema de arcos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;A medida que la técnica de construcción
evoluciona con el tiempo, los módulos rectangulares se amplían ligeramente y va
apareciendo un sistema de arcos secundarios denominados “terceletes” que se
emplean tanto para reducir la distancia libre, como para reforzar la rigidez
del conjunto del módulo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Arbotantes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El sistema de arbotantes constituye la otra gran
novedad característica de esta época, y está configurado por un sistema de
“medios arcos” exteriores y transversales, que van apuntalando los riñones de
las bóvedas, y descansan por el otro lado en un sistema de soportes ortogonales
y separados de la nave central, con el fin de asegurar la rigidez transversal
de un edificio mucho más alto, ante la acción del viento o incluso el empuje
del propio relleno que hay en los riñones de las bóvedas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Cubierta&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 351.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;La cubierta final se realiza con faldones
planos sobre una estructura secundaria de formas, cerchas o pares de madera que
se apoyan lateralmente en la coronación de los muros.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;A continuación se incluyen también otro par
de enlaces equivalentes a los del románico. El primero corresponde a un archivo
en formato “dwfx” que contiene el modelo 3D que se emplea en los gráficos
adjuntos, y el otro repite el enlace a la página de “Autodesk” que contiene el
visualizador.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Enlace del modelo informático en 3D:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href=&quot;https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/20726079/Catedral_LE.dwfx&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;IglesiaCatedral de Santa María de León&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Enlace para la descarga de Design Review:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://usa.autodesk.com/design-review/download/?id=12423405&amp;amp;siteID=123112&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;http://usa.autodesk.com/design-review/download/?id=12423405&amp;amp;siteID=123112&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj91tDf3m2OE_FqjPhI1bs1-2rZYcV9mjoor8CqF2jsE9dKCnFqOgUCOv2SHcYmy1qfyJkd1Y5zxwmwgpmBK8S48B-POQOpdcK5SekyZL0HAQFo2mxYrZE94kFw3T17BJ9QESuZeqzOB8yE/s1600/Imagen1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj91tDf3m2OE_FqjPhI1bs1-2rZYcV9mjoor8CqF2jsE9dKCnFqOgUCOv2SHcYmy1qfyJkd1Y5zxwmwgpmBK8S48B-POQOpdcK5SekyZL0HAQFo2mxYrZE94kFw3T17BJ9QESuZeqzOB8yE/s1600/Imagen1.jpg&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</description><link>http://juliocad.blogspot.com/2014/03/del-romanico-al-gotico-vi-los-grandes.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Julio)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggGQFiRphTvEAFmArbOS_Y1N1GI9tbrbuTA0owftn3LhOnNFHCpLcqyASkExxEwCEF4FeFX6wiBUfG60e1D8OYq1TatssWXvrKi41EcAUguqJoGRI6xtpbGglHmcUGGYJCs0E6Q5a62itR/s72-c/Imagen21.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8508519656628787686.post-1920179670022435666</guid><pubDate>Wed, 19 Mar 2014 09:03:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2014-03-19T13:28:40.964+01:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">canto gregoriano</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">gótico</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">música coral</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">románico</category><title>DEL ROMÁNICO AL GÓTICO V - Reverberación y Nervios</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-1FK1kPP0ZiNLDdM3Zu_UEvGp-y2YvBLU9Ays7bSf0vSZA57OyDN-qPlr3QrIGdI5iYYXVDe4EZNtALlOMi_Jmz0VeugGvPpY2gpH73LDs3qSMAut4SCsz_CdGX_EdRgpCKzEWX5LBHv4/s1600/BovedaNervios_1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-1FK1kPP0ZiNLDdM3Zu_UEvGp-y2YvBLU9Ays7bSf0vSZA57OyDN-qPlr3QrIGdI5iYYXVDe4EZNtALlOMi_Jmz0VeugGvPpY2gpH73LDs3qSMAut4SCsz_CdGX_EdRgpCKzEWX5LBHv4/s1600/BovedaNervios_1.jpg&quot; height=&quot;252&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En el capítulo anterior se describía de forma
escueta pero acompañada por una secuencia de gráficos, el procedimiento de
construcción para una iglesia románica como las que se levantaron en los siglos
XI y XII por toda Europa, o dicho de otro modo entre los años 1.000 a 1.200.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Al final de la época, aquellas técnicas de
construcción, así como la práctica de los oficios y probablemente la
organización de los gremios medievales, ya se encontraban consolidadas y presumiblemente
constituían una rutina completamente asimilada por las personas que proyectaban
y construían los edificios, como los maestros de obra y sus ayudantes o
encargados más aventajados. Por otra parte es probable que algunas costumbres
de la vida monacal, como el rezo cantado de las horas canónicas durante la
noche, realizado por el conjunto de la comunidad agrupada en coro, entonando
rítmicamente sus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;plegarias en la iglesia
del convento, diese lugar a todo el desarrollo del “canto gregoriano”, que también
sería asimilado de forma general por otras iglesias y parroquias, dando también
lugar a la estructura organizada del cabildo, en catedrales y colegiatas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;En ese contexto de la práctica habitual y
generalizada del “canto gregoriano” dentro de los recintos de las iglesias,
parece oportuno recordar la idea de la “reverberación acústica”, como un
fenómeno físico que se puede sentir e identificar con claridad por cualquier
persona, aunque en la época actual pasa bastante desapercibido, debido sobre todo
al uso común de la megafonía.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;LA REVERBERACIÓN&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El fenómeno de la “reverberación”, se produce
al escuchar cualquier sonido en el interior de un recinto, y se debe a la reflexión
que la señal inicial del sonido produce sucesivamente en paredes, suelo y
techos. Debido a esas múltiples reflexiones, lo que escucha un observador, es no
solo el sonido inicial, que desde luego siempre constituye la señal más fuerte,
sino que viene acompañado por las reflexiones de la primera señal en todas las
superficies del recinto, que se van apagando paulatinamente. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Este fenómeno es el responsable de una
sensación que todos hemos oído en alguna ocasión, y que se produce en recintos
grandes como iglesias o auditorios, cuando hay un orador hablando con un
volumen que no es demasiado alto, y nos genera esa clara sensación de que se
“arrastran” las palabras del orador. El fenómeno fue estudiado de una forma
sistemática y científica, por el profesor universitario americano, Wallace
Clemente Sabine, a finales del siglo XIX. De aquellos estudios surge la famosa
ecuación conocida por cualquier especialista en acústica. Esa ecuación, básicamente
dice que el único parámetro distintivo y característico sobre la “calidad
acústica” de un recinto cerrado, es su tiempo de reverberación o “TR”, el cual
es proporcional al “Volumen” del recinto, e inversamente a la superficie
absorbente.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoVIRhD2EbG9wC0lcBhoYfjkh-vhyphenhyphenTwVXIoqIuG1SX0N0yuw01PNC1bVCwTLzGsjMY5QkP2mUDqKuECm0cha-XnscJpikZ6pTHhptKVmC4Zd2rmsB31wM5TOJr-D17zgJFlmxoNJULBwOu/s1600/Ecuacion.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoVIRhD2EbG9wC0lcBhoYfjkh-vhyphenhyphenTwVXIoqIuG1SX0N0yuw01PNC1bVCwTLzGsjMY5QkP2mUDqKuECm0cha-XnscJpikZ6pTHhptKVmC4Zd2rmsB31wM5TOJr-D17zgJFlmxoNJULBwOu/s1600/Ecuacion.jpg&quot; height=&quot;55&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8508519656628787686&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;La superficie absorbente, que aparece en el
denominador, es aquella que se encuentra constituida por tejidos blandos como
telas o tapices, ya que solamente son ese tipo de materiales, los que tienen
capacidad para absorber una parte apreciable de la señal acústica que llega
hasta ellos. En el caso de suelos, paredes o techos rígidos, ya sean de piedra,
yeso, cerámica, madera o cristal, la reflexión del sonido es casi completa y
prácticamente no intervienen en el denominador de la ecuación, como sí lo hacen
los tapices, cortinajes, alfombras y moquetas, o la ropa de la gente que ocupa
el recinto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1uN-8f0ChAnLDTUV5EMF_Ptmkjp5ZRsGiHH-8UyykUypzbpWh8cdJ1ug2gFxQB_4pXZGhgfdFO9dfMe_cTjPosqc3Oly6nTbGZQVslTAvIZwr2YhCL7pwqO0deqbUSFF8gHVVIzaQl9V2/s1600/Reverberacion.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1uN-8f0ChAnLDTUV5EMF_Ptmkjp5ZRsGiHH-8UyykUypzbpWh8cdJ1ug2gFxQB_4pXZGhgfdFO9dfMe_cTjPosqc3Oly6nTbGZQVslTAvIZwr2YhCL7pwqO0deqbUSFF8gHVVIzaQl9V2/s1600/Reverberacion.jpg&quot; height=&quot;196&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Con el fin de entender mejor la trascendencia
de este parámetro y el papel que ha podido jugar en el desarrollo de la
arquitectura gótica o románica, se debe tener en cuenta también el
funcionamiento actual en combinación con la megafonía, a la que estamos
habituados en nuestra experiencia cotidiana, y por tanto su total ausencia en
aquella época. Para ello se acompaña un gráfico explicativo donde se representa
un esquema del fenómeno en dos casos diferentes (rojo y azul) para recintos
pequeños y grandes o con poca y mucha “reverberación”.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El gráfico representa en horizontal la
evolución a lo largo del tiempo, y en vertical la “intensidad” de la señal
acústica. Lógicamente al producirse el sonido inicial, este alcanza su valor
máximo de forma instantánea, y paulatinamente incorpora las sucesivas
reflexiones, que cada vez son menores, por lo que la caída de la señal es una
curva asintótica en el tiempo. El mayor o menor desplazamiento de la curva de
caída sobre la horizontal es precisamente el valor que representa TR, y
lógicamente es proporcional al volumen del recinto, pero también es importante
destacar y entender que la “sensación” del sonido que se escucha es
proporcional a la superficie encerrada por esa curva, por lo que una mayor
reverberación no solo prolonga el sonido en el tiempo, sino que sobre todo incrementa
notablemente la “cantidad” del sonido que se escucha para una misma intensidad
de la señal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Esta última consideración es precisamente la “experiencia
cotidiana” que actualmente hemos perdido a causa de la megafonía, ya que con
ayuda de esta lo que se hace es aumentar artificialmente la intensidad de la
señal inicial, que de esa forma predomina de manera más destacada. Por otro
lado puesto que en un recinto grande, la reverberación distorsiona la inteligibilidad
especialmente de la palabra hablada, la tendencia normal es el
“acondicionamiento acústico” incorporando paneles o superficies de materiales absorbentes
que reducen la reverberación resultante, ya que por otra parte la correcta “audición”,
queda asegurada al “subir” el volumen de la megafonía, como en el caso de una
sala de cine.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 372.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En contraposición a
este mecanismo, hay que pensar que cuando no hay megafonía, tampoco se dispone de
un “control del volumen” para la audición en el recinto, y por tanto la gente de
aquella época se encontraría &amp;nbsp;acostumbrada a “valorar” esta cualidad como
una &lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;mayor capacidad para escuchar&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
un determinado sonido dentro de ese recinto. En este sentido hay que recordar
también el funcionamiento de los púlpitos en las iglesias, que aprovechan de
una forma muy inteligente y eficaz la reverberación del recinto, y lógicamente
han perdido su propia utilidad a causa de la implantación de la “megafonía” y
no, por cualquier otra pretendida innovación, modernidad, renovación y/o actualización
de costumbres.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;La “audición en
directo” de la música coral o sinfónica, naturalmente sigue manteniendo esas
características, pero su percepción y valoración se restringe a una minoría de
seguidores y aficionados incondicionales, ya que la difusión comercial, hecha a
través de “grabaciones” previas, se realiza en cámaras “anecoicas” las cuales están
configuradas para anular cualquier reverberación, ya que posteriormente son
tratadas y ajustadas con equipos electrónicos, para equilibrar la percepción
del oyente, desde un equipo de reproducción que incluye siempre un “control del
volumen”.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTcpah6O4abH09XcTgAnnZyoB0eP94iwWdWfAfc-IVOx04LW7szrmqybIRgbxRofunG5RIlBYPUTen7AfgaqKXAbs9i81Dx6KsMkR19pRn53SniVAOGziumPfOI6QPbF_95scbPhba-PZi/s1600/BovedaNervios_2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTcpah6O4abH09XcTgAnnZyoB0eP94iwWdWfAfc-IVOx04LW7szrmqybIRgbxRofunG5RIlBYPUTen7AfgaqKXAbs9i81Dx6KsMkR19pRn53SniVAOGziumPfOI6QPbF_95scbPhba-PZi/s1600/BovedaNervios_2.jpg&quot; height=&quot;132&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;LA BÓVEDA DE NERVIOS&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Por otra parte las técnicas de construcción
cuya práctica se desarrolla y consolida con las iglesias y monasterios del
románico, se encuentra perfectamente afianzada en el conocimiento y la
experiencia de los maestros de obra, pero mantiene una relativa limitación en
cuanto al tamaño de las iglesias, debida a la bóveda de medio cañón con la que
se cubre la nave central. La colegiata de San Isidoro en León o la Catedral
vieja de Salamanca, no llegan a los ocho metros de luz, y las Catedrales de
Zamora o Santiago de Compostela tampoco sobrepasan los nueve metros. Las
alturas libres, raramente sobrepasan los quince metros, aunque en la catedral
de Santiago se alcanzan los veinte en el crucero, altura a la que se encuentra
colgado el botafumeiro, y viene a coincidir con la de las naves principales, constituyendo
un caso excepcional. Como ya se había comentado anteriormente, la posibilidad
de incrementar esas dimensiones tiene serias dificultades, ya que un incremento
en el ancho de la bóveda, requiere mayor espesor de los sillares que la forman,
incrementando notablemente su peso y la necesidad de unos muros más gruesos. El
incremento de altura, acentúa exponencialmente el empuje horizontal del viento,
que a su vez vuelve a comprometer aún más la rigidez transversal de los muros.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvUMSNPv3veHBgPBbqtErE71RlqkPn-aYbF_DkFzpDp6H8pPTCo9sTFF2jZ13tUwPLj4XCgMx6dbwXQREn_5q1ByVFA1iEW3g5RzIYELv3PgZNM3M48Ag9cyChEJYpL2TCrAGOrR08G5Z7/s1600/BovedaNervios_3.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvUMSNPv3veHBgPBbqtErE71RlqkPn-aYbF_DkFzpDp6H8pPTCo9sTFF2jZ13tUwPLj4XCgMx6dbwXQREn_5q1ByVFA1iEW3g5RzIYELv3PgZNM3M48Ag9cyChEJYpL2TCrAGOrR08G5Z7/s1600/BovedaNervios_3.jpg&quot; height=&quot;142&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;La posibilidad de aumentar esos valores
conduce a una espiral diabólica, que obviamente se encuentra vinculada a la
configuración del sistema constructivo, y probablemente por esa época, tanto
los maestros constructores como los dirigentes y responsables de las
congregaciones religiosas ya son plenamente conscientes de que la “sonoridad” está totalmente vinculada con el volumen del recinto, y por tanto
cualquier sistema que permita salir de esa espiral diabólica, sería escuchado
con una gran atención.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Una alternativa a la bóveda de medio cañón,
que aparece en esta transición entre románico y gótico, es precisamente la
bóveda con nervios, que a partir de ese momento se emplean de forma casi
exclusiva, desapareciendo de forma abrupta la construcción de bóvedas de medio
cañón, o edificios basados en el estilo “románico”.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhig09bO6jOyQbGu2ir_sq9B14P9vatLN5UDd4JnrL-1z2PPtGDFBJu0ylelem7ypuVSTLbo02OMtARgiCUIwXxBw313yF14drqxCMVmuXWYxLuYNd2vIAnyxPLJ6JEnkzquVJ_dpVR197j/s1600/BovedaNervios_4.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhig09bO6jOyQbGu2ir_sq9B14P9vatLN5UDd4JnrL-1z2PPtGDFBJu0ylelem7ypuVSTLbo02OMtARgiCUIwXxBw313yF14drqxCMVmuXWYxLuYNd2vIAnyxPLJ6JEnkzquVJ_dpVR197j/s1600/BovedaNervios_4.jpg&quot; height=&quot;148&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;La solución constructiva para una bóveda de
nervios se ilustra en los gráficos adjuntos, y su configuración se basa en la
idea de cubrir un espacio cuadrangular entre cuatro soportes, realizando en
primer lugar dos arcos cruzados sobre las diagonales del cuadrilátero ya que la
construcción de arcos no tiene ningún secreto o dificultad en aquel momento. Posteriormente
se cierran los lados del cuadrilátero con otros cuatro arcos perimetrales, y de
esa forma se reduce considerablemente la separación entre apoyos, lo cual permite
la construcción de una bóveda mucho más ligera, mediante mampuestos de piedra
de diez a quince centímetros de espesor, que se apoyan en ese sistema de arcos ya
levantados. Esta idea aún presenta una relativa dificultad por el hecho de que
los arcos que corresponden a los lados del cuadrilátero son considerablemente
más cortos que los correspondientes a las diagonales, ya que si se trazan con
media circunferencia como es habitual, las diferencias de altura en la clave pueden
ser considerables. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Una solución para ese problema, consiste en
desdoblar la configuración del arco en dos mitades simétricas, llevando &amp;nbsp;la continuidad del trazado virtual, que
asegura el despiece para el correcto asiento de las dovelas, a una simetría respecto
al plano de apoyo horizontal, ya que la construcción inicial y el replanteo se
configuran previamente en el suelo. Al haber desvinculado la necesidad de un
centro único para los arcos, el proyectista puede configurar a su voluntad y
criterio, la altura de la “clave” o flecha del arco, aproximando oportunamente
la altura en diagonales y laterales, o incluso peraltando algunos casos
mediante un tramo vertical, cuando la esbeltez del hueco se juzga excesiva.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy6VjVAmNyTQGWnnQb69e0dzIfxxwYo34VCz6TthLDI-ALJxcDriYlVMuntsaH5ONJZJtyxgKPFkWdLs0Q2ybK7_W4ey4BQFQN1KzcdwE9URdIV1usFmmHB8CfGNAMFJUTrpG0n_rgtPMy/s1600/BovedaNervios_5.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy6VjVAmNyTQGWnnQb69e0dzIfxxwYo34VCz6TthLDI-ALJxcDriYlVMuntsaH5ONJZJtyxgKPFkWdLs0Q2ybK7_W4ey4BQFQN1KzcdwE9URdIV1usFmmHB8CfGNAMFJUTrpG0n_rgtPMy/s1600/BovedaNervios_5.jpg&quot; height=&quot;141&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;La descripción anterior corresponde
precisamente al “arco ojival”, tan característico del gótico, que sin embargo
no tiene su origen en un ningún sentido del diseño o la estética
particularmente espiritual o vertical, sino que se deriva simplemente de una técnica
de construcción, bastante sutil y elaborada, que busca una mayor ligereza de
las bóvedas, con el fin de poder configurar edificios mucho más altos, con
recintos de un volumen sensiblemente mayor, que permitan escuchar el “canto
gregoriano” con una mejor sonoridad.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;EL ARBOTANTE&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Una vez solucionado el problema de peso de
las bóvedas, ya se pueden construir edificios más altos, pero aún queda
pendiente el problema de los empujes horizontales del viento. Este empuje
también se incrementa exponencialmente con la altura, y dado que las bóvedas
son más ligeras, el riesgo de desmembramiento puede ser mayor, aunque el
relleno de los riñones contribuye al monolitismo y rigidez del conjunto. Sin
embargo al aumentar la altura con este nuevo tipo de arcos, también aumentan
los empujes horizontales que ejerce ese relleno sobre los muros exteriores que
ahora además, son también más esbeltos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkg4qgrPCkoqn7Lfxze8QcVrUUv0Tf-zNjG5Ek9uOWCKhrUXwQlEMQ-n-2VzRVjJiy6eh1jk56MSE8zMhwbC0rXqnK1zMqlwTCKDk2h4Xc6yl3ooK_k0YRIUgAWZUTQbvRfsjmg4c0byxd/s1600/BovedaNervios_6.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkg4qgrPCkoqn7Lfxze8QcVrUUv0Tf-zNjG5Ek9uOWCKhrUXwQlEMQ-n-2VzRVjJiy6eh1jk56MSE8zMhwbC0rXqnK1zMqlwTCKDk2h4Xc6yl3ooK_k0YRIUgAWZUTQbvRfsjmg4c0byxd/s1600/BovedaNervios_6.jpg&quot; height=&quot;175&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Si se piensa detenidamente este nuevo aspecto
del problema, y se considera que la rigidez y ligereza de las bóvedas se han
resuelto mediante unos arcos cruzados en diagonal, seguramente se puede pensar
que también en este caso la solución puede ser un sistema de arcos, pero en
este caso exteriores al edificio, y ortogonales a la fachada. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Como estos arcos deben soportar empujes
horizontales, y no un peso vertical, debería bastar con medio arco, que
apuntalase el muro exterior a la altura de los riñones de la bóveda, y que a su
vez puede descansar por el otro extremo en un soporte exento y separado del
edificio, cuya separación contribuye a incrementar la estabilidad horizontal
del conjunto, y a su vez permite “aligerar” notablemente la masa y el peso del
muro, permitiendo&amp;nbsp; grandes huecos, que luego
se cierran con las conocidas vidrieras.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;LAS CIFRAS&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3kce_ZIUL5gl5iRvu2iZlSff0LL7Lurcu4BCqA4UFk9kFKfWqxFLP5-T_T1sE7ODt3wJud6OHqA5g4oSwF3Tm7KZrtZ2lI3nBdGGPpDqJjMOlvjGFF3BBV00gHy4E9AlxhLF649UE1gjT/s1600/BovedaNervios_7.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3kce_ZIUL5gl5iRvu2iZlSff0LL7Lurcu4BCqA4UFk9kFKfWqxFLP5-T_T1sE7ODt3wJud6OHqA5g4oSwF3Tm7KZrtZ2lI3nBdGGPpDqJjMOlvjGFF3BBV00gHy4E9AlxhLF649UE1gjT/s1600/BovedaNervios_7.jpg&quot; height=&quot;165&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Recordando las cifras mencionadas en un
párrafo anterior sobre algunos edificios singulares del románico, se puede
decir que las catedrales góticas de Burgos o León, tienen un ancho o luz en su
nave central, entre once y doce metros, y una altura libre en torno a los
treinta. La Catedral de Notre-Dame de París que se inicia aún dentro del siglo
XII, alrededor de 1.180 es una de las mayores construcciones del gótico y
dispone de una altura en su nave central de treinta y tres metros.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Si consideramos que las dimensiones de un
recinto gótico superan entre vez y media y dos veces el ancho y alto del
románico y pueden tener a veces una longitud de más del doble, esto supone que
la proporción del volumen resultante sería al menos de 1,5 x 2 x 2 = 6, es
decir que el volumen del recinto se multiplica al menos por un factor seis
veces mayor, con el correspondiente aumento del TR y de la “sonoridad” en esos
recintos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://juliocad.blogspot.com/2014/03/del-romanico-al-gotico-v-reverberacion.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Julio)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-1FK1kPP0ZiNLDdM3Zu_UEvGp-y2YvBLU9Ays7bSf0vSZA57OyDN-qPlr3QrIGdI5iYYXVDe4EZNtALlOMi_Jmz0VeugGvPpY2gpH73LDs3qSMAut4SCsz_CdGX_EdRgpCKzEWX5LBHv4/s72-c/BovedaNervios_1.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8508519656628787686.post-8490695912552150138</guid><pubDate>Tue, 25 Feb 2014 09:35:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2014-02-25T10:35:45.419+01:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">canto gregoriano</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">gótico</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">música coral</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">románico</category><title>DEL ROMÁNICO AL GÓTICO  -  IV  [La Construcción]</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5G7iIuHR9JY2wi-cySrfh38GbRz8hcLx-Su9aJKKbzsYpBrVh13U0f3OxCAWN8MUx6C0m69dgX4Nc078k6ZtbNqL1kzqcsKQQXA34G_9kUfupUFU2NNG8S4TsnaUKmaQnI9PsAPouY8mK/s1600/Conjunto.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5G7iIuHR9JY2wi-cySrfh38GbRz8hcLx-Su9aJKKbzsYpBrVh13U0f3OxCAWN8MUx6C0m69dgX4Nc078k6ZtbNqL1kzqcsKQQXA34G_9kUfupUFU2NNG8S4TsnaUKmaQnI9PsAPouY8mK/s1600/Conjunto.jpg&quot; height=&quot;260&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;La construcción de
una iglesia románica y en general los edificios singulares que configuran el
monasterio, se realiza con fábrica de sillería, que está constituida por
bloques de piedra perfectamente cortados y labrados en todas las caras, hasta
conseguir una geometría y dimensiones muy precisas, que facilitan el apoyo o
asiento sobre los anteriores, y van &amp;nbsp;formando
el conjunto del muro o fábrica, gracias a la exactitud geométrica en la
orientación de todas sus caras, de forma que la necesidad del mortero de
asiento sea mínima, e incluso a veces se hace sin él. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Obviamente la
elaboración de los sillares que deben configurar un muro recto, se limita a conseguir
una forma de paralelepípedo, con las dimensiones adecuadas y todas sus caras
perfectamente perpendiculares y&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;paralelas dos a dos. Sin embargo cuando se llega a los arcos y
las bóvedas, las caras de asiento ya no pueden ser paralelas entre
sí, por lo que la geometría necesaria para conseguir un trazado preciso, tanto
de la forma como de la orientación de las caras, adquiere una importancia fundamental,
dando lugar a la conocida disciplina de la “estereotomía de la piedra”.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En la construcción de
un edificio completo con sillares de piedra, lógicamente es preciso determinar
con precisión, no solo la geometría y dimensiones del edificio y sus muros,
sino que también hay que detallar, las formas geométricas de todas y cada una
de las piezas que componen el conjunto, facilitando instrucciones, plantillas,
perfiles, ángulos y las formas precisas, que deberán seguir los canteros
para labrar todas las piedras, de tal forma que al ser trasladadas e izadas
hasta su posición definitiva, encajen y asienten correctamente en sus
posiciones. Obviamente la posibilidad de que se produzcan errores de trazado,
que obliguen a descartar alguna pieza, que con un peso de varias toneladas ha
sido trasladada e izada hasta su posición, con el notable esfuerzo manual de
varios operarios, puede poner en riesgo, hasta incluso la integridad física de
cualquier responsable, a poco que se pudiera repetir.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;UN EJEMPLO ROMÁNICO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;A continuación se desarrolla
mediante un conjunto de gráficos, la geometría y los elementos principales que
configuran una iglesia de estilo románico. En este caso se ha elegido la
iglesia de San Isidoro de León aunque con arreglo a su teórico trazado inicial,
y manteniendo las proporciones reales.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Trazado y replanteo.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4DxQLxgjtpU_De0K_6qVhyphenhyphen7u2St9MXp8strs8TOMVMfP6a_YFo8esFFcXdZFHg26h3p_INeEXPZxtIxp8xXiCBTkdL5BKMzJ3A2wJs04Mnmmw1gAdr9gv359ZGgST-IJcB1kSW8_dR0pp/s1600/1_Replanteo.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; display: inline !important; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4DxQLxgjtpU_De0K_6qVhyphenhyphen7u2St9MXp8strs8TOMVMfP6a_YFo8esFFcXdZFHg26h3p_INeEXPZxtIxp8xXiCBTkdL5BKMzJ3A2wJs04Mnmmw1gAdr9gv359ZGgST-IJcB1kSW8_dR0pp/s1600/1_Replanteo.jpg&quot; height=&quot;127&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En primer lugar, es
preciso trazar o dibujar sobre el terreno las dimensiones completas del conjunto
del edificio, operación que se conoce normalmente como “Replanteo”.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Cimentación y Arranque.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEvzRi-_IUxSU6PvtTTklHL1PAI3co2WVwEa5ptmH4oT7WkFjbQdYReJga75mntF0xXarMxFpobRbShi9dse0oLzEVwIVhl1rNnSa80X4W7CDPCtX4PRtyfDjg_HMG07dP1DENuOajL9hM/s1600/2_Zocalo.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEvzRi-_IUxSU6PvtTTklHL1PAI3co2WVwEa5ptmH4oT7WkFjbQdYReJga75mntF0xXarMxFpobRbShi9dse0oLzEVwIVhl1rNnSa80X4W7CDPCtX4PRtyfDjg_HMG07dP1DENuOajL9hM/s1600/2_Zocalo.jpg&quot; height=&quot;129&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;A continuación es
preciso realizar unos cimientos sólidos para&amp;nbsp;
apoyar los muros, retirando las primeras capas del suelo, habitualmente
alteradas por restos de vegetación u otros residuos, excavando hasta llegar a una
capa de terreno consolidado y homogéneo, donde asentar con seguridad un primer tramo
de muro, con el sobre-ancho necesario para una cimentación segura.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Muros y soportes iniciales&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDjEfbzWJpn0e0ZQRzKai8VdvOE-2DDuWv9N-PihAW7mJUX4cj2gG5rRfGfm0YAztGcXiQqxDIbBi7xpQEebAhyTlomByuYOfQPt4ux7VMqC3KBJRaJyTUINTuqUMghNF6Vb-nn21a129C/s1600/3_Soportes.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDjEfbzWJpn0e0ZQRzKai8VdvOE-2DDuWv9N-PihAW7mJUX4cj2gG5rRfGfm0YAztGcXiQqxDIbBi7xpQEebAhyTlomByuYOfQPt4ux7VMqC3KBJRaJyTUINTuqUMghNF6Vb-nn21a129C/s1600/3_Soportes.jpg&quot; height=&quot;127&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;A partir del arranque
se colocan los sillares rectangulares de piedra que van formando el primer tamo
de los muros y soportes aislados, hasta el arranque del primer nivel de arcos,
habitualmente marcado por los capiteles y en otros casos, molduras corridas que
ayudan a destacar y comprobar una correcta nivelación horizontal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Los Arcos.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaT6mGAckbE7n7x2YnDLRyC2jIoO1Qoof6Ra1_ZkLRSrQria45w6XoOz71Za6o-Kob4MmV4jhZHR223AyQ9WptitypNYIg6Mt7guT883hYvyudDkM3f4fxLqLT4RZNHUNiMkYli40OHdYM/s1600/4_ArcosPB.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaT6mGAckbE7n7x2YnDLRyC2jIoO1Qoof6Ra1_ZkLRSrQria45w6XoOz71Za6o-Kob4MmV4jhZHR223AyQ9WptitypNYIg6Mt7guT883hYvyudDkM3f4fxLqLT4RZNHUNiMkYli40OHdYM/s1600/4_ArcosPB.jpg&quot; height=&quot;124&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Los arcos se inician
desde la coronación de los soportes aislados o los muros, y se configuran con
sillares especiales conocidos como “dovelas”, que ya no mantienen la geometría
de caras paralelas, por lo que su ejecución es mucho más cuidadosa. Normalmente
se construyen primero todas las dovelas, y se colocan en el suelo presentando su
posición relativa dentro del arco, para poder asegurar la correcta geometría
del conjunto completo. Una vez comprobado, se monta el arco en su posición
definitiva izando y colocando las dovelas sobre una cimbra, en un proceso
continuo hasta su cierre.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Bóvedas laterales&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPN9xpAxrRLrOJ7YHvFKpg5_4MCNiJhoIbqca7_jhvoOj7z_AB5mLk-ukKMY6pfY6Rur8rQzB0HpMIePEOcnQ-yuLi_PAPLgAlZCbgwUCVwc9fDcxZbgwBeaPWNhizZKQLOLXB6_b4SqKY/s1600/5_BovedasLTR.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPN9xpAxrRLrOJ7YHvFKpg5_4MCNiJhoIbqca7_jhvoOj7z_AB5mLk-ukKMY6pfY6Rur8rQzB0HpMIePEOcnQ-yuLi_PAPLgAlZCbgwUCVwc9fDcxZbgwBeaPWNhizZKQLOLXB6_b4SqKY/s1600/5_BovedasLTR.jpg&quot; height=&quot;125&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Los espacios de las naves laterales, se
cubren o cierran en este primer nivel, mediante un sistema de bóvedas menores
ya que las luces, o separación es bastante menor que la principal. La geometría
puede ser diversa, pero predomina el trazado por arista, que corresponde a la
intersección de dos superficies cilíndricas ortogonales. Se realizan también
con dovelas de cierto espesor, cortadas y labradas con arreglo al despiece
correspondiente.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Muros superiores&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGJup3liPduZJjBUB9wey6cVJUqGh1E2iJigcoCCUQJgqyl375EJ2TVWsG-UVeUIIiN9ZN8vud2Qb9o51NizY-6_ZX4i4FS0uajxENmZyrV57lENiONufebSnQuReJ1AP_8wSjFpEi9ecp/s1600/6_MurosAltos.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGJup3liPduZJjBUB9wey6cVJUqGh1E2iJigcoCCUQJgqyl375EJ2TVWsG-UVeUIIiN9ZN8vud2Qb9o51NizY-6_ZX4i4FS0uajxENmZyrV57lENiONufebSnQuReJ1AP_8wSjFpEi9ecp/s1600/6_MurosAltos.jpg&quot; height=&quot;125&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Sobre el conjunto de arcos que configuran las
dos alineaciones longitudinales de soportes, se recrecen los muros laterales de
la nave principal, con los sillares necesarios. En estos muros se configuran
los huecos del nivel superior, y por el exterior se refuerzan transversalmente
mediante contrafuertes situados en la vertical de los arcos transversales de
las naves laterales.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Bóveda Central&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;La bóveda central se realiza también con
sillares de piedra de cierto espesor, cortados y labrados con el despiece oportuno.
En la vertical de los soportes, se hacen también unos ensanchamientos o
refuerzos que se denominan “arcos fajones”. La denominación para este tipo de
bóveda en los antiguos tratados de Vitrubio, es la de “muros vueltos” que
resulta muy clara e intuitiva respecto a su ejecución.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgya1P84JugUtVWO_SYetA17z8-4ZoCdSsMf9jzSO3NmIKIWX4vryBa3VLx_NZgzoJ51toRByfnOzHDGq5_xekDvgIh2xpbJ4_lQZVvaqW3GJhjNrVQgXJDQtJ-bBz7xN2Kp0MCLTnZ__N4/s1600/7_BovedaPAL.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgya1P84JugUtVWO_SYetA17z8-4ZoCdSsMf9jzSO3NmIKIWX4vryBa3VLx_NZgzoJ51toRByfnOzHDGq5_xekDvgIh2xpbJ4_lQZVvaqW3GJhjNrVQgXJDQtJ-bBz7xN2Kp0MCLTnZ__N4/s1600/7_BovedaPAL.jpg&quot; height=&quot;123&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El ancho o luz de la bóveda es mayor que las
laterales, y constituye el parámetro que junto con la altura y longitud,
configura básicamente el volumen o tamaño final de la iglesia. Su ancho &amp;nbsp;se sitúa normalmente en el entorno de los ocho,
ó nueve metros, y lógicamente la solidez y seguridad dependen de la precisión y
exactitud en el despiece de los sillares. El posible aumento de esta dimensión presenta
serios inconvenientes, ya que una bóveda mayor, conduce a realizar sillares más
anchos que incrementan a su vez el peso de la bóveda, que necesita muros más
gruesos para su estabilidad, y añade dificultades para la colocación en altura,
de una forma desproporcionada.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Cubierta.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Normalmente se recrecen los muros superiores,
con medio espesor, por encima del arranque de la bóveda, hasta la altura de los
riñones, y a partir de ese nivel se configura un tejado normal con cuchillos o
pares de madera y faldones planos cubiertos con teja. El espacio de los riñones
se rellena con escombros de obra y los contrafuertes laterales de los muros se
suben hasta la coronación, para soportar los empujes laterales del relleno, que
por otra parte también ayuda a estabilizar los empujes y presiones laterales producidos
por el viento.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;MODELO INFORMATICO&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;A continuación se acompaña el enlace de un
modelo informático en 3D que es el que ha servido para realizar los gráficos que
se acompañan. Dicho modelo está contenido en un archivo de tipo “dwfx”, que es
un formato especial generado desde AutoCAD. Para su manejo requiere instalar un
complemento elaborado por Autodesk, que se denomina “Design Review”, y se puede
descargar desde la página de Autodesk, o desde el enlace siguiente. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Una vez instalado, se puede operar en el
ordenador como una aplicación independiente, pero también se empotra una
extensión dentro del propio navegador, por lo que una vez instalado, se puede
abrir el modelo 3D desde la ventana del navegador. Los controles del movimiento,
selección o visualización parcial del modelo son bastante fáciles e intuitivos.
Se trata de una aplicación de software abierto, que opera de una forma similar
al “Acrobat Reader”. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Enlace del modelo informático en 3D:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href=&quot;https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/20726079/SanIsidoro.dwfx&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Iglesia de San Isidoro de León&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Enlace para la descarga de Design Review:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://usa.autodesk.com/design-review/download/?id=12423405&amp;amp;siteID=123112&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;http://usa.autodesk.com/design-review/download/?id=12423405&amp;amp;siteID=123112&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://juliocad.blogspot.com/2014/02/del-romanico-al-gotico-iv-la.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Julio)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5G7iIuHR9JY2wi-cySrfh38GbRz8hcLx-Su9aJKKbzsYpBrVh13U0f3OxCAWN8MUx6C0m69dgX4Nc078k6ZtbNqL1kzqcsKQQXA34G_9kUfupUFU2NNG8S4TsnaUKmaQnI9PsAPouY8mK/s72-c/Conjunto.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8508519656628787686.post-8197684292585311784</guid><pubDate>Wed, 19 Feb 2014 17:42:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2014-02-19T18:42:57.317+01:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">canto gregoriano</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">gótico</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">música coral</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">románico</category><title>DEL ROMÁNICO AL GÓTICO  -  III  [el diseño]</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;LAS REFERENCIAS&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyw1q8ZvKVL8M-Clf6O-e157T9gcjHXf0KfMgW85uN-AExViAu7MqLq2_gZGNEEWk_hQAvZJMBaX92rLFe_MAPnUnZHJ1zul6K86OFsicLIt4zRou_rlW4hfZBB4pgWurtleSLv4MQxTiY/s1600/Carracedo.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyw1q8ZvKVL8M-Clf6O-e157T9gcjHXf0KfMgW85uN-AExViAu7MqLq2_gZGNEEWk_hQAvZJMBaX92rLFe_MAPnUnZHJ1zul6K86OFsicLIt4zRou_rlW4hfZBB4pgWurtleSLv4MQxTiY/s1600/Carracedo.jpg&quot; height=&quot;182&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En aquella época, la
construcción de los edificios del monasterio, también estaba incluida dentro de
la regla benedictina de “ora et labora”, con el conocido significado de reza y
trabaja, lo cual supone que eran los propios monjes quienes construían los
edificios con su esfuerzo, y naturalmente los que decidían el diseño y la configuración
del mismo y en última instancia los responsables de esos rasgos de identidad que
caracterizan el estilo románico.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Si pensamos con cierto
&amp;nbsp;detenimiento en el proceso que pudo
llevar a construir aquellos edificios, probablemente una de las primeras
consideraciones que cabe hacer es sobre el trabajo en grupo, ya que seguramente
se produce una distribución de tareas con una relativa especialización en
función de las distintas habilidades, apoyada también en la propia organización
interna del grupo, y además debía darse una puesta en común, o comunicación de
los problemas que van surgiendo día a día, con participación de opiniones
diversas sobre las soluciones más adecuadas. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Además de esa
comunicación cotidiana dentro del propio grupo que está trabajando, también hay
que considerar la relación entre diferentes monasterios de una misma
congregación, ya que con toda probabilidad los monjes se desplazarían con
relativa frecuencia entre distintos monasterios, comunicando experiencias y/o
soluciones adoptadas en otros lugares, lo cual parece una buena razón para la
uniformidad del estilo en ubicaciones geográficas relativamente distantes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimwSAdXLZY207wg37YSnblKFMDVnvKttq23g6iDeN86L19H5ebiutwzsJ7m-ft3YVQEMVTrTEolyMk7fTbdUt0gASroFROho0IS1kQRvh1P83Vki4TzOd6n9hAfNuur09kGoz98ugsDLXn/s1600/Carrizo.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimwSAdXLZY207wg37YSnblKFMDVnvKttq23g6iDeN86L19H5ebiutwzsJ7m-ft3YVQEMVTrTEolyMk7fTbdUt0gASroFROho0IS1kQRvh1P83Vki4TzOd6n9hAfNuur09kGoz98ugsDLXn/s1600/Carrizo.jpg&quot; height=&quot;171&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Otra consideración
sobre la distribución especializada de tareas, es la relación con la
organización de gremios medievales, ya que probablemente cuando dentro del
monasterio se abordaba una construcción de cierto tamaño, es probable que
surgiera una demanda de trabajo sobre la gente común de localidades próximas, y
la organización de un trabajo distribuido por tareas que se coordinan con
eficacia desde una dirección común, pone en valor el trabajo especializado y la
propia organización de los gremios medievales.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Otra referencia digna
de consideración, es la relativa al tamaño de los edificios cuya construcción
se aborda, ya que prácticamente en toda la alta edad media (siglos VI a X), el
tamaño de los edificios que se construyen es relativamente limitado,
seguramente porque tanto los recursos empleados como las iniciativas que los
promueven, tienen un ámbito bastante &amp;nbsp;restringido a las personas directamente
involucradas y/o a su entorno próximo, ya que la compleja y poderosa estructura
del poder político y militar del imperio romano se había desvanecido
completamente.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Parece oportuno
pensar que es precisamente esa estructura de organización en grupo, que es implícita
en las congregaciones religiosas y monasterios, la que contribuye por un lado a
abordar los trabajos de construcción mediante una distribución especializada de
tareas que se coordinan bajo la jerarquía de una dirección común, pero también el
hecho de abordar la dimensión global de la obra, desde el punto de vista del
interés general del conjunto, y por tanto mucho más allá del alcance que puede
preocupar a un individuo, o las circunstancias concretas de su propio poder individual.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;EL MONASTERIO&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie918mKt9ggl50AgxcdHsZZqTdTdvYDn2Ckr_qU7yln90vlJWpRgOl8YNUkPQEQIUUJ3J5BeHyrakudeAYR3m1RpWlwV_jWTP2XgFpakDdGxunEpkdtmLjfFBhYEWSVTuCW3BH2uKETvcm/s1600/Gradefes.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie918mKt9ggl50AgxcdHsZZqTdTdvYDn2Ckr_qU7yln90vlJWpRgOl8YNUkPQEQIUUJ3J5BeHyrakudeAYR3m1RpWlwV_jWTP2XgFpakDdGxunEpkdtmLjfFBhYEWSVTuCW3BH2uKETvcm/s1600/Gradefes.jpg&quot; height=&quot;181&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Probablemente dentro
la vida de cualquier monasterio, la construcción de los edificios no era un
proceso unitario, que implica concebir y planificar desde el principio, la
dimensión completa del monasterio, sino que se iba configurando y ampliando
paulatinamente a lo largo del tiempo mediante la construcción sucesiva de
distintos elementos y/o la ampliación de los existentes, convirtiendo los
trabajos y tareas de la construcción en un proceso de carácter casi permanente.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;No obstante lo que sí
parece evidente dentro del proceso habitual, es que las distintas partes o
elementos funcionales que configuraban el conjunto, sí que respondían a ese
proceso unitario, que representa concebir, planificar, o en una palabra
“proyectar” desde el origen, la configuración, &amp;nbsp;el tamaño y las dimensiones completas de cada
elemento, cuya construcción se aborda en una época o momento concreto de forma
unitaria.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Dentro de los
elementos funcionales que configuran cualquier monasterio se pueden identificar
como más característicos: el Claustro, la Iglesia, la Sala Capitular, o el
Refectorio, pero además de estos, también había otras muchas edificaciones auxiliares
que alojaban cuadras, almacenes, despensas, cocinas, bibliotecas y celdas o
habitaciones, o bien dormitorios generales compartidos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El Claustro y la
Iglesia son tan conocidos y característicos que no necesitan demasiada
aclaración. La Sala Capitular, es un espacio con una fuerte carga simbólica y representativa,
donde la jerarquía o bien el conjunto de la congregación, se reúne
periódicamente para realizar “El Capítulo”, que consiste en una asamblea en la que
se hace un balance público de todo lo realizado por la congregación en el
último periodo, y se establecen los nuevos objetivos, intenciones y/o
compromisos para el siguiente capítulo. También se adoptaban y decidían las
cuestiones básicas sobre disciplina interna dentro de la congregación.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-YZdmrgovOrFxngSbLtIh0iesG75gZdBIrOjN6mIyR__bhxu8UAdAkl-_FAdY9Jl_4vW_D_YcJM83URpk6WxBESOuxGtfMctHBnit6H09hq5lYVjeJ0rhDv7HqZtK9XgMxTeqbOeHCLT0/s1600/SanIsidoro.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-YZdmrgovOrFxngSbLtIh0iesG75gZdBIrOjN6mIyR__bhxu8UAdAkl-_FAdY9Jl_4vW_D_YcJM83URpk6WxBESOuxGtfMctHBnit6H09hq5lYVjeJ0rhDv7HqZtK9XgMxTeqbOeHCLT0/s1600/SanIsidoro.jpg&quot; height=&quot;153&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El Refectorio es una
gran sala o espacio, donde los monjes y frailes se reúnen para comer,
habitualmente con la regla o compromiso del “silencio general”, y también con
la presencia de algún orador, que va leyendo pasajes de las sagradas escrituras.
Este funcionamiento permite evocar y contribuye también a una explicación
coherente de las consideraciones que ya se han hecho sobre el tiempo de
reverberación de un recinto (TR) en ausencia de megafonía.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;A la hora de
construir los nuevos edificios, la Iglesia constituye un elemento bastante
singular y significativo para una congregación religiosa, ya que además de
servir a esta, también puede albergar los ritos religiosos para cualquier
población exterior. No obstante dentro del funcionamiento cotidiano, hay que
considerar a su vez los rezos de las “horas canónicas” que como ya se había
comentado, se realizaban en el caso de horas nocturnas, por toda la
congregación reunida dentro de la iglesia y cantados en coro. “Maitines” a la
media noche, “Laudes” un par de horas antes del amanecer, “Vísperas” alrededor
de la media tarde, y “Completas” sobre las nueve de la noche.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 380.25pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Eso supone que al
proyectar o concebir el recinto de la Iglesia además de tener en cuenta la
propia función de la misma con un carácter abierto a cualquier población
exterior al monasterio, sea considerado un espacio funcionalmente adecuado para
realizar también con la mejor sonoridad posible, los cantos en coro que
corresponden a los rezos diarios.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Lógicamente aunque no
tuviesen conocimientos rigurosos sobre la acústica de recintos, el fenómeno ya
comentado del tiempo de reverberación (TR), directamente relacionado con el
tamaño y volumen absoluto del recinto donde se entona la melodía, tenía que ser
percibido y sentido de una forma tan directa y evidente, que al abordar el
proyecto de cualquier iglesia, el reto de poder construir un recinto aún mayor
o más grande y por tanto con más “sonoridad” o persistencia acústica, debía
constituir una de las principales motivaciones para aquellas gentes.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;LA BASILICA Y LA IGLESIA&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIcf20QZscy2VO0WUw6UaBILmodAhY3UEgjtOAr9QYMNmfot7nnX3vLC29z3hADFAZOCoOlFhGMtbuVepMjpyWa8hnZJ4fbd3nVg3qrI1pJ8PJ0WA6vL2cROCfJCIVy0kCIotG-xeqeVpt/s1600/LaBasilica.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIcf20QZscy2VO0WUw6UaBILmodAhY3UEgjtOAr9QYMNmfot7nnX3vLC29z3hADFAZOCoOlFhGMtbuVepMjpyWa8hnZJ4fbd3nVg3qrI1pJ8PJ0WA6vL2cROCfJCIVy0kCIotG-xeqeVpt/s1600/LaBasilica.jpg&quot; height=&quot;145&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;La construcción de las
primeras iglesias del románico, se basa en el modelo de la “basílica romana” que
funcionalmente es un edificio representativo y singular que tenía utilizaciones
muy diversas siempre basadas en un cierto carácter social con una gran
afluencia de gente. Se utilizaba tanto como mercado, como lugar de reuniones y
debates políticos, o bien para celebrar juicios que presidia un magistrado
acompañado por el tribunal que se situaba en la exedra.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El edificio estaba
configurado por un espacio continuo de planta rectangular, con una exedra o
lugar prominente en uno de los extremos longitudinales, en la que se situaba el
tribunal configurando una especie de cabecera. Normalmente el acceso se situaba
en el extremo contrario y el espacio interior se configuraba con tres bandas
longitudinales, separadas por alineaciones de columnas que permitían un espacio
interior continuo y unitario. Sobre las alineaciones de las columnas, se
elevaban unos muros longitudinales que superando la &amp;nbsp;altura de los espacios laterales, permitían la
apertura de huecos de iluminación en la parte superior. La cubrición del
espacio normalmente se hacía con una estructura de madera que solía mostrar un
artesonado decorativo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFSV6F1cKsRoSXgWeZnleERZxfPDFDxJCaqA7fRDJYDr72hR0KunATzUW1g_ijmbE0ksZQ4N_TOlqKI0UQvQe4MAIVowTn9y0H-pL4tDUjMysUP8bsu-HWGoaeC1DnAPce9d-5gsfSxDO_/s1600/San+Facundo.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFSV6F1cKsRoSXgWeZnleERZxfPDFDxJCaqA7fRDJYDr72hR0KunATzUW1g_ijmbE0ksZQ4N_TOlqKI0UQvQe4MAIVowTn9y0H-pL4tDUjMysUP8bsu-HWGoaeC1DnAPce9d-5gsfSxDO_/s1600/San+Facundo.jpg&quot; height=&quot;170&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Al trasponer este
modelo a las primeras iglesias románicas, la exedra se transforma en un ábside
semicircular donde se aloja el altar, y se acompaña con otros dos más pequeños
rematando las bandas laterales, a modo de capillas auxiliares. El espacio
central adquiere un mayor desarrollo en detrimento de los laterales,
incrementando considerablemente la diferencia de ancho y alto, que probablemente busca aumentar el “volumen” del recinto en función de una
mayor sonoridad. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Otro de los cambios
singulares es la cubrición del espacio con una bóveda de cañón o semicircular y
continua a lo largo del espacio principal, que se realiza con sillería de
piedra, igual que el resto de los muros del edificio. También se cubren con
otras bóvedas menores y de tipos diversos los espacios laterales. La razón de
este cambio puede que tenga mucho que ver con una previsión de solidez y
duración a largo plazo, ya que la cubierta de madera se deteriora y envejece
mucho antes que un muro de piedra, pero probablemente también se considere
importante la continuidad de todas las superficies que configuran del recinto
principal, buscando conseguir la mejor sonoridad o reverberación.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJU9kMeS-Lspm_HImvA3GZQpDocke-HUZXWs3WBNPLOozCDS8F8NZdyux8_qAsVaWbbNOKqWCX-vZwsZUeAw0nPN9Z-k9S2jxncGgXkoPXY-mosNrZIIRw57zgTsA4HZkVZBS20Rpxzb0e/s1600/VillavSandoval.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJU9kMeS-Lspm_HImvA3GZQpDocke-HUZXWs3WBNPLOozCDS8F8NZdyux8_qAsVaWbbNOKqWCX-vZwsZUeAw0nPN9Z-k9S2jxncGgXkoPXY-mosNrZIIRw57zgTsA4HZkVZBS20Rpxzb0e/s1600/VillavSandoval.jpg&quot; height=&quot;185&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Otra modificación
importante respecto a la tipología de basílica, es el “transepto” que
inicialmente no parece tener demasiado protagonismo, pero con la evolución se
convierte en una característica básica. Este consiste en la configuración de un
espacio transversal, situado perpendicularmente al eje longitudinal en las
inmediaciones de la cabecera. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Este transepto se
configura como un espacio de proporciones similares a las de la nave principal,
cruzando e interrumpiendo las laterales y dando lugar a la conocida configuración
de planta de cruz latina en cuanto tiene un desarrollo mayor que el ancho de
las otras tres naves. La ejecución del transepto con la altura y proporciones
de la nave principal, da lugar a un relativo conflicto de diseño, ya que si se
cubren ambas con una bóveda de medio cañón, el cruce de las superficies
cilíndricas da lugar a la geometría de una “bóveda por arista”, por lo que en
algunos casos se interrumpen ambas para generar una sobreelevación mediante un
tambor, trompas o pechinas que dan lugar al crucero, o bien en otros casos como
la iglesia de San Isidoro de León, simplemente se hace algo más baja la
transversal cruzando el nivel de su clave superior, a la altura del arranque de
la principal, con lo que prevalece la geometría longitudinal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr66v5zFQSRxZb7ci2A_oOzzBivCWLnyL3HrowraAyJlXP44goUGTdAqYLV6f0NCcMDC6rXXbilGCIhjaO3ffRSg6WDE4P-DSBrASFFG4nf93tFKOMYoN7tUdgHJA3ZXEBd0m20ksD4gT1/s1600/Iglesia_SI.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr66v5zFQSRxZb7ci2A_oOzzBivCWLnyL3HrowraAyJlXP44goUGTdAqYLV6f0NCcMDC6rXXbilGCIhjaO3ffRSg6WDE4P-DSBrASFFG4nf93tFKOMYoN7tUdgHJA3ZXEBd0m20ksD4gT1/s1600/Iglesia_SI.jpg&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; width=&quot;195&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;La razón para
incorporar este transepto sobre el modelo de basílica, es difícil de
determinar, ya que en aquella época no se escribía junto al proyecto, una
memoria donde el autor argumentara o explicase las razones del diseño, y bien
puede tratarse de razones sobre el significado o de tipo semántico, como la
referencia de tipo religioso a la cruz que representa el sacrificio de
Jesucristo, pero yo aún a riesgo de parecer un poco obsesivo respecto a mi
propia idea, más bien me inclino por un tipo de razones más pragmáticas, como
el hecho de que la nueva configuración, permite incrementar apreciablemente el
“volumen” del recinto, justo en las inmediaciones del altar o el corazón de la
iglesia, lo cual evidentemente tiene que redundar en una mayor “sonoridad” o
reverberación, seguramente muy apreciada por aquellos monjes, cuando escuchaban
el canto del coro sin megafonía.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://juliocad.blogspot.com/2014/02/del-romanico-al-gotico-iii-el-diseno.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Julio)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyw1q8ZvKVL8M-Clf6O-e157T9gcjHXf0KfMgW85uN-AExViAu7MqLq2_gZGNEEWk_hQAvZJMBaX92rLFe_MAPnUnZHJ1zul6K86OFsicLIt4zRou_rlW4hfZBB4pgWurtleSLv4MQxTiY/s72-c/Carracedo.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8508519656628787686.post-3246002527990020799</guid><pubDate>Fri, 31 Jan 2014 08:13:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2014-01-31T09:25:16.938+01:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">canto gregoriano</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">gótico</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">música coral</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">románico</category><title>DEL ROMANICO AL GOTICO  -  Parte II</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El último día se exponían algunas
consideraciones previas sobre la época histórica alrededor del año mil de
nuestra era, tratando de argumentar algún tipo de causa o razón verosímil para
el surgimiento del estilo románico dentro de la arquitectura, precisamente por
esa época. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Evidentemente los factores concurrentes
pueden ser múltiples y de diversa índole, pero personalmente considero que la gran
proliferación de los monasterios, con una vida organizada alrededor de la “oración”,
que se hacía con arreglo a las horas canónicas, realizando las correspondientes
a las horas nocturnas de forma colectiva y cantada: “maitines”, “laudes”,
“vísperas” y “completas”, hace que por un lado surja en esa época el “canto
gregoriano”, pero también que se valore y fomente la importancia de las
cualidades “acústicas” del recinto arquitectónico donde se entona esa melodía u
oración.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;LA&amp;nbsp;REVERBERACIÓN&amp;nbsp;del SONIDO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7_kUxcMd-nvSWs0KhixnvFnsWDSUfpTpTc8nRAhVFaSe_VypkGud58I-R-odGcbONezZy1ZRshWHGLfmVBzo4wfMf5ttQavKjwTTkA7LurQskz01yWMxzLQ0nkxSRds7lZ-c0lLxYNRGZ/s1600/CSantiago_2b.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7_kUxcMd-nvSWs0KhixnvFnsWDSUfpTpTc8nRAhVFaSe_VypkGud58I-R-odGcbONezZy1ZRshWHGLfmVBzo4wfMf5ttQavKjwTTkA7LurQskz01yWMxzLQ0nkxSRds7lZ-c0lLxYNRGZ/s1600/CSantiago_2b.JPG&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; width=&quot;150&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;También se ha mencionado la ecuación de
Sabine sobre acústica, pero sobre todo la importancia fundamental del “TR” o
tiempo de reverberación de un recinto cerrado, como la característica
fundamental que permite evaluar su comportamiento acústico. Ese tiempo de
reverberación se expresa normalmente en segundos, y corresponde a la
persistencia del sonido, después de que la fuente sonora haya dejado de emitirlo.
Dicho en palabras coloquiales, es el tiempo que tarda en apagarse completamente
el sonido o la melodía que estamos oyendo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Lógicamente si ese tiempo tiene un valor
alto, pongamos por ejemplo más de cuatro segundos, un cierto murmullo o cualquier
ruido de fondo se pueden hacer bastante molestos, y además la “inteligibilidad”
de un orador que pueda estar hablando se reduce notablemente ya que en cada
instante estaríamos escuchando no solo la palabra que acaba de pronunciar, sino
que además se superponen parcialmente todas las palabras de los cuatro últimos
segundos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En ese sentido hay que recordar las
peculiaridades y costumbres de la oratoria, probablemente como una adaptación
natural a las contradicciones que representa este fenómeno, ya que por un lado,
en un recinto mayor se incrementa el TR favoreciendo una amplificación del
sonido que llega mejor a los oyentes, pero por otro lado perjudica la
inteligibilidad, por lo que los oradores se han acostumbrado a hablar “alto y
pausado”, o también hay quien diría “alto y claro”. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwrwTAooyE_FgpIY2-iXt2I1koddJw0_H31vC1lM35laz5jrMKMnMGVFsRPAmiMgGzbxoovuDqNrwt1UhuvFLzHBoUpD2Ar1faU0KvUVcyUAR8-tNG8VL-_mai4nYXQ70RJ3kBtEk6wLOP/s1600/S_Isidoro_2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwrwTAooyE_FgpIY2-iXt2I1koddJw0_H31vC1lM35laz5jrMKMnMGVFsRPAmiMgGzbxoovuDqNrwt1UhuvFLzHBoUpD2Ar1faU0KvUVcyUAR8-tNG8VL-_mai4nYXQ70RJ3kBtEk6wLOP/s1600/S_Isidoro_2.jpg&quot; height=&quot;150&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Por otro lado el caso de una melodía musical es
completamente diferente, ya que la persistencia del sonido que genera el
recinto, contribuye por un lado a reforzar y ampliar el volumen sonoro que se escucha,
lo cual en ausencia de megafonía es una notable ventaja, pero por otro lado,
ante una melodía lenta y pausada como es el canto gregoriano, la perdida de
inteligibilidad es básicamente irrelevante, por lo que resulta bastante lógico
que en la construcción de los monasterios se tratara de conseguir un recinto del
mayor volumen posible, y por otra parte el valor o mérito de haber construido un
recinto mayor, resultaba indiscutiblemente reconocido por cualquiera que
escuchase, el canto de un coro en su interior.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Evidentemente respecto a nuestra experiencia
cotidiana, deberíamos tratar de descontar un elemento novedoso que se añade en
el siglo XX como es la “megafonía” a la que estamos habituados en las salas de cine,
y también en la mayoría de salas de conferencias donde tiene que hablar en
público cualquier orador. Esa megafonía supone que los niveles del sonido se
hacen artificialmente “altos” y el efecto relativo de la persistencia acústica
que representa el TR, se diluye considerablemente. Por otro lado el incremento
de superficies absorbentes, como la ocupación o presencia de personas, el
tapizado de las butacas o los cortinajes, tapices y moquetas, contribuyen a
reducir ese valor en los recintos grandes, y como también hemos perdido la
costumbre de escuchar tanto la música como la palabra en directo sin megafonía,
nos resulta relativamente extraña la experiencia directa sobre esa
característica de un recinto.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisC2pxj_9pVsylqI5wZUWpYv8uzrQXbme95mcEsNd4taptJQsKj71wl-o2yItl3zudFRvLk7J7Htkfiw2awckV75p_sd4kRXNY45k2sKbLjKq8Olaiywtyvxj-yBFMWjCmBPQKi1mCoQFH/s1600/S_Isidoro_MF.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisC2pxj_9pVsylqI5wZUWpYv8uzrQXbme95mcEsNd4taptJQsKj71wl-o2yItl3zudFRvLk7J7Htkfiw2awckV75p_sd4kRXNY45k2sKbLjKq8Olaiywtyvxj-yBFMWjCmBPQKi1mCoQFH/s1600/S_Isidoro_MF.jpg&quot; height=&quot;150&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;LA LISTA DE EJEMPLOS&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Cuando se quiere
establecer una relación de ejemplos sobre edificios románicos, enseguida surge
la catedral de Santiago de Compostela, aunque realmente la imagen habitual que
se visualiza, corresponde a su fachada principal flanqueada por dos altas
torres, que sin embargo no tiene nada que ver con el estilo románico, ya que
estas se añaden en fechas muy posteriores que ya corresponden al estilo barroco.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El interior de la
catedral sin embargo, sigue conservando la estructura y configuración originales
de un edificio románico, que además constituye probablemente uno de los
ejemplos más claros, además de ser uno de los mayores por tamaño interior o
volumen del recinto. Otros dos ejemplos emblemáticos están constituidos por la
colegiata de San Isidoro en León y la Iglesia de San Martín de Frómista.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En el caso de la
colegiata, también hay que decir que su configuración es una de las más características
en cuanto al estilo, pero a su vez incorpora algunas modificaciones posteriores,
que naturalmente difieren de los patrones iniciales del estilo románico. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOsfRoCgobxHyeh1yxDPVLEULUDOWoY2pFFjt2AdQDqg2RFcYwiZoSwjtkILhla2zat0CaxbGhyphenhypheneu4amDtVG581mLhtFk0jTV4B3aKtkjg9t1mNCMAtO-PUcxr6QuEvNUlGcPahtWTBiFo/s1600/S_Isidoro_3.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOsfRoCgobxHyeh1yxDPVLEULUDOWoY2pFFjt2AdQDqg2RFcYwiZoSwjtkILhla2zat0CaxbGhyphenhypheneu4amDtVG581mLhtFk0jTV4B3aKtkjg9t1mNCMAtO-PUcxr6QuEvNUlGcPahtWTBiFo/s1600/S_Isidoro_3.jpg&quot; height=&quot;150&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Esas modificaciones
son por un lado, la sustitución del ábside central que corresponde al altar
mayor, por un cuerpo de edificación más desarrollado que se realiza con
patrones del gótico posterior, y probablemente responde a la necesidad práctica
de ampliar el espacio en torno al altar, para alojar los sitiales del coro, o
bien un emplazamiento privilegiado para autoridades políticas, ya que esta es
la iglesia vinculada a los “Reyes de León” que también tiene el conocido
“panteón” a los pies de la misma.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;La otra modificación
corresponde a una época posterior, entre renacimiento y barroco, que consiste
en la incorporación de un segundo nivel en los tres últimos espacios de la nave
central, justo a la altura de las bóvedas laterales mediante unos grandes arcos
rebajados, que permiten situar un nuevo “coro elevado” a los pies de la iglesia,
probablemente por el reducido espacio disponible en el emplazamiento gótico
junto al altar. Además se añade sobre la puerta de entrada que se encuentra en
la fachada lateral, unos elementos ornamentales configurados por un gran escudo
y una balaustrada de coronación, que distorsionan en cierta medida la imagen general
de este edificio, con respecto a&amp;nbsp; las
pautas originales del estilo románico.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En el caso de San
Martín de Frómista, probablemente las circunstancias sean las contrarias, ya
que en la primera parte del siglo XX la iglesia se encuentra semiderruida, y
cuando se procede a la restauración completa, se “reinterpretan” algunos
elementos, por lo que aunque la composición y el diseño son perfectamente
rigurosos con el estilo románico, posiblemente no fuera exactamente este, su
aspecto original.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq6VXrSKnS21q29XIhVqQg9Z7TAoy0QkIAT0kCc45bOUiJmhyUjmhGOycgMiEtVDiGP-ZEiMtcK19hgScH2yseREtULkizoNOPpk_q49CK9260wQ6lew0XmnuRVOVpwbMcXMmOXLYSNDAO/s1600/Fromista_1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq6VXrSKnS21q29XIhVqQg9Z7TAoy0QkIAT0kCc45bOUiJmhyUjmhGOycgMiEtVDiGP-ZEiMtcK19hgScH2yseREtULkizoNOPpk_q49CK9260wQ6lew0XmnuRVOVpwbMcXMmOXLYSNDAO/s1600/Fromista_1.jpg&quot; height=&quot;103&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Además de los tres
ejemplos mencionados, la elaboración de una lista de ejemplos románicos podría
ser muy larga, y naturalmente desborda el alcance de una página como esta, no
obstante para tener una idea cabal, sobre la tremenda proliferación de
edificios durante esta época, así como su extensión geográfica, se considera
más práctico incluir algunos enlaces a otras páginas más especializadas, que
incluyen recopilaciones mucho más sistemáticas y completas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.romanicoaragones.com/5-MapaActivo/Espana.htm&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;MAPA INTERACTIVODEL ROMANICO&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;. Se trata de una página referida solo al ámbito de España,
pero su navegación está configurado mediante una estructura de mapas que
facilitan una idea muy clara de las ubicaciones geográficas, destacando la
notable frecuencia de emplazamientos en las provincias de Palencia y Navarra.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amigosdelromanico.org/inventario/inv_romanico_introduccion.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;AMIGOSDEL ROMANICO&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;. En este caso se trata de una página que recopila un “Inventario
Románico” particularmente exhaustivo y extendido a toda Europa. Aunque
normalmente solo identifica los edificios y elementos con unas pocas imágenes, contiene
un repertorio de bibliografía de publicaciones, que permite localizar y/o
profundizar fácilmente en el conocimiento de cualquier edificio.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.arteguias.com/arquitectura.htm&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;ARTEGUIAS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;
&amp;gt; Arquitectura ROMANICA. Se trata de una página muy completa referida no
solo al románico sino a todo el arte de la Edad Media. La página esta bien
estructurada por temas y secciones y contiene referencias diferenciadas para
arquitectura románica, monasterios, Camino de Santiago etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Nota:
Las imágenes y referencias que acompañan al artículo se han recopilado desde
internet&amp;nbsp; por medio de Google, y son
propiedad de sus respectivos autores.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://juliocad.blogspot.com/2014/01/del-romanico-al-gotico-parte-ii.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Julio)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7_kUxcMd-nvSWs0KhixnvFnsWDSUfpTpTc8nRAhVFaSe_VypkGud58I-R-odGcbONezZy1ZRshWHGLfmVBzo4wfMf5ttQavKjwTTkA7LurQskz01yWMxzLQ0nkxSRds7lZ-c0lLxYNRGZ/s72-c/CSantiago_2b.JPG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>3</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8508519656628787686.post-4741391268963679687</guid><pubDate>Wed, 22 Jan 2014 16:04:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2014-01-31T09:25:34.498+01:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">canto gregoriano</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">gótico</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">música coral</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">románico</category><title>DEL ROMANICO AL GOTICO  -  Parte I</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Cuando se evocan referencias de arquitectura dentro
de los periodos históricos denominados “&lt;i&gt;románico&lt;/i&gt;”
y “&lt;i&gt;gótico&lt;/i&gt;”, enseguida surge la referencia
del Camino de Santiago en la época medieval, cuando a lo largo de ese itinerario
se van construyendo una serie de monasterios, iglesias, y catedrales, con unas
pautas de estilo y construcción, que ponen de manifiesto la&amp;nbsp; transmisión del conocimiento a lo largo del propio
camino y también una identidad cultural con rasgos comunes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Si se quieren sintetizar las principales características
del estilo románico, parece oportuno citar un repertorio de iglesias y
edificios representativos, cuyas imágenes resulten conocidas en general, y de
esa forma establecer referencias más detalladas y concretas respecto a los
elementos que lo caracterizan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 129.75pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;LOS ANTECEDENTES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX2twvtgKjTPh5jLL2r9Hw3klNOg347otFqyNXwdnMnh3sbCWX8nARBqPlqvY6s_3aHzEPGh2MDVGP_rDxlphMhpWc_JJSy2C0hZyxHrqKCrvKnR7LfZjEYLidVrzyHmVzpoC5-oif-u0S/s1600/475px-Planta_SdP.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX2twvtgKjTPh5jLL2r9Hw3klNOg347otFqyNXwdnMnh3sbCWX8nARBqPlqvY6s_3aHzEPGh2MDVGP_rDxlphMhpWc_JJSy2C0hZyxHrqKCrvKnR7LfZjEYLidVrzyHmVzpoC5-oif-u0S/s1600/475px-Planta_SdP.jpg&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; width=&quot;158&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Antes de citar una relación de ejemplos,
considerando que los estilos románico y gótico, se suceden en el tiempo por ese
orden, cabría revisar también la época inmediatamente anterior, con el fin de
identificar posibles pautas o claves que permitan entender mejor la aparición y
evolución entre los diferentes estilos, pero sin embargo cuando tratamos de
recopilar ejemplos anteriores al románico, nos damos cuenta que resultan
significativamente más escasos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Teniendo en cuenta que el románico se
extiende históricamente entre los siglos XI, XII y la primera mitad del XIII, y
el gótico desde la segunda mitad del XIII hasta mediados del siglo XV o incluso
el XVI dependiendo de la transición al &lt;i&gt;Renacimiento&lt;/i&gt;
en cada zona geográfica, habría que remontarse al menos dos o tres siglos por
delante del XI para cubrir una extensión temporal equivalente a cada uno de estos
dos periodos. Sin embargo cuando estudiamos, las referencias en la arquitectura
de la época, normalmente se engloba una extensión temporal que comprende desde
la caída del imperio romano en el siglo VI, hasta el siglo XI. Unos cinco
siglos que se identifican habitualmente como “&lt;i&gt;alta edad media&lt;/i&gt;”, que incluye desde el arte visigodo al mozárabe pasando
también por el prerrománico. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Dentro de este periodo llama enseguida la
atención, que el número de ejemplos de arquitectura resulta demasiado escaso en
comparación con el románico o el gótico, a pesar de doblar la duración en el
tiempo. Por otra parte los ejemplos de edificios también resultan
llamativamente más pequeños y de mucha menor entidad, como Santa María del
Naranco, San Miguel de Lillo, Santiago de Peñalba, San Miguel de Escalada, San
Baudilio de Berlanga, etc.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Esta consideración, invita a pensar que
probablemente los cambios producidos en toda la sociedad europea y
particularmente en la península, alrededor del año 1.000, son mucho más
profundos y decisivos de lo que estamos habituados a considerar, o lo que representa
la anécdota de las “cruzadas”. De hecho durante el siglo X se desarrollan en la
península, casi todos los ejemplos de la arquitectura mozárabe que es más
relevante en cuanto magnitud y extensión que los cuatro siglos anteriores,
sexto a noveno.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;LOS CAMBIOS&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Uno de los elementos que parece oportuno
destacar, es una decisión de la iglesia católica que se produce en esa época, y
es la de unificar todos los ritos religiosos, adoptando como idioma único el “&lt;i&gt;latín&lt;/i&gt;” que aún es conocido y manejado
con soltura por mucha gente, y contribuye de esa forma a facilitar una
comunicación a lo largo de toda Europa, ya que los ritos religiosos y el latín,
resultan familiares y comunes para cualquier persona que pueda desplazarse
desde Francia o el centro de Europa hasta los confines de Galicia, donde en esa
época se dice haber localizado la tumba del apóstol.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-WQRjHfO6tZ7D6WPjWfwqWmd2T3egeKu5lJoOlyl7spdkxuuv8dqVXNonNGzZcZt_ev7zhNS79Efed-u5GnxxFMxdW3cIJYMRn42uYbZFF7xoKisI6q4ITdy7TDqtkXT9Jiq17npQq0g_/s1600/800px-20060630-Oviedo_Santa_Maria_del_Naranco.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-WQRjHfO6tZ7D6WPjWfwqWmd2T3egeKu5lJoOlyl7spdkxuuv8dqVXNonNGzZcZt_ev7zhNS79Efed-u5GnxxFMxdW3cIJYMRn42uYbZFF7xoKisI6q4ITdy7TDqtkXT9Jiq17npQq0g_/s1600/800px-20060630-Oviedo_Santa_Maria_del_Naranco.jpg&quot; height=&quot;150&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Otro elemento a considerar es el surgimiento
y proliferación de la vida monástica, con el ejemplo de los benedictinos o la
orden del Císter, que se inspira y hace suyo el tipo de vida propuesto por la
regla de San Gregorio en el siglo V, basada en la reclusión monástica y el rezo
frecuente, que se realiza con arreglo a las horas canónicas, (maitines, laudes,
tercia, sexta, nona, vísperas y completas), siendo normalmente el de las horas
nocturnas “&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;cantado&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;” por toda la
congregación en coro.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;De acuerdo con estas
consideraciones, parece oportuno pensar que en esa época de la historia, surgen
nuevos cambios, como la peregrinación a Santiago de Compostela, probablemente
basada en profundas inquietudes personales de aquellas gentes, que se apoyaba
por un lado en la gran satisfacción personal y espiritual del esfuerzo constante
y cotidiano, encaminado a una meta u objetivo final nítidamente claro, que
además es amparado y auxiliado con frecuencia por los monasterios que jalonan
el camino, junto a un incremento del desapego hacia una autoridad representada
por unas élites políticas demasiado obsesionadas en la utópica, y absurda
empresa de las “cruzadas”. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En ese contexto
resultaría bastante habitual que la comunicación de inquietudes, facilitada por
el uso del latín y los nuevos movimientos de la gente, contribuyera a adoptar
soluciones comunes en respuesta a problemas comunes, con independencia de la
ubicación geográfica, como los relacionados con el canto y la construcción de
edificios. Estas dos referencias se encuentran tanto en la base del “canto
gregoriano” como del estilo “románico”, que en ambos casos surgen por esa época,
alrededor de la vida cotidiana dentro de los monasterios. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;MÚSICA y ARQUITECTURA
– LA ACÚSTICA&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 278.25pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdDmokbnElEL1sNpGkd82itIZrkbOfVpBnF9hb3D_n4V3ZiPhZfl9n2AL7LbCD9xJHHZOtj79I2h9fyOxc7lBCF4CWG8HP6B57stMtcHn0TTw_IJPqF-LjHw_zhILOk82yhV5Rqqjolg5k/s1600/800px-San_Miguel_de_Lillo-Oviedo.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdDmokbnElEL1sNpGkd82itIZrkbOfVpBnF9hb3D_n4V3ZiPhZfl9n2AL7LbCD9xJHHZOtj79I2h9fyOxc7lBCF4CWG8HP6B57stMtcHn0TTw_IJPqF-LjHw_zhILOk82yhV5Rqqjolg5k/s1600/800px-San_Miguel_de_Lillo-Oviedo.jpg&quot; height=&quot;150&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;La relación entre la
música o el canto coral y la construcción de edificios, aunque en un primer
momento puedan parecer incongruentes, si se analizan con algo más de cuidado, tienen
una gran relación entre sí, ya que el canto coral se realiza habitualmente dentro
del “recinto” configurado por un edificio concreto, y son precisamente sus
cualidades y propiedades “acústicas”, las que influyen de manera determinante,
en la percepción de la música y la melodía resultantes por cualquier
observador, o por los mismos protagonistas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 278.25pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Aunque en aquella
época las ideas y conceptos físicos sobre el sonido y la acústica, fuesen
rudimentarios o inexistentes, evidentemente no lo era la percepción de los
resultados, como nos muestra todo el conocimiento histórico sobre música y
canto gregoriano, sin olvidar que la primera “partitura” o anotación de una
melodía que llega hasta nosotros es precisamente el “Antifonario” de la
catedral de León. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En relación con las
propiedades acústicas, es ya hacia finales del siglo XIX, cuando un profesor
universitario americano, Wallace Clement Sabine, mediante diversas mediciones y
experimentos dentro de varios auditorios y salas de conciertos, establece el
concepto actual de “tiempo de reverberación” (TR) para un recinto
arquitectónico, como característica básica y fundamental de sus propiedades
acústicas, junto con la conocida ecuación: [ TR = 0,161 * V / A ]. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsAoiWFU_SbKB2ECy5jHqbGw5bkiRsbBmGA5X7E_7rAWsdfmeYTtaf2VCcaA8GFMXptTGJ7Ix2-UlHDPdLGD2F9U17v1RK7g3sexQMa2OEL02xNwikLs0JDUrNcgCkwwVl71RGB2GXGEVY/s1600/SanBaudilioB.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsAoiWFU_SbKB2ECy5jHqbGw5bkiRsbBmGA5X7E_7rAWsdfmeYTtaf2VCcaA8GFMXptTGJ7Ix2-UlHDPdLGD2F9U17v1RK7g3sexQMa2OEL02xNwikLs0JDUrNcgCkwwVl71RGB2GXGEVY/s1600/SanBaudilioB.JPG&quot; height=&quot;151&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Aunque esa ecuación tenga
una expresión sencilla, para explicar el concepto de TR, normalmente se hace
referencia a los niveles del sonido mediante logaritmos, por lo que para muchas personas, eso siempre son cosas de gente rara. No obstante si se quiere entender
con claridad lo que representa TR, yo recomiendo acudir a la Wikipedia, donde
en la entrada correspondiente a “&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiempo_de_reverberaci%C3%B3n&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;tiempo de reverberación&lt;/a&gt;” se encuentra un pequeño
“plugin” que cuando se activa, el ordenador emite un sonido de ejemplo con
tiempos progresivamente mayores, lo que permite hacerse una idea muy clara e
intuitiva de lo que representa este parámetro, pero sobre todo de la tremenda
influencia que debería tener sobre la “audición” de un coro cantando en
gregoriano.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 278.25pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Para explicar de
forma coloquial lo que representa TR, hay que decir que se trata de una especie
de “refuerzo” o “persistencia” del sonido que se escucha en cualquier recinto
cerrado, y está causado por el mismo sonido, al reflejarse de forma múltiple y
sucesiva en suelo, paredes y techo. El valor de TR, de acuerdo con la expresión
de Sabine, es directamente proporcional al volumen del recinto (V), y de manera
inversa a la superficie de absorción (A). Esa superficie de absorción &amp;nbsp;está constituida por los materiales “blandos”
que son los que tienen la capacidad para absorber el sonido, como la gente con
su ropa (ocupación), o los tapices y cortinajes, sin olvidar los huecos
abiertos, ya que normalmente el suelo, paredes y techo, si son de piedra,
cristal, madera o yeso, resultan demasiado rígidos para tener una absorción apreciable
o significativa.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Cuando en los
comienzos del siglo XI, aquellas gentes se dedican a construir nuevos
monasterios e iglesias, naturalmente no conocen nada de esto, pero sin embargo
son perfectamente capaces de relacionar las diferencias al escuchar el canto de
un coro, con el volumen del recinto donde se escucha, y probablemente se inicia
una relativa carrera o competencia, por tratar de construir un edificio o recinto
con el mayor VOLUMEN posible, que permita escuchar la melodía cantada con el mayor
refuerzo acústico o REVEBERACION, ya que tampoco disponían en aquella época, de
ningún otro sistema de megafonía.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Nota:
Las imágenes y referencias que acompañan al artículo se han recopilado desde
internet&amp;nbsp; por medio de Google, y son
propiedad de sus respectivos autores.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://juliocad.blogspot.com/2014/01/del-romanico-al-gotico-parte-i.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Julio)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX2twvtgKjTPh5jLL2r9Hw3klNOg347otFqyNXwdnMnh3sbCWX8nARBqPlqvY6s_3aHzEPGh2MDVGP_rDxlphMhpWc_JJSy2C0hZyxHrqKCrvKnR7LfZjEYLidVrzyHmVzpoC5-oif-u0S/s72-c/475px-Planta_SdP.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8508519656628787686.post-153206841691935636</guid><pubDate>Fri, 29 Nov 2013 12:10:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-11-29T13:10:31.663+01:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">aviones</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">combustible</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">eficiencia</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">rendimiento</category><title>DOS mejor que CUATRO. [EL RENDIMIENTO - II]</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgozi80x0St7L3cxjZuZoXGo1hG2zmfShg2DT5OXJur3KewWcd-0LnrR3W3Nmi9Y5iqYZ_gQ3HP7xtRohN8zF7CNgoE3yZRtmDGQEEHqBNeou05lRX0_D4DyCopZg3gyJiDdSbGxVzol_Q9/s1600/uno.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;150&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgozi80x0St7L3cxjZuZoXGo1hG2zmfShg2DT5OXJur3KewWcd-0LnrR3W3Nmi9Y5iqYZ_gQ3HP7xtRohN8zF7CNgoE3yZRtmDGQEEHqBNeou05lRX0_D4DyCopZg3gyJiDdSbGxVzol_Q9/s200/uno.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El último día se publicaba un título homólogo
sobre el tema del “rendimiento”. En aquella ocasión se hacían algunas
consideraciones sobre rendimiento en el consumo de combustible para las
instalaciones de calefacción, justificando la ventaja de disponer dos calderas
combinadas, para permitir una respuesta mejor modulada, en unas condiciones de
demanda variable, para un sistema de combustión del tipo “todo o nada”.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Hoy vamos a revisar algunas consideraciones
sobre el número de motores en los aviones de pasajeros, que justifican la
generalización de DOS motores en la mayoría de los aviones, que pueden verse en
los últimos años, la cual también responde una cierta lógica del rendimiento o
la eficiencia de uso, aunque por un tipo de razones, que inicialmente no
resulten demasiado evidentes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;LA SEGURIDAD en el VUELO&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Dentro de la regulación de seguridad en los
aviones de pasajeros, existe un requisito básico, que responde a una lógica
elemental y en última instancia condiciona los resultados. Este requisito es la
condición indispensable de que cualquier avión de varios motores, debe soportar
el fallo completo de uno de ellos, en cualquiera de las posibles circunstancias
de vuelo, ya sea el despegue, aterrizaje, crucero, etc.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Este requisito naturalmente es completamente
indispensable y en pura lógica indiscutible. En base a ese requisito es
precisos concebir y establecer la configuración del avión desde sus fases
iniciales de diseño, en relación con el número de motores y naturalmente la
potencia y sus dimensiones adecuadas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY9fA8dbdofhwqzKhFXrIPdEyJVrLO9VjR_25nGkkwYeMDTQL9joGibqxxVNu8La-6VVkwPFktNj2sZDQ-ez37dxkO-4heJ7sdezU1-3I6v8u0PyX7TdvmeGRQyr6A5inOnX9Imaw0jode/s1600/cuatro.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;133&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY9fA8dbdofhwqzKhFXrIPdEyJVrLO9VjR_25nGkkwYeMDTQL9joGibqxxVNu8La-6VVkwPFktNj2sZDQ-ez37dxkO-4heJ7sdezU1-3I6v8u0PyX7TdvmeGRQyr6A5inOnX9Imaw0jode/s200/cuatro.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Naturalmente otra de las condiciones básicas
cuando se proyecta un avión de pasaje, es que el consumo de combustible esté
razonablemente ajustado por una buena eficiencia, para que los costes de
operación de sus futuros clientes, sean competitivos y rentables. Esta
consideración sin embargo, es totalmente secundaria en el ámbito de la aviación
militar, ya que la operación de los aviones depende de requisitos completamente
diferentes de la rentabilidad comercial.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;EL PANORAMA ACTUAL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Si observamos el panorama de un aeropuerto en
la actualidad podemos ver que proliferan notablemente los aviones con dos
motores bastante voluminosos bajo las alas, aunque también hay una presencia
considerable de aviones con cuatro motores, sobre todo los frecuentes Boeing
747 y actualmente los A-380, pero sin embargo estos dos modelos tienen una
peculiaridad como es el tamaño, ya que destacan por ser los aviones de máxima
capacidad.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Hace ya bastantes años era mucho más
frecuente ver aviones con cuatro motores bajo las alas, especialmente aquellos
que hacían vuelos transoceánicos o de mayor radio de acción, y los de dos
motores, que muchas veces se disponían en cola, adosados al fuselaje, se
empleaban en aviones algo más reducidos y de corto o medio radio de acción.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;También hubo una época a finales de los 70s
en la que proliferan disposiciones de tres motores con cabina ancha, como los DC-10
y &amp;nbsp;Lockheed 1011 en aviones de largo
radio, pero es cuando se afianza el éxito de AIRBUS en los 80s, cuando se
generaliza la configuración de dos motores, también para aviones de largo
recorrido.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;LA POTENCIA &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;La elección de la potencia para los motores
de un avión, es una decisión que se adopta en las fases iniciales de proyecto,
cuando se configura el conjunto de requisitos que debe cumplir, para competir
con sus rivales en función del panorama comercial. El requisito básico es una
cuestión técnica vinculada al número de motores, dado que la suma total de
potencia es la que asegura las prestaciones del avión, o su capacidad de
despegue y aterrizaje junto a las velocidades y altitud, máximas o de crucero. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy_FusoAV2CcChXRfmTk3FPwYkMqC32ghPP4Dzjr0YDhHNcsNiD_2gSWJb3cc5Z31FFFqlVbWDTzzrt045Sh6jQHcOU_rjPYF7MevmupZkmrH0Jw-2hoBmFwuD7EGOiuV8CVpiJge2eAs4/s1600/dos.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;112&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy_FusoAV2CcChXRfmTk3FPwYkMqC32ghPP4Dzjr0YDhHNcsNiD_2gSWJb3cc5Z31FFFqlVbWDTzzrt045Sh6jQHcOU_rjPYF7MevmupZkmrH0Jw-2hoBmFwuD7EGOiuV8CVpiJge2eAs4/s200/dos.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Una vez establecida la cuantía de potencia
máxima “P”, que deben proporcionar los motores del futuro avión, es cuando
procede hacer diversas consideraciones sobre el número de motores que es
conveniente adoptar. Lógicamente cuanto mayor sea el número de motores, más se
reduce la potencia unitaria de cada uno, P/2 o bien P/4, P/6 .. /8 etc. No
obstante en este punto es preciso añadir el requisito de seguridad previamente
establecido, lo que equivale repartir de forma homogénea, la potencia total
entre el número total de motores menos uno [N-1]. P, P/3, P/5 .. /7.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Esto supone que un avión con solo dos motores
necesita que cada uno de ellos disponga de toda la potencia “P” necesaria para
asegurar el vuelo del avión en cualquier circunstancia. Por otra parte un avión
con una configuración de cuatro motores, necesita que cada uno de ellos tenga
una potencia de: P/(N-1), es decir de P/3, o lo que es lo mismo un tercio de la
potencia total P.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;LA VUELTA DEL ESPEJO&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Una vez que ya hemos adoptado la “dimensión”
de cada motor, vamos a considerar el régimen de potencia a la que tienen que
operar en cada caso a lo largo de su vida útil.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En el primer caso, para un avión con solo dos
motores, tenemos que cada uno de ellos dispone de una potencia máxima unitaria
igual a P, que es la necesaria para mantener en vuelo el avión aunque el otro
estuviera apagado, pero como normalmente funcionan los dos al mismo régimen por
una cuestión de simetría elemental, tenemos que en este caso la vida útil del
motor se desarrolla con este trabajando al 50% de su potencia teórica, y del
mismo se deriva tanto el consumo de combustible, como el desgaste interno de las
piezas y el mantenimiento correspondiente.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En el caso del&amp;nbsp; avión con cuatro motores, lógicamente
funcionando todos al mismo régimen de potencia, tenemos que cada uno debe
proporcionar P/4, o bien un 25% de toda la potencia necesaria. Si lo comparamos
ahora con la potencia unitaria de cada motor, que ya habíamos establecido
anteriormente como P/3, nos damos cuenta de que al comparar el régimen de
operación normal, los motores en este caso se pasan su vida útil, a un régimen
del 75% de su potencia teórica, o lo que es lo mismo (P/4):(P/3).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrfMquEo-VJOpRd6c8T1AM-C9oGDEc1cLWDrSZYuuO14I383lEciL23n7gT41OUWy9_2R7U9J8SfTNaviVBUhsel7BOy1I7TTWatxYvmkJGII9SRk6iw4JUXnIeNv3cX8hN4laHsLUA57x/s1600/tres.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;149&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrfMquEo-VJOpRd6c8T1AM-C9oGDEc1cLWDrSZYuuO14I383lEciL23n7gT41OUWy9_2R7U9J8SfTNaviVBUhsel7BOy1I7TTWatxYvmkJGII9SRk6iw4JUXnIeNv3cX8hN4laHsLUA57x/s200/tres.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Lógicamente un motor trabajando normalmente
en el entorno del 50% de su potencia teórica tiene una primera ventaja, al
reducir los desgastes respecto a uno que opera al 75%, pero además tiene la
ventaja adicional de que cada kilogramo de combustible se quema con mejor
eficiencia y rendimiento, lo cual supone que al final de cada vuelo el avión
con solo dos motores, ha quemado menos kilogramos de combustible que un avión
de cuatro motores.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En el caso de aviones de cuatro motores, que
actualmente se mantienen en uso, lógicamente hay que considerar que estos son
precisamente los aviones de “mayores” dimensiones, (B-747 y A-380) y que ambos
superan las 250 toneladas en el despegue, por lo que se desborda el límite
práctico de poder operar con “un solo motor”, de acuerdo con la condición de
seguridad necesaria, si fueran sustituidos por configuraciones de dos motores.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://juliocad.blogspot.com/2013/11/dos-mejor-que-cuatro-el-rendimiento-ii.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Julio)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgozi80x0St7L3cxjZuZoXGo1hG2zmfShg2DT5OXJur3KewWcd-0LnrR3W3Nmi9Y5iqYZ_gQ3HP7xtRohN8zF7CNgoE3yZRtmDGQEEHqBNeou05lRX0_D4DyCopZg3gyJiDdSbGxVzol_Q9/s72-c/uno.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8508519656628787686.post-7588799948547380472</guid><pubDate>Sat, 09 Nov 2013 08:42:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-11-09T09:42:38.304+01:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">boiler</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">caldera</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">calefacción</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">eficiencia</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">rendimiento</category><title>DOS mejor que UNA. [EL RENDIMIENTO - I]</title><description>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
El título del tema actual, se
formula inicialmente alrededor de una relativa ambigüedad, ya que no se
menciona el objeto subyacente, pero la verdad es que se refiere a algo muy
concreto. Este tema, se debe completar con otro título: “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;DOS mejor que CUATRO&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;”, &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;con el que se desarrollan bajo la idea del “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;rendimiento&lt;/i&gt;”, algunas circunstancias y
consideraciones sobre objetos más o menos cotidianos, aunque &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;de índole muy diferente.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
En el primer caso se trata de una
referencia &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;a las “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;calderas de calefacción&lt;/i&gt;”, y en el segundo caso al “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;número de motores&lt;/i&gt;” en un avión de
pasajeros. En ambos casos se trata del “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;rendimiento&lt;/i&gt;”
o “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;eficiencia energética&lt;/i&gt;”, que actualmente
se encuentra de moda, ya que en el ámbito de la arquitectura, con la entrada en
vigor de nuevas disposiciones sobre los certificados de eficiencia energética, tiene
una gran relevancia.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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 &lt;/o:OfficeDocumentSettings&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform: uppercase;&quot;&gt;Rendimiento
y eficiencia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Cuando es necesario considerar o
evaluar el “rendimiento” en una instalación de calefacción, no basta con
establecer las condiciones de confort que es capaz de&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;mantener la instalación respecto a unas
condiciones adversas,&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;sino que también es
preciso evaluar el consumo del combustible necesario para mantener esas
condiciones a lo largo de un determinado periodo de tiempo, que se toma como
referencia.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
En el ámbito de la edificación,
la práctica normal se limitaba solo a la primera de las dos consideraciones, haciendo
un cálculo o estimación de las&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;“cargas”
que soporta el sistema en el momento más desfavorable, y con arreglo a esos
valores se determinan la potencia máxima de la caldera, los caudales, diámetros
y la capacidad de todos los elementos que forman el conjunto.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1GbcROLewsjskQgyApPTiPhom_GH2SX69fzRjk2o7szAHax4ERAVXwyAF3qrpwtWVEEf0Md5QzdoHIdDoK05OYirz9_N4YYGAoj6g4G36xfQPxn0OYtriItSNFRbIxzKvHLvbDgNhRIou/s1600/Imagen1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;153&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1GbcROLewsjskQgyApPTiPhom_GH2SX69fzRjk2o7szAHax4ERAVXwyAF3qrpwtWVEEf0Md5QzdoHIdDoK05OYirz9_N4YYGAoj6g4G36xfQPxn0OYtriItSNFRbIxzKvHLvbDgNhRIou/s200/Imagen1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Sin embargo para considerar el “rendimiento”,
este ya no depende solo de las condiciones más desfavorables en un determinado
momento, sino que además es necesario hacer estimaciones concretas a lo largo
de un periodo prolongado (normalmente un ciclo anual completo), determinando
que fracción de la potencia disponible es necesario aplicar en cada momento, y
de esa forma deducir el gasto acumulado de combustible, que lógicamente depende
del comportamiento del edificio en su conjunto: &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;volumen total, forma, orientaciones y
soleamiento, aislamientos,&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;ventilación y
naturalmente el régimen de utilización y el comportamiento de la instalación,
además de la variación estadística en las condiciones externas o climáticas a
lo largo de todo el periodo.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Este tipo de cálculo es
particularmente extenso y repetitivo, ya que supone ir evaluando
sistemáticamente en intervalos regulares, unas condiciones exteriores
concretas, y en función de ello, las pérdidas de calor en cada superficie o
paramento que configura los espacios del edificio, anotando ordenadamente la
energía que hay que añadir desde el sistema de calefacción a lo largo de todo
el periodo. Obviamente ese cálculo solo tiene sentido mediante una herramienta
informática, que permita hacer una “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;simulación
térmica&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;”&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;completa sobre las
características de cualquier &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;edificio.&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 9&quot;/&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
CONSIDERACIONES GENERALES&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Una de las primeras consideraciones
básicas en el rendimiento de los sistemas de calefacción,&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;es la del tamaño de la instalación, ya que
los rendimientos propios de cualquier caldera de combustión, habitualmente
mejoran con el tamaño y la potencia de la misma, aunque no obstante es preciso
distinguir claramente la mejora del rendimiento que puede suponer una
instalación de mayor potencia, de lo que representa el propio “volumen” o
espacio que se quiere calentar, y además de ello, su factor de forma.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Sobre la incidencia del volumen a
calentar, &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;es preciso considerar que para
mantener una temperatura estable en un determinado volumen, resulta necesario
añadir la energía suficiente para compensar la constante pérdida de calor que
se produce a través de las superficies de delimitan dicho volumen. Lógicamente
las pérdidas de calor son proporcionales a las superficies, pero sin embargo el
calor acumulado en el interior es proporcional al propio volumen, por lo que la
relación entre ambos parámetros, se va incrementando paulatinamente con el
tamaño absoluto, contribuyendo a diluir la importancia relativa de las pérdidas
de transmisión, respecto a otro tipo de cargas como el arranque inicial o las
cargas de ventilación.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Además del volumen del espacio a
calentar, también es preciso considerar su “factor de forma”, entendido como el
cociente de dividir el volumen del recinto por la superficie que lo delimita, pero
considerado como una relación diferente de la anterior, relativa al volumen
absoluto. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Para entender esta nueva
diferencia, es preciso considerar dos figuras que tengan el mismo volumen pero
distinta forma. En primer lugar consideramos un volumen regular, como por ejemplo
un “cubo” que tenga 10m de arista. Esto supone que su volumen son (10x10x10 =
1.000 m3) y por otro lado la superficie de cada cara, será de (10x10 = 100 m2)
y la superficie total, dado que tiene seis caras, 600 m2. En segundo lugar
consideremos una figura con el mismo volumen pero de forma mucho más esbelta o
alargada, como por ejemplo un prisma recto de (4 x 5 x 50m). &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;En este caso el volumen será el mismo (1.000m3),
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
LA INSTALACION&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Para calentar un edificio, lo habitual
es &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;dotarlo con la instalación de “UNA
CALDERA” en la que se va a quemar el combustible necesario. Su tamaño se ajusta
evaluando las cargas o pérdidas de calor que puedan producirse en el momento o
circunstancia más desfavorable.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;De esta
forma se asegura la disponibilidad de potencia suficiente en todo momento.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;No obstante si lo que preocupa es el
“rendimiento” del sistema, es necesario hacer un análisis algo más profundo,
considerando también otras circunstancias relativas al funcionamiento
continuado de la caldera a lo largo de su vida útil.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
En primer lugar hay que considerar
que las calderas más grandes tienen mejores rendimientos que las pequeñas. Sus
diseños están más ajustados y las propias condiciones de una combustión mayor y
más enérgica son más eficientes, no obstante también se debe considerar que
para una caldera más grande, las pérdidas absolutas que suponen los procesos de
arranque y parada, son también proporcionalmente mayores.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCwvzhjsCwTLhMOsSsboH94fOmZr9aQycGn0USxXiQItNGYOZ7sFEC9J6AT9qR_XECt4ObpNAWK59IQJje0h3NSHEBvnTKVS65qzDLU-2bXq1BmMl0pqI5k-UYiopPX58zKX1lmVrXKP8E/s1600/Imagen2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;146&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCwvzhjsCwTLhMOsSsboH94fOmZr9aQycGn0USxXiQItNGYOZ7sFEC9J6AT9qR_XECt4ObpNAWK59IQJje0h3NSHEBvnTKVS65qzDLU-2bXq1BmMl0pqI5k-UYiopPX58zKX1lmVrXKP8E/s200/Imagen2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Por otra parte el rendimiento
propio de las reacciones químicas dentro de una combustión, requiere que estas
sean estables y uniformes en el tiempo, ya que oscilaciones o cambios en el
flujo de combustible, producen desajustes en las reacciones químicas que paulatinamente
tienen que volver a recuperar la estabilidad. Por otra parte cualquier caldera
que funcione a una carga parcial de potencia del 50% por ejemplo, tendrá que
soportar las pérdidas de de calor necesario para mantener a la temperatura
adecuada, tanto las inercias de la propia caldera, como los objetos auxiliares
y sus accesorios, que en esa circunstancia estarían lógicamente sobredimensionados.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Si ahora hacemos algunas
consideraciones más sobre el modo en que se utiliza un sistema de calefacción, en
primer lugar esta no tiene un uso permanente, ya solo se utiliza durante la
mitad del año. Por otra parte a lo largo del periodo de utilización, la demanda
de potencia tampoco es uniforme, ya que el máximo solo va a ser requerido en unos
pocos días especialmente crudos del invierno. Por otra parte también debemos
considerar las variaciones a lo largo del día que pueden producir fácilmente
oscilaciones de más de diez grados en la temperatura exterior.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Naturalmente la respuesta del
sistema tiene que estar modulada en función de las variaciones o demandas, y para
evaluar el rendimiento tendremos que hacer una estimación&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;estadística de esas variaciones en cada
localidad o emplazamiento, añadiendo otras condiciones locales como el
soleamiento. Por otra parte si pensamos que el funcionamiento óptimo de una
caldera, debe ser en régimen de todo o nada, el recurso disponible para modular
la potencia, es la de hacer funcionar la caldera a régimen completo, pero solo durante
los &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;intervalos de tiempo proporcionales a
la potencia requerida, y eso nos lleva irremisiblemente a incrementar las
pérdidas por arranque y parada, que además se acentúan con el tamaño de la
instalación.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Lógicamente si en un sistema de
cierto tamaño, disponemos “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;DOS
calderas con la mitad de la potencia, en lugar de UNA sola&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;”, y
automatizamos un funcionamiento combinado de forma que cada vez arranque una caldera
distinta repartiendo los &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;desgastes, &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;podemos conseguir que con una sola caldera de
la “mitad” de potencia, se cubra la mayor parte del tiempo de funcionamiento, &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;ya que solo va a ser necesario “encender” la segunda
caldera de forma simultánea, en aquellos momentos en que la demanda supera el
50% de la potencia máxima, lo cual a lo largo de todo el periodo de “tiempo”, representa&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;una fracción bastante pequeña del mismo.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Esta diferencia de rendimiento
puede ser fácilmente evaluada mediante programas como el CALENER, aunque lógicamente
el coste de la inversión se incrementa, por lo que el “ahorro” debe ser lo
suficientemente considerable, como para justificar el aumento del gasto.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;

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</description><link>http://juliocad.blogspot.com/2013/11/dos-mejor-que-una-el-rendimiento-i.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Julio)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1GbcROLewsjskQgyApPTiPhom_GH2SX69fzRjk2o7szAHax4ERAVXwyAF3qrpwtWVEEf0Md5QzdoHIdDoK05OYirz9_N4YYGAoj6g4G36xfQPxn0OYtriItSNFRbIxzKvHLvbDgNhRIou/s72-c/Imagen1.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8508519656628787686.post-8848478352207778398</guid><pubDate>Wed, 08 May 2013 11:08:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-05-20T08:03:22.466+02:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">caja de cambios</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">cambio automático</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">cambio manual</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">doble embrague</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">embrague automático</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">pares de engranajes</category><title>DOBLE EMBRAGUE - Parte II</title><description>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El último día ya se habían mencionado las
nuevas cajas de cambio de doble embrague, cuyas características aparentes se pueden
resumir como sistemas que carecen tanto de palanca de cambios como de pedal de
embrague, y normalmente se operan con un par de levas en el volante que sirven
para subir o bajar marchas respectivamente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El sistema también puede operar en modo
totalmente automático, sin necesidad de actuar sobre las levas, y esta
apariencia supone que inicialmente el comportamiento del sistema se asocia como
una variante del cambio automático tradicional. Por otra parte su auge y
novedad, junto con algunas referencias difusas o ambiguas sobre sus
prestaciones en el mundo de la competición, lleva a difundir una nueva moda de
controlar el cambio, con unas levas junto al volante, que se incorpora
fácilmente a los cambios automáticos tradicionales tratando de rentabilizar un
posible tirón comercial.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En todo caso las diferencias entre el nuevo
sistema y los cambios automáticos tradicionales son mucho más radicales y
profundas de lo que hacen suponer las apariencias, ya que en su configuración
interna, estas cajas de cambio son mucho más parecidas a las de tipo manual,
que a las automáticas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijKvqVcQftWTuAYUwhNN2xS-CFcDVsG-bypKxEppG0gfItVX8K1AcJlbJtybs6IbZ6k0hUIgoilKIADmmuobNYUFzTHLjMjq4cyMbsbosMrDKcV5SgRzOesxabTtnSM8v7OfbvbYCxOrqC/s1600/volvo-cambio-doble-embrage-powershift.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;116&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijKvqVcQftWTuAYUwhNN2xS-CFcDVsG-bypKxEppG0gfItVX8K1AcJlbJtybs6IbZ6k0hUIgoilKIADmmuobNYUFzTHLjMjq4cyMbsbosMrDKcV5SgRzOesxabTtnSM8v7OfbvbYCxOrqC/s200/volvo-cambio-doble-embrage-powershift.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version de Volvo.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Ya se ha comentado anteriormente que la mejor
forma de ilustrar esas diferencias entre los sistemas, requiere en primer lugar
distinguir con claridad las características propias de los dos (manual y
automático), que ya ha sido desarrollada en la entrega anterior, para luego
comparar las características del nuevo sistema con los anteriores. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Para ello, en primer lugar vamos a establecer
una referencia detallada sobre la secuencia de “operaciones” que realiza el
conductor durante la maniobra del cambio de marchas de tipo manual, ya que en
el caso del automático no tiene que intervenir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;La
Utilización del cambio manual.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En primer lugar cuando el automóvil va
circulando y el conductor aborda la maniobra, la primera operación que realiza
es la de “pisar” el pedal de embrague, y de forma coordinada y simultánea,
“soltar” el pie del acelerador para evitar la cavitación del motor que a partir
de ese momento deja de soportar la resistencia de empujar el vehículo.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 9&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 9&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;35&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;caption&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;10&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Title&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;0&quot; Name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;11&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;22&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Strong&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;20&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;59&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Revision&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;29&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
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&lt;style&gt;
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&lt;![endif]--&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;La segunda operación es desacoplar la marcha
o velocidad, que hasta ese momento se encontraba engranada en la caja de
cambios. Para ello, se opera con la palanca, moviéndola hasta la posición de
“punto muerto”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En este punto resultaría “opcional” practicar
la técnica del “doble embrague”, si el conductor está reduciendo marchas, pero
eso es solo un estilo de conducción opcional, que trata de agilizar los movimientos
posteriores, y en ningún caso es necesario o imprescindible. Además tampoco
conviene confundir esa denominación de una “maniobra”, con el “objeto” que
estamos analizando.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;La tercera operación imprescindible, es la de
insertar la nueva marcha, lo cual se hace desplazando la palanca a una nueva
posición, recordando que durante todo este tiempo el embrague se mantiene
“pisado”, y por tanto el motor está girando en vacío.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Finalmente la última operación es la de
“soltar” el pedal de embrague, volviendo a pisar de forma simultánea y
coordinada el acelerador, con el fin de reponer la potencia del motor para que
el vehículo continúe la marcha normalmente. Este movimiento requiere una
coordinación bastante “sutil” respecto al punto de conexión del embrague dentro
de su recorrido, y cualquier brusquedad o falta de destreza, repercute en forma
de “tirones” sobre la marcha del vehículo, debido a que la transmisión de
potencia y movimiento es “rígida”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 392.25pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En resumen:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Pisar el pedal
     de embrague soltando el acelerador&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Desconectar la
     marcha utilizada, moviendo la palanca a punto muerto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Conectar una
     nueva marcha, moviendo la palanca a su posición.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Soltar el pedal
     de embrague y pisar coordinadamente el acelerador. (&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;destreza&lt;/i&gt;) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En estos cuatro pasos se condensa la esencia
de las cajas de cambio manuales. Durante los cuatro pasos, el motor tiene que girar
en vacío y no puede transmitir potencia. Por otra parte la eficiencia de la
transmisión depende en cierta medida de la destreza del conductor para coordinar
esos movimientos en el menor tiempo posible, optimizando el empuje sobre el
vehículo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Este tipo de transmisión por ser un sistema
rígido, tiene unos límites en cuanto a peso y potencia, del orden de los mil o
mil doscientos caballos en vehículos ligeros, y menos de la mitad en vehículos
pesados, ya que los “tirones” que puede producir, alcanzarían con facilidad los
límites de la tensión máxima en los materiales de engranajes y barras de
transmisión, pudiendo generar roturas frecuentes o incontrolables.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En cuanto a la destreza necesaria para
conducir, si bien en las primeras épocas del automóvil, se asumía como algo
necesario o equivalente a guardar el equilibrio en una bicicleta, el desarrollo
posterior y la generalización al gran público, junto con la llegada de cambios
automáticos, que ya no requieren esa destreza, supone que cada vez haya un
sector más amplio de clientes, dispuesto a evitar la complicación del cambio
manual. Sin embargo después de muchos intentos realizados en la industria del
automóvil, para automatizar el proceso del cambio manual, y debido sobre todo a
la dificultad de coordinar correctamente y en distintas circunstancias, los
cuatro pasos, nunca se había conseguido un resultado práctico, que mejorase la
eficiencia y coordinación de un conductor diestro, hasta la aparición de las
cajas de doble embrague.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Una alternativa
entre lo grotesco y lo genial&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Una vez expuesto el problema, vamos a
formular una propuesta imaginaria que en principio puede resultar extraña,
aunque luego haremos algunos matices. Supongamos en principio que disponemos de
un vehículo equipado con “dos cajas de cambio” iguales entre si y una “varita
mágica”, que nos permite intercambiar entre ambas cajas, la potencia del motor de un modo instantáneo. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Ahora pasamos a analizar paulatinamente la
aplicación de los cuatro pasos establecidos, para realizar un cambio de marcha.
En primer lugar nos encontramos que el paso 1 (pisar el embrague) ya no es
necesario, dado que al disponer de dos cajas, y aunque una de ellas esté siendo
arrastrada por la potencia del motor, la otra se encuentra libre, y por tanto
podemos conectar la nueva marcha en la caja libre sin necesidad de ningún
embrague, con lo que hemos iniciado la nueva secuencia por el paso 3, saltándonos
el 1 y el 2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;A continuación aplicamos la “varita mágica” pasando
de forma instantánea, la potencia del motor desde una caja de cambios a la
otra, con lo que el motor sigue empujando, aunque a partir de ese mismo instante
con una marcha (o desmultiplicación) diferente, ya que hemos usado la segunda
caja de cambios. Este paso no existía en la relación inicial y por tanto vamos
a identificarlo como “0” (cero).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsuHzBhqI7GzKjJxn_aX24c4Y0HEpcVkVi9rCGsUE8KjMFwqjd-3xOO17hm23b5lZKglE7jC7o4ZR3DWLe17tmaf3pgEwpFwzRvrELxDb4Om1ou0ss9uxUbnYs9etxf3Ccz_O498ypk29w/s1600/1905-sistema-dsg-01_thumb_e.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;150&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsuHzBhqI7GzKjJxn_aX24c4Y0HEpcVkVi9rCGsUE8KjMFwqjd-3xOO17hm23b5lZKglE7jC7o4ZR3DWLe17tmaf3pgEwpFwzRvrELxDb4Om1ou0ss9uxUbnYs9etxf3Ccz_O498ypk29w/s200/1905-sistema-dsg-01_thumb_e.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version de Honda&amp;nbsp; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Finalmente para que todo quede como estaba,
aún tenemos pendiente “desacoplar” la marcha que veníamos utilizando, y que por
tanto se corresponde con el paso 2 de la relación. También hay que considerar
que tampoco es necesario desconectar ningún embrague, ya que al disponer de dos
cajas de cambio, la que se venía utilizando queda en vacío a partir del paso
cero y por tanto la desconexión directa del engranaje no presenta ningún
problema.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;style&gt;
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 font-size:10.0pt;
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&lt;/style&gt;
&lt;![endif]--&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Finalmente podemos llegar a la conclusión de
que con esta artimaña hemos reducido la lista anterior a solo tres pasos, con
dos de ellos invertidos, y además nos hemos quitado de en medio el pedal del
embrague, dejando algo así:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;3
– Conectar la nueva marcha.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;0
– Aplicar la varita mágica, cambiando la potencia a la otra caja.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;2
– Desconectar la marcha anterior.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Aún queda pendiente la presencia de la
palanca de cambios, aunque si lo pensamos bien nos damos cuenta de que una
palanca accionada por el conductor, se debe solo a la necesidad de “coordinar” el
movimiento con la acción del embrague, y si este no tiene que intervenir,
resulta más razonable accionar los engranajes mediante relés o interruptores
mecánicos de cualquier tipo, ya que no necesitan estar “coordinados” o
“intercalados” en ninguna otra secuencia de movimientos o acciones del
conductor.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Eureka!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Este parece el momento indicado para destacar
que acabamos de darnos de bruces con una forma de operar mediante un cambio de
marchas basado en pares de engranajes, que ya no necesita ni pedal de embrague,
ni palanca de cambios. Por otra parte si queremos “traducir” la parte grotesca
del ejemplo virtual, debemos recordar que la configuración de una caja de pares
de engranajes, se basa en la disposición de dos ejes paralelos denominados
“primario” y “secundario”, de los que el secundario recibe la potencia del
motor, que pasa al primario a través de la conexión de un solo “par” de
engranajes en cada momento.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Si ahora configuramos&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;una sola caja de cambios, pero con “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;dos ejes secundarios&lt;/i&gt;” y cada uno de
ellos solamente con los engranajes de las marchas “pares” o “impares”, y además
de esto, acoplamos la potencia del motor mediante “dos” embragues diferentes
pero “conmutados” entre sí, de tal forma que la conexión de cualquiera de ellos
genera la desconexión del contrario, resulta que hemos implantado de forma
bastante razonable los requisitos anteriores, sustituyendo las dos cajas de
cambio por un par de ejes secundarios dentro de la misma caja, y la varita mágica
por una pareja de embragues conmutados entre sí, que aplican la potencia del
motor sobre cada uno de los dos ejes secundarios de forma independiente. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;1
– Conectar la nueva marcha.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;2
– Conmutar los embragues, cambiando de eje secundario. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;3
– Desconectar la marcha anterior.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Analizando el resultado, vemos que además de
tener una secuencia de pasos que ya no depende de la destreza o coordinación de
movimientos del conductor, y por tanto resulta fácilmente automatizable,
también tenemos una transmisión “rígida” que permite al conductor “sentir” el
empuje de aceleración del motor en cada momento, y además y lo que es casi más
importante, el “tiempo” que se encuentra interrumpida la potencia del motor se
ha “reducido” considerablemente ya que ahora solo depende del tiempo de
conmutación entre los dos embragues del sistema (milisegundos)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Lógicamente un sistema con estas
características ha pasado a convertirse prácticamente en el “Santo Grial”
dentro de la competición automovilística y además puede operar indistintamente con
una par de “levas” o interruptores o bien mediante un programa informático, por
lo que probablemente acabe generalizándose en los vehículos compactos y
ligeros, relegando los cambios automáticos mediante “convertidor de par”, a los vehículos
más grandes y pesados.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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  &lt;o:TargetScreenSize&gt;800x600&lt;/o:TargetScreenSize&gt;
 &lt;/o:OfficeDocumentSettings&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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</description><link>http://juliocad.blogspot.com/2013/05/doble-embrague-parte-ii.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Julio)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijKvqVcQftWTuAYUwhNN2xS-CFcDVsG-bypKxEppG0gfItVX8K1AcJlbJtybs6IbZ6k0hUIgoilKIADmmuobNYUFzTHLjMjq4cyMbsbosMrDKcV5SgRzOesxabTtnSM8v7OfbvbYCxOrqC/s72-c/volvo-cambio-doble-embrage-powershift.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8508519656628787686.post-3811435058737415554</guid><pubDate>Fri, 03 May 2013 07:30:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-05-04T12:13:21.788+02:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">caja de cambios</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">cambio automático</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">cambio manual</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">doble embrague</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">embrague automático</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">pares de engranajes</category><title>DOBLE EMBRAGUE - Parte I</title><description>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;LA CAJA
DE CAMBIOS de DOBLE EMBRAGUE&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 5;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 65.25pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 321.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Hoy voy a cambiar el
tema para saltar al mundo de las aficiones, y más concretamente a la “Caja de
Cambios” o cambio de marchas en los automóviles. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 321.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 321.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El cambio de marchas de
un automóvil, constituye el mecanismo básico que sirve para acomodar la
velocidad de giro del motor y su correspondiente entrega de par y potencia, con
la propia velocidad del automóvil en cada momento o circunstancia. La
diversidad de circunstancias resulta obvia pensando en el inicio de la marcha, la
diferencia entre incrementar velocidad o mantenerla constante, o el súbito
incremento para realizar adelantamientos con seguridad. Por otro lado la
disponibilidad de potencia y par motor resulta diferente según que el régimen
de giro, sea más alto o más bajo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 321.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 321.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El “cambio de
marchas” lógicamente se encuentra muy relacionado con la “destreza” del
conductor ya que durante este proceso, es necesario “estimar con cierta
antelación” el margen de par y potencia con las que el automóvil puede
responder, ya sea en el próximo adelantamiento, al subir una pendiente o en la
salida de la próxima curva.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 321.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 321.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Tradicionalmente se han
desarrollado un par de sistemas diferentes para resolver el problema. Por un
lado las transmisiones o “cajas de cambio” con accionamiento manual, y en
contraposición las transmisiones o cambios automáticos. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHQkeKoqMaR0jVIPnAaNoN9hR0VpXTq0JVd3bS5hPG6k6o4l1g_2PrmxIG4rl3g7MFN319UqZhNrEetK63qQsu2Tnz1LGwRZy6TPt7uxKHCXVG_rnUfkdfS1jwl6ayQesEGgVuUkjmmoKi/s1600/descarga.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;149&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHQkeKoqMaR0jVIPnAaNoN9hR0VpXTq0JVd3bS5hPG6k6o4l1g_2PrmxIG4rl3g7MFN319UqZhNrEetK63qQsu2Tnz1LGwRZy6TPt7uxKHCXVG_rnUfkdfS1jwl6ayQesEGgVuUkjmmoKi/s200/descarga.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;La diferencia entre ambos tipos de mecanismos
siempre ha sido bastante clara, con independencia de la formación o
conocimientos técnicos de cada usuario. Los “cambios manuales”, requieren un
accionamiento directo por parte del conductor, lo que implica un cierto nivel
de destreza y mayor complejidad en la conducción, y en cambio los “cambios
automáticos” responden por sí mismos en cada situación, y por tanto el
conductor ya no tiene que intervenir. Esto motiva que los sistemas automáticos
se asocien a confort y comodidad, y los manuales con un espíritu más deportivo
y de capacidad de control sobre el comportamiento dinámico del coche.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Esta diferencia cualitativa además de servir
para distinguir ambos sistemas, ha contribuido a marcar un determinado “sesgo” bastante
subjetivo y estereotipado, que se refuerza con el marketing comercial, y no
siempre responde a la racionalidad de sus características técnicas. Este
panorama se complica últimamente con las nuevas cajas de “doble embrague” que
comparten características de ambos sistemas, pero cuya promoción comercial como
sistema novedoso, induce a confundirlo con sistemas automáticos, enfatizando ciertas
características parciales como “cambio secuencial”, o “levas en el volante”, que
enseguida son canibalizadas por la promoción comercial del cambio automático
tradicional. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En mi opinión la mejor forma de establecer
con claridad la diferencia entre los distintos sistemas, es revisar primero las
características fundamentales que diferencian el cambio manual respecto al
automático, para luego analizar con respecto a la “utilización funcional” de un
cambio manual, las diferencias que se añaden con los nuevos cambios de doble embrague.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El
Cambio Manual&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Se trata del primer sistema históricamente
desarrollado, que se basa en la idea de disponer una serie de “pares de
engranajes”, colocados entre dos ejes paralelos anclados dentro de una caja.
Cada “pareja de engranajes” se corresponde a una de las velocidades o
relaciones del cambio de marchas. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Cada uno de los dos engranajes que forman el
par, tiene distinto diámetro, aunque la suma de ambos se mantiene fija, de
acuerdo con la separación entre los ejes. La proporción entre el número de
dientes de cada engranaje de la pareja, es precisamente la “relación” del
cambio que corresponde a cada una de las “marchas”. La transmisión del
movimiento se realiza impulsando uno de los dos ejes desde el motor, y mediante
la conexión, exclusivamente de una sola pareja de engranajes en cada momento,
el otro eje es “arrastrado” con la desmultiplicación establecida por la
proporción entre el número de dientes de cada uno. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXjyjbWT6YRCVn3ogD7ZeqY1csUzMSczwIT6qSWobCA4PTOjPpOO1vMTcYX0uUZK9Kp9Jn2HJAM5leRJyk1urArTX-QyKdgfYpcieCVOWbI8jDw3_mxwELd6rCXekpG6tFyZ5pTKdIoUrv/s1600/10eh3.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;155&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXjyjbWT6YRCVn3ogD7ZeqY1csUzMSczwIT6qSWobCA4PTOjPpOO1vMTcYX0uUZK9Kp9Jn2HJAM5leRJyk1urArTX-QyKdgfYpcieCVOWbI8jDw3_mxwELd6rCXekpG6tFyZ5pTKdIoUrv/s200/10eh3.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El “cambio” para pasar a otra marcha
diferente, se realiza por el conductor, accionando con la mano una “palanca de
cambios” mediante la que conecta otra pareja de engranajes distinta, siempre
con la condición necesaria, de haber separado previamente la que estaba
conectada. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Para realizar esto, también es necesario desconectar
momentáneamente el impulso de arrastre del motor, mediante un “embrague” que se
sitúa por delante de la caja de cambios, y se acciona pisando un pedal. Este se
mantiene pisado hasta que se termina de acoplar la nueva marcha y al soltarse,
vuelve a reponer el impulso del motor.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Los dos ejes en la caja se distinguen con la
denominación de “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;primario&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;” y “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;secundario&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;”, siendo el primario,
el que realiza la salida del movimiento ya desmultiplicado sobre la transmisión
y las ruedas, y secundario el que recibe el impulso desde el motor y el
embrague.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El
Cambio Automático&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Este tipo de cambio se desarrolla en torno a
los años 50s en USA, y supone por un lado mayor sencillez y comodidad de
conducción ya que no es necesario manejar el cambio de marchas, pero por otra
parte es un sistema más complejo pesado y caro. A pesar de estas
características, el desarrollo económico del mercado americano de la época, el
nivel medio de tamaño y potencia de los coches, y el acceso al “uso” del automóvil
de un extenso público femenino, poco dado a valorar las destrezas de conducción
por encima del sentido práctico de facilitar el desplazamiento, aseguran un “éxito
comercial” que se generaliza inicialmente por los coches más grandes o caros incrementando
paulatinamente la presencia aunque menos frecuente, por los coches más compactos
y económicos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Este tipo de mecanismo, dispone también de
una “caja con engranajes” y un sistema previo denominado “convertidor de par”
que puede evocar un embrague, pero ambos sistemas son radicalmente distintos
entre sí. Los cambios automáticos son transmisiones en general más robustas y
pesadas que las de tipo manual y una de sus diferencias básicas, es que las
cajas manuales transmiten la potencia y el movimiento de una forma “rígida”, y
sin embargo en las automáticas hay un acoplamiento “hidráulico” que tolera
cierto grado de deslizamiento. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Esta característica está también vincula con su
origen, ya que las transmisiones hidráulicas proceden y resultan
indispensables, en el mundo de la maquinaria “pesada”, canteras y obras públicas
en general, ya que “detener” o “impulsar” vehículos de cientos de toneladas,
con potencias de miles de caballos, que pueden producir tirones bruscos con
cierta facilidad, asegurarían la “rotura” de cualquier sistema “rígido” de
transmisión.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpSYKfcJI3vzWwLKGag-JiqW8z1QWrsIcHOqug48YwNSIw5ksLLhKlCiIlPjA3PZQWNnBIE3oEsaiJmJsh0l5HQTBpisDc4XeBLeetj8xjoUvQJTVuolvGVBsqYXod5ySpY0XM1yRIsKyk/s1600/cambio2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;150&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpSYKfcJI3vzWwLKGag-JiqW8z1QWrsIcHOqug48YwNSIw5ksLLhKlCiIlPjA3PZQWNnBIE3oEsaiJmJsh0l5HQTBpisDc4XeBLeetj8xjoUvQJTVuolvGVBsqYXod5ySpY0XM1yRIsKyk/s200/cambio2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Esa falta de “rigidez en el acoplamiento de
la transmisión se debe al “convertidor de par”, que es un mecanismo que
intercepta el movimiento de giro procedente del motor, y lo transmite a la caja
de engranajes posterior. El mecanismo internamente está configurado por una
especie de “turbina” hidráulica, que consiste en un par de rotores con álabes o
paletas de geometría muy ajustada y precisa, que a su vez forman una cámara
“toroidal” (rosquilla), llena de un líquido hidráulico cuyo movimiento de giro
en forma de espiral enrollada a lo largo de la rosquilla, “arrastra” al segundo
rotor, y transmite la “potencia” en función de la velocidad de giro del
torbellino y la inclinación particular de los álabes o paletas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Evidentemente cuando la velocidad de giro es
lenta, ese torbellino “transmite” muy poca fuerza, y es posible mantener un
vehículo detenido aunque el motor se encuentre girando, pero a medida que se
incrementa su velocidad, la “fuerza” que transmite el torbellino es capaz de
desplazar el vehículo con normalidad y a plena potencia del motor.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Lógicamente en este punto radica una de las
características más peculiares sobre este tipo de caja de cambios, y hace que
en el mundo de la competición o de los aficionados a conducir, esta transmisión
se valore con cierto desdén, ya que si lo analizamos cuidadosamente, enseguida
se comprende que cuando un coche se está desplazando a cierta velocidad y
queremos que “acelere” con toda la fuerza o potencia disponible, primero se “pisa”
el acelerador, y en respuesta el motor incrementa bruscamente su “par motor” o “fuerza
del giro” que luego se convierte paulatinamente en un aumento de la velocidad. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Cuando la transmisión es de tipo “rígido”
como en un cambio manual, el conductor puede “sentir” de forma inmediata ese
incremento brusco en la “fuerza del motor” respondiendo a su acción sobre el
acelerador, pero sin embargo cuando la transmisión es hidráulica, para que haya
un incremento de fuerza apreciable, primero tiene que aumentar la velocidad de
giro dentro del convertidor de par, para que este pueda generar el incremento
de “fuerza” sobre las ruedas, y esto supone un relativo “desfase” desde que se
acciona el acelerador, hasta que el conductor pueda “sentir” la respuesta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;A continuación del convertidor de par, se
encuentra propiamente la “caja de engranajes”, pero en este caso ya no se
utilizan los pares de engranajes propios de la caja manual, sino que se
disponen varios conjuntos de engranajes “epicicloidales”, que se combinan entre
sí a lo largo de un eje único. Estos conjuntos de engranajes están formados por
un engranaje central denominado “planetario” que gira sobre el eje. Sobre este
engranaje se colocan otros tres o cuatro engranajes más pequeños que lo rodean
engranados sobre él formando un conjunto combinado que se denominan
“satélites”. Sobre el contorno exterior de los satélites, se dispone a su vez
una “corona” engranada sobre ellos, de forma que todo el conjunto puede admitir
distintas combinaciones de movimiento según se vayan bloqueando unos elementos
u otros.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhivknAajSWvOzH3Q9ngD0Eg685aDPh_dZEHy-g7BTRs-o90TfrEJeyf150eylLfc-l3IEqtW3ecQic3I88B79-Ey5_cutSRbhGaBFYx0yZ-bKXdrWSssW58hTRKCIy4EgK5YI5mTydhu7N/s1600/epicicloidal-foto.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;100&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhivknAajSWvOzH3Q9ngD0Eg685aDPh_dZEHy-g7BTRs-o90TfrEJeyf150eylLfc-l3IEqtW3ecQic3I88B79-Ey5_cutSRbhGaBFYx0yZ-bKXdrWSssW58hTRKCIy4EgK5YI5mTydhu7N/s200/epicicloidal-foto.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En un caso podemos “bloquear” el planetario
central, y entonces al aplicar un giro a la corona exterior, se arrastra el
conjunto de satélites que quedan obligados a rodar sobre el planetario inmóvil.
Si bloqueamos el movimiento de la corona exterior, un giro del conjunto de
satélites, produce el arrastre del planetario central y viceversa. Así mismo si
se bloquea el giro del conjunto de satélites, el impulso del planetario
arrastra la corona en sentido inverso o viceversa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.uclm.es/profesorado/porrasysoriano/animaciones/planetarios.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;El Funcionamiento de un sistema epicicloidal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Cuando se combinan entre sí de forma adecuada
varios conjuntos epicicloidales, y se actúa selectivamente bloqueando las
combinaciones posibles, junto con la configuración de sus tamaños y número de
dientes, se consiguen distintas “relaciones” de desmultiplicación, que son
controladas con un sistema de válvulas hidráulicas que actúan en función de velocidad
y presión, de una forma completamente automática.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 9&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 9&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;35&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;caption&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;10&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Title&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;0&quot; Name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;11&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;22&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Strong&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;20&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;59&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Revision&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;29&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El
cambio de doble embrague&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Este es a grandes rasgos el panorama de los
sistemas de cambios de marchas, tradicionales, hasta que se han empezado a
generalizar los de doble embrague. Este tipo de sistemas en cuanto al uso, se
parecen al “automático” porque desaparecen el pedal de embrague y la palanca de
cambios. Sin embargo aparecen una “levas” en el volante con las que se pueden
cambiar las marchas o bien dejar que el sistema opere de forma automática.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;A pesar de esa apariencia similar a un cambio
automático tradicional, y que la moda de “levas en el volante” se ha exportado
a los cambios automáticos tradicionales, el mecanismo interno no tiene nada que
ver con ellos, ya que se trata de cajas con un sistema de “pares de engranajes” y “embragues”
de fricción, lo que supone una transmisión “rígida”, que ha conquistado el mundo de la competición de forma casi exclusiva.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Dada la extensión del tema prefiero aplazar
el resto, para desarrollar en la próxima entrada una explicación más completa. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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</description><link>http://juliocad.blogspot.com/2013/05/doble-embrague-parte-i.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Julio)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHQkeKoqMaR0jVIPnAaNoN9hR0VpXTq0JVd3bS5hPG6k6o4l1g_2PrmxIG4rl3g7MFN319UqZhNrEetK63qQsu2Tnz1LGwRZy6TPt7uxKHCXVG_rnUfkdfS1jwl6ayQesEGgVuUkjmmoKi/s72-c/descarga.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8508519656628787686.post-7338289191573983719</guid><pubDate>Mon, 22 Apr 2013 10:42:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-04-22T12:44:39.415+02:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">año-luz.</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">sistema solar</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">universo</category><title>LA ESCALA DEL UNIVERSO</title><description>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;REPESCANDO
EL&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;BLOG&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El día 23 de Junio del año pasado se subió la
última entrada disponible en este “blog”, lo que supone unos diez meses sin nueva
actividad en el mismo. Sin embargo la página ha seguido registrando visitas con
un rito destacable, de forma que incluso en este periodo de diez meses se han
registrado tantas visitas como a lo largo de toda la época anterior. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En el último periodo resulta destacable el
número de visitas procedentes de Sudamérica y en particular de Méjico y Argentina.
A la vista de las entradas consultadas, destacan los temas sobre “AutoCAD” y particularmente
algunos relacionados con el manejo de los sistemas de coordenadas en el espacio,
lo cual representa para mí una gran satisfacción, ya que confirma el relativo acierto
de la idea inicial para su desarrollo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Por otra parte me gustaría agradecer la
confianza y respaldo que suponen estas visitas, y desde luego, quiero animar a
cualquier visitante que tenga el menor interés por aclarar alguna duda, para
que pueda hacer una consulta directa con toda confianza, ya sea por email u
otro medio, manifestando el compromiso de atenderla con mucho gusto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-uxkY-P_BlcRCv8eCN6mrJIpq7zGzjkji0vAMXdoG-TxQOXyHylHXBe7aBhqhKPuvqkq4W6Q4eNJ9128p8tougJATAZIVEIbkSK4YJAnXpojEFgqaC1W41iBhFdqhiK70U37i7fscTK6X/s1600/01_01.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;75&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-uxkY-P_BlcRCv8eCN6mrJIpq7zGzjkji0vAMXdoG-TxQOXyHylHXBe7aBhqhKPuvqkq4W6Q4eNJ9128p8tougJATAZIVEIbkSK4YJAnXpojEFgqaC1W41iBhFdqhiK70U37i7fscTK6X/s200/01_01.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Dentro de esta nueva etapa que se inicia para
seguir ampliando el “blog”, voy a separarme del ámbito estrictamente
profesional, para abordar otros temas que puedan resultar más curiosos o
divertidos, y sin ir más lejos voy a tratar en esta ocasión sobre la
“cosmología”, que para mí siempre ha resultado muy interesante y atractiva. El
tema que quiero desarrollar a continuación se refiere a la “escala” y los “tamaños
relativos” dentro del “Universo”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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ESCALA DEL UNIVERSO&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 9;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 65.25pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Cuando se escuchan
referencias en la prensa general, sobre algunos aspectos del “universo”, las
distancias y tamaños se encuentran en escalas tan poco habituales, que resultan
demasiado frecuentes los errores sobre el número de “ceros”, miles por millones
o viceversa, todo ello a su vez complicado con otro par de circunstancias, como
la diferencia entre los “billones”, (nueve ceros) en el ámbito americano y (doce
ceros) en el europeo, o el hecho de que la gente del mundo del periodismo tenga
en su mayoría una formación de “letras”, que adolece de cierto desinterés hacia
los números, las fórmulas y las matemáticas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 65.25pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Por otra parte cuando
se habla de referencias en el “universo”, los números que representan las
distancias y los tamaños son tan grandes que en seguida pierden cualquier
significado relativo entre sí. La mayoría de la gente “desconecta” su capacidad
intelectual para interpretar ninguna comparación entre esas magnitudes, y
automáticamente se incorporan a un fondo de saco donde se almacenan “cosas
grandes y lejanas”, desconectadas completamente del mundo cotidiano.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 65.25pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdmnfWE9ArHwLg7oWZwRfZ7OxMDC2oKIVhoWf9TFZ2YMsnJfydSShbiLPMxS1qYuwpzts_1ot2cxGuv4ekEIYmf-ngGWQIphOc_W2L5Rey4FKWP20-UCfB_b-D9GFzvHkFWYfbFLe5XLZd/s1600/01_02.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;144&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdmnfWE9ArHwLg7oWZwRfZ7OxMDC2oKIVhoWf9TFZ2YMsnJfydSShbiLPMxS1qYuwpzts_1ot2cxGuv4ekEIYmf-ngGWQIphOc_W2L5Rey4FKWP20-UCfB_b-D9GFzvHkFWYfbFLe5XLZd/s200/01_02.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Uno de los mecanismos
básicos que nos sirven para asimilar y comprender tamaños, distancias o
magnitudes, es obviamente la “comparación” con referencias que nos resultan más
conocidas o habituales. Como ejemplo se puede citar las distancias en los
desplazamientos, ya que si estamos habituados a realizar de forma cotidiana un
desplazamiento de 50Km, es inmediato saber que un nuevo desplazamiento de
100Km, va a requerir el doble de tiempo o de velocidad, aunque sigue siendo asequible
con los mismos medios, pero sin embargo otro desplazamiento de más de 500Km, requiere
unos recursos diferentes ya sea por tiempo o por medio de transporte. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 65.25pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 65.25pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Obviamente el
razonamiento anterior se mueve en al ámbito de la perogrullada, pero sin
embargo creo que son ese tipo de asociaciones y mecanismos básicos, los que
precisamente se pierden irremisiblemente cuando se habla de distancias en el rango
del “universo”. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 65.25pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 65.25pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Si hacemos un pequeño
repaso de distancias y magnitudes significativas, podemos recordar que la
propia dimensión o tamaño total del universo, se ha establecido después de las
últimas teorías, (materia y energía oscuras) en unos 13.800 millones de
años-luz (AL). Por otra parte el tamaño de la galaxia en la que nos
encontramos, “La Vía Láctea” es de unos 100.000 años-luz. La propia Vía Láctea
está considerada como galaxia gigante, lo que supone decir que es una de las
grandes, que a su vez mantiene vinculadas mediante órbita gravitatoria,
diversas galaxias enanas de un tamaño bastante menor. Como referencia de tamaños,
la mayor galaxia conocida IC-1101, tiene unos seis millones de AL (años-luz).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmSIHs1oSxY1N7JEapaVnubXEJ3BaVtofOntswN_uDap99uU5iwU4JXWBJmqnsw2qz546Hy7CVih5vBkg9ZDesqy0Ey7sl3-Y_ZoO5Uq1y48KvfEo7A6QrQI2fQHoIei7WhxxuDe4akv-l/s1600/01_03.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;111&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmSIHs1oSxY1N7JEapaVnubXEJ3BaVtofOntswN_uDap99uU5iwU4JXWBJmqnsw2qz546Hy7CVih5vBkg9ZDesqy0Ey7sl3-Y_ZoO5Uq1y48KvfEo7A6QrQI2fQHoIei7WhxxuDe4akv-l/s200/01_03.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Además de la Vía
Láctea, Andrómeda es otra galaxia similar y cercana aunque con el doble de
masa, que se desplaza en dirección a la nuestra por lo que en un futuro ambas
tienen que encontrarse y chocar entre sí, lo cual supone que las dos se juntan
y mezclan alterando su forma por la influencia de los campos gravitatorios
mutuos, para finalmente formar una sola entidad con un campo gravitatorio
único. La distancia actual entre ambas es de unos 2,2 millones de AL
(años-luz).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 65.25pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 65.25pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;La unidad de
distancias que estamos manejando, es el “año-luz” o lo que es lo mismo, la
distancia que recorre la luz durante un año. Dado que según los principios
básicos de la física, esa velocidad es constante bajo cualquier circunstancia,
resulta una definición oportuna ya que relaciona distancias y tiempos a escala
cósmica, y si consideramos que el propio universo se expande a la velocidad de
la luz, tenemos que coinciden su edad y tamaño.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 65.25pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Si queremos traducir esa distancia a
Kilómetros, solo hay que multiplicar el tiempo de un año por la velocidad de la
luz en Km, es decir: [300.000Km/s x 365dias x 24 horas x 60 mns x 60 seg.] = 9.460.800.000.000
o bien: 9,4608 x 10&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;, un número bastante grande, por lo que
aparecen los exponentes, y por aquí es donde gran parte de la gente “se desconecta”
de este tipo de magnitudes, y las deja en algún fondo de saco formando un
auténtico batiburrillo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Si ahora recordamos la configuración del
sistema solar, este está compuesto por una estrella (Sol), que contiene la
mayoría de la masa, cuatro planetas interiores de estructura rocosa, pequeños y
con orbitas muy cortas, luego un cinturón de asteroides y a continuación otros
cuatro planetas (jovianos), con una estructura gaseosa, mucho más grandes y
pesados, que describen orbitas bastante amplias y alejadas de la estrella.
Después se encuentra una serie de “planetas enanos”, (entre los que se ha
incluido últimamente a Plutón) que describen orbitas muy irregulares, y continúa
con una amplia zona exterior conocida como cinturón de Kuiper que recuerda al
cinturón de asteroides, aunque también contiene cometas de periodo corto.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLSo75nZMHnRj0xvTZt4Z0HAnfeFp-JfabfbCyvluQQPnkWLwcrd9mfLG8BOkKk4q851_MbCfg5fzCIFVBvg4EHCuDKohZ7kIdPXqXf8vJDiOFXhg1vN863YwX4L70RDPrtB9ujrRZ4qFb/s1600/01_04.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;112&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLSo75nZMHnRj0xvTZt4Z0HAnfeFp-JfabfbCyvluQQPnkWLwcrd9mfLG8BOkKk4q851_MbCfg5fzCIFVBvg4EHCuDKohZ7kIdPXqXf8vJDiOFXhg1vN863YwX4L70RDPrtB9ujrRZ4qFb/s200/01_04.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Esta última región ya es bastante más extensa
que la zona barrida por las órbitas de los planetas, pero aun así, todavía hay
que considerar otra región más externa y grande, conocida como nube de Oort,
que es la que aloja los cometas de periodo largo, (más de 200 años) es decir objetos
congelados y muy fríos, compuestos de polvo y hielo, que describen orbitas
alrededor del Sol, pero tan alejadas y/o excéntricas que tiene periodos de más
de doscientos años. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Esta nube de Oort, que puede considerarse
como el paquete que contiene a todo el sistema solar en su centro, a pesar de
no tener unos límites muy definidos se considera comprendida entre 10.000 y
100.000 UAs (Unidades Astronómicas) del centro. La “Unidad Astronómica” es
también otra medida de distancias, y se define como la distancia media entre la
tierra y el Sol. La equivalencia con el Año-Luz es de aproximadamente 63.000UAs
por cada AL, por lo que podríamos decir que el sistema solar tiene un diámetro exterior
de aproximadamente dos años-luz.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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EQUIVALENCIA.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En mi opinión, la
mejor manera de asimilar fácilmente todo ese repertorio de magnitudes y
distancias, es la de establecer una equivalencia global o comparación con un
entorno que nos resulte más familiar o conocido.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 321.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfD_vOQnRtpE2wT1l0CMcs3oRVCjgAJp42n7f85M4OWe3LRtbk0H69ACyUMgRGdaa_neDCfle6H3lcD-9w41c255wokU-OoIrhzK7Hjg70WvR3Ba6hQDyhPsJ1ymcLRWKzetbw3vtnNV4D/s1600/01_06.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfD_vOQnRtpE2wT1l0CMcs3oRVCjgAJp42n7f85M4OWe3LRtbk0H69ACyUMgRGdaa_neDCfle6H3lcD-9w41c255wokU-OoIrhzK7Hjg70WvR3Ba6hQDyhPsJ1ymcLRWKzetbw3vtnNV4D/s1600/01_06.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En este caso podemos
asociar el tamaño del universo de 13.800 millones de AL, con la mayor parte de
la superficie de nuestro planeta, ya que un cuarto del meridiano terrestre se
define como una distancia de 10.000 kilómetros, y esto supone que recorriendo
13.800 Km, se puede alcanzar casi cualquier punto del planeta, salvo un círculo
limitado alrededor de las antípodas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Una vez establecida
la equivalencia entre “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;un millón de años
luz&lt;/i&gt;” y “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;un kilómetro&lt;/i&gt;” lo que es
parecido a comparar el tamaño de todo el universo con el del planeta, podemos
pasar a revisar el repertorio de magnitudes y distancias que ya habíamos visto,
y nos encontramos que el tamaño de nuestra galaxia sería de unos “cien” metros,
lo que equivale a una manzana de edificios de una ciudad como Madrid o
Barcelona, la galaxia más grande conocida, tendría unos 6 Km, como la Casa de Campo
de Madrid, y la distancia que separa a La Vía Láctea y Andrómeda pasaría a ser
de 2,2 Km, o aproximadamente la separación entre “Cibeles” y “Nuevos
Ministerios”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBY5FdVEj5NSGaJKKPjYf7zjM306TTjKVhB4hNrwKQpMXOAyQi3ygNzbXHxXpokEie3D4X9fhvQYyj35gtW4z3-Wv3n_n8gX2arTbg2rV9n-csbmZhzOhq1XxMJ4hz2bVi7O17aQa5hMx0/s1600/01_07.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBY5FdVEj5NSGaJKKPjYf7zjM306TTjKVhB4hNrwKQpMXOAyQi3ygNzbXHxXpokEie3D4X9fhvQYyj35gtW4z3-Wv3n_n8gX2arTbg2rV9n-csbmZhzOhq1XxMJ4hz2bVi7O17aQa5hMx0/s1600/01_07.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Dentro de esta
comparación, todo el sistema solar tendría aproximadamente 2mm de diámetro, más
o menos como la cabeza de un alfiler, y también resulta sugerente establecer el
paralelismo entre la estructura y agrupación de las distintas ciudades, con los
cúmulos y supercúmulos de galaxias, o bien las imágenes captadas desde espacio sobre
las áreas urbanas iluminadas de noche, y las imágenes artificiales, con esa
estructura filamentosa y llena de nudos, que representa la distribución de la materia
en el universo. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;</description><link>http://juliocad.blogspot.com/2013/04/la-escala-del-universo.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Julio)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-uxkY-P_BlcRCv8eCN6mrJIpq7zGzjkji0vAMXdoG-TxQOXyHylHXBe7aBhqhKPuvqkq4W6Q4eNJ9128p8tougJATAZIVEIbkSK4YJAnXpojEFgqaC1W41iBhFdqhiK70U37i7fscTK6X/s72-c/01_01.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8508519656628787686.post-8787150424604558738</guid><pubDate>Mon, 09 Jul 2012 10:45:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-07-09T12:45:57.551+02:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">mediciones y presupuestos</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">organizar el proyecto</category><title>MEDICIONES y PRESUPUSTO ( y IV )</title><description>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En la última entrada, se había formulado un sistema
novedoso para elaborar “avances” de presupuestos de edificación, mediante un
formulario incluido en una hoja de cálculo que se adjuntaba, basada en una
escala de precios de tipo “logarítmico”, y una lista de elementos o componentes
del edificio según la estructura de las “Normas Tecnológicas de Edificación”
(NTEs).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Considerando que a primera vista esa hoja de cálculo
así como el método propuesto puede resultar algo confuso y extraño, se ha
optado por tratar de desarrollar algo más la explicación de su funcionamiento y
utilización, así como el interés para desarrollar una variante, adaptada a la
obra civil que pueda servir para estimar un avance sobre los costes de un proyecto
de urbanización.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb5qeVr55Og5Pc2SnrOmdtUw2PcIngktsVq9xTSUotvguZt9RUdHMy2MCkFUX49D7gKKWfoDn7mOAyNMb0aKj1Zg2y7zw3IlcpP9mFjxx8o-HpxyqjiO28l29B4yxTYj-eit1mHiY-WYd8/s1600/8MP_4.1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;112&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb5qeVr55Og5Pc2SnrOmdtUw2PcIngktsVq9xTSUotvguZt9RUdHMy2MCkFUX49D7gKKWfoDn7mOAyNMb0aKj1Zg2y7zw3IlcpP9mFjxx8o-HpxyqjiO28l29B4yxTYj-eit1mHiY-WYd8/s200/8MP_4.1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Probablemente la consideración que puede resultar más
extraña en esta propuesta, es el hecho de adoptar una “escala logarítmica” en
sustitución del sistema de precios normal. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El valor de
los precios.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En este sentido, hay que tener en cuenta que la idea
o el concepto del “precio de las cosas”, resulta tan básica y elemental, que se
encuentra automatizada por nuestra inteligencia, mediante mecanismos de
comparación intuitivos, que permite valorar el precio de cada cosa comparando el
valor del número que lo representa, con el de cosas similares o equivalentes ya
conocidas, o que consultamos oportunamente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;De esta forma es prácticamente automático decidir la
opción más barata o ventajosa, simplemente identificando aquel número que es mayor
o menor, y también permite apreciar de una forma rápida e intuitiva cuánto y
cuando se aleja un precio de un conjunto de valores similares o parecidos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;No obstante si analizamos esos mecanismos con algo de
detenimiento, es fácil entender que están vinculados con las operaciones
aritméticas de carácter elemental como la “comparación” o las “sumas y restas”,
aunque si bien para realizar las operaciones aritméticas siempre es necesario
manejar el valor numérico completo de cada precio, presumiblemente los mecanismos
intelectuales operan de forma diferente, ya que normalmente tardamos en
“retener” con la memoria el valor completo de cada precio, pero recordamos con
cierta facilidad cual era el “mayor/menor”, o bien una aproximación relativa en
una secuencia “grande/pequeño”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Probablemente esos mecanismos intelectuales son los
mismos que operan cuando los comerciantes promocionan sus ofertas con precios
que se quedan ligeramente antes de incrementar una nueva cifra en el valor del
precio (..99, ..95, ..990, … ) ya que recordamos más fácilmente si un precio se
encuentra por debajo o por encima del “límite virtual” constituido por el valor
redondo o salto de cifras: decenas, centenas, miles, etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE127hkszU4PLvlNnPL8rtPX3Xw6YeJPWS8x42twJf4SuqWNjZV3cQVebci8hElQib73Qub7GNs3Gsv6HEQgIa0RKnZsYC5Cn6CkRI9wKNxmaxVSy83smv3W-XrHBKFqCuFquCHRbdFsch/s1600/8MP_4.2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE127hkszU4PLvlNnPL8rtPX3Xw6YeJPWS8x42twJf4SuqWNjZV3cQVebci8hElQib73Qub7GNs3Gsv6HEQgIa0RKnZsYC5Cn6CkRI9wKNxmaxVSy83smv3W-XrHBKFqCuFquCHRbdFsch/s200/8MP_4.2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;195&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Todo el mundo tiene perfectamente claro el mecanismo
del “regateo”, consistente en alcanzar un acuerdo entre dos partes, vendedor y
comprador, en la que se intercambia algún objeto o mercancía por dinero, siendo
el propio “acuerdo” el que establece la cantidad de dinero que se intercambia, y
constituye obviamente el “precio” efectivo y real de la misma.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Lógicamente dentro del regateo, los “precios iniciales”
como valor numérico, no tienen la menor importancia, siendo mucho más decisiva
la capacidad para ir acercando esos valores o posiciones mediante una
“modificación”, que puede ser más o menos rápida o hábil, pero que en ultima
instancia solo depende de la voluntad y el interés de cada una de las partes por
llegar al acuerdo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 384.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Como resumen podemos decir que en el regateo, es la
capacidad de aproximación al punto de equilibrio, tratando de discernir el
“interés y capacidad” de la otra parte, en función de los “tanteos” y
“aproximaciones” que se realizan. Obviamente esa aproximación se hace mediante
unos valores numéricos, cuya cuantía es intrascendente en sí misma, pero que
tienen un cierto valor como “indicio” del posible acercamiento, o punto de
partida para la aproximación y el ajuste.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Teniendo en cuenta las consideraciones anteriores,
parece lógico pensar que la gran cantidad de datos numéricos que se incluyen en
el presupuesto de un proyecto, si bien es imprescindible como registro y
respaldo de las condiciones del contrato de obra, sin embargo en otras
circunstancias, acarrea un exceso de valores numéricos, que en cierta medida
dificulta el tipo de pequeños tanteos y aproximaciones propias del “regateo”, que
desarmarían un conjunto, que cuando pierde su propia coherencia interna, se desmorona
como un castillo de naipes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;La regla de
cálculo y los logaritmos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Aquellos que hemos llegado a conocer y manejar la
“regla de cálculo”, cuando aún no se usaban las calculadoras electrónicas, disponemos
de una mayor facilidad para valorar la utilidad práctica de los “logaritmos”. Sin
embargo para las generaciones actuales, oír hablar de ellos suena más bien a
“cosas de gente rara”, o a lo sumo a una tecla que se encuentra disponible en
algunas calculadoras.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMtW4uShQGRNicwsZCeLaQzbPd7e4G5xMlTiHpuIc7NGERQlv-v4oQJNKPMkHkYZx8XzYkvAjYipRtShbj9TuDLYl6lfyiQv0orPhbOvR9eRHmezoJqcWFZjTxkxM8DGjTwP_oxZV7kT2p/s1600/8MP_4.3.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMtW4uShQGRNicwsZCeLaQzbPd7e4G5xMlTiHpuIc7NGERQlv-v4oQJNKPMkHkYZx8XzYkvAjYipRtShbj9TuDLYl6lfyiQv0orPhbOvR9eRHmezoJqcWFZjTxkxM8DGjTwP_oxZV7kT2p/s200/8MP_4.3.jpg&quot; width=&quot;197&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El concepto de “logaritmo” se explica en matemáticas
o bien en la Wikipedia,
y es introducido en el siglo XVII por Napier. Seguramente la propiedad más
característica es el hecho de que el logaritmo de un “producto” de dos números,
es igual a la “suma” de sus logaritmos. Esa propiedad es la que se usa en las
reglas de cálculo, para disponer un par de escalas iguales, que pueden
deslizarse entre sí, y que se gradúan de tal forma que la posición o longitud de
cada número es proporcional a su logaritmo. De esta forma cuando queremos
multiplicar dos números, solo tenemos que situar el origen de la escala
deslizante en la posición del primer número, y a continuación leyendo el segundo
número sobre la que ya hemos deslizado, tenemos alineado con este, el numero que
representa la suma de longitudes de ambos segmentos y que por tanto es el
“producto” de los dos números.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Otra de las utilidades destacable de los logaritmos,
es la de representar con un conjunto de valores relativamente limitado, un
repertorio de magnitudes y valores que pueden ser muy dispares entre sí como sucede
en el caso del sonido. La escala que utilizamos normalmente para representar
los niveles de ruido, se define en “decibelios” y varía entre 10 y 120. No
obstante hay que pensar que lo que representan estos valores es en realidad el
“tamaño” del número que corresponde a la “intensidad” del sonido medida en las unidades
habituales de energía, o lo que es lo mismo un sonido de 20 decibelios tiene una
energía que se representa con un número de dos cifras, y un sonido de 120
decibelios, necesitaría un número de doce cifras.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Obviamente si tenemos que hacer cálculos entre
números de dos o tres cifras combinados con otros de más de diez, la propia
“precisión” en la determinación de magnitudes, y el consecuente manejo de los errores
de precisión, conduce a cálculos numéricos laboriosos con poco interés práctico.
Eso se evita manejando los “logaritmos de la intensidad”, en lugar de los propios
valores de la intensidad, con lo que se reduce considerablemente esa
dispersión, aunque también a costa de que su “significado” pasa a ser relativamente
opaco y poco intuitivo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 167.25pt 297.0pt; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;“&lt;a href=&quot;https://dl.dropbox.com/u/20726079/Prst%20ESTM.4.xls&quot;&gt;El modelo en la Hoja de cálculo&lt;/a&gt;”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Un modelo
de “avance”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyrJ2KB8YIFuQPbYYiwYNLiifE-25IaPr-2KCAbSMgO3qVYeJoSiCzmwur9V0Zfja8vclnQtwwPK1tacq3XV98cBlo15OMs4kvQFRUTqJh2Aat3P57RFzodgBMt4XMbHyHGxLv6YBkvYBG/s1600/8MP_4.4.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyrJ2KB8YIFuQPbYYiwYNLiifE-25IaPr-2KCAbSMgO3qVYeJoSiCzmwur9V0Zfja8vclnQtwwPK1tacq3XV98cBlo15OMs4kvQFRUTqJh2Aat3P57RFzodgBMt4XMbHyHGxLv6YBkvYBG/s200/8MP_4.4.jpg&quot; width=&quot;187&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En el caso de los precios de un presupuesto se pueden
encontrar ciertos paralelismos, si consideramos que una obra civil puede
alcanzar los diez&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;millones de euros (7
cifras) y sin embargo el precio de un metro cúbico en desmonte de tierra puede
ser solamente de uno o dos euros (1 cifra). Por otra parte cuando modificamos
ligeramente un determinado precio, como se hace en el regateo, estamos
acostumbrados a pensar en términos de “porcentaje”, ya que de esta forma se
valora mejor la cuantía relativa del cambio, ya que obviamente no es lo mismos
rebajar un euro sobre una mercancía con un valor de diez que sobre otra de
cien.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El modelo que se propone, trata de reducir la
cantidad de datos que maneja, con el fin localizar más fácilmente la contribución
de cada una de las partes en el resultado final. Eso nos lleva a establecer una
lista cerrada, similar al resumen de capítulos, aunque subdividiendo cada uno
en las partes más características, tratando de no sobrepasar los cuatro o seis
en cada uno. Eso supone que los índices para valorar esos componentes deberán
estar sobredimensionados en compensación con el resto de elementos que no son
incluidos en la lista. Por otra parte la lista de capítulos se organiza sobre
las partes o componentes físicos de la obra al estilo de las NTEs, en lugar de
hacerlo sobre los “oficios” o tareas de la construcción.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En relación con los precios, naturalmente se descartan
las exhaustivas descomposiciones de: materiales, mano de obra y maquinaria,
pero además de eso se considera conveniente reducir en lo posible la dispersión
de valores que suponen las cifras de los distintos precios, ya que cada cifra “concreta”
no es demasiado importante en sí misma, y por otra parte también parece
oportuno que pueda admitir una cierta variación porcentual sin ser relevante en
el resultado. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 167.25pt 297.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Dentro de la lista cerrada, cada componente se
caracteriza con una “magnitud” específica, (m3 / m2 / ml / ud ..) y a través de
la medición correspondiente se cuantifica su intervención en el presupuesto.
Las distintas alternativas dentro del mismo componente, pueden ser compatibles dentro
un presupuesto, pero tampoco es necesario que estén todas presentes, lo cual se
logra anotando o suprimiendo en la casilla de medición, el valor o cuantía
oportuna.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHWu6hFBEYYQ9trszLP-ZQlreifJZJg0WQtXkNg5GDlyrjraXYOIC2tLlH-Gjom0IUehyphenhyphenSQ1vvYNJ3HHjImyKtPZUnvByYByH47ii4qjYz37e5nhVFes-idDq6ph6xBMTQlWivDMxFXeHL/s1600/8MP_4.5.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHWu6hFBEYYQ9trszLP-ZQlreifJZJg0WQtXkNg5GDlyrjraXYOIC2tLlH-Gjom0IUehyphenhyphenSQ1vvYNJ3HHjImyKtPZUnvByYByH47ii4qjYz37e5nhVFes-idDq6ph6xBMTQlWivDMxFXeHL/s200/8MP_4.5.jpg&quot; width=&quot;196&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;La especificación correspondiente al precio de cada
componente, ya se encuentra incluido en la hoja de cálculo, por lo que al
anotar la medición se presenta de manera inmediata el importe del apartado y el
capítulo. En esta característica radica sobre todo la singularidad del sistema,
ya que en lugar de emplear el precio correspondiente a ese componente concreto,
se utiliza un sistema de índices o categorías, con un significado diferente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;La categoría del precio se encuentra anotada en una
columna a la izquierda de la medición. Está definida por un “&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;número
entero de dos cifras&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;”, que a su vez contribuye a reducir notablemente
la cantidad y dispersión de valores numéricos respecto a lo que se utiliza habitualmente.
Este índice o categoría es el logaritmo del precio unitario correspondiente,
definido sobre una “base” específica, con el valor: “&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;1,1220185&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;”, y
redondeado al entero más cercano. Al utilizar logaritmos en sustitución del
precio normal, el importe de la partida se calcula como el producto de la “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;medición&lt;/i&gt;”, por esa “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;base&lt;/i&gt;”, elevada a la “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;potencia&lt;/i&gt;”
del número entero de la categoría.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Aunque inicialmente puede parecer bastante extraño el
uso de “logaritmos”, en sustitución de los precios normales, realmente lo que
se esta haciendo es “reducir” drásticamente el repertorio de valores que se
emplean, sustituyendo el conjunto continuo&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;de cifras que se encuentra entre 1€ y 89.125,5€ por el conjunto de
números enteros de dos cifras que va desde “0” hasta “99”, ya que:&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;1,1220185 ^ 99 tiene precisamente un valor de 89.125,5€.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;De esta forma solamente se emplean como “precios
válidos” para cualquier componente, aquellos valores que coinciden con una
“potencia” entera de la base establecida, y lógicamente se encuentran separados
entre sí por una cuantía relativa respecto al anterior que siempre es el
12,20185%. Este mecanismo asegura precisamente que un incremento de una categoría
en cualquier componente, siempre tiene una incidencia aproximada del doce por
ciento sobre el valor resultante, con independencia de cuál fuera el valor inicial.
Con el fin de facilitar el uso práctico de la hoja de cálculo, se incluye en el
margen izquierdo la cifra en precio tradicional que corresponde a la categoría
de cada componente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;La elección de la base, podría hacerse con cualquier
otro número menos complicado como 1,10 – 1,15 ó 1,20, con lo que se obtendrían
unos incrementos del 10%, el 15% ó el 20% en cada aumento de categoría, pero se
ha preferido adoptar la “base”, de tal forma que un aumento de veinte (20) categorías,
incrementa un orden de magnitud o multiplica por diez (x10) el valor inicial. Establecido
este requisito, si hacemos un cálculo elemental con potencias, podemos ver que
esa base tiene que ser la “raíz” veinteava de 10. Es decir “base” = 10 ^ &lt;sup&gt;(1/20)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;= 1,1220185. Con esta base, además de ese
incremento singular, también se consigue que el aumento de “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;seis&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;” categorías, duplique el
precio inicial.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNwHxlYGYYvo-lX-XK_CaD_kE0LVz-sD7HsNo6hmgNL3NQ538BrtUAFDt0h0TxOgUhcoHRTzLiBzfE9xP7rI1cI0kk0cfOUTBzYh83nPbtR95iEgXJepCqkNRHiJA5_inXpHfwJ284-S1S/s1600/8MP_4.6.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNwHxlYGYYvo-lX-XK_CaD_kE0LVz-sD7HsNo6hmgNL3NQ538BrtUAFDt0h0TxOgUhcoHRTzLiBzfE9xP7rI1cI0kk0cfOUTBzYh83nPbtR95iEgXJepCqkNRHiJA5_inXpHfwJ284-S1S/s200/8MP_4.6.jpg&quot; width=&quot;180&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El empleo de la escala logarítmica en si mismo, NO
limita el uso de números enteros, por lo que realmente la definición de
categorías podría hacerse perfectamente con los números ampliados a una o
varias cifras decimales, pero en ese caso el modelo perdería una parte
significativa de su propia identidad, ya que uno de los objetivos, es la
reducción drástica de datos numéricos al mínimo imprescindible, contribuyendo a
que sea más fácil, tener una idea global del conjunto. No obstante en la hoja
de calculo, se incluye al final de la misma un resumen por capítulos, en la que
junto al importe de cada uno, se anota el valor de la “categoría” equivalente a
ese importe, esta vez, redondeada con una cifra decimal. Este cálculo partiendo
del importe responde obviamente a la expresión: &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;“ cat = log(Importe) / log 1,1220185 ”&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Si hubiera que definir las características intrínsecas
de este sistema de una forma general, habría que decir que se trata de un
modelo de tipo discontinuo o “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;discreto&lt;/i&gt;”
hablando en términos matemáticos, y que esa “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;discontinuidad&lt;/i&gt;” se debe no solo a la aplicación de los precios a
través de una escala logarítmica, sino también por el hecho de establecer una
lista de componentes “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;cerrada&lt;/i&gt;”
reducida solo a los más significativos, que a su vez son “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;valorados&lt;/i&gt;” con la holgura suficiente para compensar aquellos otros
que no se incluyen, ya sea por estar muy vinculados con los principales o por tener
una incidencia poco significativa en el conjunto del presupuesto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En los párrafos anteriores, se incluye un enlace que
permite “descargar” un archivo de hoja de cálculo en el que se desarrolla el
sistema comentado. El uso de las hojas es elemental, y basta con “anotar”, los
valores oportunos, comenzando por los datos de cabecera, y luego en la columna
de la medición, los valores correspondientes, solo en la casilla del componente
que se pretende valorar, dejando las demás en blanco. Una vez anotado cada
valor, inmediatamente aparecen los resultados en las casillas de los importes.
Además de la medición y los datos anotados en las casillas con fondo gris, se
pueden modificar las “categorías” escribiendo directamente, aunque en este caso
la conveniencia de bloquear los datos iniciales o no, podría depender del uso
que se quiera hacer, ya sea como control o comparación de otros resultados, o
bien como avance u orientación sobre las magnitudes aproximadas de un futuro
proyecto. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 342.75pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Con el fin de facilitar y flexibilizar
el uso de la hoja, siempre se muestra en la columna de la izquierda el valor
unitario del importe que corresponde a cada componente. La hoja se facilita
“protegida” con todas las casillas bloqueadas excepto las que deben recibir los
datos, con el fin de evitar la pérdida accidental por sobre-escritura, pero
tampoco se establece ninguna contraseña, por lo que la hoja puede ser abierta
desde el menú de herramientas. También se “hacen constar” en la cabecera los
datos del titular de su “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;propiedad intelectual&lt;/i&gt;”,
y la especificación de la licencia “Creative Commons” que regula el uso de la
misma en la modalidad de “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;citar al autor&lt;/i&gt;”,
permitir solamente “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;usos NO comerciales&lt;/i&gt;”,
y la obligación de “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;publicar en las
mismas condiciones&lt;/i&gt;” cualquier nuevo desarrollo basado en este.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://juliocad.blogspot.com/2012/07/mediciones-y-presupusto-y-iv.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Julio)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb5qeVr55Og5Pc2SnrOmdtUw2PcIngktsVq9xTSUotvguZt9RUdHMy2MCkFUX49D7gKKWfoDn7mOAyNMb0aKj1Zg2y7zw3IlcpP9mFjxx8o-HpxyqjiO28l29B4yxTYj-eit1mHiY-WYd8/s72-c/8MP_4.1.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8508519656628787686.post-1585071060820847741</guid><pubDate>Thu, 14 Jun 2012 15:57:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-07-09T12:21:30.692+02:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">mediciones y presupuestos</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">organizar el proyecto</category><title>MEDICIONES y PRESUPUSTO ( III )</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;En el ámbito de las obras de “iniciativa pública”,
hay que tener en cuenta que el presupuesto del proyecto, siempre es un
documento que forma parte del contrato de la obra, y cualquier desacuerdo,
imprevisto, o diferencia, como fijar un nuevo precio contradictorio, certificar
acopios de materiales, o hacer una liquidación parcial de la obra, requieren
conocer y manejar no solo el importe total de la obra, de los capítulos y de los
precios unitarios de cada partida, sino también mantener toda la coherencia interna
con los elementos que forman los precios del proyecto, (mano de obra,
materiales, costes indirectos .. etc)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW-ag-U1fIBlGLKcdCR9Yo9F3siEMfNPdKbthTkYW6LoEiAbyITmX5hXZJ7zRV841Ly0xzFm_oyrB6EV7XSJxaTiL__vLHaUumHg3HUoIk2xyCiq0AHDLJRgQcpDVEmOcMF1KDvBR7F-OH/s1600/8MP_3.1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW-ag-U1fIBlGLKcdCR9Yo9F3siEMfNPdKbthTkYW6LoEiAbyITmX5hXZJ7zRV841Ly0xzFm_oyrB6EV7XSJxaTiL__vLHaUumHg3HUoIk2xyCiq0AHDLJRgQcpDVEmOcMF1KDvBR7F-OH/s200/8MP_3.1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;188&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;No obstante, cuando lo que se pretende es conocer el
alcance o importe aproximado de un presupuesto de ejecución, parece oportuno
pensar que la cantidad de datos numéricos que se manejan en un presupuesto
ordinario, resulta desproporcionada ya que si indagamos con un poco de
habilidad dentro del contenido, enseguida vemos que casi siempre, son solo unas
cuantas partidas las que, ya sea por su magnitud o por su valor unitario, configuran
la parte más significativa del presupuesto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Lógicamente ese tipo de partidas o unidades más
singulares, dependen del tipo de proyecto y sus características particulares, y
normalmente son esas características, las que a su vez sirven para configurar
distintos tipos o sistemas de “índices”, con los cuales se elaboran modelos o
proyecciones para estimar avances de coste o presupuesto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;El síndrome
de los céntimos y el contable&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Uno de los primeros avances de la contabilidad entre
la época medieval y el renacimiento, son las tablas de doble entrada, en las
que un cierto conjunto de cifras de contabilidad, se ordenan distribuidas en filas
y columnas, que luego sumadas en ambos sentidos deben proporcionar un resultado
final idéntico. El doble resultado es siempre una comprobación indirecta de la
integridad de las operaciones de forma que esa “redundancia” en los datos o en
su agrupación, permite asegurar que las operaciones están realizadas
correctamente. En ese sentido cabe mencionar la gran diferencia que ha supuesto
la informática, ya que ahora la integridad de las operaciones queda asegurada
por el entorno informático y el sistema operativo, y el riesgo de errores queda
limitado solamente a la integridad de los propios datos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg928FwTt9Mphb8qxcF2IPM3SNHRkte-urTscURTkhBy5rD5yEWGqBT5DlqPZnnBsTvOOvHaEJ9otlz8BPmhGunbYGKzcdX9t-PlcCm4-K3hFOXN-wfQPfXagtiGL4Hqqxtc9X37Bebp9qC/s1600/8MP_3.2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg928FwTt9Mphb8qxcF2IPM3SNHRkte-urTscURTkhBy5rD5yEWGqBT5DlqPZnnBsTvOOvHaEJ9otlz8BPmhGunbYGKzcdX9t-PlcCm4-K3hFOXN-wfQPfXagtiGL4Hqqxtc9X37Bebp9qC/s200/8MP_3.2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;193&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Cuando se manejan cantidades importantes de datos con
operaciones redundantes sobre ellos, el trabajo de localizar pequeños errores o
discrepancias puede ser bastante engorroso. Supongo que todos recordamos algún
caso donde el responsable de un sistema de “contabilidad” se encuentra agobiado
tratando de localizar “unos céntimos”, que solo por “incordiar” le habremos
ofrecido compensar o sufragar de nuestro propio bolsillo. Evidentemente el
problema es la existencia de la diferencia dentro del sistema redundante y no la
cuantía de esta. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Con independencia de las redundancias y la seguridad
que representan, el simple hecho de tener que manejar los valores y precios de
“todas las unidades de obra” que componen un proyecto, resulta no solo
laborioso sino también propenso a errores y olvidos, por lo que enseguida surge
la idea de establecer “referencias objetivas” de forma que al revisar y
comparar una “lista” de referencia, se tenga una seguridad razonable de que
esta está completa, aunque también se puede considerar la alternativa de eliminar
una gran parte de esa especie de “ruido de fondo” que representan la mayor
parte de los datos que intervienen. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Las Bases
de Precios de la construcción&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Al considerar la idea de una “lista completa” como
referencia, También hay que tener en cuenta que en los proyectos de
edificación, esta es mucho más larga y numerosa que en la obra civil, y al
mismo tiempo sus magnitudes e importes económicos son mucho menores.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Por otra parte, también hay que mencionar los
esfuerzos de estandarización que han supuesto las “bases de precios” de la
construcción, que se han ido desarrollando paralelamente a las aplicaciones
informáticas dedicadas a la elaboración de presupuestos. En este terreno
algunas bases de datos se han llegado a convertir en una referencia general, aceptada
por todos los profesionales de la construcción, como las elaboradas por el
colegio de arquitectos técnicos de Guadalajara, la de la Junta de Andalucía, o bien
otras muchas. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Una característica propia de las bases de precios,
además de la vinculación imprescindible con aplicaciones informáticas, es la
ingente cantidad de unidades de obra que contienen. De hecho las versiones que
se publicaban hace ya algunos años se editaban con versión informática y/o en
papel, ocupando varios tomos, pero finalmente se han vuelto tan extensas que la
versión en papel sería totalmente inmanejable. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Evidentemente la localización de las distintas unidades
se realiza a través de las herramientas de búsqueda en una aplicación
informática, y a su vez esta, garantiza la seguridad e integridad de las
operaciones numéricas, y también la coherencia interna y todas las redundancias
de los componentes que forman el precio cuando se efectúa cualquier tipo de
ajuste.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKqifBFZOcCPEKy7wQq13redzNzVe3IXA31xa0iRR-riOzP3kIbqbPecJixU_rMgHfBEkJvkUpSd-bKWgl4wt8DESvXiGWmJMo1JTU_jCwxB_9ZQoIhnVpY39wjNbgN12LnnMIpk7EU7Ve/s1600/8MP_3.3.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;198&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKqifBFZOcCPEKy7wQq13redzNzVe3IXA31xa0iRR-riOzP3kIbqbPecJixU_rMgHfBEkJvkUpSd-bKWgl4wt8DESvXiGWmJMo1JTU_jCwxB_9ZQoIhnVpY39wjNbgN12LnnMIpk7EU7Ve/s200/8MP_3.3.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;En todos los casos esas bases de datos se organizan mediante
una estructura o subdivisión en capítulos que es conocida en alusión al “Instituto
Torroja de la
 Construcción”, que es probablemente la primera institución de
este país que se dedica al estudio, investigación y difusión en el sector, y
que en relación a este tema propone una ordenación de la lista, con arreglo a
los diferentes “oficios” o “trabajos” que se desarrollan dentro de la obra. De
ahí capítulos tan característicos, como “Albañilería” o la separación entre “Carpintería
metálica” y “Carpintería de madera”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;En contraposición con esa estructura que
habitualmente se denomina del “Torroja”, aparece a finales de los años 70s, la
publicación de las Normas Tecnológicas de la Edificación o por sus
siglas: NTE, las cuales constituyen un trabajo importante de iniciativa pública
(Ministerio de la Vivienda/MOPU),
encaminado a estandarizar o constituir una “referencia objetiva” en el sector de
la construcción. Ese repertorio de Normas, presenta a su vez una estructura
organizada en tres niveles Capítulo–Subcapítulo–Norma, pero que en vez de
organizarse alrededor de los oficios o trabajos de la construcción, se organiza
con arreglo a las distintas “partes físicas” o elementos que configuran el
edificio: Cimentación, Estructura, Fachada, Cubierta .. etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Una
propuesta diferente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Una vez revisado el panorama de las Bases de Precios
y evocando las consideraciones que se hacían en su momento sobre los sistemas
de módulos de los colegios de arquitectos, parece evidente que existe una gran contradicción
en el hecho de que para calcular en primera aproximación aunque con rigor
suficiente, el coste de ejecución de un proyecto, sea necesario operar con la
ingente cantidad de datos numéricos o de unidades de obra que contienen las
bases de precios, ya que como se ha mencionado, normalmente son solo unas pocas
unidades significativas, las que configuran la mayor parte del presupuesto. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Esta última consideración nos devuelve en la práctica
al hecho de que la forma de “aproximar” un presupuesto de ejecución en las
fases iniciales del proyecto, va ha depender mucho de la habilidad o
experiencia de cada proyectista, para decidir oportunamente cuales son las partidas
más significativas en detrimento del resto, y poder evaluar estas con una
aproximación suficiente respecto al conjunto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQmZwqgJYFd_UXW2PBONQ_kIghKtk3B-DsmCyWP8iIwR6ym5oBq3GkFCDsU8mJF6f9d3-b4kj7lGz32tQ2qKg9N5vVe3SILs2qxyoyirYVjPWy-8h5-LIQ_slg9zqjneWl0ZEZuHHPHaZl/s1600/8MP_3.4.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;192&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQmZwqgJYFd_UXW2PBONQ_kIghKtk3B-DsmCyWP8iIwR6ym5oBq3GkFCDsU8mJF6f9d3-b4kj7lGz32tQ2qKg9N5vVe3SILs2qxyoyirYVjPWy-8h5-LIQ_slg9zqjneWl0ZEZuHHPHaZl/s200/8MP_3.4.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Para poder formular un nuevo modelo, en este caso se
propone establecer en primer lugar, una lista cerrada de componentes, para lo que
resulta oportuna la estructura que contienen las NTEs ya que subdivide cualquier
edificio en sus partes o elementos físicos. Por otra parte el nuevo modelo,
pretende considerar para cada uno de esos “elementos” o partes más
significativas, solamente unos pocos “tipos” con sus correspondientes valores
de referencia que permitan evaluar la repercusión económica de los casos más
comunes. Evidentemente el valor económico que se asigna a los componentes no
puede ser estrictamente el de las unidades de obra directamente involucradas en
su elaboración, ya que es preciso “compensar” la repercusión de los elementos
que no consideramos en esa lista. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Los valores de referencia de estos componentes, normalmente
se encontrarán separados por una cuantía apreciable, para que su agrupación por
categorías resulte útil y significativa, ya que si se establece un repertorio
de opciones numeroso y casi continuo en sus valores, la elección se vuelve
laboriosa y confusa. Por otra parte esa separación relativa de valores, también
esta relacionada con la precisión global del sistema, ya que si como ejemplo,
adoptamos solo valores separados entre sí por una cuantía del veinte por ciento
(20%), al manejar cierto número de elementos, las diferencias se reparten
estadísticamente, y podemos considerar perfectamente que la precisión global,
va ser al menos del diez por ciento, que aunque no sería aceptable en un
presupuesto cerrado, sí puede resultar útil en las fases iniciales y de avance.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Estas consideraciones nos permiten pensar que en
realidad tampoco es necesario manejar estrictamente los valores de los precios,
ya que estos pueden ser sustituidos por una escala discontinua, donde solamente
figura un número limitado de valores, ordenados mediante un intervalo de
separación fija, con lo que bastaría referirse al numero de orden en esa lista,
para tener perfectamente identificado cada valor. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 147.75pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 147.75pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvyMmbl5tMgFqc3oITBw2-bedvu8hyphenhyphenA2JbmAMbgcbHXMCDb3Uuy-HM1lVKgKqszYgpMNZVJOCCMGaarEakJyFamV5dli-ZNixw1BEdEe9o2QUXKci-AJhWhDzUAUkl63exhB_BhRR3CKQW/s1600/8MP_3.5.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;180&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvyMmbl5tMgFqc3oITBw2-bedvu8hyphenhyphenA2JbmAMbgcbHXMCDb3Uuy-HM1lVKgKqszYgpMNZVJOCCMGaarEakJyFamV5dli-ZNixw1BEdEe9o2QUXKci-AJhWhDzUAUkl63exhB_BhRR3CKQW/s200/8MP_3.5.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Si formulamos una lista discontinua
mediante un intervalo del 20%, los valores de esa lista pasan a ser: 1 – 1,2 –
1,44 – 1,728 – 2,0736 … o lo que es lo mismo: 1 – 1,2 – 1,2*1,2 – 1,2*1,2*1,2 -
… - 1,2 &lt;sup&gt;n&lt;/sup&gt;. es decir que el valor de una determinada categoría en esa
lista, pasa a ser igual a la base 1,2 elevada a un exponente que es el número
de orden del intervalo correspondiente. Esto que inicialmente puede resultar
extraño, no es mas que una escala de tipo logarítmico, similar a la de los
“niveles de ruido” en acústica, o&amp;nbsp; la de
niveles del “ph” en química. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 147.75pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 147.75pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Una de las ventajas a considerar en
este sistema, es el hecho de que los valores que se manejan en sustitución de
los “precios” normales, son solo un repertorio de números enteros de dos
cifras, que además de no tener un significado aparente en si mismos, permiten
reducir considerablemente la cantidad de cifras empleadas en el cálculo y consecuentemente
el riesgo de “error” en los datos o en su manipulación. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;A la hora de elegir la “base” más adecuada para
establecer el intervalo de precios oportuno, podemos adoptar un número
arbitrario, como por ejemplo un incremento del 15% ó el 20%, que en primera
aproximación parece un compromiso razonable con la precisión del sistema, pero
también podemos hacer un calculo inverso para elegir una base del precio de tal
forma que un numero determinado de intervalos o incrementos, permitan asegurar
un “múltiplo” del precio inicial, como puede ser el “doble”, o diez veces
mayor. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Si decidimos por ejemplo, incrementos del doble del
precio inicial con un aumento de cinco categorías, el valor de la base sería
entonces la raíz quinta de dos, es decir “1,148698”, que se
encuentra próximo al 15% en cada intervalo, y si optamos por incrementar diez
veces el valor con un incremento de quince categorías, la base tendría que ser
la raíz quinceava de diez, o lo que es lo mismo “1,197860” que se
encuentra próxima al 20%.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Con el fin de suministrar un ejemplo práctico y algo
mas tangible de todo lo que se acaba de exponer, se dispone a continuación un
enlace que permita bajar y practicar sobre una “hoja de cálculo” elaborada en
EXCEL, que contiene un formulario para calcular el avance de un presupuestos en
el ámbito de la edificación, solo con el hecho de anotar la magnitud de cada
elemento en la columna correspondiente, frente a la opción prevista en cada
caso.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://dl.dropbox.com/u/20726079/Prst%20ESTM.4.xls&quot;&gt;Formulario de la HOJA de CALCULO&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://juliocad.blogspot.com/2012/06/mediciones-y-presupusto-iii.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Julio)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW-ag-U1fIBlGLKcdCR9Yo9F3siEMfNPdKbthTkYW6LoEiAbyITmX5hXZJ7zRV841Ly0xzFm_oyrB6EV7XSJxaTiL__vLHaUumHg3HUoIk2xyCiq0AHDLJRgQcpDVEmOcMF1KDvBR7F-OH/s72-c/8MP_3.1.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8508519656628787686.post-8891690734804007771</guid><pubDate>Fri, 08 Jun 2012 08:40:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-06-08T10:40:15.516+02:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">mediciones y presupuestos</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">organizar el proyecto</category><title>MEDICIONES y PRESUPUSTO  ( II )</title><description>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En la entrada del día anterior, se ha desarrollado
una exposición general sobre la elaboración de mediciones y presupuestos en los
proyectos de arquitectura, su trascendencia y algunos aspectos prácticos sobre
su elaboración en los últimos años dentro del ámbito de este país.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En los últimos párrafos se mencionaba el sistema de
módulos que se ha utilizado por los colegios de arquitectos, la incidencia que
había tenido durante su vigencia, y la desregulación que han supuesto los
cambios legislativos, y la aparición de ciertas “incertidumbres” o dudas sobre
el “rigor” de los presupuestos&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;que se
incluyen en algunos proyectos técnicos de iniciativa estrictamente privada.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El sistema Medición-Presupuesto&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsH8T0j0h2vdzNnblQeB4TyotlBSJ9yCK4QHYsPwB_zP-waieNRvE3tPg1O7g8ORcwFNJqK4gVyYE7_WdkPKs996qp0WCgfj1Iiws1XCdfd0BRdq1h9UoaJzccwnshIcnin1W3xG-Bxj15/s1600/8MP_2.1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsH8T0j0h2vdzNnblQeB4TyotlBSJ9yCK4QHYsPwB_zP-waieNRvE3tPg1O7g8ORcwFNJqK4gVyYE7_WdkPKs996qp0WCgfj1Iiws1XCdfd0BRdq1h9UoaJzccwnshIcnin1W3xG-Bxj15/s200/8MP_2.1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;187&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Una de las características destacables del documento
de mediciones y presupuesto, es la “ingente” cantidad de datos numéricos que puede
acarrear, y en consecuencia la probabilidad de generar errores de todo tipo, y
las dificultades para establecer sistemas de control “riguroso” sobre su
integridad. Esta cantidad de datos numéricos que incluye el documento es
lógicamente proporcional a la magnitud o volumen del proyecto, y en el caso de
obras singulares o de cierto tamaño puede llegar a generar volúmenes de varios
cientos de páginas de texto mecanografiado. No obstante en este sentido cabe
mencionar las diferencias tradicionales entre los proyectos de “arquitectura” y
los de “obra civil” que a su vez ilustran, amplían y refuerzan diferencias de
criterios entre “arquitectos” e “ingenieros de caminos”. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En el caso de los ingenieros de caminos y la obra
civil, hay que destacar que tanto los proyectos técnicos como el ejercicio
profesional, siempre han tenido una cierta convergencia con muchos elementos
comunes en el sector de la construcción, y como ejemplo&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;es frecuente que las empresas constructoras
operen tanto en “obra civil” como en “edificación”, los laboratorios de control
de calidad operan indistintamente en ambos sectores, y de hecho si se examinan
con detenimiento los procesos de “construcción”, se puede apreciar que la
relación de “unidades de obra”, que intervienen en muchos casos son las mismas,
(movimiento de tierras, cimentaciones, estructuras de hormigón y acero,
pavimentaciones, redes e instalaciones de saneamiento o desagües, abastecimiento
o fontanería, iluminación y alumbrado público, electricidad .. etc). De hecho las
bases de precios y unidades de obra, o los programas informáticos suelen
emplearse indistintamente en ambos sectores.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMXqtSK6AZvlt4EGE2VJd_LT-nqiDk3xl-ScccX_EiXE3N6uuSKc1ZBcGFX9OmLHhyphenhyphen8o6rT97egzu_ACQME2VH3Eaje8pTIp4oki4PPXfQvC6CIYBqrYlbhYxs7okCWi93xz8KZPuI1x20/s1600/8MP_2.2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;179&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMXqtSK6AZvlt4EGE2VJd_LT-nqiDk3xl-ScccX_EiXE3N6uuSKc1ZBcGFX9OmLHhyphenhyphen8o6rT97egzu_ACQME2VH3Eaje8pTIp4oki4PPXfQvC6CIYBqrYlbhYxs7okCWi93xz8KZPuI1x20/s200/8MP_2.2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Una característica singular que sin embargo diferencia
claramente a ambos, es la magnitud relativa en el momento de cuantificar cada
proyecto. Como ejemplo cabe mencionar que en el caso de una “vivienda
unifamiliar”, el número de unidades de obra diferentes que pueden ser
necesarias para completar su construcción, puede llegar fácilmente a las doscientas,
aunque difícilmente se va a totalizar un importe acumulado de más de ciento
cincuenta o doscientos mil euros. Sin embargo en un pequeño proyecto de obra
civil, como puede ser un tramo de carretera sencilla, probablemente el número
de “unidades de obra” necesarias no supere el centenar, pero sin embargo la
cuantía acumulada difícilmente bajará de los cinco o diez millones de euros, lo
que representa que para una “unidad de obra” similar en ambos proyectos, se
multiplica su incidencia o valor relativo, por un factor cien o doscientas
veces mayor.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Esta diferencia cuantitativa entre las magnitudes
relativas de las unidades de obra habituales en ambos proyectos, además de otra
diferencia frecuente, como es el hecho de que los proyectos de obra civil sean
normalmente de iniciativa “pública”, y los de edificación en su mayoría de
“iniciativa privada”, acaban motivando que se aborde esta parte del proyecto
con criterios claramente diferenciados.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 255.75pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Por un lado en el caso de los ingenieros de caminos y
la obra civil, el criterio habitual, profundiza mediante un “análisis” más
exhaustivo de los datos, para descomponer los elementos de cada unidad de obra
(descomposición de precios .. ) cruzando valores comunes entre distintas
unidades, que pueden poner de manifiesto incoherencias del conjunto, y añadir
algunas redundancias que contribuyen a poner de manifiesto cierto tipo de
errores, (cuadros de precios en letra y número .. etc. ). Esto lógicamente
contribuye a incrementar notablemente el volumen de datos numéricos y también
la carga de trabajo y esfuerzo sobre la elaboración del proyecto, aunque dado
que la magnitud de estos, es bastante mayor que en el caso de la edificación y
su carga de trabajo en aquellos aspectos como la originalidad, la innovación, y
el diseño o la estética son sustancialmente menores, hacen que esa “hipertrofia”
de datos numéricos dentro del presupuesto también se acabe convirtiendo en un
factor de diferenciación que llega a utilizarse como respaldo de su propio “prestigio
profesional”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLTLSgv-VVPv677124Xo8AlxnT9fewA_rHJsSYX9_nqjPx3F4-IpFNNYcOGbw-13zRXKWDn_Hvfv0c2yzHmYu2OTIW6KeUasz0EWmq4mJ-3N-cUJUIQup-J29IwmBMelWlXLk_spmG2djh/s1600/8MP_2.3.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;136&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLTLSgv-VVPv677124Xo8AlxnT9fewA_rHJsSYX9_nqjPx3F4-IpFNNYcOGbw-13zRXKWDn_Hvfv0c2yzHmYu2OTIW6KeUasz0EWmq4mJ-3N-cUJUIQup-J29IwmBMelWlXLk_spmG2djh/s200/8MP_2.3.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Por el contrario en el ámbito de la arquitectura, por
un lado la “reglamentación” de tipo administrativo es más relajada, ya que suele
operar en el ámbito de la iniciativa privada, y por otro lado el “valor propio”
del trabajo se tiende a ubicar en la vertiente gráfica, dando mucha más
importancia a los factores subjetivos y discrecionales, como el diseño estético,
la innovación, la originalidad etc. que están más vinculados a la identidad y
al prestigio personal de cada arquitecto. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En este sentido el documento del presupuesto, se
aborda inicialmente de forma similar, elaborando una “medición” exhaustiva, que
al igual que en la obra civil, se compone de una lista completa de unidades de
obra, junto con la recopilación sistemática de datos numéricos necesarios para
calcular sus magnitudes en el proyecto. No obstante a la hora de establecer los
precios para esas unidades de obra, en lugar de profundizar en la elaboración
de los precios a través de un “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;análisis&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;”
exhaustivo que incrementa desaforadamente el volumen de datos numéricos, se suele
recurrir a través de cierta capacidad de “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;síntesis&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;”,
a tomar referencias “externas y objetivas”, que permitan aproximar o acotar un
presupuesto final, mediante experiencias recopiladas con tipologías de casos
similares. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Esa recopilación de referencias y tipologías es lo
que en última instancia constituyen y representan los sistemas de “módulos”
empleados tradicionalmente en los colegios de arquitectos, que a su vez se
convertían &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;en “referencia objetiva” a
través de esa estructura sindicada de la profesión del arquitecto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Consideraciones
sobre los módulos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En primer lugar hay que mencionar que la capacidad de
regulación que pudieran ejercer los colegios de arquitectos a través de los
sistemas de “módulos” han sido suprimidos completamente por la legislación
general, en una primera etapa con la eliminación de las “tarifas de
honorarios”, y finalmente con la aplicación de la conocida como Ley Ómnibus,
que establece una determinada transposición de la legislación comunitaria.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUQBrCLtg_OgIHv_jAoOEvluGTWE2mAE3CbheFOxsv4oKHNF6Ox9MuToWPvjj8wDp2joqgnXBL2T-vcu95YM4uBuPepmGNsiUBfLPcRWbY_SW02ptwFWSYNtCs4aYgUk7vU4WKwEE49BcR/s1600/8MP_2.4.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUQBrCLtg_OgIHv_jAoOEvluGTWE2mAE3CbheFOxsv4oKHNF6Ox9MuToWPvjj8wDp2joqgnXBL2T-vcu95YM4uBuPepmGNsiUBfLPcRWbY_SW02ptwFWSYNtCs4aYgUk7vU4WKwEE49BcR/s200/8MP_2.4.jpg&quot; width=&quot;176&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En este sentido, cabe decir que los argumentos para la
eliminación de los sistemas de “módulos”, han sido derivados de la “competencia”
ya que supuestamente la capacidad de regulación que ejercían los “colegios de
arquitectos”, generaba una falta de competencia entre los profesionales y
consecuentemente un “encarecimiento” artificial de los servicios que
desempeñaban.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Con independencia de que el razonamiento pueda
parecer correcto a primera vista, la realidad es sustancialmente diferente, ya
que la competencia para elegir un “arquitecto” concreto en detrimento de otro, casi
nunca se ha dirimido por la repercusión económica del importe de sus
“honorarios”. La competencia entre profesionales se ha ido desarrollando por
otras muchas cuestiones y factores propios de la complejidad del trabajo, cuya
valoración de “calidad” tiene un marcado carácter “subjetivo” a diferencia de
cualquier otra ingeniería. Como factores de competencia entre arquitectos, cabe
citar la “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;notoriedad&lt;/i&gt;”, la “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;experiencia&lt;/i&gt;”, una “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;capacidad&lt;/i&gt;” contrastada en trabajos similares, o bien una “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;sintonía personal&lt;/i&gt;” con el cliente, que ayuda
a trasladar al proyecto, las inquietudes, preocupaciones o ansiedades que todo “promotor”
tiene cuando se inicia una nueva “empresa”. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Los sistemas de módulos utilizados normalmente por
los colegios de arquitectos, consisten en aplicar un “valor medio” de
referencia sobre la superficie construida del edificio, que es la magnitud más
característica y proporcional de su coste, corrigiendo y ajustando ese valor
medio con un repertorio más o menos amplio de circunstancias fácilmente
identificables a primera vista, que repercuten el coste de la construcción,
como pueden ser numero de fachadas, los tipos de acabados, tipologías constructivas
(naves de acero, estructura de hormigón armado, .. ) etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1xB7yRrUCKbbA5wX_pqtby1VHgBXNEmucmdje5VIuPsSXBfhHThBNOErgGe5R81I-UNYyeXjlbuSHsFQyMs_EVIjtwZ_xfBsQp6TjQFDWcF7Y1YS8YY6Yz-M2S8guWm8xA2oYmvEgM8E5/s1600/8MP_2.5.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;179&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1xB7yRrUCKbbA5wX_pqtby1VHgBXNEmucmdje5VIuPsSXBfhHThBNOErgGe5R81I-UNYyeXjlbuSHsFQyMs_EVIjtwZ_xfBsQp6TjQFDWcF7Y1YS8YY6Yz-M2S8guWm8xA2oYmvEgM8E5/s200/8MP_2.5.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Estos sistemas permiten un control relativamente
fácil mediante algún tipo de formulario donde figure un resumen de los datos
más característicos del edificio proyectado o también establecer avances o aproximaciones
del coste de construcción en las fases más iniciales del proyecto, ayudando a
descartar o adoptar distintas soluciones o alternativas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Una de las ventajas del sistema es su simplicidad, ya
que manejando las superficies construidas de cada tipología y unos pocos datos
numéricos, se puede obtener una aproximación razonable de su coste o
“presupuesto”, que permite adoptar decisiones y/o criterios en la fase de
diseño, sin necesidad de completar la larga elaboración del presupuesto.
Lógicamente en los proyectos de ingeniería civil, también se emplean sistemas
de “índices” con un objetivo similar, pero mucho más desligados de la
elaboración final del presupuesto y desde luego sin el carácter “general y
objetivo” que aporta una entidad ajena al propio estudio u oficina técnica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://juliocad.blogspot.com/2012/06/mediciones-y-presupusto-ii.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Julio)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsH8T0j0h2vdzNnblQeB4TyotlBSJ9yCK4QHYsPwB_zP-waieNRvE3tPg1O7g8ORcwFNJqK4gVyYE7_WdkPKs996qp0WCgfj1Iiws1XCdfd0BRdq1h9UoaJzccwnshIcnin1W3xG-Bxj15/s72-c/8MP_2.1.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8508519656628787686.post-4703502915919723146</guid><pubDate>Fri, 01 Jun 2012 07:51:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-06-01T09:51:04.065+02:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">mediciones y presupuestos</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">organizar el proyecto</category><title>MEDICIONES y PRESUPUSTO  ( I )</title><description>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Una vez concluido el tema dedicado a la
personalización de AutoCAD, parece oportuno hacer un cambio, para refrescar
ligeramente la saturación del tema anterior. El nuevo tema elegido es la
elaboración de “mediciones y presupuestos” en los proyectos de arquitectura,
que constituye una cuestión de cierta trascendencia, a la que sin embargo entre
los profesionales “arquitectos”, no siempre se le presta toda la atención
necesaria.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Los
elementos del proyecto&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh17YoBEB_WHO2gG2fwHx3LUbuLXSgUaUgaqdv49i8CV3R6HffJa_-ErwBhQoOVGQWDgU0mMABOgBVvx-cagLwoMtN4t87lQYFPV7OwkHL8o8zTSDI6K-BG8GgGgvrBFifcGzGmjd42lnxk/s1600/8MP_1.1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh17YoBEB_WHO2gG2fwHx3LUbuLXSgUaUgaqdv49i8CV3R6HffJa_-ErwBhQoOVGQWDgU0mMABOgBVvx-cagLwoMtN4t87lQYFPV7OwkHL8o8zTSDI6K-BG8GgGgvrBFifcGzGmjd42lnxk/s200/8MP_1.1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;197&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Para situar el tema en su contexto, cabe recordar
aquella división clásica de los documentos de cualquier proyecto técnico:
(Memoria, Planos, Pliego de Condiciones y Medición-Presupuesto.) Esas cuatro partes
responden a una estructura conceptual que podría configurar cualquier proyecto,
y que se puede definir como sigue:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;La Memoria&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;: Es una parte &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;escrita&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt; donde se identifican, describen y explican todo tipo
de requisitos, características y circunstancias relevantes del objeto que se
proyecta. El documento debe incluir tanto la “descripción” completa del objeto
en si mismo, como de los “usos” previstos o asignados globalmente o en cada una
de sus partes y los “requisitos” de todo tipo, ya sean criterios de diseño, iniciativas
discrecionales del promotor, o bien imposiciones legales y reglamentarias, incluyendo
la justificación de su cumplimiento.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Los Planos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;: Incluyen toda la parte &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;gráfica&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt; donde se identifican y
especifican tanto la situación y emplazamiento del objeto como sus características
dimensionales, geométricas y de aspecto, así como todas las especificaciones gráficas
necesarias para concretar rigurosamente todos sus elementos y componentes. El
contenido y configuración de los planos debe ser tal, que puedan permitir la
construcción del objeto con fidelidad al proyecto, pero bajo la dirección de
una persona diferente del autor, aunque con el mismo nivel técnico.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El Pliego de Condiciones&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;: Esta es una parte &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;escrita&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt; del documento en la que
se incluyen las condiciones y requisitos de toda índole, a las que se debe
ajustar la “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;ejecución&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;” o
construcción del objeto que se proyecta. Este documento incluye desde atribuciones
de los técnicos, responsabilidades del promotor, constructor o de otros
agentes, condiciones de rescisión de contratos, fianzas, penalizaciones por
incumplimiento, requisitos de control, comprobaciones, ensayos etc, y
también&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;las “prescripciones técnicas”,
sobre “condiciones de ejecución” de todas las unidades de obra.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 118.5pt center 220.95pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdFstKbgYhR8LMHonVmGV5IunpwsBLQWDKJdXpMJKDx0puFb0wSgkVrlprWoJ1tb2uq7yQXWrC9XvdrEAEWZ-MY3vZHWlhiMQ0l8hDWFLbkkxbDJhtYe0A2_sfgRXJvqpNsTqYo73pKHOS/s1600/8MP_1.2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;190&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdFstKbgYhR8LMHonVmGV5IunpwsBLQWDKJdXpMJKDx0puFb0wSgkVrlprWoJ1tb2uq7yQXWrC9XvdrEAEWZ-MY3vZHWlhiMQ0l8hDWFLbkkxbDJhtYe0A2_sfgRXJvqpNsTqYo73pKHOS/s200/8MP_1.2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;La Medición-Presupuesto&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;: Este es también un
documento &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;escrito&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, en el que se
describen y relacionan sistemáticamente todas las “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;unidades de obra&lt;/i&gt;” que contiene un proyecto. Cada una de ellas se
identifica mediante una descripción técnica, una numeración correlativa
estructurada en capítulos y una “dimensión” o unidad que permite “medir” o
cuantificar la magnitud acumulada en todo el proyecto. Además de esto se valora
su importe de ejecución, mediante la asignación de un “precio unitario” que
multiplicado por la magnitud total, permite determinar el coste de ejecución del
proyecto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Obviamente el hecho de conocer previamente, el
importe que puede costar la construcción de un edificio o cualquier objeto
proyectado, con la trascendencia que ello supone para respaldar o avalar todo
tipo de decisiones, tanto de iniciativa empresarial y económica, como de
control administrativo, &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;justifican en
gran medida la utilidad y el esfuerzo que suponen elaborar cualquier proyecto
de forma rigurosa, prestando una atención singular a esta parte del documento.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Mediciones
y Presupuestos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Esta parte del proyecto se compone a su vez de dos elementos
diferenciados. Por un lado la determinación de las magnitudes de cada unidad de
obra, y por otro lado la asignación de los precios unitarios de cada una. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;La primera parte es lo que comúnmente se identifica
como “Mediciones” del proyecto, y se elabora como un listado sistemático
ordenado por capítulos, donde se va identificando cada unidad de obra, y a
continuación dentro de ella se anotan en una lista, con tantas líneas como sea
necesario, los datos numéricos de dimensiones parciales que van formando los
elementos o partes de cada unidad, y que en rigor deberían ser perfectamente
identificables dentro de los&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;planos, mediante
sus “acotaciones” sin necesidad de efectuar ninguna medición directa. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz9z26-WnlXa0D6nl0k2GGjZ6_pfuaPAjVTJC1sNmmuQ3rXSnyc1CXjLHYUvOhO0ZGcujDy4Ss_DPqjkrJ9NOidZQpEHkj5fuD8tqR_S1RiBt-CieoXjPGw_NRpV7xBL2hhVT8aJarSYA-/s1600/8MP_1.3.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz9z26-WnlXa0D6nl0k2GGjZ6_pfuaPAjVTJC1sNmmuQ3rXSnyc1CXjLHYUvOhO0ZGcujDy4Ss_DPqjkrJ9NOidZQpEHkj5fuD8tqR_S1RiBt-CieoXjPGw_NRpV7xBL2hhVT8aJarSYA-/s200/8MP_1.3.jpg&quot; width=&quot;191&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Las líneas de medición se pueden completar con un
pequeño texto aclaratorio que contribuye a identificar el elemento que se esta
midiendo, y mediante una ordenación adecuada se pueden totalizar partes o subconjuntos,
o bien deducir huecos después de hacer una medición a cinta corrida etc.
Finalmente mediante la suma sistemática de los resultados parciales de cada
línea, se obtiene la magnitud total para cada unidad de obra. La presencia
ordenada de esos datos parciales en un listado completo, permite hacer en
cualquier momento las comprobaciones oportunas para asegurar la correcta
integridad del resultado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Evidentemente la elaboración de esa “medición”, necesita
recopilar una cantidad muy considerable de datos numéricos, que lógicamente se
presta a la aparición de “errores”, tanto debido a la gran cantidad de datos,
como a lo tedioso de su recopilación sistemática. En este sentido cabe destacar
la existencia de un “antes” y un “después” respecto a la adopción generalizada
de los programas de ordenador y las herramientas informáticas, que permiten
almacenar, localizar, o seleccionar, la definición de las unidades de obra
dentro de repertorios o bases muy amplias, y por supuesto, guardar
ordenadamente los datos numéricos de la medición, asegurando el rigor de todas las
operaciones.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;La segunda parte en la elaboración de este documento,
es la asignación del “precio unitario” o valor económico para la ejecución de
cada partida. Evidentemente siempre es posible adoptar dicho valor de una forma
seria y rigurosa con arreglo a la experiencia profesional y conocimientos del
proyectista, pero también es frecuente que se generen dudas, ya que el
resultado final puede estar sometido a intereses contrapuestos para adoptar
valores excesivamente “altos” o “bajos”, y por otra parte la facilidad de
cualquier programa informático u hoja de cálculo para acomodar el conjunto de
precios parciales a una cifra final “predeterminada”, una vez conocidas sus
magnitudes es tan simple, que a veces surge la duda sobre la posibilidad de que
el presupuesto haya sido arbitrariamente distorsionado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En el caso práctico de la determinación de los
precios del presupuesto, cabe distinguir al menos en nuestro país, el ámbito de
los proyectos de “iniciativa pública”, en los cuales la elaboración de ese
documento está regulada o condicionada por la “Ley de Contratos del Sector
Público”, que obliga a añadir una justificación de los precios adoptados,
detallando la descomposición de cada uno entre costes “directos” e
“indirectos”, y desglosar a su vez los costes directos en los importes de “mano
de obra”, “maquinaria” y “materiales”, detallando todo ello en los cuadros de
precios y en su caso, con pequeños presupuestos parciales, con lo que se
asegura al menos una coherencia interna más difícil de distorsionar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuN34yxqMVAgaN1irvpJ2sNR8qgabFEgKO6XYPaACthYjFCf57sUcpIUMhM-LnyiLEFfM_vxSF4B19NxFn8N5Xxa6xfhL6cYQc_6wRfq0LHQbv2QUt0IKMbg6BFo0zHICcs1KZ4aVcvGC7/s1600/8MP_1.4.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;178&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuN34yxqMVAgaN1irvpJ2sNR8qgabFEgKO6XYPaACthYjFCf57sUcpIUMhM-LnyiLEFfM_vxSF4B19NxFn8N5Xxa6xfhL6cYQc_6wRfq0LHQbv2QUt0IKMbg6BFo0zHICcs1KZ4aVcvGC7/s200/8MP_1.4.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Dado que en el caso de las obras de “iniciativa
pública”, la licitación, la adjudicación y la contratación de la misma se hacen
sobre la base de los precios que figuran en el proyecto, esto supone además que
los precios deban ser rigurosos con la realidad, so pena de incurrir en
responsabilidad por los perjuicios ocasionados, pero sin embargo en el caso de la
“iniciativa privada” como es la mayoría de las obras de arquitectura, esa
reglamentación no resulta obligatoria y por tanto la licitación y contratación,
se hacen al margen de los precios que figuran en el proyecto, siendo normal que
cada contratista proponga su propia lista, o que acuerde las condiciones
económicas con el promotor de las obras, sin la participación del arquitecto, o
bien que promotor y constructor sean la misma persona en cuyo caso los precios
del proyecto ya no tienen ninguna trascendencia sobre la contratación de la
obra.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Esto supone que en la práctica habitual, dentro del
ámbito de las obras de iniciativa privada, para la elaboración del documento de
mediciones y presupuesto, se preste gran atención y cuidado a la definición
rigurosa de las unidades de obra y a las “mediciones”, pero sin embargo la
determinación de precios unitarios se haga sin demasiada atención, más allá de su
contribución proporcional en el importe total. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Ayudantes y
Colegas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Tradicionalmente el papel del aparejador se ha basado
en una “especialización” sobre la “ejecución de obra” desarrollando un papel
más activo en esos aspectos y bastante menor en las cuestiones del diseño, la
concepción del edificio o la seguridad estructural del mismo. Esto supone que
tradicionalmente era precisamente la figura del “aparejador”, la que dentro de
un “estudio de arquitectura” solía hacerse cargo de elaborar las mediciones y
presupuesto del proyecto, liberando al arquitecto, de tener que abordar un
trabajo, sistemático, tedioso, largo y aburrido.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Por otra parte el papel de los “colegios de
arquitectos”, como agrupación profesional ha ejercido una cierta regulación en
función de evitar o paliar cierto tipo de competencia entre profesionales, que
rebajando artificialmente los presupuestos de sus proyectos, podrían justificar
ofertas de honorarios más baratas al estar estos vinculados a la complejidad y
magnitud del proyecto y consecuentemente al presupuesto de ejecución.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Esa regulación que trataba de evitar que los
presupuestos de los proyectos se bajasen arbitrariamente más allá de un límite
razonable, se organizaba mediante un sistema de “módulos”, que se aplicaban
sobre la superficie construida del edificio, considerando un cierto repertorio
de tipologías con distintos niveles de coste y complejidad, y que con una
actualización periódica basada en coeficientes estadísticos, permitía
establecer para cualquier proyecto una cifra de referencia que siempre se
mantenía ligeramente por debajo del coste real de construcción, pero que a su
vez aseguraba una aproximación razonable, aportando la ventaja de establecer
una referencia uniforme y objetiva para todos los casos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg13JoqgDLLJeDDqYtbn5PpEPcWvB8qHh945ujJ9T3NEJYKjqC4ClMfg0K1NPqi1-qkKqH_KOyjISqRdaSEUpg_w7MSL8MH7wJLqyNyP-hx_ATd3fgwyE0pk6xUm5Wa_o2XYxUQZaNR11vN/s1600/8MP_1.5.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;176&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg13JoqgDLLJeDDqYtbn5PpEPcWvB8qHh945ujJ9T3NEJYKjqC4ClMfg0K1NPqi1-qkKqH_KOyjISqRdaSEUpg_w7MSL8MH7wJLqyNyP-hx_ATd3fgwyE0pk6xUm5Wa_o2XYxUQZaNR11vN/s200/8MP_1.5.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Esas circunstancias ha supuesto que en la práctica
los presupuestos de ejecución en los proyectos de iniciativa privada, se hayan
realizado con mucha frecuencia mediante un “ajuste forzado”&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;de tipo inverso, de tal forma que los precios
de las distintas unidades de obra, una vez que se disponía de la “medición” del
proyecto, se forzaban mediante el programa informático o una simple regla de
tres, para obtener como resultado final precisamente la cifra de referencia,
que estipulaba el sistema de módulos del colegio de arquitectos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Esta situación ha cambiado drásticamente en los
últimos años con la aplicación de nueva legislación que basada en criterios de
defensa de la competencia y transposición de directivas europeas, ha suprimido
las “tarifas” de honorarios profesionales y ha prohibido cualquier mecanismo o referencia
que pueda aproximarse a un sistema de “precios acordados”, para asegurar que
los honorarios profesionales se reducen a una acuerdo o compromiso “exclusivamente
particular” entre arquitecto y cliente. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 308.25pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Esa desregulación del sistema de módulos que
anteriormente establecían los colegios de arquitectos, ha generado que ahora
hayan aparecido diferentes sistemas de control sobre los presupuestos, siendo
frecuente, que tanto las compañías de seguros que operan sobre la
responsabilidad civil en la construcción, como muchos Ayuntamientos que
ingresan el impuesto de construcciones dependiendo del presupuesto de ejecución
de los proyectos, hayan adoptado cada uno su propio sistema de “módulos” de
referencia, con el fin de asegurarse o comprobar que los presupuestos no hayan
sido distorsionados arbitrariamente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://juliocad.blogspot.com/2012/06/mediciones-y-presupusto-i.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Julio)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh17YoBEB_WHO2gG2fwHx3LUbuLXSgUaUgaqdv49i8CV3R6HffJa_-ErwBhQoOVGQWDgU0mMABOgBVvx-cagLwoMtN4t87lQYFPV7OwkHL8o8zTSDI6K-BG8GgGgvrBFifcGzGmjd42lnxk/s72-c/8MP_1.1.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8508519656628787686.post-2019885359238416695</guid><pubDate>Wed, 23 May 2012 16:03:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-05-23T18:03:10.048+02:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">autocad</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">personalizar el autocad</category><title>PERSONALIZAR el AutoCAD ( y VII )</title><description>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Programación.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En todos los grandes programas o aplicaciones, suele
haber además de las instrucciones y ordenes que ejecuta normalmente el propio
programa, la alternativa de “programar” rutinas o acciones, que inicialmente no
se han contemplado, pero que algún usuario concreto con conocimientos de
programación, puede estar interesado en realizar o adaptar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Cuando hablamos de entornos de programación, hay que
distinguir lo que normalmente se conoce como lenguajes de “macros”, que si bien
permiten un cierto nivel de programación, normalmente se limitan a almacenar una
secuencia fija de órdenes o comandos ya existentes en el propio programa, para
ser ejecutados en una secuencia única, incluso con la incorporación de datos
fijos o variables.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En estos últimos casos el proceso interno a nivel de
código de programa, que se va ejecutando en la CPU, es la propia secuencia de instrucciones del
programa principal, y la rutina tampoco se sale de los límites que tenga
asignados dentro del SO (sistema operativo). Cuando se habla de “entorno de
programación”, las rutinas que se desarrollan son externas al programa
principal y se ejecutan en la CPU
del ordenador como procesos diferenciados e independientes, necesitando un
control propio desde el SO.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzTfvS8sSkk1YpEGIzDrQ2dDfLuNoNgVioMdYyxa9L-5elL0WbsY8-tyvVKvr-YSaaG7sxBjxHJv6bvui1eSxgFNz_xb3V3J3WT9duDxhHAVO9SHFNSGek3Iz5eKaL9s2oL1SJF-Ba6-Ed/s1600/7PA_7.1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;105&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzTfvS8sSkk1YpEGIzDrQ2dDfLuNoNgVioMdYyxa9L-5elL0WbsY8-tyvVKvr-YSaaG7sxBjxHJv6bvui1eSxgFNz_xb3V3J3WT9duDxhHAVO9SHFNSGek3Iz5eKaL9s2oL1SJF-Ba6-Ed/s200/7PA_7.1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En este aspecto el entorno de programación ha
evolucionado considerablemente desde las primeras versiones del programa que se
ejecutaban bajo DOS, el cual no disponía de multitarea ni de multiusuario.
Después con la evolución desde W95 este panorama ha cambiado y a su vez se ha
desarrollado notablemente la programación orientada a objetos, ya sea en C++ o
java. También la disponibilidad de Internet y la paulatina implantación del
XML, contribuyen a desdibujar o desbordar los límites tradicionales de CPU-SO-Aplicación.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Las alternativas para desarrollar algún tipo de
programación dentro de AutoCAD, en la actualidad es múltiple, y el hecho de
optar entre una u otra, depende sobre todo de las destrezas o preferencias de
cada programador. En las versiones iniciales solo se disponía de LISP, el cual
es un lenguaje de alto nivel, basado en el manejo recurrente de “listas”, que
al menos en los primeros tiempos, estaba muy asociado con desarrollos de
Inteligencia Artificial. Este lenguaje siempre estuvo muy vinculado con
AutoCAD, probablemente por las preferencias de los desarrolladores iniciales,
pero también porque su peculiar filosofía permite un manejo bastante flexible,
de los distintos datos o entidades que soportan la geometría que maneja el
programa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 136.55pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El lenguaje
LISP.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El LISP es un lenguaje “interpretado” que se procesa
en tiempo real en la línea de órdenes de AutoCAD. Esto supone que sobre la
propia línea se puede escribir cualquier instrucción o código de ese lenguaje,
siendo inmediatamente procesada en cuanto se pulsa la tecla “intro”.
Alternativamente se puede escribir cualquier programa, bajo las
especificaciones correspondientes, en un archivo de texto ASCII plano con la extensión
“.LSP”, y ser leído desde el propio AutoCAD ejecutando y procesando su
contenido de forma inmediata.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8oQLrhw0XFrMv06nQ9szZQ062qmm9yl0iZ1ipveUmPxWSUQtg3e72iOm8ea_BgKHgMOLyB_JHnOFLcHPymqQMSz-XX1wgdm-dxQsfyDwGeW-1AYxc5UA7oFHKmqlhc0SJZ2TXnmsY8JHY/s1600/7PA_7.2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;178&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8oQLrhw0XFrMv06nQ9szZQ062qmm9yl0iZ1ipveUmPxWSUQtg3e72iOm8ea_BgKHgMOLyB_JHnOFLcHPymqQMSz-XX1wgdm-dxQsfyDwGeW-1AYxc5UA7oFHKmqlhc0SJZ2TXnmsY8JHY/s200/7PA_7.2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El lenguaje LISP se basa en un manejo recursivo de funciones
y listas que siempre se escriben entre paréntesis. La “lista” es el objeto
básico del lenguaje, ya que cualquier función se escribe como una “lista” de
palabras o datos encerrados entre paréntesis. Los elementos de la lista pueden
ser: cualquier palabra separada por espacios, un número, una cadena de texto
entre comillas, o bien otra lista encerrada a su vez entre paréntesis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Si se trata de una palabra aislada en principio se
interpreta como el nombre de una variable reservando el espacio de memoria
oportuno. Si es un número se interpreta con arreglo a su valor numérico, que puede
ser entero o real dependiendo de la presencia del punto decimal. El lenguaje
admite mezclar operaciones entre enteros y reales, subiendo siempre la
categoría al dato más complejo. Si se trata de una cadena entre comillas se
considera como tal. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Dentro de los paréntesis se escribe siempre una
sucesión de palabras o términos, de las que la primera tiene que ser
necesariamente el nombre de la “función” reconocida por el propio lenguaje
LISP, y el resto de términos son tratados como argumentos de la misma. Además
de esto, cualquier palabra o término que se incluye en la lista puede ser a su
vez otra función encerrada entre paréntesis, de tal forma que el conjunto del
programa siempre queda organizado como una estructura anidada de “funciones”
escritas entre paréntesis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicJaYthPSus6-PMadDpmXul4qQtgB9U-1RAwm8VMy8kftVyp_0i4XgAPrpFUPvd1_3dgiMj4RvJPkDPM3ce5nyhlD23FUXkg9XOg9RbIqrHgYJF5sBWs9V1ey9UmK0UkolZpCHAbcfulTW/s1600/7PA_7.3.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;162&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicJaYthPSus6-PMadDpmXul4qQtgB9U-1RAwm8VMy8kftVyp_0i4XgAPrpFUPvd1_3dgiMj4RvJPkDPM3ce5nyhlD23FUXkg9XOg9RbIqrHgYJF5sBWs9V1ey9UmK0UkolZpCHAbcfulTW/s200/7PA_7.3.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;La ejecución del programa siempre requiere haber
cargado en la memoria RAM, todo el paquete de funciones anidadas y a
continuación se comienza por evaluar en primer lugar la más interna, y con el
resultado se sustituye en la lista que la contenía, pasando entonces a evaluar
esa nueva función, y así sucesivamente hasta concluir con la mas externa cuyo
resultado se muestra en la línea de órdenes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Naturalmente el repertorio de funciones disponible en
el lenguaje, permite definir y crear nuevas funciones, acceder a los archivos
del disco, a las variables de memoria, calcular expresiones numéricas, y
realizar diferentes tipos de operaciones con los datos almacenados en las
variables etc. La capacidad para programar en este lenguaje lógicamente se
deriva de mantener un conocimiento amplio y general de ese repertorio de
funciones y de las posibilidades de uso que permiten.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-Cr3O8F03ROvpMSUc8MGQGgqAU1cQdEyJepMKT2lmsCCF3MBWyvys0-UjnGBdF5P-hktLisC6Frp2cx6fc04iQS-kpH2TOv0wCFFceVPoeY7_fqx58NwtUmJy3K2lwaSmChob1tQ7hEvM/s1600/7PA_7.4.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;156&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-Cr3O8F03ROvpMSUc8MGQGgqAU1cQdEyJepMKT2lmsCCF3MBWyvys0-UjnGBdF5P-hktLisC6Frp2cx6fc04iQS-kpH2TOv0wCFFceVPoeY7_fqx58NwtUmJy3K2lwaSmChob1tQ7hEvM/s200/7PA_7.4.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;La Ayuda&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt; del programa dispone de una parte
dedicada al LISP que incluye una descripción pormenorizada y sistemática de
todas las funciones incluidas. También dispone de un “tutorial”, en el que se
desarrolla un ejemplo interesante, que sirve para generar una orden o comando nuevo,
que dibuja de forma automática, una banda de longitud y ancho variables,
rellena con círculos de cualquier tamaño. Este ejemplo resulta interesante
porque permite comprobar de una forma práctica las posibilidades y el alcance
del lenguaje, además de mostrar las peculiaridades del manejo de “listas” y el
uso de las funciones más comunes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En las últimas versiones del programa, se incluye
también el entorno “Visual LISP”, aunque esto en el fondo no es mas que un
pequeño sistema de ventanas múltiples que incluye un pequeño editor para
facilitar la escritura de código LISP, y además va marcando con colores las
palabras reservadas, las variables, se identifica la presencia o falta de
paréntesis permitiendo localizar y depurar los errores del código con mayor
facilidad. En este caso también se puede compilar el código.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Otras
alternativas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Además del lenguaje LISP, las versiones recientes de
AutoCAD, permiten desarrollar rutinas de programación en otros sistemas,
lenguajes o entornos de programación como:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;VBA
(Visual BASIC)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;ActiveX
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Objet
ARX&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;.NET&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En todos los casos se usa el paradigma de la
“programación orientada a objetos”, y el desarrollo de en estos entornos
requiere siempre un conocimiento avanzado de cada uno,&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;y por supuesto conocimientos especializados
de programación. Dentro de esos entornos, particularmente .NET y Objet ARX, se
encuentra la posibilidad de desarrollo mediante &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;lenguajes de programación como C, C++, C#,
etc.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Formas y
Tipos de letra.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Las formas son un tipo de objeto cuyo uso es similar
a los bloques, aunque presenta ciertas peculiaridades. Una de las ventajas
principales es que el manejo de memoria, y la carga del procesador es mucho mas
eficiente, por lo que cuando se emplean muchos elementos del modelo puede
resultar mas ligero, aunque con el nivel de prestaciones de las máquinas
actuales es difícil que pueda llegar a apreciarse la diferencia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWRkdgX7rxNnfvbeJqYtDxYYbYCkJ3pmH0_1Ky7_fl4Yi2plQmsgLAwKhq-tRWPZ1_CRUbFos7TTHqeHOL4s7NatjtdWMOGIFXwsb4lOsQJ2RTklEgZD_UI4MjyFN80GL5SUuWaQqZ1llJ/s1600/7PA_7.5.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;167&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWRkdgX7rxNnfvbeJqYtDxYYbYCkJ3pmH0_1Ky7_fl4Yi2plQmsgLAwKhq-tRWPZ1_CRUbFos7TTHqeHOL4s7NatjtdWMOGIFXwsb4lOsQJ2RTklEgZD_UI4MjyFN80GL5SUuWaQqZ1llJ/s200/7PA_7.5.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Como inconveniente para el uso de las formas cabe
decir que el diseño o dibujo, que va a componer la forma, no puede realizarse
directamente en la ventana gráfica, sino que las formas gráficas del dibujo
deben traducirse a una “codificación” muy peculiar y luego escribirse en un
archivo de texto ASCII, con la extensión SHP, que posteriormente el programa
“codifica”, generando un nuevo archivo con extensión SHX, cuyo contenido
binario es el que finalmente se maneja.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Uno de los principales usos de las “formas”
codificadas son precisamente los “tipos” de letra originales de AutoCAD, que
incluso en las primeras versiones se suministraban con las dos clases de
archivo, aunque últimamente solo con el codificado SHX. En las versiones
actuales del programa también se admiten las tipografías TrueType, pero en este
caso no tienen nada que ver con lo que comentamos. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En general el uso adecuado para las “formas” deberían
ser elementos gráficos o símbolos relativamente sencillos, con una
representación fija que no requiera modificaciones frecuentes, y que se repita
mucho, como pueden ser obviamente las forma de tipografía, pero también
repertorios de símbolos, para mapas o cartografía, esquemas de instalaciones,
notas musicales etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Para considerar la posibilidad de crear un repertorio
personal de “formas” hay que tener en cuenta que la codificación de un dibujo
complejo podría resultar demasiado laboriosa y proporcionalmente sujeta a
errores.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En el manual de ayuda, se desarrolla con detalle el
sistema de codificación gráfica de las formas, y se incluyen algunos ejemplos
que ilustran perfectamente este sistema, e incluso se incluyen un par de
archivos con la definición de una tipografía completa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://juliocad.blogspot.com/2012/05/personalizar-el-autocad-y-vii.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Julio)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzTfvS8sSkk1YpEGIzDrQ2dDfLuNoNgVioMdYyxa9L-5elL0WbsY8-tyvVKvr-YSaaG7sxBjxHJv6bvui1eSxgFNz_xb3V3J3WT9duDxhHAVO9SHFNSGek3Iz5eKaL9s2oL1SJF-Ba6-Ed/s72-c/7PA_7.1.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8508519656628787686.post-5754528178263499138</guid><pubDate>Fri, 18 May 2012 16:18:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-05-18T18:18:06.875+02:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">autocad</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">personalizar el autocad</category><title>PERSONALIZAR el AutoCAD ( VI )</title><description>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Modemacro y
DIESEL.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Dentro de la personalización de AutoCAD existe la
posibilidad de añadir información personalizada en la “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;Línea de Estado&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Recordando uno de los primeros temas del blog, la línea
de estado es aquella que se muestra en el borde inferior de la pantalla, y en
su configuración incluye de izquierda a derecha, las coordenadas de posición
del cursor, ya sea con actualización dinámica según el movimiento del cursor, o
estática cada vez que señalamos un punto en el área gráfica de la pantalla. A
continuación un conjunto de pulsadores que controlan distintos estados de
funcionamiento, como los modos “orto”, “snap”, “refent”, “grid”, etc., y en el
lado derecho se incluyen otros tipos de pulsadores con una lista desplegable al
final, con el control sobre la posibilidad de mostrar/ocultar estos conjuntos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD4kQuljg_HhDJB0IdY245rY2b1TyWU8NeCsx_iEVd_Ee-Bm2K3A_FTQx37WhXPNcbXIEpTJ6GBeFKsvqNl9Lkr4uSK5VjF4kMZszY0kP_jUPOXkDwoYAMNL-kjPoqolVnzZL2xWl8vLkh/s1600/7PA_6.1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;166&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD4kQuljg_HhDJB0IdY245rY2b1TyWU8NeCsx_iEVd_Ee-Bm2K3A_FTQx37WhXPNcbXIEpTJ6GBeFKsvqNl9Lkr4uSK5VjF4kMZszY0kP_jUPOXkDwoYAMNL-kjPoqolVnzZL2xWl8vLkh/s200/7PA_6.1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Mediante el mecanismo de una variable interna
identificada como “MODEMACRO” se puede añadir información personalizada, que se
sitúa en el extremo izquierdo de esta línea. La variable se puede invocar desde
la línea de estado, y a continuación escribir un texto. El tamaño máximo es de
4.096 caracteres, aunque obviamente se desbordaría mucho antes el tamaño máximo
de la pantalla, desplazando fuera los pulsadores y paneles que se muestran
normalmente y cuya configuración junto con el tamaño y resolución de la
pantalla son los que en la práctica limita el tamaño máximo del texto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Dentro de esa nueva línea podemos mostrar por ejemplo
nuestro nombre, o el de la empresa aunque esa sea una información poco útil. Para
ello solo habría que escribir en la línea de órdenes:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 2;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;MODEMACRO:&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Julio AR&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;A partir de ese momento veremos que el nombre “Julio
AR” se muestra siempre al comienzo de la línea de estado, bien hasta que
volvamos a modificar la variable, o hasta que cerremos la sesión, ya que el
contenido de la variable es volátil y no se guarda en el archivo de dibujo. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Lógicamente esa información “fija” es poco relevante,
pero el programa dispone a su vez de un lenguaje de macros conocido como
“DIESEL”, que permite ampliar esa información de una manera mucho más útil,
como puede ser el nombre de la capa actual, del color, del tipo de línea, del estilo
de texto o de la acotación, y en general cualquier valor contenido en alguna
variable interna del programa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El lenguaje de macros “DIESEL” se explica en la
ayuda, y básicamente permite escribir expresiones basadas en el repertorio de
funciones que se enumeran, las cuales tienen un formato similar al LISP aunque
precedidas por el símbolo “dólar”, de la siguiente forma.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;$( &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;funcion&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;variable1&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;variable2&lt;/i&gt;, ..
)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Una función interesante para este uso es “ $(getvar,
variable) “ que es la que permite consultar en cada momento el contenido de las
variables del programa, en particular para mostrar el color actual, tipo de
línea, estilo etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpDCdRIpsI2906rfiU4r4dAoTCM1y-flSa2ZYGaJas5Vn7i1QJp5BU-MLGShFWTQcfDlIVe4yS4IdBXu3inMs34izcbSpzlHHwOh9r6EaOp6-xBCROKTVdEjbt_Axk6H_ZG8SuHqUhXi1K/s1600/7PA_6.2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;133&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpDCdRIpsI2906rfiU4r4dAoTCM1y-flSa2ZYGaJas5Vn7i1QJp5BU-MLGShFWTQcfDlIVe4yS4IdBXu3inMs34izcbSpzlHHwOh9r6EaOp6-xBCROKTVdEjbt_Axk6H_ZG8SuHqUhXi1K/s200/7PA_6.2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Concretamente vamos a ampliar la información de la
línea de estado, incluyendo el color, la escala de tipo de línea y el estilo de
texto actuales. Esa infamación si consultamos las variables del sistema a
través de la ayuda correspondiente, se encuentra en las variables: “CECOLOR”,
“LTSCALE”, y “TEXTSTYLE”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Por tanto tendremos que escribir un valor para
“modemacro” que incluya el texto de referencia y en su lugar las llamadas a las
funciones capaces de mostrar sobre esa línea de texto, los valores
correspondientes. Esto sería algo así como:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;MODEMACRO: Color Actl: $(getvar, cecolor) – Estilo
Texto: $(getvar, textstyle) – Escala de tipo de Línea: $(getvar, ltscale)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Evidentemente esta configuración se pierde cuando
cerramos el programa, pero nada impide escribir esa macro en alguna opción particular
de menú personalizada mediante la interfaz CUI que habíamos comentado en las
entradas anteriores. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fotos y
Archivos de Comando.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC-trSvISKv-ge2YLI8EkKRdyhkaVhaCUJaLnyW3lTj23qKYTWG9m8GVhv6ufxlRPswB9RHfsKMHdRyBYcSPUQi5gd1__aw8IKkLQccBO0y810ES1rdOnEXcAo9oc-0kxhjAFS76wuWTQX/s1600/7PA_6.3.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;71&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC-trSvISKv-ge2YLI8EkKRdyhkaVhaCUJaLnyW3lTj23qKYTWG9m8GVhv6ufxlRPswB9RHfsKMHdRyBYcSPUQi5gd1__aw8IKkLQccBO0y810ES1rdOnEXcAo9oc-0kxhjAFS76wuWTQX/s200/7PA_6.3.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En el momento actual, el problema de realizar
“presentaciones” sobre cualquier contenido, ya sea de “AutoCAD” o de otros
programas, ha cambiado notablemente con respecto a las primeras versiones, que
ya disponía de una difusión universal y generalizada desde mediados de los años
80s, cuando el uso de programas como “Power Point” o los formatos PDF
resultaban inimaginables.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En aquellas primeras versiones, el programa disponía
de un sistema propio, que lógicamente se ha mantenido por compatibilidad hacia
atrás,&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;y que en la actualidad se
encuentra en desuso. El sistema propio se basa en la posibilidad de “capturar”
imágenes asiladas, exclusivamente del área gráfica de la pantalla, y
posteriormente poder mostrarlas mediante una secuencia escrita en un archivo de
comandos, que el propio programa puede ir mostrando paulatinamente con retardos
programados, de una forma completamente “desatendida” lo cual podría resultar
útil en ciertos entornos como ferias o exposiciones.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Esa secuencia de “imágenes” previamente guardadas en
archivos independientes se muestran en la pantalla gráfica superpuestos a la
imagen actual, pero cualquier acción sobre el teclado, ratón, o menús o la
ejecución de otro comando, hacen que la pantalla se actualice y por tanto se
pierde la imagen mostrada. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE5zabjHBntBJLqvvkLu2aQ5yLUP_JpiPuun2ZA8BG_AsV8Xah8Xz3nWZL_1jWD6jirgHBYeIuko9pQ5eE8mrYS8fTBGXqMJHVtNsZIl604JJ6p5SVLslwbsXNsm-VcyBuRzlt_OYNgerj/s1600/7PA_6.4.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE5zabjHBntBJLqvvkLu2aQ5yLUP_JpiPuun2ZA8BG_AsV8Xah8Xz3nWZL_1jWD6jirgHBYeIuko9pQ5eE8mrYS8fTBGXqMJHVtNsZIl604JJ6p5SVLslwbsXNsm-VcyBuRzlt_OYNgerj/s200/7PA_6.4.jpg&quot; width=&quot;196&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Las imágenes o capturas se denominan “slides” y el
programa dispone de un par de comandos, que sirven para realizar o mostrar la
captura de esa imagen gráfica. Estas son “SACAFOTO(_MSLIDE)” y
“MIRAFOTO(_VSLIDE)”. Estas órdenes se pueden ejecutar desde línea de órdenes, de
forma que en el primer caso nos pedirá una carpeta o dirección para situar el
nuevo archivo, y en el segundo el nombre del archivo que se quiere mostrar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El archivo de comandos no es más que un archivo de
texto plano (formato ASCII puro), con la extensión “*.SCR” (script) en el que
se va escribiendo cada comando en una línea diferente. El archivo puede
contener cualquier comando salvo aquellos que despliegan un cuadro de diálogo,
aunque normalmente estos suelen disponer de versiones alternativas sin el
cuadro de diálogo. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Existe además algún comando como “RETARDA(_DELAY)”,
que resulta bastante útil en este tipo de archivos ya que provoca un retardo en
milisegundos igual a la cifra que se incluya, hasta que se procesa el siguiente
comando de la lista. A continuación se muestra como ejemplo, un fragmento de un
archivo que muestra las imágenes empaquetadas en t61(b100) .. b101) .. b102)
con retardos de 1 segundo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;_vslide
t61(b100)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;_delay 1000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;_vslide
t61(b101)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;_delay 1000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;_vslide t61(b102)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;_delay 1000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://juliocad.blogspot.com/2012/05/personalizar-el-autocad-vi.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Julio)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD4kQuljg_HhDJB0IdY245rY2b1TyWU8NeCsx_iEVd_Ee-Bm2K3A_FTQx37WhXPNcbXIEpTJ6GBeFKsvqNl9Lkr4uSK5VjF4kMZszY0kP_jUPOXkDwoYAMNL-kjPoqolVnzZL2xWl8vLkh/s72-c/7PA_6.1.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8508519656628787686.post-5033228856409900247</guid><pubDate>Fri, 11 May 2012 10:30:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-05-11T12:30:20.511+02:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">autocad</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">personalizar el autocad</category><title>PERSONALIZAR el AutoCAD ( V )</title><description>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En la entrada anterior se describe la forma de
modificar o personalizar la “interfaz” de AutoCAD. Aunque comentado todo ello
en abstracto, todo el mundo reconoce el interés de ese tipo de modificaciones,
dado que siempre resultan complejas y generan una cierta inseguridad en
cualquiera que no disponga de una cierta soltura de manejo, también existe una
tendencia natural a considerar este tipo de aspectos como algo “lejano”, que
solo es útil para “especialistas” que se dedican profesionalmente a esos
desarrollos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Con el fin de romper en la medida de lo posible, esa
suposición inicial, voy a tratar de desarrollar un ejemplo práctico, construyendo
una pequeña personalización sobre AutoCAD que pueda resultar útil a modo de
ejemplo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 80.15pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Voy a centrarme en la elaboración de un pequeño “menú
desplegable” para insertar de forma rápida, un repertorio de “aparatos
sanitarios”, ya que esta es una tarea relativamente común en la elaboración de
una planta de arquitectura, y aunque tampoco resuelva grandes problemas, si
puede servir de muestra sobre una forma de abordar “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;la personalización&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;” para acceder a un repertorio de bloques
que se insertan con frecuencia en diferentes archivos de dibujo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Los
bloques.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhem0YU1Xsg6pbYjWRZsT7p5ANL3e6NU7YW8kel_X8kClYrRaONf2hOUcMXfu6RVWEAmjBpC6VAlBRfcMSppJkBJhgfhKY9l2oHZPlhqMUUFqTigLtT407qBSTe01pzx_ywQQNrCdrqyP2/s1600/7PA_5.1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;188&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhem0YU1Xsg6pbYjWRZsT7p5ANL3e6NU7YW8kel_X8kClYrRaONf2hOUcMXfu6RVWEAmjBpC6VAlBRfcMSppJkBJhgfhKY9l2oHZPlhqMUUFqTigLtT407qBSTe01pzx_ywQQNrCdrqyP2/s200/7PA_5.1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En primer lugar es preciso recopilar el conjunto de
bloques que queremos agrupar en el nuevo menú. Este puede ser más o menos
amplio, pero es conveniente agruparlo en alguna carpeta del disco, donde se
puedan localizar con facilidad, y que probablemente con el tiempo vayamos
modificando y/o adaptando a nuestro gusto particular. En primer lugar el
repertorio va a ser bastante escueto para no extender el ejemplo, y se compone
de un lavabo, bidet, inodoro, una ducha y una bañera, que una vez
seleccionados, dibujados o elaborados, debemos colocar como dibujos
independientes en una carpeta de nuestro disco, por ejemplo “[BLQS]”. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El nombre de los bloques es indiferente, ya que cada
vez que vayamos a insertar un determinado bloque, el nombre del archivo estará
escrito dentro de la “macro” o comando que automatiza esa tarea, y nosotros
solo debemos “recordar” la ubicación del menú y nombre de etiqueta que hemos
colocado en él, pudiendo incluso asociarle una pequeña imagen o gráfico a modo
de “icono” con un tamaño de 32x32 pixel. Lo que si es importante es que el
“path” o trayectoria de la carpeta donde están los bloques, se encuentre dentro
la “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;Ruta de búsqueda de archivos de
soporte&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;” que si no estaba incluida se puede añadir con facilidad&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;en cuadro “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;opciones&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;”, solapa “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;archivos&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El nuevo
Menú.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Una vez que tenemos recopilados nuestros bloques en
la carpeta, sin olvidar ajustar el “punto base” de cada uno, sobre un punto
singular que después resulta fácil de situar en el archivo de trabajo, cuando
vayamos a insertar cada bloque. Para desarrollar el ejemplo vamos a situar un
nuevo menú desplegable que llamaremos “Aparatos Snt.”, y a su vez cuando se
despliegue va a contener, los bloques mencionados con arreglo al siguiente
esquema:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Aparatos
Sntrs.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 2;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Lavabo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 2;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Bidet&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 2;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Inodoro&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 2;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Ducha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 2;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Bañera&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Si recordamos el funcionamiento del cuadro de
personalización, los pasos a seguir, son en primer lugar definir un nuevo comando
para poder insertar cada uno de los bloques. Después de haber definido los
cinco comandos, debemos crear o definir el nuevo menú desplegable, dentro del
cual vamos a colocar los comandos. Una vez hecho esto debemos guardar el nuevo
menú como un archivo “CUIx” independiente, para poder modificar o ampliar en el
futuro y finalmente tenemos que trasladar o insertar el menú que hemos creado
dentro del general que utilizamos en nuestro espacio de trabajo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Los nuevos
comandos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En este punto hay que advertir que posiblemente este sea
el paso más crítico o delicado, ya que en la definición de un nuevo comando, es
preciso ser muy cuidadoso con todos los caracteres que se escriben, ya que cada
espacio en blanco se interpreta dentro del programa como una pulsación de la
barra espaciadora o la tecla “intro”. Por otra parte es preciso identificar
perfectamente todas y cada una de las respuestas opcionales que tiene el
comando invocado, porque cualquier desajuste siempre genera respuestas
imprevistas. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU76uywAM3tlUMk7-bf0uAsTM8caSONnJkIctjLupIBZyhe-AfUU_qQJzMyU0g2fOpJLOrYy_iqzJJjQG1Oowvt7QjYru-Xb2Jy9zc5B-sqPTbh41QA56-F7U7lgMLGhZrlIOslFbw9xfa/s1600/7PA_5.2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;183&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU76uywAM3tlUMk7-bf0uAsTM8caSONnJkIctjLupIBZyhe-AfUU_qQJzMyU0g2fOpJLOrYy_iqzJJjQG1Oowvt7QjYru-Xb2Jy9zc5B-sqPTbh41QA56-F7U7lgMLGhZrlIOslFbw9xfa/s200/7PA_5.2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;La definición de cualquier nuevo comando no es más
que una cadena de texto, que se anotará de forma literal en el campo
correspondiente, comenzando con el nombre de la “orden” que se quiere invocar,
a continuación el espacio en blanco que inicia su ejecución, e inmediatamente
las respuestas o textos que requiera cada una de las opciones de esa orden
concreta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Hay que tener en cuenta que tanto el espacio en
blanco como el carácter “;” son equivalentes a una pulsación de la tecla
“intro” o a la barra espaciadora. El carácter “\”, genera una parada en la
secuencia, que permite un respuesta del usuario ya sea señalando un punto de la
pantalla, o bien escribiendo por teclado algún texto o dato que se cierra con una
pulsación del “Intro”. Los datos fijos se pueden escribir dentro de la
secuencia de pulsaciones de forma literal, aunque sin olvidar el comportamiento
del espacio en blanco o encerrando la cadena entre comillas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Hay que pensar que un solo espacio en blanco de más,
al principio o al final de la secuencia, va a generar un “eco”, que trata de
repetir la última orden ejecutada por el sistema, lanzando el mensaje
correspondiente, y si las respuestas anotadas no se encuentran sincronizadas,
el resultado final que se genera va a ser un “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;error&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;”. Con el fin de probar y ensayar la nueva secuencia,
es conveniente tratar de probarla mediante la línea de órdenes, contando y
verificando las pulsaciones de una en una.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En el caso de nuestro ejemplo el nuevo comando que
nos interesa se compone de una llamada a la orden “_INSERT”, y a continuación
se añade el nombre del bloque que queremos insertar en el dibujo. Luego debemos
programar una detención del comando para poder señalar en pantalla, el nuevo
punto donde se situará exactamente el bloque que hayamos elegido. Una vez
situado el punto de inserción, hay que tener en cuenta que la ejecución “paso a
paso” del comando requiere otras tres respuestas, que son a su vez los factores
de escala en las direcciones X e Y y el ángulo de giro para el nuevo bloque
insertado. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2u5IrhUcM4iyQptBEXFV5umSQVe11KTuei-P7i-8NW_V61RqhatuYQizjh6jpjpAq1uvKDC8fJaStR2yZSMtYFGxrVHPsOHXgCTIzyG-k-iweJrCuu0tiyb9dWpr-SPNB0JIPaNJL3Ip6/s1600/7PA_5.4.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;170&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2u5IrhUcM4iyQptBEXFV5umSQVe11KTuei-P7i-8NW_V61RqhatuYQizjh6jpjpAq1uvKDC8fJaStR2yZSMtYFGxrVHPsOHXgCTIzyG-k-iweJrCuu0tiyb9dWpr-SPNB0JIPaNJL3Ip6/s200/7PA_5.4.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En el caso que nos ocupa evidentemente los factores
de escala en las direcciones X e Y deben ser “1”, por lo que en el comando
será oportuno confirmar la opción por defecto o pulsar “Intro”, es decir
escribir un “;”, sin embargo en el momento de fijar el ángulo de giro resulta
oportuno devolver el control al usuario, para que el ángulo con que se inserta
el bloque pueda fijarse gráficamente, es decir que debemos escribir en su lugar
un “\”. Esta entrada debería terminar la ejecución de la nueva orden por lo que
le línea de texto debería tener el siguiente aspecto:&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;_INSERT &amp;lt;bloque&amp;gt; \;;\&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El hecho de escribir el nombre de la orden en ingles
precedida del subrayado de mayúsculas, se hace porque con esta notación, la
orden funciona dentro de AutoCAD con independencia del idioma al que se haya
traducido el programa, sin embargo si escribimos la versión “traducida”,
solamente funcionara en aquellas versiones traducidas al idioma en cuestión.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Además de forzar la versión en ingles, del comando de
base, es conveniente escribir al comienzo de la línea, dos veces la pulsación
[Ctrl+C] con el fin de “romper” o anular cualquier posible orden transparente
que pudiera estar en curso de ejecución en ese momento, lo que produciría un
“error”. La forma de escribir por teclado esa pulsación es “^C”, con lo que el
texto que debemos escribir en la macro quedaría:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;^C^C_INSERT
&amp;lt;bloque&amp;gt; \;;\&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Ensamblar
el conjunto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Una vez que está clara, la estructura del nuevo menú
y como escribir cada comando, ya solo queda ensamblar el conjunto en un nuevo
archivo personalizado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaP6_qJxMKKiy1PbO4bU8pzckLTY1eriiMX_ba2gVB1owoYiWO77hpC6JUvjZw9vK8UKuC1lszS4Fej_eyjC_jZ-tMpLkBNwu-NHDMTnJbeI4PM7krXQrwYqJXMwGar7070CqtvUOZxHo6/s1600/7PA_5.5.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;170&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaP6_qJxMKKiy1PbO4bU8pzckLTY1eriiMX_ba2gVB1owoYiWO77hpC6JUvjZw9vK8UKuC1lszS4Fej_eyjC_jZ-tMpLkBNwu-NHDMTnJbeI4PM7krXQrwYqJXMwGar7070CqtvUOZxHo6/s200/7PA_5.5.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Para ello abrimos el cuadro de la interfaz de
personalización, nos situamos en la solapa “Transferir”, y desde el panel
derecho, accionando la opción “nuevo” podemos crear un nuevo archivo con la
extensión “*.CUIx” que situamos a nuestra conveniencia dentro de las carpetas
del disco.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Posteriormente pasamos a la solapa “Personalizar”, y
desde la cabecera abrimos el nuevo archivo y en la lista desplegable lo seleccionamos,
con el fin de mantener los nuevos comandos y sus ajustes o modificaciones
asilados del resto de los archivos de personalización.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 255.4pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Una vez situados sobre el nuevo archivo, abrimos el
“nodo” de menús, y en él con ayuda del botón derecho dede el menú contextual,
“creamos” el nuevo menú que vamos a llamar “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;Aparatos
Sntrs&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;u&gt;.&lt;/u&gt;”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgznjsj8ZHP1Mx4cOq5XGuTKTrRd1j3Mez-Qb-FsTFwQf_LgNuvqa-z_4u4eEyk-FbJKgiglQFPKVsbowT0bxH5U7_mubDMmoXd1Ul0xkXI0KeSkQlT2kyeG5ZRArGPcxUqcUE1BbV_fdV/s1600/7PA_5.6.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;141&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgznjsj8ZHP1Mx4cOq5XGuTKTrRd1j3Mez-Qb-FsTFwQf_LgNuvqa-z_4u4eEyk-FbJKgiglQFPKVsbowT0bxH5U7_mubDMmoXd1Ul0xkXI0KeSkQlT2kyeG5ZRArGPcxUqcUE1BbV_fdV/s200/7PA_5.6.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;A continuación pasamos al modulo inferior del cuadro
que corresponde a la “Lista de Comandos” y que inicialmente debe encontrarse
vacío porque aún no hemos definido ninguno. A la derecha en la barra de
cabecera hay un botón que sirve para “crear un comando”, que una vez pulsado,
nos presenta un nuevo aspecto del panel derecho, donde podremos editar o
definir el nuevo comando y sus propiedades, incluido su nombre, la macro
asociada y otros campos de ayuda.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;A continuación vamos configurando cada nuevo comando,
(Lavb. Duch. .. etc.) y en el campo de la macro escribimos el texto
correspondiente actualizando debidamente el nombre del bloque que vamos a
insertar. Finalmente cuando tenemos en el panel izquierdo toda la lista de los
nuevos comandos ya solo queda subirlos al menú que habíamos creado y que se
encuentra en el árbol general del panel izquierdo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9Tn-eY7BXhzBbw7K-ZpsglA35So4jCLC2aSpznn-yuOYmHMMLpj2YrzGjeWJUxQ1nqgfw-w3u5VTCNl2YUCcA4aNxeCF_JIQYM6b9Iv__6yxy01oelIuYGwfy7IzJHWRHTzLBfIlEOh8h/s1600/7PA_5.7.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;169&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9Tn-eY7BXhzBbw7K-ZpsglA35So4jCLC2aSpznn-yuOYmHMMLpj2YrzGjeWJUxQ1nqgfw-w3u5VTCNl2YUCcA4aNxeCF_JIQYM6b9Iv__6yxy01oelIuYGwfy7IzJHWRHTzLBfIlEOh8h/s200/7PA_5.7.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Cuando hemos acabado, solo queda salvar el nuevo
archivo, y a continuación volvemos a pasar a la solapa “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;transferir&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;”. Entonces seleccionamos en el panel izquierdo el
archivo de &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;personalización principal&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;,
y en el panel derecho el &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;nuevo archivo&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
que hemos creado, y solo nos queda trasladar con la pulsación sostenida, el
nuevo nodo de menú desde el panel derecho a la ubicación que resulte oportuna del
conjunto completo que tenemos en el panel izquierdo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Finalmente accionando el botón “Aplicar” de la parte
inferior, el sistema actualiza todo los archivos y presentará en nuestro
espacio de trabajo el nuevo menú, y a partir de ese momento deben encontrarse
disponibles los nuevos comandos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://juliocad.blogspot.com/2012/05/personalizar-el-autocad-v.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Julio)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhem0YU1Xsg6pbYjWRZsT7p5ANL3e6NU7YW8kel_X8kClYrRaONf2hOUcMXfu6RVWEAmjBpC6VAlBRfcMSppJkBJhgfhKY9l2oHZPlhqMUUFqTigLtT407qBSTe01pzx_ywQQNrCdrqyP2/s72-c/7PA_5.1.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8508519656628787686.post-9044086849962727141</guid><pubDate>Tue, 08 May 2012 08:38:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-05-08T10:38:05.092+02:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">autocad</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">personalizar el autocad</category><title>PERSONALIZAR el AutoCAD ( IV )</title><description>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;La interfaz
de usuario&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Una de las características que siempre ha tenido
AutoCAD desde las primeras versiones, es su gran capacidad y flexibilidad, para
poder modificar la “interfaz” de usuario, adaptando esta a las necesidades o
preferencias personales de cada uno. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El concepto de “interfaz”, básicamente se debe
considerar como el aspecto y configuración que tiene la pantalla o ventana del
programa, durante el proceso de trabajo habitual, que es a través de la que
vamos cargando, seleccionando o ejecutando las órdenes que deben actuar en cada
momento, además de incorporar o definir los datos de cualquier tipo, con los
que vamos construyendo nuestro archivo de trabajo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_UDNwkp7ml6Sc6TFkWfJR_rjj2In3GTTP-tpd_LHIxL2Bm0mAADT7O34vBTYJhDSFoP-cxHswrhORaQf31CSQzM8jGli_kchbJBZF6_hKYiYJ_LF-rcAe8Yxv-jVOErNxClUDJMp_fmt7/s1600/7PA_4.1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;153&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_UDNwkp7ml6Sc6TFkWfJR_rjj2In3GTTP-tpd_LHIxL2Bm0mAADT7O34vBTYJhDSFoP-cxHswrhORaQf31CSQzM8jGli_kchbJBZF6_hKYiYJ_LF-rcAe8Yxv-jVOErNxClUDJMp_fmt7/s200/7PA_4.1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Normalmente en las primeras versiones del programa la
interfaz de usuario estaba constituida por un área de menús, situada en la
parte derecha de la pantalla y una pequeña zona inferior para la línea de
comando con capacidad para tres o cuatro líneas de texto. El resto de la
pantalla estaba ocupada por el área gráfica donde se visualizaba el dibujo que
íbamos construyendo. También disponía naturalmente de una barra de título y otra
de estado, donde se mostraba la información correspondiente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El repertorio de órdenes y comandos que ha tenido
disponible el programa desde sus primeras versiones ha sido muy extenso, por lo
que los menús de comando tenían que disponer de algún mecanismo o sistema que
permitiera ordenar racionalmente ese gran repertorio, con una estructura
“anidada” o de cualquier otro tipo, para poder alcanzar tanto las diferentes
“ordenes” del programa como las opciones o alternativas para la ejecución para
cada una.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Por otra parte la extensión y repertorio de órdenes
que se encuentran disponibles en un programa de propósito general como este, es
singularmente amplio aunque sin embargo a la hora de realizar el trabajo
cotidiano muchas de sus características y opciones, son formas alternativas para
realizar tareas similares. Ello supone que cada usuario se va acomodando por
una parte a utilizar solamente algunas órdenes con las que se siente más cómodo
y por otra parte las peculiaridades de cada trabajo concreto, también
contribuyen a que haya ciertos conjuntos de órdenes o alternativas que en la
práctica cotidiana son poco utilizadas. El programa también permite con
relativa facilidad adaptar o acomodar el uso de distintas órdenes u opciones, a
un comportamiento diferente en función del uso particular, o los gustos de cada
usuario. Todo esto es la base de la “personalización” del programa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnGl_37PBJKvmc3OUPg1OLJ19BT47h9POfhREe7DmQpMyiptuYsSm37WzEUP75NSq_l0T6TKgGyXCoNS_yWzeZXxNbcR1PMWNcTesmt0wUKzdcbOFOlOifyB-QADXzmRbvJesVQTq8UsnG/s1600/7PA_4.2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;156&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnGl_37PBJKvmc3OUPg1OLJ19BT47h9POfhREe7DmQpMyiptuYsSm37WzEUP75NSq_l0T6TKgGyXCoNS_yWzeZXxNbcR1PMWNcTesmt0wUKzdcbOFOlOifyB-QADXzmRbvJesVQTq8UsnG/s200/7PA_4.2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;La personalización desde las primeras versiones, se desarrollaba
mediante archivos [ *.MNU ], que estaban configurados como archivos de texto
ASCII plano, que se podían editar o modificar mediante editores como “notepad”,
o cualquier otro que no intercalase dentro del contenido, sus propios códigos. El
programa se suministraba siempre con un archivo denominado “ACAD.MNU”, que se
iniciaba por defecto en el arranque y contenía la estructura inicial de los
distintos menús, que configuraban la interfaz, tanto de la pantalla como la
tableta digitalizadota, o la pulsación de los botones del ratón.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;La estructura interna de esos archivos esta dividida
en secciones, donde se escribe mediante sucesivas líneas de texto, el término
que debe mostrar el menú encerrado entre corchetes, y a continuación las
órdenes u opciones del programa exactamente igual que si se estuvieran
escribiendo mediante el teclado en la línea de órdenes. Dentro de las
instrucciones que se pueden escribir también se incluye cualquier rutina de
“AutoLISP”, ya sea escrita directamente o bien a través de la carga de archivos
escritos en ese lenguaje, que el programa “interpreta” en tiempo real, con lo
que las posibilidades para ampliar o personalizar cualquier comportamiento de
nuevas órdenes u opciones mediante un menú añadido con ese mecanismo, no tiene
más limites que la propia imaginación.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Evidentemente tanto la depuración como la necesidad
de comprobar que las rutinas funcionan con arreglo a las previsiones, constituyen
una parte muy importante de todo este proceso. El programa en las versiones
anteriores, permitía cargar módulos o partes que podían estar distribuidos en
varios archivos con la extensión MNU, no obstante a partir de la versión de
2.006 se produce un cambio profundo, implantando el uso de un nuevo cuadro de
“Interfaz de personalización”, que se complementa con el manejo de un nuevo
tipo de archivos [ *.CUI ] ó [ *.CUIx ], que a fin de cuentas son archivos de
tipo XML, en los que se centralizan y gestionan todos los datos de
personalización que antes estaban en los archivos MNU, y que son actualizados
de forma automática por el programa, evitando la modificación del archivo por
el usuario mediante un editor.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El cuadro
de Personalización.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEJxeNEuRZ8n_i5u028864zTzwRDNiYX-Wldp5vV7kQ0Pz2uQqcV54KCDCHh1IMaWyUeYJ-blpTPsVLkDsI5XxwgQpE-w4gWEHDsdk-HAI3DY1x5onqur5llEGxTgFh2cGOimPKxO1ctei/s1600/7PA_4.3.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;164&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEJxeNEuRZ8n_i5u028864zTzwRDNiYX-Wldp5vV7kQ0Pz2uQqcV54KCDCHh1IMaWyUeYJ-blpTPsVLkDsI5XxwgQpE-w4gWEHDsdk-HAI3DY1x5onqur5llEGxTgFh2cGOimPKxO1ctei/s200/7PA_4.3.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Los antiguos archivos MNU, se pueden incorporar
perfectamente en la nueva estructura, pero los archivos CUI, ya no son
modificables mediante el editor de texto, sino que el programa incorpora una orden
que despliega en pantalla un “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;cuadro de personalización&lt;/i&gt;”,
desde el que se accede a todas las ordenes y opciones, cuyo contenido puede ser
editado y modificado dentro de ese cuadro, a gusto de cada uno. Finalmente
cuando se cierra el cuadro, el propio programa realiza internamente la
actualización del correspondiente archivo CUI con las modificaciones realizadas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El cuadro de personalización, se encuentra dividido
verticalmente en dos partes, y dispone a su vez de otras dos solapas que
controlan los estados alternativos de “Personalizar” y “Transferir”. La
diferencia entre ambos radica en el uso del panel derecho, que en el caso de
“Personalizar”, sirve para ir abriendo detalles o componentes de los elementos
y nodos que se van seleccionando en el panel principal de la izquierda. En el
caso de la opción “Transferir”, el panel derecho se utiliza para abrir, guardar
o configurar archivos parciales.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El panel principal situado a la izquierda, muestra
inicialmente una estructura en “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;arbol&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;”
que contiene todos los elementos personalizables del programa. Cuando se
encuentra activo el modo “transferir” solo se muestra la estructura del arbol,
y permite “copiar” o “trasladar” entre ambos paneles cualquier elemento o rama
de la estructura, con la pulsación sostenida del ratón.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaAOHeDNgmzNzyIdwRTxdMyZiWJ7W1OuYMCBNRD_HnAXNRTppOcxYF5HO4nFvEKk0agH4ZA_Uic3iGnmGrucAr4o8frzc4pV5d3D4B38dcen_K5_fJcETNO6ufCfmnwQnOSQCmHIgG1PRY/s1600/7PA_4.4.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;165&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaAOHeDNgmzNzyIdwRTxdMyZiWJ7W1OuYMCBNRD_HnAXNRTppOcxYF5HO4nFvEKk0agH4ZA_Uic3iGnmGrucAr4o8frzc4pV5d3D4B38dcen_K5_fJcETNO6ufCfmnwQnOSQCmHIgG1PRY/s200/7PA_4.4.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Cuando se encuentra activo el modo “personalizar”, la
estructura se complementa en la parte inferior con un cuadro que muestra una
lista completa de los comandos disponibles. A medida que se van marcando o
abriendo los distintos nodos del árbol o bien los comandos de la lista
inferior, el panel derecho va mostrando un texto aclaratorio sobre la función
de cada uno, o bien los componentes detallados que configuran el elemento, y que
son mostrados en campos de texto para que se pueden modificar y/o reescribir oportunamente
sobre el panel derecho. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;La estructura completa del árbol es bastante amplia y
compleja por lo que lleva cierto tiempo familiarizarse con el conjunto, pero
resulta muy fácil y cómoda de manejar. Uno de los primeros nodos de la
estructura en árbol, es la de “espacios de trabajo”, que constituyen la
herramienta básica para poder gestionar distintas configuraciones de
personalización. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Los “espacios de trabajo”, constituyen la forma de
guardar o recuperar una determinada configuración o aspecto de la Interfaz de usuario o
espacio de trabajo. A fin de cuentas no son mas que “etiquetas”, que genera el
propio usuario, y que almacenan y por tanto permiten recuperar posteriormente
un determinado aspecto de la interfaz de usuario, en la que se visualizan y
colocan en las distintas zonas de la pantalla los menús de barra, persiana,
cinta o paletas, que usuario tuviera desplegados en la pantalla, cuando ha
creado o actualizado esa etiqueta o nombre concreto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEit1fGH2zPGAqV9S2XVuRkaQxjnngDH40QoW95LOh1njtImCqXBAqEVJByI4mZKAny7388GZzA3P8z4pj7VFETGhAKMI_Yz418nPsN56XIFVabCksMm8lQghvEpTzHsS8rWH5ViLg-GqGLN/s1600/7PA_4.5.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;176&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEit1fGH2zPGAqV9S2XVuRkaQxjnngDH40QoW95LOh1njtImCqXBAqEVJByI4mZKAny7388GZzA3P8z4pj7VFETGhAKMI_Yz418nPsN56XIFVabCksMm8lQghvEpTzHsS8rWH5ViLg-GqGLN/s200/7PA_4.5.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El programa suministra por defecto cuatro espacios de
trabajo que corresponden con otras tantas configuraciones de la interfaz,
concebidas para facilitar el trabajo básico de dibujo y anotación en dos
dimensiones, o bien un par de variantes para trabajo de modelado en 3D, y otra
más para evocar el aspecto clásico del AutoCAD.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://juliocad.blogspot.com/2012/05/personalizar-el-autocad-iv.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Julio)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_UDNwkp7ml6Sc6TFkWfJR_rjj2In3GTTP-tpd_LHIxL2Bm0mAADT7O34vBTYJhDSFoP-cxHswrhORaQf31CSQzM8jGli_kchbJBZF6_hKYiYJ_LF-rcAe8Yxv-jVOErNxClUDJMp_fmt7/s72-c/7PA_4.1.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8508519656628787686.post-5810232020111042085</guid><pubDate>Fri, 27 Apr 2012 21:03:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-04-27T23:03:29.830+02:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">autocad</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">clases de autocad</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">clases particulares</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">curso</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">curso online</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">oferta curso</category><title>UN nuevo curso de  AUTOCAD  en LINEA</title><description>&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://raulalgo.es/moodle/&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;http://raulalgo.es/moodle/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Hoy quiero presentar mí nuevo “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;CURSO DE AUTOCAD&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;” que se ha desarrollado pensando en
aquellos que conociendo “algo” del programa, siempre están pensando en dedicar
algún “hueco” para poder darle un repaso “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;completo&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;”
y tener algo más “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;claro&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;” el
conjunto. Se trata de un curso: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;NO presencial &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;On LINE &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En plataforma MOODLE &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Asequible ( 75 € )&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Con un avance GRATUITO disponible&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El curso esta pensado para realizar el seguimiento
sin tiempo ni calendario establecido, es decir que cada uno se administra el
tiempo que le dedica, pero ordenado con un recorrido sistemático por todas sus
características, con el fin de lograr una clara “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;visión de conjunto&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;La idea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Cuando se inició este “blog”
a mediados del verano de 2.011, el propósito era más bien aceptar un reto
derivado de algunas conversaciones que yo había tenido con mi hijo sobre los
nuevos medios de comunicación, antes que una intención programada respecto a
cualquier objetivo concreto. En cualquier caso enseguida tomó forma la idea de
plasmar mi conocimiento sobre el “AutoCAD” con arreglo a un guión sistemático,
que podía resumirse como un “curso básico de autocad”, el cual pudiera permitir
a cualquier interesado, obtener una visión de conjunto sobre las
características, posibilidades y alcance del programa, siempre enfocado
alrededor del trabajo profesional en el entorno de la “arquitectura”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 3.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: .7pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 3.4pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En enero de este mismo año,
cuando se había completado el guión inicial que había servido para sistematizar
su desarrollo, se hace una especie de refundido, agrupando en unas pocas
páginas, todas las entradas que de otra forma estaban relativamente desperdigadas
presentando alguna dificultad para un seguimiento sistemático. A medida que se
va trabajando en la ordenación y elaboración de esas páginas, además de
comprobar la continuidad en el seguimiento de visitas, va madurando la idea y
el interés por la posibilidad de trasladar esos contenidos a un “curso serio”,
elaborado ya desde el punto de vista de un seguimiento “docente”, que además
puede forzar una continuidad que en muchas ocasiones es el verdadero “talón de
Aquiles” para mucha gente interesada en aprender “AutoCAD”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 3.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: .7pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El
desarrollo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 3.4pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Dado el momento actual de
las tecnologías de comunicación y la difusión de “Internet”, enseguida surge la
idea de poder operar desde la “plataforma moodle”, que además de sus ventajas
como software libre, tiene unas posibilidades y características que la hacen
especialmente adecuada para poder desarrollar un curso a través de una conexión
a Internet en modo “online”, resolviendo el control del acceso y el oportuno
seguimiento docente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 3.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: .7pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 3.4pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Eso es lo que finalmente
lleva a refundir el contenido desarrollado previamente en el blog, alrededor de
un “curso” organizado sobre un programa que repasa de manera sistemática todo
el “autocad”, y a su vez permite organizar junto con los temas, una estructura
completa de ejemplos, ejercicios y cuestionarios de evaluación, además de
complementarlo todo con un repertorio de “videos” accesibles a través de la
plataforma “YouTube”. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 3.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: .7pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;La
implantación&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Naturalmente este trabajo y particularmente el seguimiento
docente, se facilitan y ofrecen a cambio del pago previo de un importe de
“matricula”, que en todo caso supone un desembolso sensiblemente inferior al de
cualquier curso de tipo presencial. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw7S6tOHgQaFBtF6IJvhsjs4IU02kIKXS4Gh5ybhKUdQkmoL_a83JouuMOKjUjvnC9Vv4FXrDugmGJPlctaZLEM1ytI1t_aHuFsVPmnTZ9svS6kXl7PZoKW0edqa4VXoUzTaTQbghaAy-I/s1600/7PA_4.1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;162&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw7S6tOHgQaFBtF6IJvhsjs4IU02kIKXS4Gh5ybhKUdQkmoL_a83JouuMOKjUjvnC9Vv4FXrDugmGJPlctaZLEM1ytI1t_aHuFsVPmnTZ9svS6kXl7PZoKW0edqa4VXoUzTaTQbghaAy-I/s320/7PA_4.1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Con el fin de poder mostrar a cualquier interesado una idea
clara del curso que se ofrece, así como de su posible seguimiento a través de
la plataforma “moodle” y la conexión desde Internet, se “ofrece” de forma
“libre y gratuita” un acceso como “invitado(_guest)” a un módulo reducido en el
que se muestran tres de los doce temas del curso completo (concretamente los 1,
2 y 4), en los que se mantiene su integridad, incluyendo cuestionarios,
ejercicios y ejemplos, aunque naturalmente sin el “seguimiento docente”. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En la Plataforma MOODLE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El acceso al “sistema moodle” se puede realizar desde
el enlace que se encuentra al final de esta página, o desde el cartel en la
cabecera del “blog”. En el sistema, aparece una página titulada: “Cursos Julio
Álvarez” que también se muestra en la imagen adjunta. Accediendo a través de
cualquiera de los cursos, se abre una segunda página, que también se muestra en
otra figura. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Esta segunda página es la que permite entrar al
contenido de cada curso, mediante el mecanismo habitual de “nombre” y
“contraseña”, no obstante la “primera vez” que se quiera acceder, es necesario
hacer una inscripción o cuenta de acceso, con instrucciones (en inglés) a la
derecha de la página. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En esa inscripción, cada usuario elige su propio
“nombre y contraseña”, pero además de esta, y solo para la primera vez, también
es necesaria otra “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;contraseña de inscripción&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;”.
Esta segunda es la que será facilitada dentro del contacto previo con el
titular, una vez comprobado el pago de importe de matrícula, mediante un
“email”, conversación telefónica SMS o cualquier otro.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 329.45pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Las instrucciones de la página traducidas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Rellenar el formulario, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;A continuación recibirá un “email” de confirmación&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Lea el correo electrónico y haga clic en el enlace web.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Su registro será confirmado y podrá conectarse.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Ahora seleccione el curso en que quiere participar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Si se le solicita una “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;contraseña
     de inscripción&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;”, utilice la que el profesor le ha dado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Ahora puede acceder al curso completo. A partir de ahora solo
     tendrá que introducir el “nombre de usuario” y “contraseña” personales en
     esta misma página.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6-DWvLBH_sZK6DALo_A7IT7MzXppzWnvzSAyZpM56XgAattuDYNkM6K-BsvW9deoVgaoxZGdtJKJLKesN3L5W1mXNPLZj9GxY4_opGkBRjImn2y0Qdkathmx339FQAIqlhIh8PNXUz0Us/s1600/7PA_4.2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;173&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6-DWvLBH_sZK6DALo_A7IT7MzXppzWnvzSAyZpM56XgAattuDYNkM6K-BsvW9deoVgaoxZGdtJKJLKesN3L5W1mXNPLZj9GxY4_opGkBRjImn2y0Qdkathmx339FQAIqlhIh8PNXUz0Us/s320/7PA_4.2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En el caso de acceder como invitado “Guest” al curso
reducido, este procedimiento no es necesario, y basta pulsar el botón de
“Acceso Invitado”, pero esto solo está disponible para el curso de muestra. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 3.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: .7pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 3.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: .7pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 94.4pt 357.3pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;mailto:juliocad.cursos@gmail.com&quot;&gt;juliocad.cursos@gmail.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Tfn: 620 868 757&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://raulalgo.es/moodle/&quot;&gt;http://raulalgo.es/moodle/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://raulalgo.es/moodle/&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;</description><link>http://juliocad.blogspot.com/2012/04/un-nuevo-curso-de-autocad-en-linea.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Julio)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw7S6tOHgQaFBtF6IJvhsjs4IU02kIKXS4Gh5ybhKUdQkmoL_a83JouuMOKjUjvnC9Vv4FXrDugmGJPlctaZLEM1ytI1t_aHuFsVPmnTZ9svS6kXl7PZoKW0edqa4VXoUzTaTQbghaAy-I/s72-c/7PA_4.1.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8508519656628787686.post-3539623773114965991</guid><pubDate>Wed, 25 Apr 2012 10:25:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-04-25T12:25:35.028+02:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">autocad</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">clases de autocad</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">personalizar el autocad</category><title>PERSONALIZAR el AutoCAD ( III )</title><description>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Los
Patrones de sombreado&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Los patrones de sombreado en AutoCAD pueden responder
a rellenos de color continuo o bien a patrones de líneas sucesivas que se
repiten a una distancia uniforme y según el diseño con ciertos desfases cuando
la línea tiene una pauta de trazos discontinuos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El sistema de “patrones de sombreado”, funciona con
arreglo a las definiciones contenidas en un tipo especial de archivos de texto
plano (ASCII), que tienen la extensión “.PAT”, en concreto el programa dispone
de dos de estos archivos, “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;acad.pat&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;”
y “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;acadiso.pat&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;” que deben
encontrarse en una carpeta localizada dentro de las trayectorias propias del
programa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Esos archivos tienen una organización bastante
similar a los archivos de tipo de línea y lo mismo que aquellos pueden ser
editados por el usuario con el fin de modificar los patrones que contienen o
bien añadir otros nuevos que serán reconocidos por el programa a condición de
que respeten la sintaxis y el formato específicos. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El manual de ayuda explica con bastante claridad como
se elaboran los nuevos patrones, por lo que se recomienda su lectura. No
obstante vamos a comentar de forma rápida la manera de crear nuevos patrones. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtUWuaFZ7eOwGNvn8dBiAOuxQfcB3FxOVK19VPIOJRqvr9NEfsmu35B5osFjIU0UNodqGwNARfmO2xJ-yhZNT2nANof2QyfTSNjPiTYOijEk0bVdOyG9HZJycFt4feWc0gA7ROkMocTVUl/s1600/7PA_3.1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;163&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtUWuaFZ7eOwGNvn8dBiAOuxQfcB3FxOVK19VPIOJRqvr9NEfsmu35B5osFjIU0UNodqGwNARfmO2xJ-yhZNT2nANof2QyfTSNjPiTYOijEk0bVdOyG9HZJycFt4feWc0gA7ROkMocTVUl/s200/7PA_3.1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Dentro de los patrones de sombreado, se pueden
distinguir en primer lugar patrones sencillos con línea continua, en un segundo
nivel patrones con línea de trazo discontinuo, y finalmente patrones de línea
con varios trazos en distintas direcciones.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Los archivos de tipo “*.pat” también admiten
comentarios precedidos de punto y coma para identificar su contenido. La
estructura de cada patrón, es similar a la definición de los tipos de línea
aunque en este caso la definición se puede extender con otras líneas de texto.
La primera línea de texto debe comenzar necesariamente con un “asterisco” y
contiene dos campos separados por una “coma”. El primero es el que identifica
el nombre del patrón, que no pude superar los 31 caracteres, y el segundo una
descripción de texto. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;A continuación el archivo puede tener una o varias
líneas con el siguiente contenido:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;pre style=&quot;color: white; margin-left: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1jOpN1zPiVuCLABZk0BEFJHlhgUbG9FlpE1Iv0_tTvYnn9mI68ZEw_aqavG2zTJK5h1Pdh_C22MPxb0XEmy737zFM1r8nQUt_ZEmYMDT3D17MBHtcjDzROfH77szcTUj72k_Yb3DIWl9r/s1600/7PA_3.2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;186&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1jOpN1zPiVuCLABZk0BEFJHlhgUbG9FlpE1Iv0_tTvYnn9mI68ZEw_aqavG2zTJK5h1Pdh_C22MPxb0XEmy737zFM1r8nQUt_ZEmYMDT3D17MBHtcjDzROfH77szcTUj72k_Yb3DIWl9r/s200/7PA_3.2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;“ángulo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;origen x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;,&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;origen y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;delta x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;,&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;delta y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;,&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;trazo 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;,&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;trazo 2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, …”&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Esto supone escribir una serie de números separados
por “comas” con los datos correspondientes al ángulo de trazado de las líneas,
las coordenadas del punto por el que se pasa la primera línea del patrón, y a
continuación los desplazamientos en las direcciones X e Y en las sucesivas
repeticiones de la línea. Obviamente cuando el patrón de trazado es una línea
continua, estos dos datos no tienen ningún interés, pero cuanto el patrón es
discontinuo, esos dos números permiten ajustar tanto la separación entre líneas,
como el desplazamiento relativo del patrón, a lo largo de líneas sucesivas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Finalmente los últimos datos corresponden al trazo de
la línea en sí y funcionan igual que en los archivos de patrones de línea. Si
el valor del número es positivo, se dibuja el tramo correspondiente y si es
negativo el espacio queda en blanco. Con el numero “0” se dibuja un punto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 158.25pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 158.25pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;El relleno con el patrón de líneas,
se extiende de manera indefinida hasta llenar los “contornos” que se
seleccionan al invocar la orden. Esa área se rellena de forma continua con el
patrón que hemos definido hasta ocupar completamente toda la superficie con
líneas paralelas a ambos lados de la inicial, con arreglo al desplazamiento
relativo “delta y” y naturalmente al tamaño relativo que se especifica en la
orden SOMBREA.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 158.25pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 158.25pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirA1gNGOb4I-i3PKz3q9eMUgC6sB9sBuJSGOgMAIDjzVrvQ_qxWsppD5hmNRh5EVTxwiIgDya2mPLkWytu1QI-Nk02VS4sxfx_ObVxePUgwPgnQGxZQZZn8uJmedp9-5rOmv-AVYf7lKsr/s1600/7PA_3.3.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;156&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirA1gNGOb4I-i3PKz3q9eMUgC6sB9sBuJSGOgMAIDjzVrvQ_qxWsppD5hmNRh5EVTxwiIgDya2mPLkWytu1QI-Nk02VS4sxfx_ObVxePUgwPgnQGxZQZZn8uJmedp9-5rOmv-AVYf7lKsr/s200/7PA_3.3.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;En todo caso el patrón de sombreado
puede admitir en su definición, más de una familia de líneas repetidas
cubriendo toda el área, y que a su vez pueden mantener el mismo ángulo de la
primera, o bien pueden tener ángulos diferentes, sin mas que añadir nuevas
líneas de texto en el archivo con la definición de los patrones.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 158.25pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 158.25pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Esta característica permite elaborar
diseños de figuras que se repiten de manera uniforme y que pueden estar
formadas por “estrellas, hexágonos, aparejos de ladrillo, etc, aunque con la
condición de ser particularmente cuidadoso con la elaboración del diseño, y la
correspondiente trascripción de los datos al archivo, además de hacer numeroso
ensayos de comprobación hasta que todo funcione correctamente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 158.25pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 158.25pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;A continuación se enumeran los pasos
para definir un nuevo patrón de sombreado:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;1 -
Abrir el archivo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;acad.pat&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;acadiso.pat&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;en un editor de texto en formato
ASCII.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;2 - Crear
una línea de encabezado con un asterisco y el nombre de patrón. (máx 31
caracteres)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;3 –
Escribir una línea de descripción que incluya:&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;WS73099cc142f4875513fb5cd10c4aa30d6b-7e2&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;.El ángulo en el que se dibuja la línea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; .El punto de origen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;X,Y&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; .Un&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;delta x&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;de cualquier valor, si
     desea desfasar líneas alternas en la familia de líneas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; .Un&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;delta y&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;de cualquier valor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; .Un valor para la longitud de trazo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; .Un valor para una longitud de punto&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; .Un segundo valor opcional para una longitud de trazo diferente&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; .Un segundo valor opcional para una longitud de punto diferente&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 3.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: .7pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYiqszb4X5farouitZwDTtZLEIWwTKO_J8YmaNPYnR6RyLL5fnJSPjSabQCvy-5t7iJAa1DF2mRVskAbEsT3OzTyXUL2krshfPuXea8_piHlziMIM9KWs0woeMeGx8WuCaz6wj_zC-ySFj/s1600/7PA_3.4.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;165&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYiqszb4X5farouitZwDTtZLEIWwTKO_J8YmaNPYnR6RyLL5fnJSPjSabQCvy-5t7iJAa1DF2mRVskAbEsT3OzTyXUL2krshfPuXea8_piHlziMIM9KWs0woeMeGx8WuCaz6wj_zC-ySFj/s200/7PA_3.4.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;4 –
Opcionalmente escribir sucesivas líneas que incluya todos los parámetros del
paso anterior, manteniendo la misma dirección y distintos desfases, o bien diferentes
direcciones para completar una figura compleja, como una estrella, un aparejo
etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.7pt 0cm 3.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.7pt 0cm 3.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://juliocad.blogspot.com/2012/04/personalizar-el-autocad-iii.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Julio)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtUWuaFZ7eOwGNvn8dBiAOuxQfcB3FxOVK19VPIOJRqvr9NEfsmu35B5osFjIU0UNodqGwNARfmO2xJ-yhZNT2nANof2QyfTSNjPiTYOijEk0bVdOyG9HZJycFt4feWc0gA7ROkMocTVUl/s72-c/7PA_3.1.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8508519656628787686.post-2875027460758808272</guid><pubDate>Tue, 17 Apr 2012 17:18:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-04-17T19:31:51.001+02:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">autocad</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">personalizar el autocad</category><title>PERSONALIZAR el AutoCAD ( II )</title><description>&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Los tipos
de línea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;La personalización de los tipos de línea, constituye
una de las primeras áreas donde aquellos aficionados a escudriñar los
entresijos del programa o de cualquier otra cosa a su alcance, se internan en
primer lugar, ya que a pesar de no resultar un sistema muy intuitivo, si resulta
bastante fácil de operar, internándose en sus elementos con el fin de probar e
imaginar nuevas alternativas o posibilidades.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmVCmbmpZdgctgduGcYo0pdYQPEwP4EInZ7gsHPEvEp6XBGXUjp7GXjYzDO9sPPrkZb8Wm5aa6Y-0kycPRWLjVVGz8AjLtk6QTdpZXCKPmIcT9zbIzjnkYFOMMU2rWYr2VQqxbOGHVnWVw/s1600/7PA_2.1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;154&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmVCmbmpZdgctgduGcYo0pdYQPEwP4EInZ7gsHPEvEp6XBGXUjp7GXjYzDO9sPPrkZb8Wm5aa6Y-0kycPRWLjVVGz8AjLtk6QTdpZXCKPmIcT9zbIzjnkYFOMMU2rWYr2VQqxbOGHVnWVw/s200/7PA_2.1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;El sistema de “tipos de línea”, funciona alrededor de
un tipo especial de archivos de texto plano (formato ASCII puro), que tiene la
extensión “*.lin”. El programa suministra de forma estándar un par de archivos
con esa extensión, que son “acad.lin” y “acadiso.lin”. Cualquier usuario puede
escribir nuevos archivos con una contenido diferente, que serán visibles, y
podrán ser cargados solo con mantener la extensión “*.lin” y ubicarlos en
alguna carpeta reconocible, o bien añadir nuevas definiciones a los archivos
existentes, en cuyo caso debe tener la precaución de mantener la integridad de
estos para no perder o alterar su contenido. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Estos archivos deben encontrase dentro de los
directorios o carpetas del sistema, y pueden ser abiertos y editados, con
cualquier editor ASCII como el “Notepad”, o bien si se utiliza cualquier otro
editor de texto, hay que tener la precaución de “guardar” el archivo en ese
formato, ya que si el editor intercala dentro del archivo sus propios códigos
de control, este dejaría de funcionar correctamente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Los archivos de tipo “*.lin” admiten como es
habitual, comentarios precedidos de “punto y coma”, que ayudan a identificar el
contenido del mismo. La estructura interna del archivo es parecida a la que se
comentaba en la entrada anterior para los archivos de “comandos externos” y/o
“alias de comando”, de forma que cada “tipo de línea” diferente que se incluye
dentro del archivo consiste en un par de líneas de texto con las que se
“codifica” el comportamiento o aspecto de la línea.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Las definiciones de cada tipo, se componen de dos
líneas de texto sucesivas, de las que la primera contiene dos “campos” separados
por una “,” ‘coma’, y la siguiente contiene además de una clave inicial, varios
campos numéricos separados también por ‘comas’.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Los dos campos de la primera línea de texto, sirven
para definir el “nombre” del tipo de línea con el que va a ser identificado
dentro del programa, y a continuación una descripción del mismo, que puede
incluir un texto aclaratorio o bien una especie de muestra esquemática, escrita
con los caracteres mecanográficos comunes, que luego resulta muy útil, ya que
esa descripción se muestra en los cuadros de diálogo del programa cuando vamos
a elegir o seleccionar cada uno de los tipos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2aylq_40-hJMAQeXGdjc1UuCgGf6F8wVxlrSjblaCL3DIKtVQ1BSk2rf-Shaiome74AvHVtMICN9uFXaf5Fg1tSh55GPETQoysA9f2Qup0daMDUS_ole2a6VwuW2DtriOMNfnwEn96Uc2/s1600/7PA_2.2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;134&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2aylq_40-hJMAQeXGdjc1UuCgGf6F8wVxlrSjblaCL3DIKtVQ1BSk2rf-Shaiome74AvHVtMICN9uFXaf5Fg1tSh55GPETQoysA9f2Qup0daMDUS_ole2a6VwuW2DtriOMNfnwEn96Uc2/s200/7PA_2.2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;El contenido numérico del patrón que se define en la
segunda línea de texto, se basa en la idea de un trazo continuo, que solo se
dibuja si el valor del número es positivo, y que cuando es negativo se deja el
hueco correspondiente. Cuando el valor es “cero”, lo que representa es un punto
asilado, que lógicamente solo tiene sentido si está entre dos valores
negativos. Los valores numéricos naturalmente representan el tamaño de cada
segmento en las unidades del dibujo, multiplicadas por el “factor de escala”,
tanto del archivo de dibujo general, como del objeto de línea particular.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Con estas referencias podemos ampliar el archivo de
tipos de línea con nuestros propios patrones o diseños, aunque hay que
reconocer que los tipos que se suministran con el programa, además de operar
correctamente con el factor de escala, que es el que suele dar más quebraderos
de cabeza, casi siempre por no actuar de forma ordenada y sistemática, suelen cubrir
la mayoría de las necesidades y este tipo de ampliación o personalización
tampoco suele ser muy frecuente. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;En todo caso la personalización de los tipos de
línea, no termina solo con la distribución de puntos y discontinuidades sobre una
línea recta de referencia, sino que también se pueden añadir dentro de la pauta
de la línea, caracteres de texto o bien pequeños símbolos o “formas”,
contenidas dentro de un archivo “SHX”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;La incorporación de texto dentro de los archivos de
tipo de línea resulta sin embargo una característica mucho más útil, ya que
permite especificar ciertas característica sobre algunas líneas, que pueden
hacer referencia a su contenido como: “Gas”, “Alta Tensión”, o cualquier otra
que sea oportuno. De hecho los archivos suministrados utilizan esta
característica para generar un patrón de “zigzag”,&amp;nbsp; intercalar un par de corchetes, o un aspa
para representar cercas, etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;La forma de insertar caracteres en el archivo de tipos de línea, consiste en reemplazar uno de los números que se situaban entre ‘comas’ por un conjunto de valores encerrados entre corchetes. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Dentro de los corchetes se incluyen los siguientes campos: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; [&quot;texto&quot;,nombreestilotexto,escala,rotación,desfasex,desfasey]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC-PGaxnRR5vOAkkkAuUqVBaoOTuek043U72LOr3vLGDwTfuXMMSB2A1exnoy47E0YSyH56RFx_-3sxm3AziLrCzNELmF7GLlAsSBGz82foZRYtuDAGfCVLTBXuQe04O0sjJ7mozKmtsEM/s1600/7PA_2.3.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;163&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC-PGaxnRR5vOAkkkAuUqVBaoOTuek043U72LOr3vLGDwTfuXMMSB2A1exnoy47E0YSyH56RFx_-3sxm3AziLrCzNELmF7GLlAsSBGz82foZRYtuDAGfCVLTBXuQe04O0sjJ7mozKmtsEM/s200/7PA_2.3.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;El campo “texto” identifica los caracteres que se
intercalan en la línea, y el nombre del estilo identifica el “estilo de texto”
que se va a emplear para representar los caracteres y que tiene que estar
definido dentro del archivo de dibujo antes de cargar el tipo de línea, por lo
que es recomendable utilizar el estilo “STANDARD”, ya que este siempre está
definido.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;A continuación se indican los valores para indicar la
escala relativa, el ángulo de rotación de los caracteres y los desfases X e Y
respecto a la línea de trazado, siempre identificados con su letra de
referencia y a continuación del signo “=”con arreglo a la notación de ejemplo
que se incluye a continuación o que se puede encontrar en el archivo de
“Ayuda”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;pre style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;[&quot;AC&quot;,STANDARD,S=.1,U=0.0,X=0.0,Y=-.05]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Este codigo, supone intercalar en el patrón de línea,
los caracteres “AC” representados con el estilo de texto “Standard”, a un
tamaño relativo de 0.1 unidades de dibujo cada letra, las letras alineadas con
la línea principal, y con un desfase de cinco centésimas negativas, respecto al
centro de la línea.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Formas en
los tipos de línea.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Las “formas”, son una característica poco utilizada
del programa, que permite definir un conjunto de pequeños símbolos que se
recopilan en un archivo, y se “codifican” mediante una geometría muy
característica. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgao0gW7r8UO18BG0GA0D5hOtX9nNq7PpGUvpJ0gDK83WtIziloG395g6CrOmnE_A4uuJnNm-EnqgXGIeBW4T3VCwUytUh6jaPD1dMWCuAYB_e-335Il1EKLg8eDNmTs8d6JRotv8QqtUCG/s1600/7PA_2.4.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;155&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgao0gW7r8UO18BG0GA0D5hOtX9nNq7PpGUvpJ0gDK83WtIziloG395g6CrOmnE_A4uuJnNm-EnqgXGIeBW4T3VCwUytUh6jaPD1dMWCuAYB_e-335Il1EKLg8eDNmTs8d6JRotv8QqtUCG/s200/7PA_2.4.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Esos símbolos se definen en un archivo de texto ASCII
con extensión “*.SHP” que luego es compilado por el sistema para generar otro
archivo “compilado” con la extensión SHX. El manejo de esta codificación esta
pensado para que el funcionamiento interno tanto en la memoria como en el
procesador sea particularmente eficaz, y de hecho es el tipo de codificación
que se utilizaba en las primeras versiones para manejar los diseños de fuentes
y tipografías. En resumen, un archivo SHX contiene un repertorio de formas
simples o elementales, que se identifican pos un número de código ASCII o algo
parecido, y se pueden insertar en cualquier dibujo a modo de pequeños bloques,
aunque en este caso ya no se pueden editar, modificar o siquiera descomponer.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 333.5pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 333.5pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;En un apartado específico de la Ayuda, se explica con
detalle, la geometría y el sistema que permite diseñar y codificar este tipo de
formas, aunque su utilización no es muy frecuente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Cuando se dispone de un archivo de formas SHX, estas
pueden ser a su vez incrustadas en los patrones de “tipo de línea” de una forma
similar a los caracteres de letras, aunque en este caso se debe intercalar
entra corchetes la siguiente codificación:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; [nombreforma,nombrearchivoshx,transformación]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En este caso el nombre de forma es la etiqueta que identifica la “forma” dentro del archivo SHX, el nombre del archivo, es necesario para identificarlo, y además es preciso que se encuentre cargado y accesible dentro de las trayectorias reconocidas por el programa. Finalmente la transformación, es opcional, y se compone de una serie de valores que se identifican con una inicial en mayúsculas seguida del signo “=” y permiten definir distintos giros, escalas y desfases de la forma respecto a la línea principal.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Los parámetros de la transformación pueden ser:&lt;br /&gt;R=## Rotación relativa&lt;br /&gt;A=## Rotación absoluta&lt;br /&gt;U=## Rotación vertical&lt;br /&gt;S=## Escala&lt;br /&gt;X=## Desfase X&lt;br /&gt;Y=## Desfase Y&lt;br /&gt;Un ejemplo para codificar una forma dentro del archivo de tipo de línea, puede ser: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; [DIP8,pd.shx,X=0.5,Y=1,R=0,S=1]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En la “Ayuda” del programa se encuentran detalladas estas referencias.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;</description><link>http://juliocad.blogspot.com/2012/04/personalizar-el-autocad-ii.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Julio)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmVCmbmpZdgctgduGcYo0pdYQPEwP4EInZ7gsHPEvEp6XBGXUjp7GXjYzDO9sPPrkZb8Wm5aa6Y-0kycPRWLjVVGz8AjLtk6QTdpZXCKPmIcT9zbIzjnkYFOMMU2rWYr2VQqxbOGHVnWVw/s72-c/7PA_2.1.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8508519656628787686.post-5109114501769775804</guid><pubDate>Mon, 09 Apr 2012 16:50:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-04-09T18:51:02.378+02:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">autocad</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">personalizar el autocad</category><title>PERSONALIZAR el AutoCAD ( I )</title><description>&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Hoy toca abordar un nuevo tema para continuar el
desarrollo del blog. El tema elegido es la “personalización” del AutoCAD,
siempre contemplada desde el punto de vista del trabajo alrededor del proyecto
de arquitectura.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiCdMJewsK94mIjJ9aeZsOnMw6VnOv_L8sgm4UqsR1YJIIMckkVfXvgSJEbFmlPpYPYbORP8xSrwzI1OsTe3WRMOxhUvr-GvUV4n5_nDZrr2-nXK5FexMSA1s7Juw-jg6GDoatY3L5aGB7/s1600/7PA_1.1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiCdMJewsK94mIjJ9aeZsOnMw6VnOv_L8sgm4UqsR1YJIIMckkVfXvgSJEbFmlPpYPYbORP8xSrwzI1OsTe3WRMOxhUvr-GvUV4n5_nDZrr2-nXK5FexMSA1s7Juw-jg6GDoatY3L5aGB7/s200/7PA_1.1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;199&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;El AutoCAD siempre ha sido un programa o aplicación
que desde los primeros momentos destacaba por sus capacidades para desarrollar
componentes personalizados, aunque en las primeras etapas resultaban un poco
complejas, probablemente debido más al desarrollo de los sistemas operativos y
el nivel general de la informática. (No existía el sistema “Windows”, y se
trabajada principalmente bajo MS-DOS, por otra parte para “editar” archivos de
texto, el S.O. incluía un editor de líneas conocido como “EDLIN”, que podría
calificarse como “tortura inhumana”, para cualquier principiante que tratara de
iniciarse con algo de “ilusión” en el mundo de la informática.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;En la actualidad la situación ha cambiado
notablemente tanto en las herramientas disponibles, como con la disponibilidad
de Internet donde se pueden consultar y aclarar muchas dudas, y por otra parte
el gran esfuerzo de difusión y claridad en la documentación de los distintos
manuales que configuran el AutoCAD.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Si consultamos la “ayuda” de la última versión (Autocad
2012), vemos que dentro del primer apartado se ordenan cuatro entradas dedicadas
al manual de usuario, la lista completa de comandos, un “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;manual de personalización&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;”, y otro de controladores y
periféricos. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Independientemente de este manual que tiene un
carácter de recopilación general, se desarrollan también otras “guías de
referencia”, respecto a los distintos entornos de programación, y
particularmente el lenguaje AutoLISP, que constituye una variante del leguaje de
propósito general &amp;nbsp;LISP, basado en
“listas” y se encuentra disponible dentro del propio AutoCAD, constituyendo una
vinculación ya tradicional del LISP con este programa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;El Manual
de Personalización.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Dentro del manual de personalización se organizan los
siguientes apartados:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Personalización básica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Tipos de línea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Patrones de sombreado&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;La interfaz de usuario&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;DIESEL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Fotos y archivos de comando&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Interfaces de programación&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Formas y tipos de letra&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Migración y transferencia&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcLuxrYRs5Ib4RrLYANf3k8SpIZvAW8fqfZlykyu3Y7kNgVxN7kpnkK86cXAYzIrMrnLj35MiOCbhbQ2CBawbw8p5wWajhJIMO45DMpi0ON0cwtZHHwKHiZPL1dSogAYwXwzA8_mDupWgO/s1600/7PA_1.5.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;163&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcLuxrYRs5Ib4RrLYANf3k8SpIZvAW8fqfZlykyu3Y7kNgVxN7kpnkK86cXAYzIrMrnLj35MiOCbhbQ2CBawbw8p5wWajhJIMO45DMpi0ON0cwtZHHwKHiZPL1dSogAYwXwzA8_mDupWgO/s200/7PA_1.5.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;El primer punto corresponde a una descripción
general, en el segundo se comentan los tipos de línea disponibles en origen,
cómo se gestionan y también la posibilidad de modificar estos o generar otros
nuevos a gusto del usuario. En el tercer punto se abordan los “patrones de
sombreado” que tienen un tratamiento bastante paralelo con los tipos de línea
del punto anterior.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;En el punto 4 se aborda la personalización de la
“interfaz de usuario” desarrollando la forma de acomodar y/o adaptar los
“menús” y la forma de ejecutar las ordenes y comandos&amp;nbsp; del programa a una necesidad particular o
simplemente a nuestros gustos personales. En el punto 5 se comenta un lenguaje
específico que permite ajustar o adaptar el comportamiento de los mensajes que
el programa escribe a través de la “línea de órdenes”, y también para&amp;nbsp; automatizar “macros”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;En el apartado 6 se desarrolla y explica la
organización de archivos de texto que pueden ejecutar secuencias de comandos y
la presentación automatizada de imágenes capturadas de la pantalla gráfica.
Esto permite o bien automatizar procesos repetitivos de forma desatendida como
el trazado de planos, o bien organizar presentaciones automatizadas. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;El punto 7 trata una introducción a las distintas
interfaces de programación: LISP, C, ActiveX, VisualBasic, ObjetARX, .NET aunque
este tema, tiene lógicamente un recorrido mucho mayor, cuando se interna uno un
cualquiera de los sistemas de programación. Dentro de los sistemas de
programación, el correspondiente al lenguaje de listas “LISP” siempre ha estado
muy ligado al AutoCAD, y ya desde las primeras versiones se incluye un
“tutorial específico” sobre este lenguaje, bien explicado y con un ejemplo
bastante claro sobre el manejo de las propiedad peculiares de los objetos y
entidades gráficas que maneja el programa internamente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;En el punto 8 se desarrolla una forma particular para
“codificar” mediante archivos de texto “ASCII”, pequeños símbolos, o incluso
“tipografías” de texto, con diseños particulares o personales. Finalmente se
dedica el apartado 8 a
las peculiaridades de la migración y transferencia entre versiones de los
distintos archivos y opciones de personalización, que de todas formas suelen
estar bastante bien automatizados durante el proceso de instalación del
programa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Personalización
básica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm3FgwkQSL0w5D79DY4xdnCcssXbXawTn3JBoKl_Luc4j2uDl3Z3dX4Ea0Bp0K-QJfEw-vRNT74C1yHqKTshAyuCLtXxnn1lxf03ZNE0Q2w-D4gyFqIu10E5y8ig9KDZ-uxLfKgMRJUuK7/s1600/7PA_1.4.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;161&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm3FgwkQSL0w5D79DY4xdnCcssXbXawTn3JBoKl_Luc4j2uDl3Z3dX4Ea0Bp0K-QJfEw-vRNT74C1yHqKTshAyuCLtXxnn1lxf03ZNE0Q2w-D4gyFqIu10E5y8ig9KDZ-uxLfKgMRJUuK7/s200/7PA_1.4.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Dentro del apartado de personalización básica, el
manual del programa dedica una primera parte a la ubicación de los archivos,
tanto los de soporte y personalización del programa, como a los archivos de
trabajo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Incluido en este apartado se comenta también un
elemento bastante singular e interesante como es el archivo de configuración
“ACAD.PGP”. Este se trata de un archivo de texto plano (ASCII) que se incluye
como soporte del propio programa, y mediante el cual, podemos definir y
configurar nuevos “comandos” adaptados a nuestras necesidades particulares o a
nuestros gustos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;El archivo se encuentra dentro de las carpetas de
soporte del programa, aunque se mantiene relativamente oculto por seguridad, y
en las versiones actuales del programa se accede a él desde el menú
“Herramientas/Personalizar/Editar acad.pgp”. El archivo se abre con el editor
“notepad” o bien aquel que hayamos configurado al hacer la instalación, como
editor ASCII. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Cuando se abre el archivo, la primera parte contiene
unos comentarios y recomendaciones además de las referencias apropiadas, y nos
recuerda que es conveniente hacer una copia de seguridad o reserva si vamos a
modificar el contenido. El funcionamiento normal es bastante simple ya que se
trata de algo similar a los viejos archivos “*.bat” del sistema operativo,
aunque definido dentro del entorno de AutoCAD, es decir que el programa “lee” e
interpreta su contenido cada vez que se inicia su ejecución. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Dentro del archivo, los comentarios se inician con el
carácter “;”, de tal forma que el resto de la línea es ignorada en la “ejecución”
del proceso, pero sin embargo resulta muy útil para incluir dentro del propio archivo,
algunos comentarios y explicaciones que nos ayudan a entender el funcionamiento
y a identificar las referencias de su contenido.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Como ye se ha mencionado, la cabecera del archivo contiene
una serie de comentarios generales, y a continuación se encuentra una sección en
la que se definen los “comandos externos”. Luego incluyen otro paquete de
comentarios con referencias sobre la forma de configurar los “alias de comando”
incluyendo a continuación un amplio conjunto ya “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;preconfigurado&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;”, y también algunas líneas adicionales de
comentarios y advertencias.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Comandos
externos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;El funcionamiento de los “comandos externos”, se basa
en escribir en una línea, un conjunto de campos separados por comas con arreglo
a un orden y estructura preestablecida que el programa “interpreta” en tiempo
de ejecución para poder actuar en consecuencia. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh733wFHdPmahPJNgkd8Gb9jGRLvbIkt_45g6d1zCKlDbGOY7lQ5ZcVzgk_qDDccwzrk4qaIXmLXch_RhIALGX8VhsboEBOGunAOOxhF9S630tHy2k-8P7MAZZ2Ou2e5D1HKnQewnd0Ziau/s1600/7PA_1.2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;172&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh733wFHdPmahPJNgkd8Gb9jGRLvbIkt_45g6d1zCKlDbGOY7lQ5ZcVzgk_qDDccwzrk4qaIXmLXch_RhIALGX8VhsboEBOGunAOOxhF9S630tHy2k-8P7MAZZ2Ou2e5D1HKnQewnd0Ziau/s200/7PA_1.2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;La sintaxis de la línea se explica en la ayuda del
programa y tiene una estructura fija de forma que siempre es necesario escribir
las “comas” ya que estas constituye el carácter separador entre los campos de
datos, y su presencia resulta necesaria, aunque el “dato” correspondiente se
encuentre vacío en algún caso particular.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;El funcionamiento de cada línea, se basa en escribir
en primer lugar el “comando” como una palabra o etiqueta que al ser
identificada, cuando nosotros la escribamos posteriormente en la “línea de
ordenes” durante la ejecución de AutoCAD, el programa lanzará una llamada al
sistema operativo para que se ejecute la “orden”, que hemos escrito en el “segundo”
campo de la línea de texto, con arreglo a los parámetros o especificaciones que
se han incluido en los demás campos de esa línea.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 190.2pt center 220.95pt right 441.9pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;En conclusión, podemos
controlar desde dentro del autocad la ejecución de los comandos del S.O., como
la orden “dir” o “type”, o bien iniciar algún programa externo como el editor
ASCII “NOTEPAD” o el explorador de archivos “EXPLORER”. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 190.2pt center 220.95pt right 441.9pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 190.2pt center 220.95pt right 441.9pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;La verdad es que esta
utilidad tampoco tiene mucho interés con las versiones actuales del sistema
operativo Windows, que ya que actualmente se dispone de una “multitarea”
perfectamente implantada y completa, de tal forma que siempre es posible
minimizar la ventana de ejecución del AutoCAD sin interrumpir sus tareas, accediendo
al escritorio o a cualquier otra ventana del sistema operativo para operar con
total independencia y simultaneidad. No obstante en los tiempos del antiguo
MS-DOS esto no era posible, y este tipo de utilidad se mantiene aún por
compatibilidad con las versiones antiguas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 190.2pt center 220.95pt right 441.9pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Alias de
Comando&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Los “alias de comando” constituyen una utilidad parecida
en cuanto a funcionamiento, pero tienen más interés y se configuran en el mismo
archivo con una estructura similar a la de las órdenes externas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc3zBoARvw8Ne1VQ6Xr_WVlqnGcAjsV8LYIF2eTOuaLTP8irJ4lRTYHE5IcbnnDBVT0HTUQp139KWPCpZIRSLKo07j24uOXWbuAHWXR0fyAW3x-DQ6kegzlMs9QTpYo5vW6B20NWwNimN3/s1600/7PA_1.3.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;173&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc3zBoARvw8Ne1VQ6Xr_WVlqnGcAjsV8LYIF2eTOuaLTP8irJ4lRTYHE5IcbnnDBVT0HTUQp139KWPCpZIRSLKo07j24uOXWbuAHWXR0fyAW3x-DQ6kegzlMs9QTpYo5vW6B20NWwNimN3/s200/7PA_1.3.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;En este caso la idea consiste en que podemos escribir
en la línea del archivo, una primera palabra o “etiqueta”&amp;nbsp; que sea de nuestro gusto, y a continuación el
nombre del comando o la orden de AutoCAD, que debe ejecutarse cuando escribamos
esa primera palabra o etiqueta en la línea de órdenes. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Este mecanismo nos permite establecer un conjunto de
“abreviaturas” que puedan resultar cómodas y fáciles de recordar, además de lo
suficientemente cortas (una o dos letras), en lugar de los nombres habituales
de las órdenes del programa, para que resulte cómodo y rápido escribir la
abreviatura (una o dos pulsaciones) en la línea de texto, y ejecutar así el
comando o la orden correspondiente. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;La sintaxis de la línea de texto es similar, aunque
ahora solo tenemos dos campos separados por una coma. El primero es el “alias”
que queremos utilizar, y el segundo el nombre del comando precedido por un
asterisco. También se puede utilizar el guión para invocar el comando en modo
transparente, o el de subrayado para invocarlo en “ingles” con independencia de
que la versión de AutCAD pueda estar traducida a otro idioma diferente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Las abreviaturas incluidas en el archivo pueden
abarcar solamente un pequeño conjunto de las órdenes más habituales, o
extenderse a todas las que queramos y tampoco existe ninguna restricción, para
implantar diferentes abreviaturas sobre una misma orden. La única restricción
lógica es que las abreviaturas o “alias” deben ser únicas, ya que en otro caso
solo estará vigente la última que se haya escrito dentro del archivo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://juliocad.blogspot.com/2012/04/personalizar-el-autocad-i.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Julio)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiCdMJewsK94mIjJ9aeZsOnMw6VnOv_L8sgm4UqsR1YJIIMckkVfXvgSJEbFmlPpYPYbORP8xSrwzI1OsTe3WRMOxhUvr-GvUV4n5_nDZrr2-nXK5FexMSA1s7Juw-jg6GDoatY3L5aGB7/s72-c/7PA_1.1.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item></channel></rss>