<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7039071718670816998</id><updated>2024-08-30T16:08:06.909+07:00</updated><category term="Finance Journal"/><category term="Download"/><category term="Journal"/><category term="Jurnal"/><category term="Conservatism"/><category term="Ownership"/><category term="Granger"/><category term="Just Relax"/><category term="Lowongan"/><category term="Marketing"/><category term="Options Thinking"/><category term="Positive Accounting Theory"/><category term="ROA"/><category term="Risk Level"/><category term="Stock Split"/><category term="Accounting Method"/><category term="Accounting Outcomes"/><category term="Accounting Return"/><category term="Asia"/><category term="BPI"/><category term="Beta"/><category term="Blockholders Ownership"/><category term="CAPM"/><category term="CPI"/><category term="CVA"/><category term="Cash Flow"/><category term="Communication Skill"/><category term="Corporate Governance"/><category term="Corporate Strategy"/><category term="Cost of Debet"/><category term="Day of Week Effect"/><category term="Dell Computer"/><category term="Diversified Firms"/><category term="Dividend"/><category term="Dividends"/><category term="EVA"/><category term="Earning"/><category term="Enron"/><category term="First Pass"/><category term="IKE"/><category term="Kausalitas"/><category term="Market Efficiency"/><category term="Market Reaction"/><category term="Marketing Expense"/><category term="Marketing budgeting"/><category term="Metode Effect Tetap"/><category term="Myopic Eyes"/><category term="PC"/><category term="Privatisasi"/><category term="ROI"/><category term="Regression"/><category term="Return on Sales"/><category term="SPSS"/><category term="Scenario Planning"/><category term="Second Pass"/><category term="Security"/><category term="Software Financial"/><category term="Strategic Thinking"/><category term="Timic Souls"/><category term="Uncertainty"/><category term="Value Base Management"/><category term="firm value"/><title type='text'>Jurnal Akuntansi &amp;amp; Keuangan</title><subtitle type='html'>Accounting &amp;amp; Finance Journal ....</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>52</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7039071718670816998.post-2638408292667408173</id><published>2010-06-18T15:47:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2010-06-18T15:54:11.838+07:00</updated><title type='text'>Prudential fails in bid to buy Asian insurer AIA: report</title><content type='html'>LONDON (AFP) – British insurer Prudential&#39;s attempt to buy the Asian unit of US group AIG has ended in failure, the BBC reported on Tuesday.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The deal collapsed after Prudential failed to negotiate a lower price for AIA, the BBC said.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Prudential had asked AIG (American International Group) to cut its asking price of 35.5 billion dollars (29 billion euros) to nearer 30 billion dollars, following a revolt by the British company&#39;s shareholders.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But AIG said that &quot;after careful consideration, the company will adhere to the original terms of its previously announced agreement.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;The company will not consider revisions to those terms,&quot; it added.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If the collapse of the deal is confirmed, it would pile fresh pressure on Prudential&#39;s chief executive Tidjane Thiam, who wants to transform the 162-year-old British company into an international insurance powerhouse.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The takeover would have been the biggest ever in the insurance sector, transforming Prudential into the world&#39;s top non-Chinese insurer by market capitalisation, ahead of major competitors Allianz and AXA.&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/feeds/2638408292667408173/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/7039071718670816998/2638408292667408173' title='172 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/2638408292667408173'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/2638408292667408173'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/2010/06/prudential-fails-in-bid-to-buy-asian.html' title='Prudential fails in bid to buy Asian insurer AIA: report'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>172</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7039071718670816998.post-3182194338632723644</id><published>2010-06-18T15:26:00.002+07:00</published><updated>2010-06-18T15:44:06.952+07:00</updated><title type='text'>How To Choose Credit Card?</title><content type='html'>Choosing Credit Card is easy as 1,2 and 3. Just follow 3 steps : Doing some research, make compare, then apply. Nowadays, we always use credit card in many aspect of life. We need credit card to easy payment. Pay bills with credit card make life more easier. There are many offer so we can get best price and discount when using credit card.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To choose credit card, you have to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.comparecards.com/&quot;&gt;compare credit card offers&lt;/a&gt;. You have to compare which one is low interest credit cards, balance transfer cards, instant approval cards, reward credit cards, airline credit cards, cash back credit cards, prepaid debit cards, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.comparecards.com/compare-by-category/student-credit-cards/&quot;&gt;student credit cards&lt;/a&gt;, business credit cards, credit cards for bad credit and gas credit cards.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Which one is secured?&lt;br /&gt;Comparing by issuer, there are many credit card issuer you should choose which are &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.comparecards.com/compare-by-category/credit-cards-for-bad-credit/secured/&quot;&gt;secured credit cards&lt;/a&gt;. Chase, discover, citu, american express, hsbc, bank of america, capital one and first national bank omaha is the example.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/feeds/3182194338632723644/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/7039071718670816998/3182194338632723644' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/3182194338632723644'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/3182194338632723644'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/2010/06/how-to-choose-credit-card.html' title='How To Choose Credit Card?'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7039071718670816998.post-776949770967562745</id><published>2008-09-12T18:08:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2008-09-12T18:10:47.188+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Conservatism"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Finance Journal"/><title type='text'>Conservatism in Accounting</title><content type='html'>by. Ross L. Watts&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Abstract&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This paper examines conservatism in accounting.  Conservatism is defined as the differential verifiability required for recognition of profits versus losses. In its extreme form the definition incorporates the traditional conservatism adage: “anticipate no profit,but anticipate all losses.”  Despite criticism from many quarters, including standard-setters, conservatism appears not only to have survived in accounting for many centuries,but also to have increased in the last 30years.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The paper lays out the various alternative explanations for conservatism: contracting; shareholder litigation; taxation and accounting regulation (e.g., SEC and FASB). It also summarizes the empirical evidence on the existence of conservatism and the extent to which it is consistent with the alternative explanations for conservatism. The evidence is consistent with both the existence of conservatism and its increase in recent years.  Contracting and shareholder litigation explanations appear to be important in these results.  The evidence on the effect of taxation and regulation is weaker, but is still consistent with those explanations playing a role.  Earnings management could also produce some of the evidence on conservatism, but it is unlikely to be the major explanation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The explanations and evidence have important implications for accounting&lt;br /&gt;regulators (SEC and FASB).  First, the contracting explanation implies that conservatism will exist even in the absence of formal contractual use of financial statements.  As long as income and net asset measures have meaning and are used in a way that affects management’s welfare, conservatism is likely to be an optimal accounting principle. Absent differential verifiability, financial measures such as income and net assets are likely to be subject to sufficient manipulation to render them meaningless.  Second, recent FASB moves to apply rules such as mark-to-market without appropriate concern for verifiability are likely to be disastrous for the FASB and capital markets.  Third, attempts to introduce unverifiable estimates of future cash flows into the financial statements are likely to just as disastrous.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/feeds/776949770967562745/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/7039071718670816998/776949770967562745' title='38 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/776949770967562745'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/776949770967562745'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/2008/09/conservatism-in-accounting.html' title='Conservatism in Accounting'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>38</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7039071718670816998.post-8224775377931337112</id><published>2008-09-12T17:59:00.002+07:00</published><updated>2008-09-12T18:07:26.877+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Conservatism"/><title type='text'>Is Accounting Conservatism Due to Debt or Equity Markets?</title><content type='html'>by: Ray Ball, Ashok Robin and Gil Sadka&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Abstract&lt;br /&gt;We provide a simple test of “costly contracting” and “value relevance theories” of accounting, using data on the importance of countries’ debt and equity markets. Contracting (debt markets) theory predicts conditional conservatism, in the Basu (1997) sense of asymmetrically timelier loss recognition than gain recognition, a proxy for which is greater sensitivity of earnings to negative returns than to positive returns. Contracting theory also predicts the degree of asymmetry increases in the importance of a country’s debt markets, but not in the importance of equity markets. In contrast, value relevance (equity markets) theory implies a symmetric and strong relation between earnings and returns, regardless of the sign of returns.  Furthermore, contracting theory predicts that unconditional conservatism, in the sense of unconditionally low earnings and book values, does not increase contracting efficiency, and thus is unrelated to debt market importance. Data from a small cross-sectional sample of 22 countries are consistent with all of the predictions of “costly contracting” theory. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Our analysis of data from twenty-two countries supports the hypothesis that  financial reporting conservatism – in the Basu (1997) sense of conditional conservatism, or timelier loss recognition than gain recognition – originates in the reporting demands of  debt markets, but not of equity markets. These results are inconsistent with the basic premise of the “value relevance” school of accounting thought, in which the sole criterion for financial reporting is the linear correlation between book values and some notion of underlying market or “true” value. The results are consistent with the “costly contracting” school of accounting thought, and in particular with the hypothesis that the reporting demands of the debt market exert a substantial impact on accounting practice. This hypothesis has origins at least as early as Gilman (1939), and more recently has been proposed by Watts and Zimmerman (1986), Watts (1993, 2003a,b) and Holthausen and Watts (2001). &lt;br /&gt;Despite the centrality of this issue, we are aware of no direct test of the roles of &lt;br /&gt;debt and equity markets in shaping financial reporting practice. Our test relates individual country measures of gain and loss recognition timeliness with the relative sizes of the countries’ debt and equity markets, scaled by their Gross National Products. These variables proxy for the relative importance of debt markets and equity markets in the countries’ economies.  The rationale for this measure is that financial reporting is a costly activity, and the observed quantity of it in practice should depend on demand. If timely loss recognition is in lower demand in a country because it has more poorly developed capital markets, then that country will be less likely to expend costly resources in implementing it. Our measure of demand is market size. We find a significant positive relation between all measures of loss recognition  and debt market size, but a negative or insignificant relation with equity market size. The loss recognition effect is economically as well as statistically significant, in that a one  standard deviation increase in a country’s ratio of debt to GNP is associated with a 0.08 increase in the regression slope for accounting income on negative stock returns, which large in relation to the cross-country mean of 0.21. Further, we find no relation between gain recognition and either debt or equity market size. The asymmetry timeliness of between the loss and gain recognition results is inconsistent with “value relevance,” which predicts symmetry. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Finally, as predicted by costly contracting theory, we find no relation between unconditional conservatism and debt markets. We conclude that conditional conservatism (asymmetrically timely loss  recognition) exists for efficiency of contracting in debt markets, and unconditional conservatism (low book values, independent of economic gains and losses) does not.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/feeds/8224775377931337112/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/7039071718670816998/8224775377931337112' title='43 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/8224775377931337112'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/8224775377931337112'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/2008/09/is-accounting-conservatism-due-to-debt.html' title='Is Accounting Conservatism Due to Debt or Equity Markets?'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>43</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7039071718670816998.post-5477656282452662858</id><published>2008-08-26T19:44:00.002+07:00</published><updated>2008-09-12T09:26:50.126+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Accounting Method"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Dividend"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Finance Journal"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Market Reaction"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Stock Split"/><title type='text'>The Market Reaction to the Choice of Accounting Method for Stock Splits and Large Stock Dividends</title><content type='html'>by. Graeme Rankine; Earl K. Stice&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Prior research has used inaccurate classification rules to distinguish between stock splits and stock dividends. The CRSP classification of two-for-one stock distributions agrees with the actual accounting treatment only 23% of the time. In addition, the accounting treatment impacts the announcement period reaction-two for one distributions accounted for as stock dividends are associated with five-day announcement period returns of 2,70%, significantly greater that the 0,93% announcement returns for distributions accounted for as stock splits. Announcement returns are posi....</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/feeds/5477656282452662858/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/7039071718670816998/5477656282452662858' title='4 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/5477656282452662858'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/5477656282452662858'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/2008/08/market-reaction-to-choice-of-accounting.html' title='The Market Reaction to the Choice of Accounting Method for Stock Splits and Large Stock Dividends'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>4</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7039071718670816998.post-4749159720908651449</id><published>2008-08-26T19:40:00.002+07:00</published><updated>2008-09-12T09:45:55.308+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Earning"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Finance Journal"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Stock Split"/><title type='text'>Earnings and Stock Splits</title><content type='html'>by. Paul Asquith; Paul Healy; Krishna Palepu&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This paper examines whether stock splits convey information about earnings. The results indicate that firms split their shares after a significant increase in earnings. Before the stock split announcement, the market expects these earnings increase to be temporary. The split announcement leads investors to increase their expectations that the past earnings increases are permanent. The evidence also suggest that the market&#39;s reaction to split announcement cannot be attributed to expectations of either future earnings increases or near-term cash dividend increases.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/feeds/4749159720908651449/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/7039071718670816998/4749159720908651449' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/4749159720908651449'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/4749159720908651449'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/2008/08/earnings-and-stock-splits.html' title='Earnings and Stock Splits'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7039071718670816998.post-3309688648851660915</id><published>2008-08-26T19:06:00.004+07:00</published><updated>2008-09-12T10:08:55.127+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Finance Journal"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Ownership"/><title type='text'>Ownership Structure, Financial Constraints and  Investment Decisions: Evidence from a Panel of  Italian Firms</title><content type='html'>by. Francesco Crespi and  Giuseppe Scellato &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Over the past two decades, a wide empirical literature has addressed the theme of firm-level financial constraints, supporting the hypothesis that the availability of internal funds is indeed a major driver of investment decisions. The largest part of such empirical analyses detects the presence of liquidity constraints  from the observation of differentials in investment-cash flow elasticities among sub groups of companies. However, the theoretical side of the issue is still debated. Investment – cash flow sensitivity can be attributed to the presence of two different factors: asymmetric information on capital markets or internal agency problems leading to overinvestment by the management. In this paper, using a new sample of 1035  Italian manufacturing firms observed in the period 1998-2003, we try to disentangle the different potential determinants underlying the observed positive elasticity between investments and internal resources by accounting for both the ownership structure of the companies and the role played by financial intermediaries as both investors and debt-holders.  The most interesting result emerging from our  analysis is related to the presence of an inverted – U relationship between concentration of ownership and the elasticity of investment to cashflow. The overall evidence is supportive of the hypothesis that the elevated dependence of investment in both  tangible and intangible capital on internal resources cannot be fully attributed to frictions on the credit market. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Over the past two decades, a wide empirical literature has addressed the theme of &lt;br /&gt;firm-level financial constraints, supporting the hypothesis that the availability of internal funds is indeed a major driver of investment decisions (Himmelberg and Petersen, 1994; Schiantarelli, 1996; Carpenter and Petersen, 2002; Audretsch and Elston 2002). The largest part of such empirical analyses is based on refinements of the original model by Fazzari, Hubbard and Petersen (1988) which derives the presence of liquidity constraints from the observation of differentials in investment-cash flow elasticities among sub groups of companies. In this context, a significantly higher dependence through time of investments to internally generated cash flow can be interpreted as a signal of a higher premium on external financial resources.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/feeds/3309688648851660915/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/7039071718670816998/3309688648851660915' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/3309688648851660915'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/3309688648851660915'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/2008/08/ownership-structure-financial.html' title='Ownership Structure, Financial Constraints and  Investment Decisions: Evidence from a Panel of  Italian Firms'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7039071718670816998.post-8883361805498422638</id><published>2008-08-26T19:05:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2008-09-12T09:48:39.537+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Diversified Firms"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Finance Journal"/><title type='text'>Leverage and Investment in Diversified Firms</title><content type='html'>by. Seoungpil Ahn and  David J. Denis &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Abstract &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Within diversified firms, the negative impact of leverage on investment is significantly greater for high q than for low q segments, and significantly greater for non-core than for core segments.  This is consistent with the view that diversified firms allocate a disproportionate share of their debt service burden to their  higher q and non-core segments.  We also find that among low-growth firms, the positive relation between leverage and firm value is significantly weaker in diversified firms than in focused firms.  We conclude that the disciplinary benefits of debt are partially offset by the additional managerial discretion in allocating debt service that is provided by the diversified organizational structure.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/feeds/8883361805498422638/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/7039071718670816998/8883361805498422638' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/8883361805498422638'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/8883361805498422638'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/2008/08/leverage-and-investment-in-diversified.html' title='Leverage and Investment in Diversified Firms'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7039071718670816998.post-7254279381898837266</id><published>2008-08-26T19:03:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2008-09-12T10:07:37.013+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Finance Journal"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Ownership"/><title type='text'>Firm Ownership and Investment  Efficiency in China</title><content type='html'>by. David Dollar and Shang-Jin Wei&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Based on a survey that we designed and that covers a stratified random sample of 12,400 firms in 120 cities in China with firm-level accounting information for 2002-2004, this paper examines  the presence of systematic distortions in capital allocation that result in uneven marginal returns to capital across firm ownership, regions, and sectors. It provides a systematic comparison of investment efficiency among wholly and partially state-owned, wholly and partially foreign-owned, and domestic privately owned firms, conditioning on their sector, location, and size &lt;br /&gt;characteristics. It finds that even after a quarter-of-century of reforms, state-owned firms still have significantly lower returns to capital, on average, than domestic private or foreign-owned firms. Similarly, certain regions and sectors have consistently lower returns to capital than other regions and sectors. By our calculation, if China succeeds in allocating its capital more efficiently, it could reduce its investment intensity by 5 percent of GDP without sacrificing its economic growth (and hence deliver a greater improvement to its citizens’ living standard).</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/feeds/7254279381898837266/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/7039071718670816998/7254279381898837266' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/7254279381898837266'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/7254279381898837266'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/2008/08/firm-ownership-and-investment.html' title='Firm Ownership and Investment  Efficiency in China'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7039071718670816998.post-7298779130607551394</id><published>2008-08-26T19:01:00.002+07:00</published><updated>2008-09-12T10:10:00.357+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="CVA"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="EVA"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Finance Journal"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Value Base Management"/><title type='text'>VALUE BASED MANAGEMENT: Economic Value Added or Cash Value Added?</title><content type='html'>by. Fredrik Weissenrieder&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Corporate managers now face a period where a new economic framework that better reflects value and profitability must be implemented in their companies. Accounting systems, which has been used up until today, are insufficient and will not stand the challenge from the increasingly efficient capital markets and owners. The increased efficiency at the capital markets requires that capital allocation within companies become more efficient and it is therefore not possible for companies to in the future&lt;br /&gt;allocate capital as inefficient as they do today. A new economic framework, a Value Based Manage-ment framework that better reflects opportunities and pitfalls, is therefore necessary. In my opinion, there are four major frameworks within Value Based Management; Economic Value Added (EVA®1), Cash Value Added (CVA2), Cash Flow Return on Investments (CFROI), and Share-holder Value Analysis (SVA). A company can chose one of these four for their company&#39;s economic framework of the future. The choice will have a substantial effect on management resources, strategy choices, and on how investors, analysts, media, etc view the company. This paper will deal with EVA and CVA, the two most frequent concepts in Sweden. Many things are being said about the two frameworks. I will in this paper present my reflections on a few similarities and differences of the two frameworks. In section 2 I will briefly discuss Value Based Management in general. Section 3 discusses the parts of the CVA concept that is necessary for the comparison with EVA. Section 4 discusses the parts of the EVA concept that is necessary for the comparison with CVA. Section 4 will also discuss whether EVA functions as a Value Based Management concept (which is its objective) or just another version of accounting. Section 5 will discuss the alleged necessity, for technical reasons, of basing a Value Based Management tool on accounting which EVA does, contra the possibility of basing it directly on Cash Flow which CVA does. Section 6 further compares EVA to CVA and it discusses the final cor-rections that are necessary to eventually have EVA become a concept that simulates cash flow. Sec-tion 7 will discuss the Market Value Added concept, and then we have the conclusion in section 8. In Appendix 1 I will discuss a company&#39;s concept of value from the shareholders&#39; perspective. All figures, graphs and tables in the paper are my own.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I will leave out some interesting aspects in order to keep this paper a paper and not a book, e.g. the problems that we find in accounting&#39;s consolidation of multinational corporations, i.e. consolidation effects from inflation and currency effects, which also influence the quality of EVA.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/feeds/7298779130607551394/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/7039071718670816998/7298779130607551394' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/7298779130607551394'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/7298779130607551394'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/2008/08/value-based-management-economic-value.html' title='VALUE BASED MANAGEMENT: Economic Value Added or Cash Value Added?'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7039071718670816998.post-5796059589131934653</id><published>2008-08-26T18:59:00.003+07:00</published><updated>2008-09-12T10:13:09.894+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Accounting Outcomes"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Corporate Governance"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Finance Journal"/><title type='text'>Corporate Governance, Accounting Outcomes, and   Organizational Performance</title><content type='html'>The empirical research examining the association between typical  measures of corporate governance and various accounting and economic outcomes has  not produced a consistent set of results.  We believe that these mixed results are partially  attributable to the difficulty in generating reliable and valid measures for the complex  construct that is termed “corporate governance.”  Using a sample of 2,106 firms and 39  structural measures of corporate governance (e.g., board characteristics, stock ownership, institutional ownership, activist stock ownership, existence of debt-holders, mix of executive compensation, and anti-takeover variables), our exploratory principal component analysis suggests that there are 14 dimensions to corporate governance.  We find that these indices have a mixed association with abnormal accruals, little relation to accounting restatements, but some ability to explain future operating performance and future excess stock returns.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/feeds/5796059589131934653/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/7039071718670816998/5796059589131934653' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/5796059589131934653'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/5796059589131934653'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/2008/08/corporate-governance-accounting.html' title='Corporate Governance, Accounting Outcomes, and   Organizational Performance'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7039071718670816998.post-8578882411114298576</id><published>2008-08-26T18:57:00.002+07:00</published><updated>2008-09-12T10:36:45.772+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Cash Flow"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Dividends"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Finance Journal"/><title type='text'>A Comparison of Dividend, Cash Flow and Earnings Approaches to Equity Valution</title><content type='html'>by. Stephen H. Penman and Theodore Sougiannis&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Standard formulas for valuing equities require prediction of payoffs &quot;to infinity&quot; for going concerns but a practical analysis requires that they be predicted over finite horizons.  This truncation inevitably involves (often troublesome) &quot;terminal value&quot; calculations.  This paper contrasts dividend discount techniques, discounted cash flow analysis, and techniques based on accrual earnings when applied to a finite-horizon valuation.  Valuations based on average ex post payoffs over various horizons, with and without terminal value calculations, are compared with (ex ante) market prices to give an indication of the error introduced by each technique in truncating the horizon.  Comparisons of these errors show that accrual earnings techniques dominate free cash flow and dividend discounting approaches.  Further, the relevant accounting features of each technique are identified and the source of the accounting that makes it less than ideal for finite horizon analysis (and for which it requires a correction) are discovered.  Conditions where a given technique requires particularly long forecasting horizons are identified and the performance of the alternative techniques under those conditions is examined.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/feeds/8578882411114298576/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/7039071718670816998/8578882411114298576' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/8578882411114298576'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/8578882411114298576'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/2008/08/comparison-of-dividend-cash-flow-and.html' title='A Comparison of Dividend, Cash Flow and Earnings Approaches to Equity Valution'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7039071718670816998.post-6074875947502564215</id><published>2008-08-26T18:55:00.003+07:00</published><updated>2008-09-12T10:41:33.262+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Cost of Debet"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Finance Journal"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Risk Level"/><title type='text'>Information Risk and the Cost of Debt Capital</title><content type='html'>by. Sattar A. Mansi, William F. Maxwell and Darius P. Miller&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We test whether forecast dispersion is related  to the uncertainty of economic fundamentals by  exploiting the unique attributes of the corporate bond market. We find strong evidence that forecast  dispersion is positively priced in corporate bond yields. We also provide evidence that other firm  specific information measures, such as the level of idiosyncratic risk, analyst following, forecast bias, &lt;br /&gt;ownership structure, probability of informed trading (PIN), executive compensation, age, size, and  accounting disclosures impact the spread on corporate bonds, but do not subsume the effect of dispersion. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the dispersion of analysts’ forecasts represents a forward looking measure of information risk that is priced in financial markets.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/feeds/6074875947502564215/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/7039071718670816998/6074875947502564215' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/6074875947502564215'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/6074875947502564215'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/2008/08/information-risk-and-cost-of-debt.html' title='Information Risk and the Cost of Debt Capital'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7039071718670816998.post-8946523007766004376</id><published>2008-08-26T18:50:00.004+07:00</published><updated>2008-09-12T10:48:02.329+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Day of Week Effect"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Finance Journal"/><title type='text'>Day of The Week Effect and Market Efficiency</title><content type='html'>DAY OF THE WEEK EFFECT AND MARKET EFFICIENCY – EVIDENCE FROM INDIAN EQUITY MARKET USING HIGH FREQUENCY DATA OF NATIONAL STOCK EXCHANGE&lt;br /&gt;by Golaka C Nath &amp;  Manoj Dalvi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The present study examines empirically  the day of the week effect anomaly in  the Indian equity market for the period from 1999 to 2003 using both high  frequency and end of day data for the  benchmark Indian equity market index  S&amp;P CNX NIFTY. Using robust regression with biweights and dummy variables, the study finds that before introduction of rolling settlement in January 2002, Monday and Friday were significant days.  However after the introduction of the rolling settlement, Friday has become significant. This also indicates that Fridays, being the last days of the weeks have become significant after rolling settlement. Mondays were found to have higher standard deviations followed by Fridays. The existence of market inefficiency is  clear. The market inefficiency still exists  and market is yet to price the risk appropriately.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/feeds/8946523007766004376/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/7039071718670816998/8946523007766004376' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/8946523007766004376'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/8946523007766004376'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/2008/08/day-of-week-effect-and-market.html' title='Day of The Week Effect and Market Efficiency'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7039071718670816998.post-5503140291438668560</id><published>2008-07-26T12:01:00.002+07:00</published><updated>2008-07-26T12:07:54.536+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Granger"/><title type='text'>Granger (daftar Referensi)</title><content type='html'>Untuk Nofri di Padang yang menanyakan buku-buku referensi Metode Penelitian dengan menggunakan Granger Kausalitas, ini bukunya ya:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1) Metode Riset Untuk Bisnis &amp; Ekonomi, bagaimana meneliti dan menulis Tesis?&lt;br /&gt;Mudrajat Kuncoro, Phd&lt;br /&gt;Penerbit Erlangga,&lt;br /&gt;halaman 255&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2) Pendekatan Populer dan Praktis Ekonometrika untuk Analisis Ekonomi dan Keuangan&lt;br /&gt;Nachrowi D Nachrowi MSC, &amp; Hardius Usman MSi&lt;br /&gt;Lembaga Penerbit FEUI&lt;br /&gt;Bab IX</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/feeds/5503140291438668560/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/7039071718670816998/5503140291438668560' title='5 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/5503140291438668560'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/5503140291438668560'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/2008/07/granger-daftar-referensi.html' title='Granger (daftar Referensi)'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>5</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7039071718670816998.post-5468610767496263007</id><published>2008-06-27T18:46:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2008-06-27T18:47:30.911+07:00</updated><title type='text'>IVVM = Suatu cara menemukan ide judul thesis</title><content type='html'>Bagi banyak mahasiswa, menyelesaikan skripsi atau pun thesis merupakan suatu batu sandungan. Bagaimana tidak, skripsi dan thesis ibarat momok menakutkan mengingat inilah GOAL terakhir bagi mahasiswa yang ingin menyandang gelar Sarjana. Tak jarang penyelesaian skripsi menjadi berlarut-larut dan diselingi dengan cuti kuliah dengan alasan belum dapat judul, belum bisa maju sidang, judul yang tidak disetujui dosen pembimbing atau waktu yang kurang karena sibuk bekerja.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Berdasarkan pengalaman pribadi, dan tentu memperhatikan faktor external, ternyata ada satu ajian yang cukup ampuh dalam menyikapi masalah ide judul thesis. Kuncinya cuma 4 huruf yaitu : IVVM.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I = Idealisasi&lt;br /&gt;V = Visualisasi&lt;br /&gt;V = Verbalisasi&lt;br /&gt;M = Materialisasi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Saya jelaskan satu per satu.&lt;br /&gt;Idealisasi&lt;br /&gt;Pikirkan hal yang jelek-jelek jika skripsi anda tidak selesai sekarang dan pikirkan apa yang baik-baik jika skripsi anda selesai sekarang. Apa tujuan anda kuliah dan mengapa dulu anda begitu ingin kuliah. Pikirkan berapa banyak uang dan waktu yang telah anda investasikan hingga anda mencapai apa yang anda dapat sekarang.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Visualisasi&lt;br /&gt;Bayangkan dan ingatkan diri Anda selalu akan goal anda. Setidaknya 2x sehari: pagi hari ketika baru bangun tidur dan malam sebelum tidur. Bayangkan anda sedang mempresentasikan skripsi anda di depan teman-teman dan dosen. Bayangkan anda mendapat nilai A+ untuk skripsi anda dan bayangkan anda menjadi sarjana yang luar biasa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Verbalisasi&lt;br /&gt;Katakan pada diri sendiri bahwa anda sudah dekat dengan GOAL anda yaitu lulus dengan nilai sangat baik dan tepat waktu. Katakan bahwa skripsi anda adalah goal anda. Katakan dengan penuh semangat dan emosi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Materialisasi&lt;br /&gt;Bersiaplah menerima semua ide. Anda akan terkejut mendapati begitu banyaknya ide yang muncul. Ketika ide itu muncul jangan lewatkan..segera catat dan cari referensinya.&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/feeds/5468610767496263007/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/7039071718670816998/5468610767496263007' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/5468610767496263007'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/5468610767496263007'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/2008/06/ivvm-suatu-cara-menemukan-ide-judul.html' title='IVVM = Suatu cara menemukan ide judul thesis'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7039071718670816998.post-4217187585665984711</id><published>2008-06-27T18:16:00.003+07:00</published><updated>2008-09-12T11:01:48.898+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Conservatism"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Finance Journal"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Ownership"/><title type='text'>The evidence on the role of accounting conservatism in debt contracting</title><content type='html'>By Paula Widiastuti, SE, MSM&lt;br /&gt;Part of abstract [The Thesis]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This study provides evidence on the role of accounting conservatism in debt contracting. I hypothesize that (i) there is positive association between conflicts of bondholders-shareholders over dividend policy and the use of conservative accounting (ii) there is positive association between bond ratings and the use of conservative accounting. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Conflicts of bondholders-shareholders arise because of default risk in that the firm cannot pay the maturity debt because of having not enough net assets. The unavailability of enough net assets is caused by dividend overpayment to shareholders. The alternative to prevent dividend overpayment is to consistently use the conservative accounting. The conservative accounting affects earnings in that it leads to conservative earnings and reduces the possibility of earnings management by the firm. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So, I hypothesize that firms facing conflicts of bondholders-shareholders over dividend policy will use conservative accounting. Conservatism is measured by the difference between net income and operating cash flow. The lower net income than cash flow means the firm defers more unrealized revenues and expense cost rapidly when incurred. It means, the firm use more conservative accounting. The conflicts are measured by the variability of ROA, dividend payment ratio and debt ratio. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The second hypothesis which investigates the association between bonds rating and the level of conservatism based on theory that the lower the firm’s default risk, the higher the bonds rating. The firms with conservative accounting is expected to have lower default risk in that conservatism prevent dividend overpayment which cause the firm’s net asset is not enough to pay maturity bonds. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The first model result supports the hypothesis that there is positive association between conflicts of bondholders-shareholders and the use of conservative accounting. For the second model, the result do not support the hypothesis that there is a positive association between the bonds rating and the use of conservative accounting. The association between conflicts and conservative accounting provides evidence on the role of accounting conservatism in facing conflicts over dividend policy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Deep analysis please read the full thesis (only in Bahasa)</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/feeds/4217187585665984711/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/7039071718670816998/4217187585665984711' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/4217187585665984711'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/4217187585665984711'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/2008/06/evidence-on-role-of-accounting.html' title='The evidence on the role of accounting conservatism in debt contracting'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7039071718670816998.post-8805268223884532686</id><published>2008-06-27T08:24:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2008-06-27T08:39:01.682+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="SPSS"/><title type='text'>Cara Install SPSS</title><content type='html'>SPSS sebagai software pengolah data statistik tentu sudah tidak asing lagi di telinga kita. Menanggapi pertanyaan dari seorang teman bagaimana cara install software ini ke komputer, berikut penjelasannya. Download di &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ziddu.com/download.php?uid=aaqblZ2pbbGbmJzzaqqZnJGlbqebm5qtaQ%3D%3D8&quot;&gt;sini&lt;/a&gt; petunjuknya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;Masukan CD installer SPSS ke CD ROM&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Browse CD kemudian cari setup.exe lalu klik 2 kali&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Proses install dimulai, klik Next terus sampai Finish&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Install selesai&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;Lanjutkan dengan membuat shortcutnya&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;Masuk ke My Computer lalu ke C:\Program Files\SPSS\&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Cari spswin.exe&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Klik kanan lalu pilih create short cut&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Masih di C:\Program Files\SPSS, cari shortcut to spssswin.exe lalu klik kanan copy&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Lalu ke C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Start Menu\Programs\SPSS for Windows&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Klik kanan paste&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;Cara membuka program: dari menu Start | All Program | SPSS for window | shortcut to spsswin.exe&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ziddu.com/download.php?uid=aaqblZ2pbbGbmJzzaqqZnJGlbqebm5qtaQ%3D%3D8&quot;&gt;Download petunjuk install SPSS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/feeds/8805268223884532686/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/7039071718670816998/8805268223884532686' title='21 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/8805268223884532686'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/8805268223884532686'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/2008/06/cara-install-spss_26.html' title='Cara Install SPSS'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>21</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7039071718670816998.post-332930184299182133</id><published>2008-06-27T08:03:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2008-06-27T08:17:49.786+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Download"/><title type='text'>Silahkah download</title><content type='html'>Jurnal dan artikel akuntansi &amp; keuangan yang bisa didownload gratis:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ziddu.com/download.php?uid=Z62clp2uZ7OfmJbzaKqZnJGlbKebmpyuaQ%3D%3D6&quot;&gt;CAPM, 1st &amp; 2nd Pass Regression&lt;/a&gt;(Definisi, contoh regresi dan hasil)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ziddu.com/download.php?uid=bKuhnZemZayZnOKnZaqhkZSrYqyfmJyq5&quot;&gt;Istilah Pasar Modal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ziddu.com/download.php?uid=a7OcnJepabCanOKnZKqhkZSrYayfmZeq4&quot;&gt;Contoh Riset Pemasaran&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ziddu.com/download.php?uid=aK%2Bim5eqarKcnZmlsKyZlJyiYrCWlpqn2&quot;&gt;Tips Public Speaking&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#File 1: http://www.ziddu.com/download.php?uid=aKydmp2marOelOKnZqqhkZSrY6yflZmm6&quot;&gt;Software Financial Calculator Hewlet Packard 10BII&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#File 1: http://www.ziddu.com/download.php?uid=bq2fl5eraayZluKnZ6qhkZSrZKygmJ2q7&quot;&gt;Kamus Akuntansi&lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/feeds/332930184299182133/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/7039071718670816998/332930184299182133' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/332930184299182133'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/332930184299182133'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/2008/06/silahkah-download.html' title='Silahkah download'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7039071718670816998.post-3913456208010318052</id><published>2008-06-26T15:45:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2008-12-11T07:56:26.621+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Just Relax"/><title type='text'>Gunakan bahasa Inggris yang baik dan benar</title><content type='html'>Ada-ada saja kelakar masyarakat kita. Suatu ketika saya lewat Slipi dari arah Tanah Abang, di bawah jembatan layang Slipi tepatnya di pangkalan ojek ada tulisan putih dengan huruf besar menarik perhatian saya. Spontan saya tergelak-gelak ketika membaca tulisan tersebut:”TIDAK MENERIMA OJEK BARU”. He..he..tampaknya lowongan staf pengojek di area Kolong Slipi sudah ditutup.    &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Di lain waktu di tengah-tengah macetnya Slipi, dari kejauhan ada satu tulisan yang menarik perhatian saya. Kreatifitas supir bis boleh juga, ada yang menulis motto hidupnya di bagian belakang bis..misalnya “DOA MAMA” sampai ke ledekan untuk diri sendiri “Nafsu Kuat – Tenaga Tak Ada”..yang ini kelihatannya ledekan untuk pemilik bus yang kurang perhatian dengan kendaraan miliknya…ketika muatan penuh jalannya jadi lelet dan asapnya berhamburan menambah polusi jalan.&lt;a onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot; href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzpXmIa1JbcT8xH6CxMx4Xnu3cgP9zf7jka0m5OkKjwaNLU6BloTZgOEkr7QDHFGnqIlJGNpRqwmMMB0yaaCt9qkeSh-YjMXYRIYGb9flKXm6zdtWSHfNZ9134G2ZaHXcdO7RghOIHzeJk/s1600-h/sesame_street.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzpXmIa1JbcT8xH6CxMx4Xnu3cgP9zf7jka0m5OkKjwaNLU6BloTZgOEkr7QDHFGnqIlJGNpRqwmMMB0yaaCt9qkeSh-YjMXYRIYGb9flKXm6zdtWSHfNZ9134G2ZaHXcdO7RghOIHzeJk/s200/sesame_street.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5216137183730458674&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nah yang paling baru, hari Sabtu lalu. Yang ini bikin ketawa tapi juga salut. Tampaknya supir bis 46 jurusan Rambutan – UKI – Grogol begitu bangga dengan jati dirinya. Inilah identitasku..begitu kira-kira. Apalagi tulisannya menggunakan bahasa Inggris..seolah ingin berkata,”Biar supir bus, gua bisa juga bahasa Inggris”. Yang agak sedikit mengganggu, tulisannya sedikit keliru: FLAY BOY.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Lain halnya lagi anak remaja. Mereka sangat senang menggunakan bahasa Inggris tapi karena gejolak jiwa anak muda yang menuju kebebasan berekspresi biasanya mereka sangat suka dengan istilah-istilah yang agak slank. Tak jarang di jalan mereka menuliskan grafiti yang kurang sopan dan kurang enak dibaca. Menjamurnya tayangan dari luar serta lagu-lagu rap bertema kebencian rasanya agak mengancam rasa aman saya.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Dalam lingkungan akademik, tak jarang suatu istilah keilmuwan dalam bahasa Inggris sulit diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia dan kalaupun diterjemahkan maka terdengar aneh dan malah sulit dipahami. Masih ingat dengan istilah ‘Tetikus’ sebagai ganti dari ‘Mouse’? Bagi mahasiswa dan kalangan ekonom tidak asing dengan istilah&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;income smoothing, Competitive Advantage, Wealth Effects&lt;/span&gt; dan banyak lagi. Oh ya jadi ingat satu lagi yang lucu: “&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Sesame Street&lt;/span&gt;” di-&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;translate&lt;/span&gt; menjadi “Jalan Sesama”.  :)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Saat ini, penguasaan bahasa Inggris sudah menjadi keharusan. Dari SD bahkan TK anak-anak sudah diajarkan bahasa Inggris. Dalam pergaulan sehari-hari juga di lingkungan profesional bahasa Inggris merupakan keterampilan&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;yang sangat diperlukan dan mendukung.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Sayangnya, bagi kalangan tertentu bahasa Inggris tetap merupakan suatu hal yang eksklusif. Bisa karena motivasinya kurang atau karena kesempatannya yang kurang. Terlepas dari sebab apapun itu, tentu motivasi selayaknya berada di atas segala-galanya. Ada motivasi tentu saja ada jalan. Ada motivasi tentu saja ada kesuksesan. Dengan menjamurnya produk-produk dari luar negeri, seperti film (bajakan maupun asli tanpa text bahasa Indonesia, produk kesehatan, makanan instant, produk elektronik dll) bahasa Inggris wajib dikuasai. Jika tidak, maka bangsa kita hanya bisa menjadi bangsa yang menggunakan produk luar tanpa bisa menikmatinya.&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/feeds/3913456208010318052/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/7039071718670816998/3913456208010318052' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/3913456208010318052'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/3913456208010318052'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/2008/06/gunakan-bahasa-inggris-yang-baik-dan.html' title='Gunakan bahasa Inggris yang baik dan benar'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzpXmIa1JbcT8xH6CxMx4Xnu3cgP9zf7jka0m5OkKjwaNLU6BloTZgOEkr7QDHFGnqIlJGNpRqwmMMB0yaaCt9qkeSh-YjMXYRIYGb9flKXm6zdtWSHfNZ9134G2ZaHXcdO7RghOIHzeJk/s72-c/sesame_street.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7039071718670816998.post-1945760217209168643</id><published>2008-06-26T12:48:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2008-09-12T09:23:30.985+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Just Relax"/><title type='text'>Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Lokal Menuju Kemandirian Ekonomi</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Oleh. Paula Widiastuti N untuk British Council Blog Competition&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kenaikan BBM akibat naiknya harga minyak mentah dunia memunculkan beragam reaksi. Pemerintah sebagai representasi dari masyarakat mengeluarkan kebijakan pemberian Bantuan Langsung Tunai (BLT) sebagai bentuk pengganti dari subsidi BBM. Masuk akal jika subsidi BBM dihapuskan karena perekonomian negara sudah tidak kuat lagi menanggung subsidi yang semakin over budget. Namun apakah BLT adalah solusi ampuh bagi terpuruknya ekonomi masyarakat kelas bawah yang merupakan sasaran penyaluran BLT?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Seiring dengan naiknya harga berbagai jenis kebutuhan pokok, demikian pula ekonomi Indonesia semakin bangkit. Bisa kita lihat ke sekeliling pembangunan mal dan pusat perbelanjaan tak putus di seluruh provinsi dan daerah. Hari libur pun tetap merupakan hari belanja, sale di mana-mana sepertinya tetap menjadi daya tarik untuk menjaring masyarakat kita yang semakin konsumtif.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Apa benar kenaikan harga barang dan BBM akan makin menyengsarakan masyarakat Indonesia? Jika ya, mengapa pasar tak pernah sepi?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Saya tak ingin menjawab jika pertanyaannya seperti itu. Jika saat ini saya misalnya sedang mengamati kepulauan di NKRI ini dari Google Earth, saya rasa lebih baik zoom akan saya arahkan menuju lokasi-lokasi terpencil yang jauh dari pusat-pusat belanja, jauh dari pusat-pusat kekuasaan dan uang beredar.&lt;br /&gt;Ternyata Indonesia tak sebegitu pesat perkembangannya, 4-10 tahun lalu sama saja dengan sekarang. Klasik memang tapi itulah kenyatannya. Yang kaya semakin kaya dan yang miskin semakin miskin. Hukum Pareto yang menyatakan bahwa 80% uang beredar dikuasai oleh 20% manusia kiranya tepat dijadikan acuan sekaligus pemacu.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pengunjung mal tetap ramai bisa jadi karena masyarakat kota yang sudah sangat fleksibel menanggapi gejolak harga. Ibarat karet, mungkin emosi jiwa kita sudah elastis. Kita bisa mensubsitusikan kenaikan harga barang dengan bekerja lebih keras (entah bagaimana caranya dari yang jujur sampe yang tidak jujur). Pengaruh lingkungan yang kompetitif membuat kita banyak belajar dan tetap punya spirit. Nah bagaimana dengan masyarakat pinggiran? Yang bisa mereka lakukan yang banyak kita lihat di tayangan tv maupun berita di koran, adalah mengurangi kualitas hidupnya. Yang biasanya makan 1 piring dengan 1 macam sayuran..akibat harga naik maka dikurangilah makannya menjadi nasi tok tanpa sayuran. Pernahkah kamu melihat seorang balita makan hanya dengan garam? Saya pernah dan itu 5 tahun yang lalu dan masih ada sampai sekarnag. Pernahkah kamu melihat bayi diberi minum kopi? Saya pernah dan itu orangtuanya lakukan karena tidak mampu membeli susu formula sedangkan ibunya sudah harus bekerja di ladang demi makan suami dan anak-anaknya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kata orang CSR bisa jadi solusi. Ok, itu jika di dekat perkampungan ada lokasi perusahaan atau ada perusahaan dan pengusaha yang perduli. Jika tidak?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kata orang BLT bisa jadi solusi. Hm, sebetulnya mereka tidak pernah membeli minyak tanah karena mereka masih menggunakan kayu bakar untuk memasak.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Solusi terpadu dan berkesinambungan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pemerintah telah memulai solusi cepat, sederhana, instant dan high cost yaitu BLT. Bolehlah sebagai pembuka jalan. Nah sekarang mari kita pikirkan bagaimana solusi jangka panjangnya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Quality of (Beliefs+Knowledge+Skills) x Qualitiy Of Action = Quality of Life&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Untuk meningkat kualitas hidup, ada 2 area yang harus dibenahi:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;1. &lt;/span&gt;Beliefs,Knowledge, Skills&lt;/span&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Harus ada lembaga-lembaga sosial dan volunter yang terjun langsung ke masyarakat untuk mengubah pola pikir yang salah. Ubahlah zona nyaman mereka. Tentu saja ini tidak gampang (tetapi kita tetap harus yakin kita bisa). Budaya malas, tergantung kepada bantuan, denial terhadap realita dan kerasnya hidup, budaya excuse (alasan ini itu), menyalahkan orang lain dan pemerintah..ini semua adalah faktor penyebab dari stagnannya ekonomi dan kualitas hidup masyarakat kelas bawah.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Beri mereka ketrampilan yang paling diperlukan yang ada hubungannya dengan peningkatan kualitas hidup mereka. Sediakan sarana untuk menambah ketrampilan yang diperlukan. Contoh: ketrampilan bercocok tanam yang efektif, ketrampilan berdagang, cara membangkitkan potensi yang tersembunyi dan lain-lainya.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Mulai dengan pendekatan yang berorientasi pada “kebutuhan” bukan berorientasi pada “pemberian/bantuan”. Caranya masyarakat harus dilibatkan dan harus dipahami kebutuhannya.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;2. Action / Tindakan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Tidak ada penjelasan lain dari bagian ini kecuali BEKERJA DENGAN HATI. Sesuatu yang   dijalani dengan iklas, bahagia dan dengan hati pasti akan membuahkan hasil. Dan jika hasilnya tidak sesuai target maka pasti hati kita tidak akan berbohong.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Pendampingan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Saya masih senang dengan kata ini. Mendengarnya saja hati sudah terasa sejuk. Masyarakat kita hanya perlu didampingi, supaya mereka tahu apakah jalan yang mereka tempuh sudah on track. Masyarakat kita tak perlu dimanja dengan uang. Subsidi dan BLT sama baiknya (jangan dibaca buruk). Tapi akan lebih baik lagi jika mereka diberdayakan untuk mandiri. Jangan sampai kemandirian hanya milik orang yang pintar saja.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Saya teringat cerita yang saya baca dari suatu buku tentang seorang yang menang lotre. Pada awalnya dia hanyalah orang biasa cenderung hidup susah. Setelah menang lotre, dia kemudian menginvestasikan uangnya di pasar judi Las Vegas. Tentu saja dia berjudi bukan berspekulasi (wajar dong, dia bukan spekulan). Tentu saja dia tak lupa menyewa apartemen mewah dan membeli aset komsumtif. Seketika uangnya habis tapi dia sudah senang. Katanya,”Tak apa saya jatuh miskin lagi, setidaknya saya pernah menikmati kekayaan dunia”. Cerita ini menggambarkan nilai ekonomis manusia yang akan tetap kembali ke titik yang sebelumnya sesaat setelah nilai ekonomisnya naik tajam. Jika lotre dianalogikan sebagai BLT, nah tidak diragukan lagi BLT tidak akan menaikan nilai ekonomis penerimanya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;P.S&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Maaf, jika ada kata-kata yang menyinggung. Mungkin mata saya kurang jeli dan telinga saya kurang mendengar. Tapi yakinlah hati saya tetap terbuka untuk melihat ketimpangan yang ada.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/feeds/1945760217209168643/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/7039071718670816998/1945760217209168643' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/1945760217209168643'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/1945760217209168643'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/2008/06/pemberdayaan-masyarakat-lokal-menuju.html' title='Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Lokal Menuju Kemandirian Ekonomi'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7039071718670816998.post-5210936913871756166</id><published>2008-06-25T16:33:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2008-06-25T16:35:54.133+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Lowongan"/><title type='text'>Dicari lulusan SMK Akuntansi tahun 2007-2008</title><content type='html'>Dicari lulusan SMK Akuntansi tahun 2007-2008 yang CERDAS, ambisius, mau belajar dan siap berkarir.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;PT Integritas Makmur Mandiri , sebuah perusahaan pembuat software keuangan menyediakan TRAINING GRATIS dengan materi:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Akuntansi Perkantoran&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Mengetik 10 jari cepat&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Cara belajar yang efektif&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Career planning (perencanaan karir)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Entry data akuntansi dengan FINA software&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Job desc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Entry/input data akuntansi dan keuangan ke program FINA&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Requirements&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;Lulusan SMK Akuntansi tahun 2007-2008 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;CERDAS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;Ambisius&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;Mau belajar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;Siap berkarir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;Bagi peserta training yang lulus akan langsung diangkat sebagai FINA Operator selama 2 tahun. Jika berprestasi kemudian akan diangkat sebagai karyawan dan berkarir sebagai Assistant Trainer.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;FINA Operator akan mendapatkan Gaji Pokok, Incentive, Transport &amp;amp; Meal (total di 1 juta). Hari kerja Senin-Jumat jam 09.00-17.00 dan Sabtu 09.00-14.00&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Training GRATIS &amp;amp; Kepastian Kerja....BURUAN DAFTAR&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kirim lamaran lengkap ke:&lt;br /&gt;Paula Widiastuti, SE, MSM&lt;br /&gt;Chief Operating Officer&lt;br /&gt;PT Integritas Makmur Mandiri&lt;br /&gt;Wisma Slipi suite 307 Jl. S Parman Kav 12, Jakarta 11480&lt;br /&gt;atau via email ke: paula@imamatek.com atau paula_widiastuti@yahoo.com&lt;br /&gt;(tanpa attachment/lampiran) dengan subyek FO&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/feeds/5210936913871756166/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/7039071718670816998/5210936913871756166' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/5210936913871756166'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/5210936913871756166'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/2008/06/dicari-lulusan-smk-akuntansi-tahun-2007.html' title='Dicari lulusan SMK Akuntansi tahun 2007-2008'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7039071718670816998.post-1440286798630507473</id><published>2008-06-25T16:30:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2008-06-25T16:33:46.881+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Lowongan"/><title type='text'>Accounting Software Trainer (Lowongan)</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href=&quot;www.fina.co.id&quot;&gt;Integritas Makmur Mandiri&lt;/a&gt; atau yang lebih dikenal sebagai Imamatek; sebuah perusahaan pengembang software akuntansi FINA membuka kesempatan bagi Fresh Graduate S1 Akuntansi/Ekonomi/S1 Pendidikan Akuntansi untuk bergabung menjadi: Accounting Software Trainer&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Pengumuman!! Mengapa Anda harus bergabung dengan Imamatek!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;Imamatek adalah tempat terbaik untuk belajar mengembangkan kemampuan, ketrampilan akan Accounting Software&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Imamatek adalah tempat terbaik untuk mengembangkan visi pribadi, motivasi dan pengembangan diri serta meniti karir&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Setiap karyawan baru mendapat training berkelanjutan&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Imamatek adalah perusahaan yang menjunjung persamaan gender. Setiap karyawan dinilai dan diberikan kesempatan yang sama yaitu dari prestasi &amp;amp; performa.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Mendapat kesempatan training dan penyesuaian dalam masa percobaan 3 bulan&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Penghasilan di atas rata-rata fresh graduate (Rp 2 juta ke atas)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;endapat medical reimburse berdasarkan level karyawan terdiri dari 3 item dengan masing-masing plafon (rawat inap, rawat jalan, kacamata) dengan total senilai Rp 10,8 juta per tahun&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;15 hari cuti per tahun&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Mendapat kesempatan memiliki saham perusahaan lewat program Employee Stock Option&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Accounting Software Trainer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;(10 posisi, Jakarta Raya - Jakarta)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Job desc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Memberikan pelayanan online dan offline (training, konsultasi, troubleshooting) kepada user FINA dengan penuh emphaty &amp;amp; integritas tinggi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Requirements&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Emphaty, senang melayani, motivasi tinggi untuk maju&lt;br /&gt;S1 Akuntansi/Ekonomi/Pendidikan Akuntansi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lamaran ditujukan ke&lt;br /&gt;paula@imamatek.com atau paula_widiastuti@yahoo.com&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Informasi perusahaan lihat di www.fina.co.id&lt;br /&gt;Lowongan ini hanya dibuka hingga tanggal 30 Juni 2008&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/feeds/1440286798630507473/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/7039071718670816998/1440286798630507473' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/1440286798630507473'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/1440286798630507473'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/2008/06/accounting-software-trainer-lowongan.html' title='Accounting Software Trainer (Lowongan)'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7039071718670816998.post-5034093411488671001</id><published>2008-06-24T12:27:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2008-06-24T12:51:23.243+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Journal"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Jurnal"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Options Thinking"/><title type='text'>Penyusunan Strategi Perusahaan dengan Menggunakan Perspektif Teori Option</title><content type='html'>Oleh Paula Widiastuti, SE, MSM. Diringkas dari: &quot;STRATEGY THROUGH THE OPTION LENS: AN INTEGRATED VIEW OF RESOURCES INVESTMENTS AND THE INCREMENTAL-CHOICE PROCESS&quot; oleh Edward H. Bowman dan Dileep Hurry&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Option (Opsi)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Opsi adalah kontrak yang memberikan hak (bukan kewajiban) kepada pemegang kontrak itu untuk membeli (call options) atau menjual (put options) suatu aset tertentu dengan harga tertentu (strike price/exercise price) dalam jangka waktu tertentu. Misalnya harga saham Telkom di bursa Amerika Serikat adalah US$ 29 per saham. Kalau seorang investor membeli call options untuk saham Telkom dengan strike price US$ 30 dan jatuh tempo tiga bulan dari sekarang, maka dalam tempo tiga bulan investor tersebut punya hak untuk membeli saham Telkom dari penjual opsinya seharga US$ 30 per saham. Jika dalam tiga bulan harga saham Telkom ternyata US$ 40 per saham, maka investor tersebut boleh menggunakan haknya (istilahnya exercise opsi) membeli saham Telkom dengan harga US$ 30 per saham. Kemudian kalau mau, investor tersebut bisa segera menjualnya di pasar dengan harga US$ 40 per saham, sehingga ia mendapat untung $10 per saham. Namun, jika ternyata harga saham Telkom setelah tiga bulan bukan US$ 40 melainkan US$ 15, investor tidak perlu exercise call options-nya karena Ia bisa membeli saham lebih murah dari US$ 30 per saham di pasar dan membiarkan saja kontrak call options-nya berakhir tanpa digunakan sehingga ia cuma rugi sebesar harga yang ia bayar untuk beli kontrak itu (harga ini disebut sebagai premi dari opsi dan merupakan sunk cost yaitu biaya yang sudah dikeluarkan dan tidak dapat kembali lagi). Pada puts options, investor yang membeli akan mempunyai hak untuk menjual aset tertentu dengan harga tertentu dalam jangka waktu tertentu. Kalau harga aset turun drastis, pemegang kontrak put options akan untung besar. Sebaliknya, kalau harga aset naik di atas harga patokan, pemegang put options akan rugi sebesar premi dari opsi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Option dan Strategi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Strategi pengambilan keputusan pada suatu perusahaan sangat terkait dengan pemilihan beberapa alternatif investasi tergantung pada sumber daya yang dimiliki oleh perusahaan tersebut (Schendel dan Patton, 1978). Oleh karena itu dapat dikatakan bahwa strategi yang diambil akan sangat tergantung dengan sumber daya yang dimiliki oleh perusahaan tersebut. Demikian pula dengan option, strategi pemilihannya juga tergantung dengan sumber daya yang dimiliki oleh perusahaan (Bowman dan Hurry, 1987; Hurry, 1993; Miller dan Bowman, 1992) yang sesuai dengan logika ekonomi (Dixit, 1992).&lt;br /&gt; Tujuan dari opsi adalah untuk memperkecil risiko yang dihadapi akibat dilakukannya suatu investasi serta memperkuat kemampuan perusahaan untuk mengembangkan bisnisnya dengan agresif dengan biaya minimal. Teori opsi sebagai bagian dari ekonomi keuangan dan manajemen strategi tidak terlepas dari fenomena perilaku. Cox dan Rubinstein (1984:vii) memberi contoh bahwa pada situasi mendatang yang tidak pasti dan tidak dapat diramal maka pemegang option lebih senang membiarkan option-nya tetap open dan membeli kontrak opsi. Jika harga naik investor mempunyai pilihan untuk menjual atau tetap menahan. Bagaimana investor menentukan pilihan yang akan diambil akan tergantung pada sumber daya yang dimiliki oleh organisasi tersebut (Myers, 1997) dan walaupun investor tidak membeli kontrak opsi tetapi investor akan melakukan pola yang mirip dengan kontrak opsi tersebut tergantung preferensinya misalnya menjual pada saat opsi telah mencapai harga tertentu atau menahan opsi jika belum mencapai harga tertentu. Pengambilan keputusan untuk menjual atau mempertahankan opsi akan sangat tergantung pada kejelian pengambil keputusan akan adanya kesempatan yang sebetulnya dapat dikenali atau yang biasanya disebut shadow option (Bowman dan Hurry, 1987). Pengenalan terhadap shadow options terjadi melalui retrospective sense making (Hurry, Miller dan Bowman, 1992) yang harus dimiliki oleh setiap pengambil keputusan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Proposisi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dalam tulisan ini, Edward H, Bowman dan Dileep Hurry mencari titik temu antara teori option dengan manajemen strategi perusahaan. Ada 5 proposisi yang dikemukakan yaitu:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Proposisi 1: Organisasi yang dapat membuat kombinasi (bundle) opsi dengan lebih baik akan berkembang lebih agresif pada pasar dan ekonomi berkembang bahkan pada  pasar dan ekonomi yang sulit daripada kompetitor yang tidak mengembangkan dengan baik option bundle-nya.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Proposisi 2: Pada persepsi realistik dari lingkungan usaha yang tidak pasti, organisasi yang menahan opsi pada waktu periode yang tidak stabil dan menjual opsi pada periode yang stabil akan berkembang pada jangka waktu panjang lama serta mendapat keuntungan akibat kinerjanya jika dibandingkan dengan organisasi lain yang mempunyai perilaku yang berbeda.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Proposisi 3: Organisasi yang memasuki bisnis dan pasar baru dengan investasi yang dikombinasikan misalnya membeli opsi dalam jumlah kecil diikuti dengan investasi lain dalam jumlah besar akan mempunyai kinerja yang baik dibandingkan dengan organisasi yang memasuki pasar dan bisnis baru dengan hanya salah satu jenis investasi saja (misalnya satu jenis investasi baik kecil maupun besar).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Proposisi 4: Kinerja organisasi yang mempunyai investasi dalam bentuk opsi mempunyai hubungan dengan waktu investasi tersebut dengan level mulai dari yang paling tinggi kinerjanya (level a) hingga yang paling rendah kinerjanya (level e) dengan urutan kinerja paling tinggi yaitu membeli opsi (call) setelah mendapat dua signal, menjual opsi setelah menerima signal kesempatan, membeli opsi setelah menerima signal datangnya kesempatan, menjual dan membeli opsi setelah menerima signal expiration dan menerima dan menjual opsi sebelum datangnya signal.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Proposisi 5:  Organisasi dengan struktur yang mampu menahan portofolio dari opsinya akan memperlihatkan diversifikasi yang lebih luas dibandingkan organisasi dengan struktur yang tidak mempunyai kemampuan untuk menahan opsinya.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Strategi dan Teori Organisasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dengan perspektif options, manajemen strategi dan teori organisasi dapat dibagi menjadi empat tema, yaitu: resource allocation, sense making, organizational learning dan strategic positioning. Pembagian ini tergantung pada dua hal yaitu tipe dari pengambilan keputusan apakah berfokus pada isinya (content themes) atau prosesnya (process themes) dan bagaimana tipe analisisnya apakah berorientasi pada masa depan atau tidak.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Konklusi &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Beberapa penjelasan lain dalam temuan empiris tentang option lens telah banyak dipublikasikan oleh peneliti lain:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Interaksi antara strategi dan pemilihan lingkungan. Menurut Child (1972), organisasi akan beradaptasi terhadap lingkungannya. Sedangkan menurut Levinthal (1991), organisasi dan lingkungannya saling berhubungan dan saling mempengaruhi.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Garbage can yang dikembangkan oleh March dan Olsen pada 1976. Teori ini sejalan dengan shadow options dan isinya kurang lebih bahwa sumber investasi sekarang dapat membuat pilihan strategi investasi untuk masa mendatang.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Means consensus oleh Bourgeois (1980): Organisasi dengan manajer yang mempunyai konsensus yang sama terhadap strateginya akan memiliki kinerja yang baik (outperform).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Risk-return paradox yaitu adanya korelasi negatif antara keuntungan yang didapat perusahaan dengan variasi dari keuntungannya (Bowman, 1980, 1982).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;Masih banyak riset lanjutan yang dapat diteliti menggunakan perspektif option. Perspektif teori opsi juga dapat memberikan pandangan yang berbeda terhadap strategi organisasi misalnya teori psychologizing dari suatu perusahaan (March dan Simon, 1958; Simon, 1995) yang memandang ekonomi sebagai pendekatan untuk menyusun strategi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/feeds/5034093411488671001/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/7039071718670816998/5034093411488671001' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/5034093411488671001'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/5034093411488671001'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/2008/06/penyusunan-strategi-perusahaan-dengan.html' title='Penyusunan Strategi Perusahaan dengan Menggunakan Perspektif Teori Option'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7039071718670816998.post-7087558751140879985</id><published>2008-06-24T12:13:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2008-06-24T12:18:17.956+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="CPI"/><title type='text'>Korupsi dan Perubahan</title><content type='html'>Oleh Paula Widiastuti, SE, MSM. Diringkas dari CORRUPTION AND CHANGE: THE IMPACT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (Christopher J . Robertson, Andrew Watson).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Studi tentang Korupsi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Definisi korupsi menurut Getz dan Volkema  (2001:9) adalah penyalahgunaan aturan publik dan sumber daya untuk kepentingan pribadi atau penyalahgunaan sarana kantor untuk keperluan lain di luar kepentingan dinas. Bentuk-bentuk umum dari korupsi dalam lingkup bisnis internasional antara lain seperti penyuapan, pemerasan dan penggelapan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Korupsi sangat besar pengaruhnya terhadap pasar uang, investasi dan keputusan fundamental dalam manajemen strategis. Peter Eigen, Kepala Transparency International pada tanggal 27 Juni 2001 mengatakan bahwa tingkat korupsi akan terus semakin tinggi baik di negara berkembang maupun negara sedang berkembang.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Para investor akan mempertimbangkan tingginya tingkat korupsi di suatu negara jika ingin menginvestasikan modalnya pada negara tersebut. Seperti yang pernah diungkapkan Mauro (1995) dan Wei (2000) bahwa salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi investasi langsung dari asing (FDI: Foreign Direct Investment) adalah tingkat korupsi di negara tuan rumah. Efek-efek negatif korusi terhadap ekonomi dapat dikelompokkan menjadi:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;Efek disincentive terhadap investasi yaitu meningkatnya risiko dan ketidakpastian yang akan dihadapi oleh investor seiring dengan bertambahnya biaya untuk memberi suap dan biaya lain (Getz dan Volkema, 2001)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Efek distortionary (Goudie dan Stasavage, 1997) karena uang yang dibayarkan untuk menyuap menjadi sumber daya yang dialokasikan secara tidak efektif.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;Di beberapa negara, korupsi merupakan sesuatu yang tidak dapat dicegah (Getz dan Volkema, 2001). Di Francis, Indonesia dan Argentina, pola korupsi telah memicu skandal publik. Namun di balik segala efek negatif yang ditimbulkan korupsi, Nye (1979) menemukan bahwa korupsi memberikan pengaruh positif terhadap perkembangan dan pertumbuhan ekonomi. Untuk meneliti lebih dalam korupsi, pengaruh serta pemberantasannya, sejak tahun 1995 di Jerman telah berdiri suatu kelompok anti korupsi Jerman; Transparency International yang telah banyak berkontribusi pada riset pemberantasan korupsi terutama dengan mempublikasikan Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Penelitian dan publikasi tentang korupsi dapat ditemukan pada banyak literatur dengan berbagai macam pendekatan. Shleifer dan Vishny pada tahun 1993 dan Wei pada tahun 2000 menggunakan pendekatan ekonomi, sedangkan Wines dan Napier pada tahun 1992 menggunakan pendekatan budaya nasional. Getz dan Volkema pada tahun 2001 serta Husted pada tahun 1999 menggunakan pendekatan campuran antara ekonomi dan budaya. Pendekatan gabungan ini sangat relevan dengan strategi pembuatan keputusan oleh karena itu sangat disarankan untuk digunakan sebagai kerangka berpikir dalam mempelajari korupsi dan akibatnya.&lt;br /&gt;   &lt;br /&gt;Salah satu yang menjadi perdebatan dalam studi mengenai korupsi adalah moral intensity (intensitas moral). Menurut Jones (1991), moral intensity terdiri dari enam elemen yaitu besarnya konsekuensi (magnitute of the consequences), kesepakatan sosial (social consensus), kemungkinan akibat (probability of effect), rentang waktu antara waktu sekarang dengan permulaan timbulnya konsensus pada diri seseorang (temporal immediacy), rasa kedekatan seseorang dengan situasi sosial, budaya dan psikologi serta fisikal yang menyebabkannya menghindarkan diri dari perilaku korupsi (proximity), dan konsentrasi dari akibat (concentration of effect).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pada jurnal ini, Christopher J. Robertson dan Andrew Watson menuliskan penelitiannya tentang pengaruh Foreign Direct Investment terhadap korupsi dan perubahannya. Studi ini akan menggunakan pendekatan dan cara pandang dari sisi ekonomi serta budaya termasuk moral intensity. Ini menyebabkan studi ini berbeda dengan studi lainnya yang pernah dilakukan karena studi ini sangat dinamis yaitu tidak berfokus pada level FDI melainkan fokus pada perubahan FDI itu sendiri. Selain itu pula, studi ini memiliki perspektif yang berbeda yaitu mengindentifikasikan pengaruh perubahan FDI terhadap korupsi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Hipotesa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Hipotesa 1a: Semakin cepat tingkat perubahan FDI pada suatu negara maka semakin tinggi tingkat korupsi yang dirasakan.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Hipotesa 1b: Semakin cepat peningkatan atau penurunan FDI pada suatu negara maka semakin tinggi tingkat korupsi yang dirasakan.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Hipotesa 1c: Tingkat korupsi yang dirasakan meningkat sebanyak pengkwadratan dari tingkat FDI di suatu negara. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Hipotesa 2: Semakin tinggi tingkat pencegahan ketidakpastian pada suatu negera maka semakin tinggi tingkat korupsi yang dirasakan.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Hipotesa 3: Semakin tinggi tingkat maskulinitas pada suatu negara maka semakin tinggi tingkat korupsi yang dirasakan.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Metode&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Data diperoleh dari Transparency International, Bank Dunia dan sumber publikasi lain. Data diukur menggunakan Corruption Perception Index (CPI) yang dihitung skornya secara komputerisasi oleh Transparancey International pada tahun 1999 dan 2000. Transparency International menghitung CPI sebagai data gabungan dari berbagai survei independen dan dipublikasikan secara umum melalui media online. Skor CPI tahun 1999 meliputi 99 negara sedangkan tahun 2000 terdiri dari 80 negara.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Variabel independen dalam penelitian ini dibagi menjadi 2 yaitu perubahan dalam variabel FDI dan variabel budaya. Variabel FDI  terdiri dari perubahan linear dari FDI sedangkan variabel budaya  terdiri dari 2 variabel yaitu maskulinitas serta pencegahan ketidakpastian yang diambil dari penelitian Hofstede (1997). Untuk variabel kontrol digunakan GNP per kapita, Government Consumption sebagai persentase dari GNP, FDI sebagai persentase dari GNP dan variabel jarak kekuatan Hofstede.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Untuk menghitung nilai korupsi digunakan skala Husted sebagai transformasi dari CPI yaitu dengan membuat skala 0 hingga 10 yaitu 0 untuk yang paling sedikit korupsinya dan 10 untuk yang paling banyak korupsinya. Data kemudian diolah dengan software SPSS untuk mencari regresi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Hasil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Data hasil riset setelah diolah mengindikasi mendukung hipotesa 1a, 1b dan 1c baik tahun 1999 maupun tahun 2000. Ini menunjukkan bahwa perubahan pada FDI akan meningkatkan level korupsi yang dirasakan di suatu negara. Hipotesa 2 juga didukung oleh hasil riset yaitu semakin tinggi level ketidakpastian yang dapat dicegah maka semakin tinggi tingkat korupsi yang dirasakan. Sedangkan untuk hipotesa 3 terdapat indikasi hubungan positif antara maskulinitas dan CPI.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Konklusi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aliran FDI dapat dipengaruhi oleh tingkat korupsi demikian pula tingkat korupsi dipengaruhi pula oleh FDI. Ini tak lain adalah akibat dari adanya Multi National Company (MNC) maka banyak negara-negara penerima investasi menjadi semakin kebarat-baratan akibat efek westernisasi dan berakibat menjadi hilangnya budaya asli (cultural convergen). Dengan mengetahui hubungan antara FDI, ketidakpastian dan korupsi maka diharapkan dapat menjadi acuan untuk mengubah kebijakan pemerintah serta aturan bisnis guna mencegah terjadi korupsi. Dengan adanya pengetatan prosedur maka pemborosan akibat timbulnya biaya-biaya yang dialokasi secara efektif dapat dihindarkan. Dengan demikian bisnis akan berjalan dengan baik serta investor dapat menginvestasikan modalnya kepada negara-negara yang potensial tanpa khawatir akan adanya pemborosan cost.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Riset ini dapat dilanjutkan dengan riset lebih mendalam lagi misalnya tentang hubungan antara FDI dan korupsi antara wilayah geografis dan budaya. Studi ini belum dapat menggambarkan pengaruh perubahan pada perkembangan ekonomi serta budaya dalam hubungannya dengan korupsi. Selain itu, riset ini juga belum dapat menggambarkan bagaimana pengaruh FDI terhadap negara investor. Beberapa kekurangan ini diharapkan dapat digali lebih mendalam dalam riset-riset lanjutan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/feeds/7087558751140879985/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/7039071718670816998/7087558751140879985' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/7087558751140879985'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7039071718670816998/posts/default/7087558751140879985'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jurnalakuntansikeuangan.blogspot.com/2008/06/korupsi-dan-perubahan.html' title='Korupsi dan Perubahan'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>