Know the Known

Evaluate your self for the MASTERS

2007-10-23T12:24:00.000-07:00

Start evaluating your self and ink down your score as you go by each and every section

1. GRE: Rate yourself between 0-25 points Q+V 900:
11 PointsQ+V 1000: 13Points
Q+V 1100: 15 points
Q+V 1200: 17 points
Q+V 1250: 18 Points
Q+V 1300: 19 Points
Q+V 1300: 20 Points
Q+V 1400: 21 Points
Q+V 1400: 22 Points
Q+V 1500: 24 Points

2. Bachelors Score: Rate yourself between 0-25 points
50% with backlogs 7 points
50% with out backlogs 9 points
60% with backlogs 11 points
60% with out backlogs 13 points
70% with backlogs 15 points
70% with out backlogs 17 points
75% with backlogs 15 points
75% with out backlogs 21 points
80% plus with out backlogs 23 points
University topper: 25

10th and 10+2 scores: 5 points
Scores Close to 60 % 2 points
Scores Close to 70 % 3 Points
Scores Close to 80 % 4 points
80 plus with some good background say some Quiz winners at national level; some Math Olympiad or Science fair winners: 5

TOEFL: 0-10
Score 200: 3 points
Score 220: 4 points
Score 240: 5 points
Score 250: 7 points
Score 260: 8 points
Score 270+: 9 points

Work Experience: 0-10 (3 points Minimum)
Good research and good projects =3-5
Working for funded projects=4-6
Summer Intern (below 6 months)=5-7
Real time Job experience 1 year=7-9

* To be honest its not the TIME it’s the Quality of the work that you do counts Many times; Like one good Project can get in to a very good school
Undergraduate research & tech papers 0-10 (3 points minimum)
Good research and good projects=3-5
Research with few technical papers=4-6
Technical papers at national level=5-7
International publications=7-9

Personal statement &Recommendation letters 0-5
Bad Sop - If a professor feels its copied SOP=0-1
Good SOP & good recommendation letters (from profs)=2-4
Good sop with a Reco letter form a guy whom you worked under or some person in the industry=3-5

Timing 0-5

This depends on

· When you apply and schools you apply!
· How you apply – how many months before you apply
· How you plan?

Your approach /attitude 0-5
This is very important; keep your cool and never bug professors- never use the word – I need funding and stuff – Instead say, “ I wish to work for you”. Don’t email them asking for GRE college codes, climate & stuff be professional.

· Attitude is how good you Show your self and portray your self and
· How good you can convince a Professor that you wish to work for him
· Writing Skills

Now pick your schools
Just add your individual points and get the cumulative score
If you are planning for a PHD (not for AID but for passion) add 3 Points to your Cumulative Score.
Mechanical Engineering / Industrial Students add 3 points to it
Civil Engineering students add 5 points to it
Students with Non Engineering Back Group Such as Arts, Pathology, Drama, Anthropology, Speech therapy and some rare branches add 7 points to your cumulative score
Economy of the state was taken in to factor
If a state has mare schools then Less preference was given to those; because more competition
Some Factors/Assumptions taken in to Account
Getting financial support in a school is more important for a student than research at school or any thing
If two schools have similar rankings, the one with less number of International applicants each year is given Preference.
“Big Schools” Which offer many Courses are given good ranks as there is a chance for On campus jobs and Graduate Assistants (eg: University with Medical Campus will generate a lot of Jobs of Computer Science students Web Designing / Data Management Jobs)
Preference is given to places where a student can get Internships and Jobs
Places with less number of Indian students and Less number of Indians are given higher preference (reason: Less competition)
Other factors include Safety, Cost of Living, Climatic Condition, Geographic Location & better Living Conditions.
VISA issues based on a feedback from 500 students have been taken as a factor.
Tuition of the University was taken in to consideration and preference was given to one with low tuition
Schools run under State System and federal system were given preference to Private Universities

Note: This is just a list of schools you can apply if you have a cumulative score near to 90
& By no means indicate the rankings of the respective University.

score near 90
score near 80
score near 70
score near 65
score near 60
score near 55
score near 50
score near 40-50
score below 40

score near 90

2007-10-23T12:21:00.000-07:00

Schools with cumulative score near 90

Massachusetts Institute of Technology                 www.mit.edu
Stanford University                                                       www.stanford.edu
University of California- Berkeley                           www.berkeley.edu
University of Illinois – Urbana Champaign         www.uiuc.edu
Georgia Institute of Technology                               www.gatech.edu
University of Michigan Ann Arbor                           www.umich.edu
Cornell University                                                         www.cornell.edu
University of California – San Diego                      www.ucsd.edu
California Institute of Technology                           www.caltech.edu
University of Texas at Austin                                     www.austin.edu
University of Wisconsin- Madison                           www.wisc.edu
Carnegie Mellon University                                        www.cmu.edu
University of Southern California                             www.usc.edu
University of California Los Angles                          www.ucla.edu
University of Maryland – College park                   www.umd.edu
Harvard University                                                        www.harvard.edu
Princeton University                                                      www.princeton.edu
Pennsylvania State University – Univ Park           www.psu.edu
Texas A & M College Station                                        www.tamu.edu
Purdue University – West Lafayette                         www.purdue.edu

score near 80

2007-10-23T12:11:00.000-07:00

Schools with cumulative score near 80

Ohio State University                                    www.osu.edu
Duke University                                              www.duke.edu
Columbia University                                     www.columbia.edu
University of Washington – Seattle         www.washington.edu
University of Minnesota                              www.umn.edu
Yale University                                                www.yale.edu
John Hopkins University                            www.jhu.edu
Case Western Reserve University            www.cwru.edu
Brown university (RI)                                  www.brown.edu
Virginia poly Tech                                          www.vt.edu
North Carolina State University                www.ncsu.edu
Dartmouth College, NH                               www.dartmouth.edu
University of Pittsburgh                               www.pitt.edu
Iowa State University                                    www.iastate.edu
University of California- Santa Barbara www.ucsb.edu
Arizona State University                               www.asu.edu
Rutgers, State Univ of NJ, New Brunswick www.rutgers.edu
Rice University                                                www.rice.edu
University of Rochester                                www.rochester.edu
University of Virginia                                    www.virginia.edu
University of Pennsylvania                         www.upenn.edu
Northwestern University (IL)                    www.northwestern.edu
University of Delaware                                 www.udel.edu
Washington University St Louis               www.wustl.edu
University of California – Davis                www.ucdavis.edu
University of Colorado – Boulder            www.colorado.edu
Lehigh University (PA)                                www.lehigh.edu
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (NY)    www.rpi.edu
University of Florida ; Gainesville             www.ufl.edu
University of California - Irvine                 www.uci.edu
Michigan State University                            www.msu.edu

score near 70

2007-10-23T12:04:00.000-07:00

               Schools for cumulative score near 70

University of Iowa                                                   www.uiowa.edu
Clemson University                                                www.clemson.edu
University of Massachusetts – Amherst         www.umass.edu
Kansas State University                                        www.ksu.edu
Vanderbilt University (TN)                                  www.vanderbilt.edu
University of Cincinnati                                        www.uc.edu
University of Alabama- Tuscaloosa                  www.ua.edu
University of Arizona-Tucson                            www.uarizona.edu
University of Notre Dame (IN)                          www.nd.edu
University of Chicago                                            www.uchicago.edu
University of North Carolina- Chapel Hill     www.unc.edu
University of Utah                                                   www.utah.edu
Colorado School of Mines                                    www.mines.edu
University of Illinois at Chicago                         www.uic.edu
University of New Hampshire                            www.unh.edu
University of New Mexico                                    www.unm.edu
Boston University                                                   www.bu.edu
Colorado State University                                    www.colostate.edu
SUNY- stony brook                                                www.sunnysb.edu
University of Missouri – Rolla                           www.umr.edu
Auburn University                                                  www.auburn.edu
University of Buffalo                                              www.buffalo.edu
Drexel University                                                    www.drexel.edu
University of Akron                                                www.uakron.edu
Oregon State University                                        www.oregonstate.edu
University of South Carolina                              www.sc.edu
University of Kansas                                              www.ku.edu
Worcester Polytechnic Institute                        www.wpi.edu
University of Tennessee-Knoxville                   www.utk.edu

score near 65

2007-10-23T11:59:00.000-07:00

Schools for cumulative score near 65

University of Connecticut                                  www.uconn.edu
University of Nebraska Lincoln                       www.unl.edu
University of Georgia                                           www.uga.edu
University of Missouri-Columbia                    www.mizzou.edu
West Virginia University                                     www.wvu.edu
Illinois Institute of Technology                        www.iit.edu
University of Miami                                              www.miami.edu
Tulane University                                                   www.tulane.edu
Indiana University - Bloomington                  www.indiana.edu
University of Texas – Dallas                              www.utdallas.edu
Ohio University – Athens                                   www.ohiou.edu
University of Houston –Houston                    www.uh.edu
Michigan technological University                  www.mtu.edu
University of Maine                                              www.umaine.edu
University of California – River Side              www.ucr.edu
University of Kentucky                                        www.uky.edu
Louisiana State University-Baton Rouge      www.lsu.edu
Oklahoma State University                                www.okstate.edu
George Washington University                         www.gwu.edu
University of Central Florida                             www.ucf.edu

score near 60

2007-10-23T11:50:00.000-07:00

Schools for cumulative score near 60

University of Toledo                                    www.utoledo.edu
University of Memphis                               www.memphis.edu
University of Nevada Los Vegas              www.unlv.edu
Mississippi State university                       www.msstate.edu
University of Missouri, Kansas City       www.umkc.edu
Brigham Young University                         www.byu.edu
University of Oklahoma                              www.ou.edu
Syracuse University                                      www.syr.edu
Northern Illinois University                      www.niu.edu
University of Oklahoma                              www.ou.edu
University of New Orleans                         www.uno.edu
Oregon Graduate Institute of Science &Tech        www.ogi.edu
University of Indianapolis                                   www.uindy.edu
University of Nebraska Omaha                        www.unomaha.edu
University of South Florida- Tampa                www.usf.edu
Tennessee Technological University               www.tntech.edu
Texas Tech University                                          www.ttu.edu
University of Alabama-Huntsville                  www.uah.edu
Polytechnic University (NY)                              www.poly.edu
University of Idaho                                              www.uidaho.edu
Indiana University Purdue University          www.iupui.edu
University of Arkansas- Fayetteville               www.uark.edu
University of South Florida                              www.usf.edu
University of Louisiana-Lafayette                www.lousiana.edu
George Mason University                               www.gmu.edu
Washington State University                            www.wsu.edu
Georgia State University                                    www.gsu.edu

score near 55

2007-10-23T11:34:00.000-07:00

Schools for cumulative score near 55

Old Dominion University, Virginia                   www.odu.edu
New Jersey Institute of Technology                www.njit.edu
Idaho State University                                          www.isu.edu
University of North Carolina-Charlotte         www.uncc.edu
New Mexico State University                             www.nmsu.edu
Wayne State University                                       www.wayne.edu
Wright State University                                       www.wright.edu
California State University , Sacramento      www.csus.edu
Missouri State University                                   www.missouristate.edu/
Florida Institute of Technology                        www.fit.edu
North Dakota State University                         www.ndsu.edu
University of Texas-Arlington                          www.uta.edu
Clarkson University                                             www.clarkson.edu
University of Tennessee Chattanooga          www.utc.edu
Portland state university                                    www.pdx.edu
University of Vermont                                        www.uvm.edu
University of Tampa                                            www.utampa.edu
Louisiana Tech. University                               www.latech.edu
Wichita State University                                     www.wichita.edu
Illinois State University , Normal                    www.ilstu.edu
University of Mississippi                                    www.olemiss.edu
Northeastern University                                     www.northeastern.edu
University of Tulsa                                               www.utulsa.edu
Southern Illinois University-Edwardsville   www.siue.edu
University of Alaska- Fairbanks                       www.uaf.edu
Pace University, NY                                              www.pace.edu
Wright State University                                       www.wright.edu
Baylor University, Texas                                     www.baylor.edu
Chicago State University                                     www.csu.edu
South Dakota State University                          www.sdsu.edu
Villanova University                                             www.villanova.edu
Southern Illinois University , Carbondale    www.siuc.edu
East Carolina University                                     www.ecu.edu
University of North Texas                                  www.unt.edu
SUNY Institute of Technology                         www.sunyit.edu
University of Missouri at St Louis                   www.umsl.edu
University of Northern Iowa                             www.uni.edu

score near 50

2007-10-23T11:24:00.000-07:00

Schools for cumulative score near 50

New Mexico Institute of Mining &Tech.                     www.nmt.edu
Northwest Missouri State University                           www.nwmissouri.edu/
University of Illinois at Springfield                               www.uis.edu
University of Louisville                                                     www.louisville.edu
Colorado Technical University, Colorado Springs   www.coloradotech.edu
Montana State University , Bozeman                           www.montana.edu
North Carolina Agricultural & Tech State University www.ncat.edu
Lamar University                                                                   www.lamar.edu
Florida International university                                       www.fiu.edu
University of Bridgeport –CT                                            www.bridgeport.edu
St Cloud State University                                                    www.stcloudstate.edu
University of Dayton – Ohio                                              www.udayton.edu
Texas A & M university, Kingsville                                  www.tamuk.edu
Eastern Michigan University                                             www.emich.edu
City College of the City of New York                               www.cuny.edu
South Dakota School of Mines & technology              www.sdsmt.edu
Western Kentucky University                                          www.wku.edu
Boise State university, Idaho                                            www.boisestate.edu
University of Hawaii                                                             www.hawai.edu
University of Texas , Tyler                                                  www.uttyler.edu
University of Texas at San Antonio                                 www.utsa.edu
State University of West Georgia                                     www.westga.edu
Ball State University                                                             www.bsu.edu
Bradley University                                                                 www.bradley.edu
University of Texas El Paso                                                www.utep.edu
Columbus State University                                                www.colstate.edu
Arkansas State University                                                  www.astate.edu
Cleveland State University                                                 www.csuohio.edu
New York Institute of Technology                                   www.nyit.edu
California State University , Chico                                  www.csuchico.edu
Texas A & M University, Commerce                               www.tamu-commerce.edu/
Dakota State University                                                       www.dsu.edu
DePaul University                                                                 www.depaul.edu
Eastern Washington University                                      www.ewu.edu
Marquette University                                                          www.marquette.edu
North Dakota State University                                         www.nodak.edu
Southeastern University, DC                                            www.seu.edu
Southern Oregon University , Ashland                         www.sou.edu
North Dakota State University                                         www.ndsu.edu
Suffolk University, MA                                                       www.suffolk.edu
Temple University, PA                                                        www.temple.edu
University of Denver                                                            www.du.edu
University of North Carolina , Greensboro                  www.uncg.edu
University of West Florida , Pensacola                          www.uwf.edu

score near 40-50

2007-10-23T11:18:00.000-07:00

Schools for cumulative score near 40-50

Alabama A & M University                                           www.aamu.edu
Minnesota State University , Mankato                     www.mnsu.edu
San Diego State University, California                      www.sdsu.edu/
Ball State University                                                        www.bsu.edu
Northeastern Illinois University                                 www.neiu.edu
University of Detroit Mercy                                         www.udmercy.edu
University of Arkansas Little Rock                            www.ualr.edu
California State University , Fresno                          www.csufresno.edu
Widener University, Pennsylvania                            www.widener.edu/
Alcorn State University                                                  www.alcorn.edu
Gannon University                                                          www.gannon.edu/
University of Findlay-Ohio                                          www.findlay.edu/
Farleigh Dickinson University, New Jersey           www.fdu.edu
State University of New York , Albany                    www.albany.edu
College of William & Mary                                           www.wm.edu
East Tennessee State University                                www.etsu.edu
Southwest Texas State University , San Marcos    www.swt.edu
Mc Neese State University                                            www.mcneese.edu
Oakland University                                                         www.oakland.edu
Sam Houston State University                                    www.shsu.edu
San Jose state University                                               www.sjsu.edu
William Patterson University                                       www.wpunj.edu
Western Carolina University                                        www.wcu.edu
University of Central Oklahoma                                  www.ucok.edu
Widener University                                                          www.widener.edu
University of St Thomas, MN                                       www.stthomas.edu
Western Illinois university                                            www.wiu.edu
Bowling Green State University, Ohio                      www.bgsu.edu
Delaware State University                                              www.desu.edu
Central Michigan University                                         www.cmich.edu
University of Southern Mississippi                             www.usm.edu
Indian University South Bend                                      www.iusb.edu
Saint Mary’s University San Antonio                         www.stmarytx.edu
Shippensburg University, PA                                        www.ship.edu
Kent State University                                                       www.kent.edu
State University of New York , New Paltz                 www.newpaltz.edu
Ferris State University                                                     www.ferris.edu
University of New Haven, CT                                        www.newhaven.edu
University of Texas , Pan America                               www.panam.edu

Scores Near 40

2007-10-23T11:10:00.000-07:00

More Schools for Cumulative Score around 40

Saint Joseph University                                                   www.sju.edu
Chapman University                                                         www.chapman.edu
Clark Atlanta University                                                  www.cau.edu
Frostburg State University                                              www.frostburg.edu
La Salle University, PA                                                     www.lasalle.edu
Duquesne University                                                        www.duq.edu
Georgia College & State University                              www.gcsu.edu
Georgia Southern University                                         www.georgiasouthern.edu
Golden Gate University                                                    www.ggu.edu
Jackson State University                                                 www.jsums.edu
Kennesaw State University                                            www.kennesaw.edu
Long Island University                                                     www.liu.edu
Loyola University Chicago                                              www.luc.edu
Northern Kentucky University                                      www.nku.edu
Oklahoma City University                                                www.ocu.edu
Southern New Hampshire University                         www.snhu.edu
California State University, Northridge                      www.csun.edu
Catholic University of America , Washington          www.cua.edu/
Ohio Dominican College (University), Ohio             www.ohiodominican.edu/
Ferris State University, Michigan                                 www.ferris.edu/
Fitchburg State University, MA                                     www.fsc.edu
Hawaii Pacific University, Hawaii                                 www.hpu.edu/
Northwood University, Michigan                                 www.northwood.edu/
Johnson and Wales University ,                                  www.jwu.edu/
Monmouth University-New Jersey                              www.monmouth.edu/
Governors State University , Parkway IL                    www.govst.edu/
Troy State University, Alabama                                      www.troyst.edu/
Stevens Institute of Technology                                     www.stevens-tech.edu
Roosevelt University Chicago                                         www.roosevelt.edu
Florida Atlantic University , Boca Raton                     www.fau.edu
Alfred University                                                                  www.alfred.edu
Drake university                                                                   www.drake.edu
Howard University                                                              www.howard.edu

Defence Research Centers

2007-10-14T05:09:00.000-07:00

Indian Defence Research Centers

VITAMINS

2007-10-11T07:24:00.000-07:00

VITAMINS

The Vitamins are necessary auxiliaries in metabolism. They combine with specific proteins, as parts of various oxidative enzyme systems which are concerned with the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fat in the body. Thus, they are intimately involved in the mechanism which releases energy, carbon dioxide and water as the end products of metabolism.
Vitamins can be broadly divided into Fat Soluble and Water Soluble Vitamins. Vitamins A D E and K are fat-soluble vitamins. Vitamins B ( B1 B2 B6 B12 ) and C are water-soluble.

Top Indian Websites

2007-10-03T07:29:00.000-07:00

Top Indian Websites

Top Indian Website according to Alexa.com ( Criteria used : Number of Website visitors from India)
1. Yahoo!
Personalized content and search options. Chatrooms, free e-mail, clubs, and pager.
yahoo.com

2. Orkut.com
orkut.com

3. Google India
Indian version of this popular search engine. Search the whole web or only webpages from India. Interfaces offered in English, Hindi, Bengali, Telugu, Marathi and Tamil.
google.co.in

4. Google
Enables users to search the Web, Usenet, and images. Features include PageRank, caching and translation of results, and an option to find similar pages. The company's focus is developing search technology.
google.com

5. Rediff.com
rediff.com

6. Microsoft Network (MSN)
Dialup access and content provider.
msn.com

7. Naukri.com
India's No. 1 job site.
naukri.com

8. Rapidshare.com
rapidshare.com

9. Windows Live
由微软MSN推出的提供网页、图片搜索服务。
live.com

10. Blogger.com
Free, automated weblog publishing tool that sends updates to a site via FTP.
blogger.com

11. Indiatimes
Portal site; includes news stories under subject headings, and links to other information sources.

12. YouTube
User-submitted videos with rating, comments, and contests.

13. Debonairblog.com
debonairblog.com

14. Megaupload
Megaupload is a "leading website of the world" for transferring files easily, with complete security and free of charge.
megaupload.com

15. Wikipedia
A free encyclopedia built collaboratively using Wiki software. (GNU Free Documentation License).

16. Cricinfo
International cricket news, live scores, photos, columns and player profiles. Provides archive scorecards, statistics database, ratings and email newsletter. Part of the Wisden Group. UK.
cricinfo.com

17. A World of Music - Raaga.com
Hindi, Tamil and Telugu songs.
raaga.com

18. Microsoft Corporation
Official site. Find out about products and services, read company news, or check out job openings. Also offers product support, downloads, and learning tools.
microsoft.com

19. Starware.com
starware.com

20. RapidShare
Users can upload up to 300 meg files for sharing. Provides downloads of 300 megs per hour on the free service. Premium service also available.
rapidshare.de

21. Masala Talk
Chat about Bollywood, movies, and music.
masalatalk.com

22. Sify.com
India s leading portal for news, business, shopping, sports, movies, vedic astrology, food, and bollywood videos for Indians and NRIs. The largest Indian Community
sify.com

23. MoneyControl.com
MoneyControl.com is India s leading financial information source. It s the official site for CNBC TV18, and provides news, views, and analysis on equity / stock markets, commodities, personal finance, mutual funds, insurance and loans.
moneycontrol.com

24. Xboard.us
xboard.us

25. Santabanta.com
An Indian entertainment portal.
santabanta.com

26. 123 Greetings
Includes holidays, everyday, birthdays, flowers and pets. Features cards for several religious faiths. Animated images.
123greetings.com

27. EBay India
Online shopping mall to buy and sell by auction. Includes classifieds listing of products.
ebay.in

28. Monsterindia.com
monsterindia.com

29. ICICI Direct
Online share and mutual funds trading facility by the ICICI group.
icicidirect.com

30. Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation
Offers online rail ticket booking, and checking of ticket reservation status. Includes train schedules, availability of tickets, and a travel planner.
irctc.co.in

31. Shaadi
Offers matrimonial and wedding related services for Indian and south Asian communities worldwide.
shaadi.com

32. ICICI Bank
Offers a wide range of banking products and financial services to corporate and retail customers.
icicibank.com

33. Indian Railways
The official site with information on trains, fares and availability.
indianrail.gov.in

34. Passport.net
passport.net

35. Hi5.com
hi5.com

36. Dadesiforum.com
dadesiforum.com

37. Freesexyindians.com
freesexyindians.com

38. Redefining Entertainment Online
Complete coverage of Hindi, Tamil and Telugu movies. Get the latest news, trailers, galleries of stars and movies, download wallpapers, reviews, previews and much much more.
indiaglitz.com

39. MSN India
Indian edition of the portal offering news, entertainment, sports and weather. Includes a search engine.
msn.co.in

40. Jeevansathi.com
A free site for Indian origin persons seeking matrimonial alliances.
jeevansathi.com

41. Googlesyndication.com
googlesyndication.com

42. ImageVenue hosting
World s most popular free image hosting for bloggers and message board users.
imagevenue.com

43. Telugu Cinema
Website devoted to Telugu cinema and music.
idlebrain.com -

44. Digital Point Solutions
Offering FileMaker, MySQL and Oracle hosting since 1999.

45. Amazon.com
Amazon.com, a Fortune 500 company based in Seattle, opened its virtual doors on the World Wide Web in July 1995 and today offers Earth's Biggest Selection. Amazon.com seeks to be Earth's most customer-centric company, where customers can find and discover anything they might want to buy online, and endeavors to offer its customers the lowest possible prices. Amazon.com and sellers list millions of unique new and used items in categories such as apparel and accessories, electronics, computers, kitchenware and housewares, books, music, DVDs, videos, cameras and photo items, toys, baby items and baby registry, software, computer and video games, cell phones and service, tools and hardware, travel services, magazine subscriptions and outdoor living items. Site has numerous personalization features and services including one-click buying, extensive customer and editorial product reviews, gift registries, gift certificates, wish lists, restaurant and movie listings, travel, and photo processing.
amazon.com

46. Cooltoad.com
cooltoad.com

47. Bombay Stock Exchange - India
The Stock Exchange, Mumbai current quotes, data, securities information.
bseindia.com

48. Rediff Mail
E-mail at rediffmail.com
rediffmail.com

49. Masala4india
Indian Masala Board, Indian Masala, Music, Entertainment, indian Entertainment.
masala4india.com

50. Tamilmatrimony.com
tamilmatrimony.com

51. ClickJobs.com
ClickJobs.com is built around the promise of matching talented professionals with dynamic organizations. The company leverages the rich experience of its group company, BharatMatrimony to provide superior services in all aspects of client operations.
clickjobs.com

52. Eenadu
Andhrula abhimaana vaaratha patrika - ippudu internetlo
eenadu.net

53. Megashare.com
megashare.com

54. Zapak.com
zapak.com

55. Information.com
information.com

56. Sifymax.com
sifymax.com

57. The Internet Movie Database
Features plot summaries, reviews, cast lists, and theatre schedules.
imdb.com

58. CNET Download.com
The site is one of the largest and most trusted sources of freeware, shareware, and other software downloads.
download.com

59. Flickr
Picture galleries available with social networking, chat, groups, and photo ratings.
flickr.com

60. OneIndia.in
OneIndia, as the name signifies, provides all information related to India under ONE roof. We specialize in India languages.
oneindia.in

61. தினமலர்
தமிழ் நாளேடு (ஸ்ரீ802 உருக்கட்டு தேவை).
dinamalar.com

62. EBay
International person to person auction site, with products sorted into categories.
ebay.com -

63. BBC Newsline Ticker
Headline ticker will automatically update throughout the day with the latest news, sport, travel, finance and weather from the BBC. Available for multiple OS platforms.
bbc.co.uk

64. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd.
Offers telephone services to private and business customers.
bsnl.co.in

65. ImageShack
ImageShack® is a free image hosting solution. It can be used to share pictures with friends, as well as post images on message boards and blogs. It can also be used to direct link images from your personal website or online auction. And best of all, it's completely free.
imageshack.us

66. NDTV
New Delhi Television
ndtv.com -

67. Sulekha
Online Indian community with classifieds for 60 cities worldwide, matrimonials for Indian professionals, tickets, petitions, weblogs and news.
sulekha.com -

68. About
Directory features links, articles and reviews.
about.com

69. UserCash.com
Paid URL forwarding
usercash.com

70. Indian adult website

71. Sify.com
India s leading portal for news, business, shopping, sports, movies, vedic astrology, food, and bollywood videos for Indians and NRIs. The largest Indian Community
sify.net

72. HDFC Bank Ltd.
Information about services offered to resident Indians, NRI's, and companies. Links to its subsidiary companies.
hdfcbank.com

73. IndiaFM
IndiaFM is India s only Bollywood and the no.1 Bollywood site. It is also the largest Bollywood news and music site. Here, you will find daily updates from Bollywood and Complete source of News, Information, and Entertainment from Bollywood
indiafm.com

74. Picscrazy.com
picscrazy.com

75. Air Deccan
Provide helicopter services for company charters, tourism, medical evacuation, and off-shore logistics.
airdeccan.net

76. Music India Online
Has a large collection of music and songs classified by type, language and region. All downloads are streamed through RealAudio.
musicindiaonline.com

77. MakeMyTrip.com Pvt. Ltd.
The number one travel e-commerce website in India, MakeMyTrip.com has brought a revolution in the travel market by shifting the power of information and decision-making from the travel agent to the customer.
makemytrip.com

78. Zadserver.com
zadserver.com

79. ESPN Star Sports
The latest sporting news
espnstar.com

80. Geocities
15 Mb with 3Gb monthly bandwidth limit. Banner or Pop-up ads on each page. Browser or FTP uploads. On-line editor. CGI scripts: counter and guestbook. URL: 'http://www.geocities.com/yoursite/'.
geocities.com

81. Ibnlive.com
Most comprehensive coverage of news, videos, Bollywood, music, politics, cricket and blogs nformation from India.
ibnlive.com

82. National Stock Exchange of India (NSE)
India securities market information, including real time graphs, information.
nseindia.com

83. Desitorrents.com
desitorrents.com

84. Metacafe.com
metacafe.com

85. Chitchatters.net
chitchatters.net

86. Myspace
Social Networking Site.
myspace.com

87. Adult Friendfinder
Personal adverts with pictures and chat. [Membership]
adultfriendfinder.com

88. Mywebsearch.com
mywebsearch.com

89. 99acres.com
Real estate portal featuring listing of properties. Includes a property gallery and search.
99acres.com

90. India Forums : Indian TV Serials Forum
Discussion Forum for popular Indian TV shows like Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin (Jassi Jaisi Koi Nahin), Kkusum (Kusum)
india-forums.com

91. World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc.
Official site with wrestler information, corporate details, news, merchandise, and a directory of affiliated sites. [Formerly the World Wrestling Federation.]
wwe.com

92. StatCounter.com
Detailed visitor stats and a choice of graphical counters. An invisible counter is also available.
statcounter.com

93. Vmn.net
vmn.net

94. Times Jobs & Careers
A database of jobs advertised in India for positions in India and abroad. From the Times of India Group.
timesjobs.com

95. IBM Corporation
Website for International Business Machines Corporation
ibm.com

96. Myhotboard.com
myhotboard.com

97. Google UK
The local version of this pre-eminent search engine, offering UK-specific pages as well as world results.
google.co.uk

98. Adobe
Provides a range of products for digtal media creation and editing, multimedia authoring, and web development. Site contains extensive documentation and support for all software.
adobe.com

99. Mail2Web
This simple and easy to use site provides web based access to a POP3 account. Does not require sign-up and offers a secure connection.
mail2web.com

100. Hindu.com
hindu.com

Internet Related Terminologies

2007-10-01T11:36:00.000-07:00

Internet Related Terminologies

Ajax --
(Asynchronous JavaScript and XML)

ARPANet -- (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network)
The precursor to the Internet. Developed in the late 60's and early 70's by the US Department of Defense as an experiment in wide-area-networking to connect together computers that were each running different system so that people at one location could use computing resources from another location.

Bandwidth
How much stuff you can send through a connection. Usually measured in bits-per-second (bps.) A full page of English text is about 16,000 bits. A fast modem can move about 57,000 bits in one second. Full-motion full-screen video would require roughly 10,000,000 bits-per-second, depending on compression.

Blog -- (weB LOG)
A blog is basically a journal that is available on the web. The activity of updating a blog is "blogging" and someone who keeps a blog is a "blogger."

Broadband
Generally refers to connections to the Internet with much greater bandwidth than you can get with a modem. There is no specific definition of the speed of a "broadband" connection but in general any Internet connection using DSL or a via Cable-TV may be considered a broadband connection.

Browser
A Client program (software) that is used to look at various kinds of Internet resources.

Byte
A set of Bits that represent a single character. Usually there are 8 Bits in a Byte, sometimes more, depending on how the measurement is being made.

Cookie
The most common meaning of "Cookie" on the Internet refers to a piece of information sent by a Web Server to a Web Browser that the Browser software is expected to save and to send back to the Server whenever the browser makes additional requests from the Server.

CSS -- (Cascading Style Sheet)
A standard for specifying the appearance of text and other elements. CSS was developed for use with HTML in Web pages but is also used in other situations, notably in applications built using XPFE. CSS is typically used to provide a single "library" of styles that are used over and over throughout a large number of related documents, as in a web site. A CSS file might specify that all numbered lists are to appear in italics. By changing that single specification the look of a large number of documents can be easily changed.

Cyberspace
Term originated by author William Gibson in his novel Neuromancer the word Cyberspace is currently used to describe the whole range of information resources available through computer networks.

DNS -- (Domain Name System)
The Domain Name System is the system that translates Internet domain names into IP numbers. A "DNS Server" is a server that performs this kind of translation.

Domain Name
The unique name that identifies an Internet site. Domain Names always have 2 or more parts, separated by dots. The part on the left is the most specific, and the part on the right is the most general. A given machine may have more than one Domain Name but a given Domain Name points to only one machine. For example, the domain names:

Download
Transferring data (usually a file) from a another computer to the computer you are are using. The opposite of upload.

Fire Wall
A combination of hardware and software that separates a Network into two or more parts for security purposes.

FTP -- (File Transfer Protocol)
A very common method of moving files between two Internet sites.

FTP is a way to login to another Internet site for the purposes of retrieving and/or sending files. There are many Internet sites that have established publicly accessible repositories of material that can be obtained using FTP, by logging in using the account name "anonymous", thus these sites are called "anonymous ftp servers".

FTP was invented and in wide use long before the advent of the World Wide Web and originally was always used from a text-only interface.

HTML -- (HyperText Markup Language)
The coding language used to create Hypertext documents for use on the World Wide Web. HTML looks a lot like old-fashioned typesetting code, where you surround a block of text with codes that indicate how it should appear.

HTTP -- (HyperText Transfer Protocol)
The protocol for moving hypertextfiles across the Internet. Requires a HTTP client program on one end, and an HTTP server program (such as Apache) on the other end. HTTP is the most important protocol used in the World Wide Web (WWW).

Intranet
A private network inside a company or organization that uses the same kinds of software that you would find on the public Internet, but that is only for internal use. Compare with extranet.

IP Number -- (Internet Protocol Number)
Sometimes called a dotted quad. A unique number consisting of 4 parts separated by dots, e.g.

165.113.245.2

Every machine that is on the Internet has a unique IP number - if a machine does not have an IP number, it is not really on the Internet. Many machines (especially servers) also have one or more Domain Names that are easier for people to remember.

ISP -- (Internet Service Provider)
An institution that provides access to the Internet in some form, usually for money.

LAN -- (Local Area Network)
A computer network limited to the immediate area, usually the same building or floor of a building.

Leased Line
Refers to line such as a telephone line or fiber-optic cable that is rented for exclusive 24-hour, 7-days-a-week use from your location to another location. The highest speed data connections require a leased line.

Linux
A widely used Open Source Unix-like operating system. Linux was first released by its inventor Linus Torvalds in 1991. There are versions of Linux for almost every available type of computer hardware from desktop machines to IBM mainframes. The inner workings of Linux are open and available for anyone to examine and change as long as they make their changes available to the public. This has resulted in thousands of people working on various aspects of Linux and adaptation of Linux for a huge variety of purposes, from servers to TV-recording boxes.

Permalink
A "permanent link" to a particular posting in a blog. A permalink is a URI that points to a specific blog posting, rather than to the page in which the posting original occured (which may no longer contain the posting.)

PHP -- (PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor)
PHP is a programming language used almost exclusively for creating software that is part of a web site. The PHP language is designed to be intermingled with the HTML that is used to create web pages. Unlike HTML, the PHP code is read and processed by the web server software (HTML is read and processed by the web browser software.)

podcasting or pod-casting
A form of audio broadcasting using the Internet, podcasting takes its name from a combination of "iPod" and broadcasting. iPod is the immensely popular digital audio player made by Apple computer, but podcasting does not actually require the use of an iPod.

Portal
Usually used as a marketing term to described a Web site that is or is intended to be the first place people see when using the Web. Typically a "Portal site" has a catalog of web sites, a search engine, or both. A Portal site may also offer email and other service to entice people to use that site as their main "point of entry" (hence "portal") to the Web.

Proxy Server
A Proxy Server sits in between a Client and the "real" Server that a Client is trying to use. Client's are sometimes configured to use a Proxy Server, usually an HTTP server. The clients makes all of it's requests from the Proxy Server, which then makes requests from the "real" server and passes the result back to the Client. Sometimes the Proxy server will store the results and give a stored result instead of making a new one (to reduce use of a Network). Proxy servers are commonly established on Local Area Networks

Router
A special-purpose computer (or software package) that handles the connection between 2 or more Packet-Switched networks. Routers spend all their time looking at the source and destination addresses of the packets passing through them and deciding which route to send them on.

TCP/IP -- (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
This is the suite of protocols that defines the Internet. Originally designed for the UNIX operating system, TCP/IP software is now included with every major kind of computer operating system. To be truly on the Internet, your computer must have TCP/IP software.

Unix
A computer operating system (the basic software running on a computer, underneath things like word processors and spreadsheets). Unix is designed to be used by many people at the same time (it is multi-user) and has TCP/IP built-in. It is the most common operating system for servers on the Internet. Apple computers' Macintosh operating system, as of version 10 ("Mac OS X"), is based on Unix.

URL -- (Uniform Resource Locator)
The term URL is basically synonymous with URI. URI has replaced URL in technical specifications.

WAN -- (Wide Area Network)
Any internet or network that covers an area larger than a single building or campus.

Wi-Fi -- (Wireless Fidelity)
A popular term for a form of wireless data communication, basically Wi-Fi is "Wireless Ethernet".

Companies , Brands & Products

2007-10-01T11:30:00.000-07:00

Companies , Brands & Products

Dabur
Amla Hair Oil ,Vatika Hair Oil ,Anmol Silky Black Shampoo,Vatika Fairness Face Pack Dabur Red Toothpaste,Babool Toothpaste, Meswakl Toothpaste ,Promise Toothpaste, Dabur Lal Dant Manjan, Dabur Binaca Toothbrush, Hajmola ,Pudinhara.

Pepsi
Pepsi, Mountain dew, Mirinda, Aquafina MineralWater, Lipton Iced Tea, Starbucks DoubleShot.

Cocacola
Cocacola , Thumbsup , Maaza , Limca , Sprite , Fanta , Kinley Water , Georgia gold cofee.

TATA Motors
Indica , Indigo , Fiat , Safari DICOR , SUMO , Starbus & GLOBUS

Hyundai CARS
santro , GETZ , Accent , Verna , Elantra , SONATA EMBERA , Tucson

SKODA Auto
Octavia Classic , SUperb turbo-diesal , Octavia Combi

Honda
City ZX , Civic,Accord,CR-V

Toyota
Innova , Corolla , Camry , Prado

Chevrolet
Aveo , Optra , Tavera , Chevy SRV

Maruti Udhyog Limited
ZEN , ALTO , ESTEEM , Maruti 800 , OMNI , GYPSY , WAGON R , VERSA , BALENO , SWIFT.

Hindustan Lever Limited
Lux, Breeze, Lifebuoy, Dove, Liril, Pears, Hamam, Rexona, Surf Excel, Fair & Lovely, Rin, Pond's, wheel, Sunsilk Naturals, Pepsodent, Clinic, Close-up, Axe, Lakme, Rexona, Ayush, Brooke Bond, Bru, Lipton, Kissan, Kwality Wall's, Knorr Annapurna , Pure It.

Procter & Gamble
Ariel,Tide,Pantene,Head & Shoulders,Rejoice,Pampers,Vicks , Whisper.

ITC Limited
India Kings, Gold Flake, Navy Cut, Scissors, Capstan, Berkeley, Bristol and Flake, Kitchens of India, Aashirvaad, Sunfeast, Mint-O, Candyman , John Players, wills life style, AIM safety matches, Welcome Hotels , Maurya Sheraton , Bukhara Restaurant.

Interesting Facts About India

2007-10-01T11:27:00.000-07:00

Interesting Facts About India

The name `India’ is derived from the River Indus, the valleys around which were the home of the early settlers. The Aryan worshippers referred to the river Indus as the Sindhu.

The Persian invaders converted it into Hindu. The name `Hindustan’ combines Sindhu and Hindu and thus refers to the land of the Hindus.

The number system was invented by India. Aryabhatta was the scientist who invented the digit zero.

Sanskrit is considered as the mother of all higher languages. This is because it is the most precise, and therefore suitable language for computer software. ( a report in Forbes magazine, July 1987 ).

Chess was invented in India.

Algebra, Trigonometry and Calculus are studies which originated in India.

The' place value system' and the 'decimal system' were developed in 100 BC in India.

The first six Mogul Emperor's of India ruled in an unbroken succession from father to son for two hundred years, from 1526 to 1707.

The World's First Granite Temple is the Brihadeswara temple at Tanjavur in Tamil Nadu. The shikhara is made from a single ' 80-tonne ' piece of granite. Also, this magnificient temple was built in just five years, (between 1004 AD and 1009 AD) during the reign of Rajaraja Chola

India is.......the Largest democracy in the world, the 6th largest country in the world AND one of the most ancient and living civilizations (at least 10, 000 years old).

The game of snakes & ladders was created by the 13th century poet saint Gyandev. It was originally called 'Mokshapat.' The ladders in the game represented virtues and the snakes indicated vices. The game was played with cowrie shells and dices. Later through time, the game underwent several modifications but the meaning is the same i.e good deeds take us to heaven and evil to a cycle of re-births.

The world's highest cricket ground is in Chail, Himachal Pradesh.
Built in 1893 after levelling a hilltop, this cricket pitch is 2444 meters above sea level.

India has the most no of post offices in the world !

The largest employer in the world is the Indian railway system, employing over a million people !.

The World's first university was established in Takshila in 700 BC. More than 10,500 students from all over the world studied more than 60 subjects. The University of Nalanda built in the 4th century was one of the greatest achievements of ancient India in the field of education.

Ayurveda is the earliest school of medicine known to mankind. The father of medicine, Charaka, consolidated Ayurveda 2500 years ago.

Although modern images & descriptions of India often show poverty, India was one of the richest countries till the time of British in the early 17th Century. Christopher Columbus was attracted by India's wealth and was looking for route to India when he discovered America by mistake.

The art of Navigation & Navigating was born in the river Sindh 6000 over years ago. The very word 'Navigation' is derived from the Sanskrit word NAVGATIH. The word navy is also derived from the Sanskrit word 'Nou'.

Bhaskaracharya rightly calculated the time taken by the earth to orbit the sun hundreds of years before the astronomer Smart. His calculations was - Time taken by earth to orbit the sun: ( 5th century ) 365.258756484 days.

The value of "pi" was first calculated by the Indian Mathematician Budhayana, and he explained the concept of what is known as the Pythagorean Theorem. He discovered this in the 6th century, which was long before the European mathematicians.

Algebra, trigonometry and calculus also orignated from India. Quadratic equations were used by Sridharacharya in the 11th century. The largest numbers the Greeks and the Romans used were 106 whereas Hindus used numbers as big as 10*53 ( i.e 10 to the power of 53 ) with specific names as early as 5000 B.C. during the Vedic period. Even today, the largest used number is Tera: 10*12

International Awards

2007-10-01T11:16:00.000-07:00

International Awards

Abel Prize
The Abel Prize is awarded annually by the King of Norway to outstanding mathematicians.

Nobel Prize
The Nobel Prizes are prizes awarded annually to people who have completed outstanding research, invented ground-breaking techniques or equipment, or made an outstanding contribution to society in physics, chemistry, literature, peace, medicine or physiology and economics.They are widely regarded as the supreme commendation in their respective subject areas.
Those honored with a Prize are known as Nobel Laureates.

Man Booker Prize
The Man Booker Prize for Fiction, also known as the Booker Prize, is one of the world's most prestigious literary prizes, awarded each year for the best original full-length novel written by a citizen of the Commonwealth of Nations or the Republic of Ireland in the English language.

Aga Khan Prize for Fiction
The Aga Khan Prize for Fiction is awarded by the editors of The Paris Review for what they deem to be the best short story published in the magazine in a given year. No applications are accepted. The winner gets $1,000.

Person of the Year
Person of the Year is an annual issue of U.S. newsmagazine TIME that features a profile on the man, woman, couple, group, idea, place, or machine that "for better or worse, has most influenced events in the preceding year."

Ramon Magsaysay Award
Every year the Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation gives away prizes to Asian individuals and organizations for achieving excellence in their respective fields. The awards are given in six categories.
* Government Service
* Public Service
* Community Leadership
* Journalism, Literature and Creative Communication arts
* Peace and International Understanding
* Emergent Leadership

The prize was created to commemorate Ramon Magsaysay, the late president of the Philippines.

Clio Awards
The Clio Awards are given to reward creative excellence in advertising and design. They are awarded in a number of fields, including: TV, Print, Outdoor, Radio, Integrated Campaign, Innovative Media, Design, Internet, Content & Contact, and Student work.
The awards are named for the Greek Muse of history Clio and were first given in 1959.

Miss Universe
Miss Universe is an annual international beauty contest, and the title for the winner of the contest, founded in 1952 by California clothing company Pacific Mills.

Miss World
The Miss World pageant is an international beauty pageant founded in the United Kingdom by Eric Morley in 1951.

Bafta Award
The British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA), is a British organisation that hosts annual awards shows for film, television, children's film and television, and interactive media.

The Cannes Film Festival
The Cannes Film Festival , founded in 1939, is considered one of the world's most prestigious film festivals. The private festival is held annually (usually in the month of May) in the resort town of Cannes, in the south of France.

Academy Awards (OSCARS)
The Academy Awards, popularly known as the Oscars, are the most prominent film awards in the United States and most watched awards ceremony in the world.

Webby Awards
Presented by The International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences, the Webby Awards are a set of awards presented to the "world's best websites". The awards have been given out since 1996. There is also a second set of awards called the People's Voice Awards for the same categories which are given by popular vote.

Grammy Awards
The Grammy Awards (originally called the Gramophone Awards, commonly abbreviated as the Grammys or GRAMMYs ), presented by the Recording Academy (an association of Americans professionally involved in the recorded music industry) for outstanding achievements in the recording industry, is one of four major music awards shows held annually in the United States.

Billboard Music Awards
The Billboard Music Awards, sponsored by Billboard magazine and held annually in December, is one of three major United States contemporary music awards shows presented each year.

ICC Awards
The ICC Awards is a set of sports awards for cricket. The awards recognise and honour the best international cricket players of the previous 12 months. The awards are sanctioned and administered by the International Cricket Council.

Cricket Terms - Glossaries

2007-10-01T08:53:00.000-07:00

Cricket Terms - Glossaries

All out
when an innings is ended due to ten of the eleven batsmen on the batting side being either dismissed or unable to bat because of injury or illness.

All-rounder
a player adept at batting and bowling, or batting and wicket-keeping.

Anchor
a top-order batsman capable of batting for a long duration throughout the innings. Usually batsman playing at numbers 3 or 4 play such a role, especially if there is a batting collapse. An anchor plays defensively, and is often the top scorer in the innings.

Appeal
the act of a bowler or fielder shouting at the umpire to ask if his last ball took the batsman's wicket. Usually phrased in the form of howzat (how-was-that?).

Back foot
in a batsman's stance the back foot is the foot that is nearer to the stumps. A bowler's front foot is the last foot to contact the ground before the ball is released. The other foot is the back foot. Unless the bowler is bowling off the wrong foot the bowling foot is the back foot.

Beamer
a delivery that reaches the batsman at around head height without bouncing. Due to the risk of injury to the batsman, a beamer is an illegal delivery, punishable by a no ball being called.

Bowling end
the end of the pitch from where the bowler bowls.

Buffet bowling
bowling of a very poor quality, such that the batsmen is able to "help himself" to runs.

Captain's Innings
a high-scoring individual innings by the captain of the batting team considered to have changed the course of a match.

Chinaman
a left-handed bowler bowling wrist spin (left arm unorthodox). For a right-handed batsman, the ball will move from the off side to the leg side (left to right on the TV screen). Named after Ellis "Puss" Achong, a West Indian left-arm wrist-spin bowler of Chinese descent.

Chuck
to throw the ball instead of bowling it (i.e. by straightening the elbow during the delivery); also chucker: a bowler who chucks; and chucking: such an illegal bowling action.

County cricket
first-class cricket played between counties of a country (particularly England).

Crease
one of several lines on the pitch near the stumps (the "popping crease", the "return crease" and the "bowling crease").

Dead ball
1. the state of play in between deliveries, in which batsmen may not score runs or be given out.
2. called when a delivery bounces twice on the pitch before reaching the batsman.
3. called when the ball becomes lodged in the batsman's clothing or equipment.
4. called when the ball is (or is about to be) bowled when the batsman is not yet ready.
5. called when a bowler aborts his run up without making a delivery.

Dead bat
the bat when held with a light grip such that it gives when the ball strikes it, and the ball loses momentum and falls to the ground.

Delivery
the act of bowling the ball.

Devil's number (also Dreaded number)
a score of 87, regarded as unlucky in Australian cricket. According to Australian superstition, batsmen have a tendency to be dismissed for 87. The superstition is thought to originate from the fact that 87 is 13 runs short of a century. The English equivalent is Nelson.

Diamond duck
a dismissal (for zero) off the first ball of a team's innings (a dismissal off merely the batman's first ball is a golden duck). Also, less commonly, a dismissal for nought (zero), without having faced a ball (usually by being run out). The latter is sometimes referred to as a glass duck. In New Zealand the term for a diamond duck is a "royal golden duck".

Dolly
a very easy catch.

Doosra
a relatively new off spin delivery developed by Saqlain Mushtaq; the off spin equivalent of the googly, in that it turns the "wrong way". From the Hindi or Urdu for second or other.

Duck
a batsman's score of nought (zero), as in "he was out for a duck" or "she hasn't got off her duck yet". Originally called a "duck's egg" because of the "0" shape in the scorebook.

Duckworth-Lewis method
a mathematically based rule that derives a target score for the side batting second in a rain-affected one-day match.

Fall of wicket ("FoW")
the batting team's score at which a batsman gets out

Fast bowling (also pace bowling)
a style of bowling in which the ball is delivered at high speeds, typically over 90 mph (145 km/h). Fast bowlers also use swing.

Fielder
a player on the fielding side who is neither the bowler nor the wicket-keeper, in particular one who has just fielded the ball.

Fifer
five or more wickets taken by a bowler in an innings, considered a very good performance. Abbreviated from the usual form of writing bowling statistics, e.g. a bowler who takes 5 wickets and concedes 117 runs is said to have figures of "5 for 117". Sometimes called a "Michelle", in honour of the actress Michelle Pfeiffer.

Flipper
a leg spin delivery with under-spin, so it bounces lower than normal, invented by Clarrie Grimmett.

Follow on
the team batting second continuing for their second innings, having fallen short of the "follow on target". The definition of this target has changed over time, but is currently 200 runs behind the first teams score in a 5 day game, 150 runs in a 4 day game, 100 runs in a 3 day event and 75 in a single day.

Follow through
a bowler's or batsman's body actions after bowling/batting to stabilise their body.

Front foot
in a batsman's stance the front foot is the foot that is nearer to the bowler. A bowler's front foot is the last foot to contact the ground before the ball is released.

Full toss
a delivery that reaches the batsman on the full, i.e. without bouncing. Usually considered a bad delivery to bowl as the batsman has a lot of time to see the ball and play an attacking shot. Also, it does not have a chance to change direction off the ground, making it the ultimate crime for a spin or seam bowler.

Gardening
a batsman prodding at the pitch with his bat between deliveries, either to flatten a bump in the pitch, to soothe his own frazzled nerves or simply to waste time or upset the rhythm of the bowler. Considered facetious.

Glove
part of a batsman's kit worn to protect the hands from accidental injury. When a hand is in contact with the bat it is considered part of the bat and so a player can be given out caught to a ball that came off the glove hence "gloved a catch."

Golden pair (also King pair)
a dismissal for nought (zero) runs off the first ball faced in both innings of a two-innings match (such as a Test match or other first-class match).

Good length
the ideal place for a stock delivery to pitch in its trajectory from the bowler to the batsman. It makes the batsman uncertain whether to play a front-foot or back-foot shot. A good length differs from bowler to bowler, based on the type and speed of the bowler.

Googly
a deceptive spinning delivery by a leg spin bowler, also known (particularly in Australia) as the wrong 'un. For a right-hander bowler and a right-handed batsman, a googly will turn from the off side to the leg side. Developed by Bosanquet around 1900, and formerly called a bosie or bosey.

Gouging
causing intentional damage to the pitch or ball.

Grafting
batting defensively with strong emphasis on not getting out, often under difficult conditions.

Grip
the rubber casings used on the handle of the bat. The term is also used to describe how the bowler holds the ball and how the batsman holds the bat.

Groundsman
a person responsible for maintaining the cricket field and preparing the pitch.

Gully
a close fielder near the slip fielders. A fielder standing in Gully is on the imaginary straight line that extends from the corner of batter's popping crease (on the on-side) to the middle stump.

Hat-trick
a bowler taking a wicket off each of three consecutive deliveries that he bowls (whether in the same over or split up in two consecutive overs, or two overs in two different spells.).

Hit wicket
a batsman getting out by dislodging the bails of the wicket behind him either with his bat or body as he tries to play the ball.

Hoodoos
A bowler is said to 'have the hoodoos ' on a batsman when they have got them out many times in their career.

Hook
a shot, similar to a pull, but played so that the ball is struck when it is above the batsman's shoulder.

"How's that?" (or "Howzat?")
the cry of a fielding team when appealing, notable because an umpire is not obliged to give the batsman 'out' unless the question is asked.

In-swing
a delivery that curves into the batsman

In-Cutter
a delivery that moves into the batsman after hitting the surface.

Leg before wicket (LBW)
a way of dismissing the batsman. In brief, the batsman is out if, in the opinion of the umpire, the ball hits any part of the batsman's body (usually the leg) before hitting the bat and would have gone on to hit the stumps.

Leg break
a leg spin delivery which, for a right-hander bowler and a right-handed batsman, will turn from the leg side to the off side (usually away from the batsman).

Leg bye
extras taken after a delivery hits any part of the body of the batsman other than the bat or the gloved hand that holds the bat. If the batsman makes no attempt to play the ball with the bat, leg byes may not be scored.

Leg cutter
a break delivery bowled by a fast or medium-pace bowler with similar action to a spin bowler, but at a faster pace. The ball breaks from the leg side to the off side of the batsman.

Leg side
the half of the field to the rear of the batsman as he takes strike (also known as the on side).

Leg spin
a form of bowling in which the bowler imparts spin on the ball by turning the wrist as the ball is delivered, and for that reason also known as "wrist spin". The stock delivery for a leg spinner is a leg break; other leg spin deliveries include the googly, the top spinner, and the flipper. The term leg spinner is usually reserved for right handed bowlers who bowl in this manner. Left handers who bowl with wrist spin are known as unorthodox spinners. The unorthodox spinner's version of the googly is known as the Chinaman.

Limited overs match
a one-innings match where each side may only face a set number of overs. Another name for one-day cricket.

Line and length bowling
bowling so that a delivery pitches on a good length and just outside off stump. This forces the batsman to play a shot as the ball may hit the stumps.

Loosener
a poor delivery bowled at the start of a bowler's spell.

Lower order
the batsmen who bat at between roughly number 7 and 10 or 11 in the batting order and who are not very good at batting, being either specialist bowlers or wicket-keepers with limited batting ability.

Maiden over
an over in which no runs are scored off the bat, and no wides or no balls are bowled.

Match fixing
bribing players of one of the teams to deliberately play poorly, with the intention of cashing in on bets on the result of the game.

Match referee
an official whose role is to ensure that the spirit of the game is upheld. He has the power to fine players and/or teams for unethical play.

Medium-pace
a bowler who bowls slower than a pace bowler, but faster than a spin bowler. Speed is important to the medium-pacer, but they try and defeat the batsman with the movement of the ball, rather than the pace at which it is bowled. Medium-pacers either bowl cutters or rely on the ball to swing in the air. They usually bowl at about 55-70 mph (90-110 km/h).

Middle of the bat
the area of the face of the bat that imparts maximum power to a shot if that part of the bat hits the ball. Also known as the "meat" of the bat. Effectively the same as the sweet spot; however, a shot that has been "middled" usually means one that is hit with great power as well as timing.

Mis-field
a fielder failing to collect the ball cleanly, often fumbling the ball or dropping a catch.

Negative bowling
a persistent line of bowling down the leg-side of a batsman to stymie the batsman from scoring (particularly in Test matches).

Nelson
a score of 111, either of a team or an individual batsman, regarded by some as unlucky; the superstitious custom is for the batting team off the pitch (and umpire David Shepherd) each to take one foot off the ground. The name was coined in the mistaken belief that Lord Nelson had one eye, one arm and one leg: in fact, he had two legs. Double-Nelson is 222, etc.

Nervous nineties
the period of batsman's innings when his or her score is between 90 and 99. During this phase many players bat extremely cautiously in order to avoid being out before they obtain a century.

Nets
pitch surrounded on three sides by netting, used by for practice by batsman and bowler

Nightwatchman
a lower order batsman sent in when the light is dimming to play out the remaining overs of the day (in a Test Match) in order to protect more valuable batsmen.

Non-striker
the batsman standing at the bowling end.

One-day International (ODI)
a match between two national sides limited to 50 overs per innings, played over at most one day.

Off side
the half of the pitch furthest from the batsman's body as he takes strike - i.e. the right half for a right-handed batsman and the left for a left-hander.

Off spin
a form of bowling in which the bowler imparts spin on the ball with the fingers as the ball is delivered, and for that reason also known as "finger spin". The usual stock delivery for an off spinner is an off break, but other off spin deliveries includes the arm ball and the doosra. The term off spinner is usually reserved for right handed bowlers who bowl in this manner. Left handers are described as orthodox or unorthodox.

On side
the half of the pitch nearest the batsman's body as he takes strike i.e. the left half for a right-handed batsman and the right for a left-hander (also known as the leg side).

One down
a batsman who bats at #3, a crucial position in the team's batting innings.

Opener

1. a batsman skilled at batting at the beginning of an innings, when the ball is new.
2. one of the bowlers who open the innings, usually the fastest bowlers in the side.

Outfield
the part of the field lying outside the 30 yard (27 m) circle measured from the centre of the pitch.

Over
the delivery of six consecutive balls by one bowler.

Over the wicket
a right-handed bowler bowling to the left of the stumps, and vice-versa for a left-handed bowler.

Overarm
the action of bowling with the arm swinging from behind the body over the head, releasing the ball on the down swing without bending the elbow. This type of bowling is the only type allowed in all official cricket matches. Compare with underarm.

Overthrows also buzzers
the scoring of extra runs due to an errant throw from a fielder. Occasionally used erroneously for any runs scored after a fielder mis-fields the ball.

Pads
protective equipment for batsmen and wicket-keepers, covering the legs.

Perfume ball
a bouncer on or just outside off-stump that passes within inches of the batsman's face. So called because the ball is supposedly close enough to the batsman's face that he can smell it.

Pie Chucker
A poor bowler, usually of slow to medium pace whose deliveries are flighted so much as to appear similar to a pie in the air. Considered easy to score off by batsmen

Pinch-hitter
a lower order batsman promoted up the batting order to increase the run rate. The term is borrowed from baseball.

Point of release
the position of the bowler at the moment when the ball is released.

Powerplay Fives
the two blocks of five overs in an ODI which the fielding captain must designate as being subject by fielding restrictions. This applies for a series of three ODIs between England and Australia starting on 7 July 2005 and for a 10-month trial period beginning on 31 July 2005.

Pro20
South African form of twenty20

Pull
a shot played to the leg side to a short-pitched delivery, between mid-wicket and backward square-leg.

Quota
the total number of overs (maximum 10) allotted to a bowler in an ODI match. Typically total overs in the innings divided by 5, rounded to next highest integer.

Reverse Sweep
a right handed batsman sweeping the ball like a left handed batsman and vice-versa.

Reverse swing
the art of swinging the ball contrary to how a conventionally swung ball moves in the air; i.e. movement away from the rough side. Many theories as to how this may occur. Usually happens with an older ball than conventional swing, but not always, atmospheric conditions and bowler skill also being important factors. It has been espoused that once the 'rough' side becomes extremely rough a similar effect to that of a dimpled golf ball may cause it to move more quickly through the air than the 'shiny' side of the ball.

Run out
dismissal by a member of the fielding side breaking the wicket while the batsman is outside his/her crease in the process of making a run.

Run rate
the average number of runs scored per over.

Runner
a player of the batting side assisting an injured batsman in running between the wickets. The runner must wear and carry the same equipment and both the injured batsman and the runner can be run out, the injured batsman having to stay in his ground.

Seam bowling
a bowling style which uses the uneven conditions of the ball -- specifically the raised seam -- to make it deviate upon bouncing off the pitch. Contrast with swing bowling.

Selector
a person who is delegated with the task of choosing players for a cricket team. Typically the term is used in the context of player selection for national, provincial and other representative teams at the professional levels of the game, where a "panel of selectors" acts under the authority of the relevant national or provincial cricket administrative body.

Shooter
a delivery that skids after pitching (i.e. doesn't bounce as high as would be expected), usually at a quicker pace, resulting in a batsman unable to hit the ball cleanly.

Short-pitched
a delivery that bounces relatively close to the bowler. The intent is to make the ball bounce well above waist height (a bouncer). A slow or low-bouncing short-pitched ball is known as a long hop.

Sight-screen
a large board placed behind the bowler, beyond the boundary, used to provide contrast to the ball, thereby aiding the striker in seeing the ball when it is delivered.

Silly
a modifier to the names of some fielding positions to denote that they are unusually close to the batsman, most often silly mid-off, silly mid-on, silly midwicket and silly point.

Sledging
verbal abuse in simple terms, or a psychological tactic in more complex terms. Used by cricketers both on and off the field to gain advantage of the opposition by frustrating them and breaking the concentration of the opposition. Considered in some cricketing countries to be against the spirit of the game, although occasional sledging remains common.

Slip
a close fielder behind the batsman, next to the wicket-keeper on the off-side. There can be as many as four slips for a faster bowler.

Slog
a powerful shot, usually hit in the air in an attempt to score a six, often without too much concern for proper technique.

Slog overs
the final 10 overs (particularly the last five) in a ODI match during which batsmen play aggressively scoring at a very high rate.

Stance (also batting stance)
the posture of a batsman holding his bat when facing a delivery.

Sticky wicket
a difficult wet pitch.

Strike
the position as batsman, as opposed to non striker. Often, 'Keep [the] strike', to arrange runs on the last ball of an over so as to face the first ball of the next, 'Shepherd the Strike', to keep dong this to protect a less skillfull batsman.

Strike bowler
an attacking bowler whose role is to take wickets rather than to restrict scoring. Usually a fast bowler or attacking spinner who bowls in short spells to attacking field settings.

Strike rate

1. (batting) a percentage equal to the number of runs scored by a batsman divided by the number of balls faced.
2. (bowling) the average number of deliveries bowled before a bowler takes a wicket.

Stump

1. one of the three vertical posts making up the wicket ("off stump", "middle stump" and "leg stump");
2. a way of dismissing a batsman; or
3. ("stumps") the end of a day's play.

Sundry (also extra)
a run not attributed to any batsman, such as a bye, wide or no-ball.

Supersub
under experimental one-day international rules introduced in July 2005, any player may be substituted for the twelfth man, with the substitute able to take over the substituted players batting and bowling duties. A twelfth man used as a substitute in this way is known as the supersub. The first supersub was Vikram Solanki, named as a supersub for Simon Jones at Headingley on 7 July 2005. However, as Solanki replaced Jones after England had bowled, and England only lost one wicket in chasing down Australia's target, Solanki did not get to play any part in the game. The ICC cancelled the experiment in February 2006.

Swing
a bowling style usually employed by fast and medium-pace bowlers. The fielding side will polish the ball on one side of the seam only; as the innings continues, the ball will become worn on one side, but shiny on the other. When the ball is bowled with the seam upright, the air will travel faster over the shiny side than the worn side. This makes the ball swing (curve) in the air. Conventional swing would mean that the ball curves in the air away from the shiny side. (see reverse swing).

Tail-ender
a batsman who bats towards the end of the batting order, usually a specialist bowler or wicket-keeper with relatively poor batting skills. The last of the tail-enders are colloquially known as "rabbits".

Test match
a cricket match with play spread over five days with unlimited overs played between two senior international teams. Considered the highest level of the game.

Third umpire
an off-field umpire, equipped with a television monitor, whose assistance the two on-field umpires can seek when in doubt.

Tie
the (very rare) result in which the two teams' scores are equal and the team batting last is all out. Not to be confused with a draw, in which the scores are not equal.

Trundler
a reliable, steady medium-pace bowler who is not especially good, but is not especially bad either.

Twelfth man
Traditionally, the first substitute player who fields when a member of the fielding side is injured. In Test matches, twelve players are named to a team prior to the match, with the final reduction to eleven occurring immediately prior to play commencing on the first day. This gives the captain some flexibility in team selection, dependent on the conditions (e.g. a spin bowler may be named to the team, but omitted if the captain feels that the pitch is not suitable for spin bowling).

Twenty20
a new, fast paced, form of cricket limited to twenty overs per innings, plus some other rules changes, specifically designed to broaden the appeal of the game.

Umpire
one of the two (or three) enforcers of the rules and adjudicators of play.

Underarm
the action of bowling with the arm swinging from behind the body in a downswing arc and then releasing the ball on the up swing without bending the elbow. This type of bowling is now illegal in formal cricket, but commonly played in informal types of cricket. Compare with overarm.

Wag
when tail-enders score more runs than they were expected to (the tail wagged).

Wagon wheel
a pie chart modelled on the cricket ground, depicting a batsman's favourite scoring areas.

Wicket-keeper
the player on the fielding side who stands immediately behind the batting end wicket. A specialist position, used throughout the game.

Wicket-to-wicket
an imaginary line connecting the two wickets.

Wide
a delivery that passes illegally wide of the wicket, scoring an extra for the batting side. A wide does not count as one of the six valid deliveries that must be made in each over - an extra ball must be bowled for each wide.

Windy Wush
when a batsman, usually a tail-ender, swings greatly and misses the ball completely.

Yorker
a (usually fast) delivery that is pitched very close to the batsman. The intent is for it to bounce exactly underneath his bat or on his toes, in the block hole. A perfectly-pitched fast yorker is almost impossible to keep out; a bad yorker can turn into a half-volley (too short) or a full toss (too full).

Indian Magazines

2007-09-27T11:20:00.000-07:00

Businessworld :
Businessworld is a weekly Indian business magazine. Written in English, Businessworld is the country's most popular business magazine, and the only one printed weekly. Published by Ananda Publishers, whose most prominent publication is The Telegraph, the Businessworld offices are located in the city of New Delhi.

Champak :
Champak is the most popular children's magazine in India. The magazine is published by the Delhi Press Group. It has been in print since 1968. The magazine is published in 8 languages including Hindi, English, Gujarati, Marathi, Kannada, Tamil, Telugu, and Malayalam.

Competition Success Review :
A prominent general knowledge magazine, which claims to be "India's largest" magazine in this slot and a "leader for the last three decades". It is read across India, mainly by students wanting to appear for competitive entrance exams.

As per NRS(National Readership Survey)2001, CSR emerged as the largest selling magazine among all monthlies and fortnightlies with a total readership of 74 lakhs.
The head office of Competition Success Review is located at Rajendra Place in New Delhi. The group, Competition Review Private Limited also publishes another monthly magazine General Knowledge Today. The group also publishes the CSR Hindi monthly edition which started with August,2002.Currently, CSR is into the 43rd year of its publication.

Developer IQ (Magazine) :
Developer IQ is a monthly information technology magazine published by IQ TechMedia Pvt Ltd since 2000. The magazine was founded by S Ramdas, who has served as the editor for the first five years. The magazine is currently edited by Raja Reddy. Ramdas S returned back as the editor in August 2006 edition.

Digit (magazine) :
Digit is a monthly information technology magazine published by Jasubhai Digital Media Pvt. Ltd since 2001. Its tag-line is Digit >> Your technology navigator.

ELLE :
ELLE is a worldwide magazine that focuses on women's fashion, beauty, health, and entertainment. It was founded by Pierre Lazareff and his spouse Hélène Gordon in 1945.

It is owned by the Lagardère Group of France and it is published in the US by Hachette Filipacchi Media U.S., in Argentina by Grupo Clarín and in Germany by Hubert Burda Media. The first UK edition was published in November 1985.
ELLE magazine also hosts an annual ELLE Style Awards ceremony. The winners are published in the magazine.

Femina :
Femina is a magazine, published fortnightly in India. It is owned by The Times Group. It is primarily a women's magazine and features articles on Relationships, Beauty & Fashion, Cuisine, and Health & Fitness. It also features articles on celebrities and various cultural facets of Indian women.
Femina was first published in July 1959. It has organized and sponsored the Femina Miss India beauty pageant since 1964. As of last year. Femina and Filmfare along with a slew of minor brands have been hived off into a subsidiary. 50% of this subsidiary has been sold to BBC Magazines.

Filmfare :
Filmfare is a magazine, published monthly in India. It is owned by The Times Group. It is primarily a film gossip magazine
Filmfare organizes and sponsors the Filmfare Movie Awards. As of last year. Filmfare and Femina along with a slew of minor brands have been hived off into a subsidiary. 50% of this subsidiary has been sold to BBC Magazines

Frontline (magazine) :
Frontline is a fortnightly English language magazine published by The Hindu group of publications from Chennai, India. N. Ram is the Editor-in-Chief of the magazine.

Grihshobha :
Grihshobha (ASIN B00007AXOS) is a Hindi-medium magazine aimed at Indian woman. The magazine was started in 1979 as a monthly by the Delhi Press Group in Hindi.

India Today :
India Today is an Indian weekly newsmagazine, in publication since 1975. India Today is also the name of its sister-publication in Hindi. Aroon Purie is its editor-in-chief from 1975, a position he has held continuously for last three decades. It is part of the India Today group also founded in 1975 and which now includes 13 magazines, 3 radio stations, 4 TV channels, 1 newspaper, a classical music label, book publishing and India's only book club. Until recently, India Today has a weekly circulation of 1.4 million copies and is estimated to be read by 15 million people. With the publication of its 30th Anniversary issue in December 2005, the magazine which had commenced publication in 1975 with a circulation of 5000 copies, currently has five editions and a circulation of over one million copies with a readership of over 20 million.

Linux For You :
Linux For You or LFY is an English-language magazine published in India by EFY Enterprises Pvt. Ltd (D-87/1 Okhla Industrial Area Phase I New Delhi 110020 India). It is the only magazine in Asia focusing on GNU/Linux and Open Source. LFY has helped the FLOSS activities in India by listing major Linux User Groups in the country. Now the magazine has readers in Singapore and Malaysia as well. The magazine bundles GNU/Linux distributions on CDs and DVDs in almost every issue.

Electronics for You is their first publication started from January 1969.

Little India (magazine) :
Little India is the largest circulated Indian publication in the United States. The magazine, established in 1991 and edited and published by Achal Mehra, focuses on the NRIs in the United States and features editorials and articles on living in the United States while being of Indian heritage and happenings and people from India. Usually there are several NRI's that are highlighted in each issue as well as articles on politics, problems of acculturation and cultural retention that most ABCDs face, news from India, popular culture, students, Bollywood, Indian cuisine and the generation gap.
The magazine is issued monthly and has a circulation of over 119,000. The magazine's liberal use of advertising from tandoori manufacturers to astrology services allows the magazine to be distributed free of cost to anyone living in the United States.

Outlook (magazine) :
Outlook is an Indian weekly English newsmagazine in publication since October 1995. Vinod Mehta has been its editor-in-chief from its inception. Outlook has also spawned the specialised magazines Outlook Traveller, Outlook Money and the Hindi Outlook Saptahik.
Originally owned by Hathway Investments Private Limited, it is now part of the Rajan Raheja Group.

Science Reporter :
Published by National Institute of Science Communication And Information Resources (NISCAIR), New Delhi, a constituent institution of CSIR India, Science Reporter is a popular monthly science magazine of India ever since 1964.

Sportstar :
Sportstar is a popular sports magazine published in India. Its headquarters are in Chennai. The magazine covers Sports in India. It also has an extended and lengthy coverage of cricket, the unofficial national sport of India. A sports 'Quiz Corner' is published every alternate week.
Recently Sportstar shifted from the magazine format to a tabloid one.

The Record Music Magazine :
The Record is the most popular & biggest-selling monthly music magazine in India. Featuring must-read news, in-depth profiles on your favourite artists & bands, intelligent reviews and exclusive engaging interviews with the hottest bands around, it’s the gospel of every young music fan.

The magazine covers a wide range of genres. The Backstreet Boys, Jennifer Lopez, Enrigue Iglesias, Robbie Williams, Coldplay, Norah Jones, among other Top 40 artists have been featured, often for the first time in an Indian publication. U2, Eric Clapton, Carlos Santana have also been interviewed. The magazine has been in publication for 7 years.
The magazine is published from Mumbai, India and edited by Mr. Sunand Bhojani. The magazine claims to have over 75,000 readers per month. The chief feature writer is the Indian Radio Jockey Fali R. Singara, a popular English speaking DJ in India.

Femina Miss India Winners

2007-09-27T11:16:00.000-07:00

Femina Miss India Winners

2006

* Miss India Universe - Neha Kapur, later placed among the top 20 semi-finalists at Miss Universe
* Miss India World - Natasha Suri
* Miss India Earth - Amruta Patki,1st runner-up miss earth 2006 held in Manila

2005

* Miss India Universe - Amrita Thapar
* Miss India World - Sindhura Gadde, later placed among the top 15 semi-finalists at Miss World
* Miss India Earth - Niharika Singh
* Representative at Miss International - Vaishali Desai
* Representative at Miss Asia Pacific - Simran Chandok

2004

* Miss India Universe - Tanushree Dutta, later placed among the Top 10 at Miss Universe
* Miss India World - Sayali Bhagat
* Miss India Earth - Jyoti Brahmin, later placed among the Top 16 Semifinalists at Miss Earth
* Representative at Miss International - Mahika Varma, later semi-finalist Miss International

2003

* Miss India Universe - Nikita Anand
* Miss India World - Ami Vashi, later 3 runner up at Miss World 2003
* Miss India Earth - Swetha Vijay

2002

* Miss India Universe - Neha Dhupia, later ninth at Miss Universe
* Miss India World - Shruti Sharma, later semi-finalist at Miss World (top 20)
* Miss India Earth - Reshmi Ghosh
* Representative at Miss Asia-Pacific - Tina Chatwal, later second runner-up Miss Asia Pacific, 2002
* Representative at Miss International - Gauhar Khan

2001

* Miss India Universe - Celina Jaitley, later fourth runner-up at Miss Universe
* Miss India World - Sara Corner
* Miss India Asia-Pacific - Maheshwari Thyagrajan
* Miss India Earth - Shamita Singha, later fifth place at Miss Earth (first contestant from India ever to compete)
* Miss India International - Kanwal Toor, later semi-finalist Miss International

2000

* Miss India Universe- Lara Dutta, later Miss Universe, 2000 (also Miss Intercontinental 1997)
* Miss India World - Priyanka Chopra, later Miss World, 2000
* Miss India Asia-Pacific - Diya Mirza, later Miss Asia-Pacific, 2000
* Representative at Miss International - Gayatri Joshi, later semi-finalist Miss International

1999

* Miss India Universe - Gul Panag, later sixth place at Miss Universe
* Miss India World - Yukta Mookhey, later Miss World, 1999
* Miss India Asia Pacific - Shivangi Parikh
* Representative at Miss International - Srikrupa Murali

1998

* Miss India Universe - Lymaraina D'souza, later seventh place at Miss Universe
* Miss India World - Annie Thomas
* Miss India Asia Pacific - Vitika Aggarwal
* Representative at Miss International - Swetha Jaishankar, later second runner-up at Miss International

1997

* Miss India Universe - Nafisa Joseph, later tenth place at Miss Universe
* Miss India World - Diana Hayden, later Miss World, 1997
* Miss India Asia-Pacific - Divya Chauhan, later first runner-up at Miss Asia Pacific, 1997
* Representative at Miss International - Diya Abraham, later first runner-up at Miss International

1996

* Miss India Universe- Sandhya Chib, later seventh place at Miss Universe, 1996
* Miss India World - Rani Jeyraj, later third runner-up at Miss World, 1996
* Miss India Asia-Pacific - Mini Menon, later semi-finalist at Miss Asia Pacific 1996
* Representative at Miss International - Fleur Dominique Xavier

1995

* Miss India Universe - Manpreet Brar, later first runner-up at Miss Universe
* Miss India World - Preeti Mankotia
* Miss India Asia-Pacific - Ruchi Malhotra, later first runner-up at Miss Asia Pacific
* Representative at Miss International - Priya Gill
1994

* Miss India Universe - Sushmita Sen, later Miss Universe, 1994
* Miss India World - Aishwarya Rai, later Miss World, 1994
* Miss India International - Francesca Hart
* Miss India Asia-Pacific - Swetha Memon, later semi-finalist at Miss Asia-Pacific, 1994
* Miss Tourism World Wide - Barkha Madan, later fourth place, 1994

1993

* Miss India - Namrata Shirodkar, later fourth place at Miss Universe
* Miss India World - Karminder Kaur
* Miss India International - Pooja Batra, later semi-finalist at Miss International

1992

* Miss India - Madhu Sapre, later second runner-up at Miss Universe, 1992
* Miss India World - Shyla Lopez
* Miss India Asia Pacific - Mehroo Jal Mistery
* Miss India International - Kamal Sandu

1991

* Miss

1990

* Miss India Universe - Suzanne Sablok(Pillai), later semi-finalist (final 10) at Miss Universe
* Miss India World - Naveeda Mehdi

1991 - Francsca Hart

1989

* not held

1988

* Miss India Universe- Dolly Minhas
* Miss India World - Anuradha Kottoor
* Miss India Asia Pacific - Viola Anthony
* Miss India International - Shikha Swaroop
* Miss India First Runner-Up - Shabnam Patel, went on to win Miss MaxFactor in 1989

1987

* Miss India Universe- Priyadarshini Pradhan
* Miss India World - Manisha Kohli
* Miss India International - Erika Maria d'Souza, later semifinalist at Miss Iinternational
* Miss India Asia Pacific - Jasleem Kaur

1986

* Miss India - Mehr Jessia
* Miss India first runner-up - Maureen Lestourgen

1985

* Miss India - Sonu Walia
* Miss India first runner-up - Sharon Clarke

1984

* Miss India - Juhi Chawla
* Miss India first runner-up - Suchita Kumar

1983

* Miss India - Rekha Hande
* Miss India first runner-up - Sweety Grewal

1982

* Miss India -[Pamela Singh]]
* Miss India first runner-up - Uttara Mhatre

1981

* Miss India - Ruchita Kumar, now known by the name Nandini Thackersey
* Miss India first runner-up - Deepti Divakar

1980

* Miss India - Sangeeta Bijlani
* Miss India first runner-up - Elizabeth Anita Reddi, later 10th place at Miss World
* also Meenakshi Seshadri

1979

* Miss India - Swaroop Sampat
* Miss India first Ruhel from bangladesh - Raina Winifred Mendonca

1978

* Miss India - Alamjeet Chauhan
* Miss India first runner-up - Kalpana Iyer, later 11th Place Miss World

1977

* Miss India - Nalini Vishwanathan
* Miss India first runner-up - Veena Prakash, withdrew from the Miss World contest because of India's policy against apartheid

1976

* Miss India winner - Nafisa Ali
* Miss India first runner-up - Naina Balsaver, withdrew from the Miss World contest because of India's policy against apartheid

1975

* Miss India - Meenakshi Kurpad
* Miss India first runner-up - Anjana Sood, later semi-finalist at Miss World
1974

* Miss India - Shailini Dholakia, later semi-finalist at Miss Universe, 1974

1973

* Miss India - Farzana Habib, later semi-finalist Miss Universe
* Miss India first runner-up - none

1972

* Miss India - Roopa Satyan, later semi-finalist Miss Universe
* Miss India first runner-up - Malathi Basappa, later fourth runner-up at Miss World

1971

* Miss India - Raj Gill
* Miss India first runner-up - Prema Narayan

1970

* Miss India - Veena Sajnani
* Miss India first runner-up - Heather Faville, later semi-finalist Miss World
* Miss India second runner-up - Zeenat Aman, Miss Asia, 1970.

1969

* Miss India - Kavita Bhambani
* Miss India first runner-up - Adina Shellim

1968

* Miss India - Anjum Mumtaz Baig
* Miss India first runner-up - Jane Coelho

1967

* Miss India - Nayyara Mirza, now known by the name Nalini Patel
* Miss India first runner-up - none

1966

* Miss India (Universe) - Yasmin Daji, later third runner-up Miss Universe, 1966
* Miss India (World)- Reita Faria, later Miss World, 1966

1965

Persis Khambatta

1964

Meher Mistry, later known as Meher Castelino

1962

Ferial Karim, later semi-finalist Miss World

1961

Veronica Torcato

1960

Iona Pinto, first runner-up at the 1960 Miss International Pageant.

1959

Fleur Ezekiel, first Miss India to participate in Miss World

1954

Leela Naidu- Vogue (magazine) voted her as one of the worlds most beautiful women.She married M.S.Oberoi's son,later poet Dom Moraes.She acted in Merchant Ivory Productions starring opposite Shashi Kapoor.

1953

Peace Kanwal

1952

* Indrani Rehman, first Miss India to participate in Miss Universe
* Nutan

1947

Esther Victoria Abraham, known as Pramila

Political Parties of India

2007-09-27T11:09:00.000-07:00

Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
The Bharatiya Janata Party ,created in 1980, is one of the two major national political parties in India. It projects itself as a champion of the socio-religious cultural values of the country's Hindu majority, conservative social policies, and strong national defence. Its constituency is strengthened by the broad umbrella of Hindu nationalist organizations, informally known as the Sangh Parivar (League of Indian nationalist organizations), in which the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh plays a leading role.

Since its inception, the BJP has been a prime opponent of the Indian National Congress. It has allied with regional parties to roll back the left-of-centre tendencies formerly endorsed by the Congress Party, which dominated Indian politics for four decades. The ideological rallying cry of the BJP is Hindutva, literally "Hinduness," or cultural Hindu nationalism.

The BJP, in alliance with several other parties, led the Government of India between 1998 and 2004, under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Deputy Prime Minister Lal Krishna Advani, its most senior leaders. It is the leading party within the National Democratic Alliance and leads the opposition.

Leader : Rajnath Singh
Political Symbol : Lotus
Founded : 1980

Communist Party of India (CPI)
The Communist Party of India (CPI) is a political party in India. In the Indian communist movement, there are different views on exactly when the Indian communist party was founded. The date maintained as the foundation day by CPI is 26 December 1925. But the Communist Party of India (Marxist), which split-off from the CPI, claims that the party was founded in the USSR in 1920.

Leader : A.B. Bardhan
Founded : 1920
Political Symblol : ears of maize and sickle

Communist Party of India (Marxist)
The Communist Party of India (Marxist) (usually abbreviated to CPI(M) or CPM) is a political party in India. It is strongest in the states of Kerala, West Bengal and Tripura. In all of these states, as of 2006, it currently holds the government. It split from the Communist Party of India in 1964. CPI(M) claims to have 814,408 members as of 2002.

Leader : Prakash Karat
Founded : 1964
Political Symblol : hammer, sickle, and star

Indian National Congress (INC - Congress)
Indian National Congress (also known as the Congress Party or Congress (I), abbreviated INC) is a major political party in India. Created in 1885 by AO Hume, the Indian National Congress became the nation's leader in the Independence Movement, with over 15 million Indians involved in its organizations and over 70 million participants in its struggle against the British Empire. After independence in 1947, it became the nation's dominant political party. In the 14th Lok Sabha (2004-2009), 145 INC members, the largest contingent amongst all parties, serve in the house. The party is currently the chief member of the ruling United Progressive Alliance coalition government supported by the Left Front.

Leader : Sonia Gandhi
Founded : 1885
Political Symblol : hand

Nationalist Congress Party (NCP)
It was formed on May 25, 1999, by Sharad Pawar, P.A. Sangma, and Tariq Anwar after they were thrown out of the Congress Party because of stating their belief that a person of foreign origin should not become the Prime Minister of India.

Leader : Sharad Pawar
Founded : 1999

The Lok Jan Shakti Party
The Lok Jan Shakti Party is a political party in India. It is led by Ram Vilas Paswan. The party was formed in 2000 when Paswan split from Janata Dal (United). The party has considerable following amongst Dalits in Bihar. The 2004 Lok Sabha elections marked a major break-through for the party.It contested the polls in alliance with Congress and RJD and won 4 Lok Sabha seats. Ramvilas Paswan became the minister of Steel and Fertilizers. In 2005 Bihar assembly poll the party contested in alliance with Congress and against RJD and won 29 assembly seats. It has the key to form the next government in Bihar.

Leader : Ram vilas Paswan
Founded : 2000

Telugu Desam Party
Telugu Desam Party (Party for Telugu Land) or TDP is a regional political party in India's Andhra Pradesh state. It was founded by former Telugu film star N.T. Rama Rao on March 29, 1982. Rama Rao wanted an alternative to the ruling Congress Party in the state. After establishing his party, he embraced Sanyasa (or renunciation) and vowed to dedicate himself to the Telugu people and to rejuvenate Telugu pride.In the 13th Lok Sabha (1999-2004), it was the fourth largest party with 29 members.

Leader : N. Chandrababu Naidu
Founded : 1982

Janata Dal (United)
Janata Dal (United) is a political party in India with political presence mainly in Bihar and Karnataka. It is led by George Fernandes. The current party was formed by the merger of the erstwhile Janata Dal (United) with the Samata Party on October 30, 2003. The uniting force is believed to be common opposition to Rashtriya Janata Dal in Bihar especially after the RJD welcomed Samata Party rebels like Raghunath Jha and Brahmananad Mandal into the party. Janata Dal (United) is a constituent of the National Democratic Alliance.

The Janata Dal (United) and the Rashtriya Janata Dal -ironically bitter political opponents today - originate from the same Janata Dal and Jayaprakash Narayan's Total Revolution movement of 1974.

Currently, the JD(U) heads the government in Bihar. The JD(U) along with its alliance partner, the BJP overthrew the RJD-led UPA government in Bihar in November, 2005. The government is headed by JD(U) leader, Nitish Kumar.

Rashtriya Janata Dal
The Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD- "National People's Party") is a political party in India. It is led by Laloo Prasad Yadav. It held power in the Indian state of Bihar, under the Chief Ministers Laloo Yadav and then Rabri Devi, who is also Laloo's wife, but after the elections in February 2005 the state of Bihar came under President's Rule through Governor of Bihar Sardar Buta Singh. Since then, a new election has brought another party to power in the state. The RJD is also a member of India's governing coalition led by the Congress Party. The RJD was formed when Laloo Yadav broke away from Janata Dal in 1997.

Shiv Sena
Shiv Sena is a nationalist political party in India founded on June 19, 1966 by Bal Thackeray, who is currently the president of the party. The Sena's ideology is based on the concepts of 'Bhumiputra' (Marathi for "Sons of the Soil") and Hindutva or Hindu nationalism. The 'Bhumiputra' ideology refers to the Shiv Sena's belief that Maharashtrians deserve more rights in Maharashtra than those who are not from Maharashtra. However, in recent times, the Sena has laid more emphasis on Hindutva. In the 13th Lok Sabha (1999-2004), it had 15 (out of 545) members. During that period, the party was part of the government coalition at the national level. Manohar Joshi, a Shiv Sainik, was the Speaker of Lok Sabha 2002-2004.

Shiv Sena has its employment cell Shiv Udyog Sena. Bharatiya Kamgar Sena ("Indian Worker's Army"), a labour union, is affiliated to the Shiv Sena. The Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Sena ("All India Students' Army") is the student wing of Shiv Sena.

Samajwadi Party
Samajwadi Party (Socialist Party) is a political party in India. It describes itself as a democratic socialist party. It was founded on 4 October 1992. It is one of several parties that emerged when the Janata Dal ("People's Party), India's primary opposition party prior to the BJP, was fragmented into several regional parties. Samajwadi Party is led by Mulayam Singh Yadav, the current Chief Minister of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.

In the 14th Lok Sabha, it currently has 38 members, and is the fourth largest party in that house, its best ever tally. Besides 36 members from Uttar Pradesh, it won one seat from Uttranchal (formerly part of U.P.). In 2005, former Karnataka Chief Minister Bangarappa resigned from the BJP to join the Samajwadi Party. He successfully held on to his Lok Sabha seat from Shimoga under a new party ticket.

Nationalist Trinamool Congress
Nationalist Trinamool Congress is a political party in India. NTC was formed in 2004 when the All India Trinamool Congress of Mamata Banerjee merged with P.A. Sangma's faction of the Nationalist Congress Party. NTC is a member of National Democratic Alliance, a coalition led by BJP.

Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)
The Bahujan Samaj Party is a political party in India. In the 13th Lok Sabha (1999-2004) it had 14 (out of 545) members. The party has its main base in the state of Uttar Pradesh, whose government the party has led several times.

Leader : Mayawati
Political Symbol : Elephant

Indian state and union territory capitals

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India is divided into twenty-eight states and seven union territories (UTs)and one national capital territory. States have their own government, whereas UTs are administered by the Central government. However, Pondicherry, a UT, has its own elected government. The National Capital Territory of Delhi is a special region that has its own elected government and a status in between a state and a union territory.

States :

Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh is a state in South India. It lies between 12°41' and 22°N latitude and 77° and 84°40'E longitude, and is bordered by Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and Orissa in the north, the Bay of Bengal in the East, Tamil Nadu to the south and Karnataka to the west. Andhra Pradesh is the fourth largest state in India by area and fifth largest by population. It is the largest and most populous state in Southern India. It is also considered the rice bowl of India. The state is crossed by two major rivers, the Godavari and Krishna. Andhra means "leader in battle" and Pradesh means "region" or "state".

Capital : Hyderabad
Governor : Rameshwar Thakur
Chief Minister : Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy

Arunachal Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh pronunciation is a state of India. Formerly known as North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA). It is part of what are called the "Seven Sisters of Northeast India". Arunachal Pradesh borders the state of Assam to the south and Nagaland to the south east. Myanmar lies to the east of the state, Bhutan to the west and People's Republic of China to the north. Itanagar is the capital of the state.

The name Arunachal is derived from Sanskrit Aruna meaning "the first ray of light" and Achal, or mountain. Arunachal Pradesh's serene environment, Himalayan landscape and Hindu-Buddhist culture has made a popular tourist destination in recent years. Arunachal Pradesh is home to more than 600 species of orchids, due to which it is often known as "nature's treasure trove.

Capital : Itanagr
Governor : S.K.Singh
Chief Minister : Gegong Apang

Assam
Assam is a northeastern state of India with its capital at Dispur - now a part of Guwahati. Located just below the eastern Himalayan foothills, it is surrounded by the other northeastern states: Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura and Meghalaya. Assam and its commercial capital Guwahati form the gateway to the northeastern states, together called the seven sisters. These states are connected to the rest of India via Assam's border with West Bengal and a narrow strip called the "Chicken's Neck." Assam also shares international borders with Bhutan and Bangladesh.

On February 27, 2006 the cabinet of ministers in Assam adopted a controversial proposal to change the name of the state to Asom which is yet to be implemented.

Capital : Dispur
Governor : Ajai Singh
Chief Minister : Tarun Gogoi

Bihar
Bihar is a state of the Indian union situated in the eastern part of the country. Its capital is Patna. To Bihar's north is the Kingdom of Nepal. On its other three sides Bihar is surrounded by the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh to the west, Jharkhand to the south and West Bengal to the east. Bihar lies in the very fertile Gangetic plains. Culturally, it is a part of the Hindi heartland of India. Bihar is also the birth place of the first president of India, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, and freedom fighters like Maulana Mazharul Haque.

Capital : Patna
Governor : R.S.Gavai
Chief Minister : Nitish Kumar

Chhattisgarh
A state in central India, formed when the sixteen Chhattisgarhi speaking southeastern districts of Madhya Pradesh gained statehood on November 1, 2000. Raipur serves as its capital. It is the 10th largest state of India by area. Chhattisgarh takes its name from 36 (Chattis is thirty-six in Hindi and Garh is Fort) princely states in this region from very old times.
It borders Madhya Pradesh on the northwest, Maharashtra on the west, Andhra Pradesh on the south, Orissa on the east, Jharkhand on the northeast and Uttar Pradesh on the north.
The Chhattisgarhi language, part of the East-Central group of Indo-Aryan languages, is the predominant language in the region. It is often regarded by linguists to be a dialect of Hindi, which is the official language of the state. The hill districts of the state serve as a home to the Gond peoples, who speak Dravidian languages.

Capital : Raipur
Governer : Sk.M.Seth
Chief Minister : Raman Singh

GOA
Goa is India's second smallest state in terms of area (after Delhi) and the fourth smallest in terms of population (after Sikkim, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh). It is located on the west coast of India, in the region known as the Konkan, and is bounded by the state of Maharashtra to the north, and Karnataka to the east and south. The Arabian Sea bounds it to the west. Panaji (Panjim) is the state's capital, and Vasco-da-Gama (Vasco) its largest city. The second largest and most historic city is Margao with the most western Portuguese culture. Portuguese merchants first landed in Goa in the 15th century, and annexed it soon after. The Portuguese colony existed for about 450 years, until it was successfully taken over by India in 1961.

Capital : Panaji
Governor : SC Jamir
Chief Minister : Pratapsing Rane

Gujarat
Gujarat is the most industrialized state in the Republic of India with 19.8% of the country's total industrial output, which exceeds that of Maharashtra, whose output is 19.2% and contains many of the country's former Princely states. Gujarat borders Pakistan, and the states of Rajasthan to the north-east, Madhya Pradesh to the east, Maharashtra and the Union territories of Diu, Daman, Dadra and Nagar Haveli to the south. The international border with Pakistan is to the north-west. The Arabian Sea makes up the state's western coast. Its capital, Gandhinagar is a planned city and is located near Ahmedabad, the former state capital and the current commercial center of Gujarat.

Capital : Gandhinagar
Governor : Naval Kishor Sharma
Chief Minister : Narendra Modi

Haryana
Haryana is a state in north India. It was carved out of the state of Punjab in 1966. It is bordered by Punjab and Himachal Pradesh to the north, and Rajasthan to the west and south. Eastern border to Uttaranchal & Uttar Pradesh is defined by river Yamuna. Haryana also surrounds Delhi on three sides, forming the northern, western and southern borders of Delhi. Consequently, a large area of Haryana is included in the National Capital Region. The capital of Haryana is Chandigarh which is administered as a union territory and is also the capital of Punjab. The cities near Delhi, particularly Gurgaon and Faridabad are emerging as major hubs for the information technology industry. There is also an established steel and textile industry. Haryana is also home to Maruti Udyog Limited, India's largest automobile manufacturer, and Hero Honda Limited, the world's largest manufacturer of two-wheelers.

Capital : Chandigarh
Governor : A.R. Kidwai
Chief Minister : Bhupinder Singh

Himachal Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh , formerly the Punjab Hill States, is a mostly mountainous state in northern India. Neighbouring regions are Tibet to the east, Jammu and Kashmir to the north and northwest, Punjab to the southwest, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh to the south and Uttaranchal to the southeast. With an area of 55,658 km² (21,490 sq mi), Himachal is one of the smaller states of the country and holds the 17th rank in the list of States and Union Territories of India.

The state capital is Shimla , other major towns are Solan, Dharamsala, Kangra, Mandi, Kullu, Chamba, Hamirpur, Dalhousie and Manali. The western Himalaya lies in the north and east and the smaller Shiwalik (or Shivalik) range in the south. Himachal Pradesh has five major rivers. These are Sutlej, Ravi, Chenab, Beas and Yamuna.

Capital : Shimla
Governor : Vishnu Sadashiv
Chief Minister : Virbhadra Singh

Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmir,is the northern-most state of Republic of India, lying mostly in the Himalayan mountains. Jammu and Kashmir shares a border with Himachal Pradesh to the south, Pakistan to the west and People's Republic of China to the north and the east.

Capital : Jammu
Governor : S.K.Sinha
Chief Minister : Ghulam Nabi Azad

Jharkhand
Jharkhand is a state in eastern India. It was carved out of the southern part of Bihar state on 15 November 2000. Jharhkand shares its border with the states of Bihar to the north, Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh to the west, Orissa to the south, and West Bengal to the east.

The industrial city of Ranchi is its capital. The other major cities and indurstrial centres are Jamshedpur, Bokaro,Sindri, Giridih, Gumla, Deoghar and Dhanbad once a part of West Bengal.
Jharkhand is also popularly known as Vananchal (vana plus anchal, meaning land of woods). Jharkhand is famed for its mineral wealth and forestry products.

Capital : Ranchi
Governor : Syed Sibtey Razi
Chief Minister : Madhu Koda

Karnataka
Karnataka is one of the four southern states of India. The modern state of Karnataka came into existence with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act (1956), with the incorporation of districts under the dominion of Bombay, Hyderabad, Madras State and Coorg within the existing state of Mysore State.

Karnataka's capital, Bengalooru, is the capital city of the state with a population of more than 6 million. Other major cities include Mysore, Mangalore, Hubli-Dharwad, Davanagere, Bellary, Hassan, Shimoga and Belgaum. Kannada is the official language of the state. Karnataka is the 8th largest Indian state by area and 9th largest by population.

Capital : Bengalooru (Bangalore)
Governor : T. N. Chaturvedi
Chief Minister : H.D.Kumaraswamy

Kerala
Kerala is a state on the Malabar Coast of southwestern India. To its east and northeast, Kerala borders Tamil Nadu and Karnataka; to its west and south lie the Indian Ocean islands of Lakshadweep and the Maldives, respectively. Kerala envelops Mahé, a coastal exclave of Pondicherry. Kerala is one of four states that compose the linguistic-cultural region known as South India.

Capital : Thiruvananthapuram
Governor : R.L.Bhatia
Chief Minister : V.S. Achuthanandan

Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh, often called the Heart of India, is a state in central India. Its capital is Bhopal. Madhya Pradesh was originally the largest state in India until November 1, 2000 when the state of Chhattisgarh was carved out. It borders the states Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan.

Capital : Bhopal
Governor : Balram Jakhar
Chief Minister : Shivraj Singh

Maharashtra
Maharashtra is India's third largest state in terms of area and second largest in terms of population after Uttar Pradesh. It is bordered by the states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Goa and the Union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli. The Arabian Sea makes up the state's western coast. Mumbai, India's largest city, is the capital of Maharashtra.

Capital : Mumbai
Governor : SM krishna
Chief Minister : Vilasrao Deshmukh

Manipur
Manipur is a state in northeastern India making its capital in the city of Imphal. Manipur is bounded by the Indian states of Nagaland in the north, Mizoram in the south and Assam in the west; it also borders the country of Myanmar to the east.

Capital : Imphal
Governor : Shivinder Singh Sindhu
Chief Minister : Okram Ibobi Singh

Meghalaya
Meghalaya is a small state in north-eastern India. The word "Meghalaya" literally means "The Abode of Clouds" in Hindi and Sanskrit. Meghalaya is a hilly strip in the eastern part of the country about 300 km long (East-West) and 100 km wide, with a total area of about 22,429 km². The population numbered 2,175,000 in 2000. The state is bounded on the north by Assam and by Bangladesh on the south. The capital is Shillong, which has a population of 260,000.

Capital : Shillong
Governor : M.M.Jacob
Chief Minister : J. Dringwell Rymbai

Mizoram
Mizoram is one of the Seven Sister States in northeastern India on the border with Myanmar. Its population at the 2001 census stood at 888,573. Mizoram boasts a literacy rate of 88.8% — the second highest among all the states of India, after Kerala.

Mizoram is a mountainous region which became the 23rd state of the Indian Union in February, 1987. It was one of the districts of Assam until 1973 when it became a Union Territory. Sandwiched between Myanmar in the east and south and Bangladesh in the west, Mizoram occupies an area of great stategic importace in the northeastern corner of India. The boundaries with Myanmar and Bangladesh total 722 kilometers.

Capital : Aizawl
Governor : M.M.Lakhera
Chief Minister : Pu Zoramthanga

Nagaland
Nagaland is the farthest-lying state in northeast India. It borders the states of Assam and Manipur to the west, Arunachal Pradesh to the northeast, and Myanmar to the east. The state capital is Kohima, and the largest city is Dimapur. With a population of nearly two million people, it has a total area of 16,579 km - making it one of the smallest states of India. It is the site of ongoing sectarian violence between ethnic Kukis and Nagas.

Capital : Kohima
Governor : Shyamal Datta
Chief Minister : Neiphiu Rio

Orissa
Orissa is a state situated in the east coast of India.
Orissa is bounded on the north by Jharkhand, on the north-east by West Bengal, on the east by the Bay of Bengal, on the south by Andhra Pradesh and on the west by Chhattisgarh.
The relatively unindented coastline (c.200 mi/320 km long) lacks good ports, except for the deepwater facility at Paradip. The narrow, level coastal strip, including the Mahanadi River delta, is exceedingly fertile. Orissa is home to the Hirakud Dam, one of the longest dams in the world. Rainfall is heavy and regular, and two crops of rice (by far the most important cereal) are grown annually. The state is known for its temples, especially in the cities of Konark, Puri, and Bhubaneswar.

Orissa has several popular tourist destinations. Puri, with the Jagannatha's temple near the sea, and Konark, with the Sun Temple, are visited by thousands of tourists from the West every year.

Capital : Bhubaneswar
Governor : Rameshwar Thakur
Chief Minister : Naveen Patnaik

Punjab
Punjab is a state in northwest India. Punjab (India) borders Punjab (Pakistan) to the west, Jammu and Kashmir to the north, Himachal Pradesh to the northeast, Haryana to the south and southeast, Chandigarh to the southeast and Rajasthan to the southwest. The total area of the state is 50,362 square kilometres (19,445 square miles). The population is 24,289,296 (2000). Punjab's capital is Chandigarh, which is administered separately as a Union Territory since it is also the capital of neighbouring Haryana. Other major cities of Punjab include Amritsar, Jalandhar, Ludhiana and Patiala. The state is the location of one of the world's first and oldest civilizations, the Indus Valley Civilization, India's first civilization.

Punjab (India) historically forms a part of the larger Punjab region, which also includes the province of Punjab (Pakistan), the Indian states of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh and Delhi and the Union Territory of Chandigarh. Indian Punjab was trifurcated in the year 1966 leading to the formation of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh.

Capital : Chandigarh
Governor : S.F. Rodrigues
Chief Minister : Amarinder Singh

Rajasthan
Rajasthan is the largest state of the Republic of India in terms of area. It borders Pakistan to the west, Gujarat to the southwest, Madhya Pradesh to the southeast, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana to the northeast and Punjab to the north. Rajasthan covers an area of 342,239 km² (132,139 mi²).
The state capital is Jaipur. Geographical features include the Thar Desert in western Rajasthan and the termination of the Ghaggar River. One of the world's oldest mountain ranges, the Aravalli Range, cradles the only hill station of Rajasthan, Mount Abu, and its world famous Dilwara Temples. Eastern Rajasthan has two national tiger reserves, Ranthambore and Sariska, as well as Keoladeo National Park near Bharatpur, famous for its bird life.

Capital : Jaipur
Governor : Pratibha Patil
Chief Minister : Vasundhra Raje

Sikkim
Sikkim is a landlocked Indian state nestled in the Himalayas. It is the least populous state in India,and the third smallest in area after Delhi and Goa. Sikkim was an independent state ruled by the Namgyal monarchy until 1975, when a referendum was held and the population voted to join India as its twenty-second state. The thumb-shaped state borders Nepal in the west, Tibet (the People's Republic of China) to the north and east, and Bhutan in the south-east. The Indian state of West Bengal borders Sikkim to its south. The official languages are English, Bhutia, Nepali, Lepcha, and Limbu and Hindi. It must be noted though that almost all written transactions are in English. The predominant religions are Hinduism and Vajrayana Buddhism. Gangtok is the capital and largest town.

Capital : Gangtok
Governor : V. rama Rao
Chief Minister : Pawan Kumar

Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu pronunciation is a state at the southern tip of India. Tamil Nadu is bordered by Pondicherry, Kerala, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Sri Lanka, which has a significant Tamil minority, lies off the southeast coast.

Capital : Chennai
Governer : Surjit Singh
Chief Minister : M Karunanidhi

Tripura
Tripura is a state in North East India. The capital is Agartala and the main languages spoken are Bengali and Kokborok. Formerly it was an independent Tripuri Kingdom known as Tuipra and was merged with India on 15 October 1949 by the Tripura Merger Agreement.

Capital : Agartala
Governer : D.N.Sahay
Chief Minister : Manik Sarkar

Uttaranchal
Uttaranchal became the 27th state of the Republic of India on November 9, 2000. Uttaranchal borders Tibet (China) to the north and Nepal to the east, while its neighbour states are Himachal Pradesh to the west and Uttar Pradesh (of which it formed a part before 2000) in the south. The region is traditionally referred to as Uttarakhand in old literature and scriptures which derives from the Sanskrit for Northern Country. In August 2006, the Union Cabinet assented to the demand of the state government and region's social movments to change the name of the state back to Uttarakhand. The provisional capital of Uttaranchal is Dehra Dun which is also a rail-head and the largest city in the region. The small hamlet of Gairsen has been mooted as the future capital owing to its geographic centrality but controversies and lack of resources have led Dehra Dun to be the provisional capital. The High Court of the state is in Nainital.

Capital : Dehradun
Governer : Sudarshan Aggarwal
Chief Minister : Narayan Dutt

Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh , also popularly known by its abbreviation U.P. It is the most populous and fifth largest state in the Union of India.Uttar Pradesh covers a large part of the highly fertile and densely populated upper Gangetic plain. It shares an international border with Nepal and is bounded by the Indian states of Uttaranchal, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Bihar. The administrative and legislative capital of Uttar Pradesh is Lucknow; its high court is based at Allahabad. Other notable cities in Uttar Pradesh include NOIDA, Agra, Mathura, Aligarh, Varanasi (Banaras), Gorakhpur, Kanpur and Meerut.

Capital : Lucknow
Governer : T.V. Rajeswar
Chief Minister : Mulayam Singh yadav

West Bengal
West Bengal is a state in eastern India. With Bangladesh, which lies on its eastern border, the state forms the ethno-linguistic region of Bengal. To its northeast lie the states of Assam and Sikkim and the country Bhutan, and to its southwest, the state of Orissa. To the west it borders the state of Jharkhand and Bihar, and to the northwest, Nepal.

Capital : Kolkata
Governer : Gopalkrishna Gandhi
Chief Minister : Buddhdev Bhattacharya

:Union Territories:

The Andaman & Nicobar
The Andaman & Nicobar Islands is a union territory of India. Informally, the territory's name is often abbreviated to A & N Islands, or ANI. It is located in the Indian Ocean, in the southern reaches of the Bay of Bengal. It is comprised of two island groups - the Andaman Islands and the Nicobar Islands - which separate the Andaman Sea to the east from the Indian Ocean. These two groups are separated by the 10° N parallel, the Andamans lying to the north of this latitude, and the Nicobars to the south. The capital of this territory is the Andamanese town of Port Blair.
The territory's population as per the most recent (2001) Census of India was 356,152. Added together, the total land area of the territory is approximately 8,249 km².

Capital : Port Blair

Chandigarh
Chandigarh pronunciation also called The City Beautiful, is a city in India that serves as the capital of two states: Punjab and Haryana. However, administratively, the city is not under the jurisdiction of either state, it is administered by the Centre government and hence classified as a union territory. The Governor of the Punjab is the Administrator of Chandigarh.

The city derives its name from a temple of goddess Chandi (the Chandi Mandir) located in nearby Panchkula District of Haryana. The word Chandigarh literally means "the fort of goddess Chandi".
Chandigarh is known for its high standard of living and tops the list of Indian States (Provinces) and Union Territories with a Human Development Index of 0.674.

Chandigarh has two satellite cities (both of which share a border with it): Panchkula and Mohali. Sometimes, the triangle of these three cities is collectively called as the Chandigarh Tricity.

Capital : Chandigarh

Dadra and Nagar Haveli
Dadra and Nagar Haveli pronunciation is a Union Territory in western India. Nagar Haveli is wedged between Maharashtra and Gujarat, whereas Dadra is an enclave lying a few km north of Nagar Haveli in Gujarat. Its capital is Silvassa.

Dadra and Nagar Haveli are in the watershed of the Daman Ganga River, which flows through the territory. The towns of Dadra and Silvassa both lie on the north bank of the river. The Western Ghats range rises to the east, and the foothills of the range occupy the eastern portion of the district. The territory is landlocked, although the Arabian Sea coast lies just to the west in Gujarat.
The major spoken language in the territory is Marathi, Hindi and Gujarati.

Capital : Silvassa
Administrator : MR.R.K.VARMA

Daman and Diu
Daman and Diu is a union territory in India. For over 450 years these coastal enclaves on the Arabian Sea coast were part of Portuguese India, along with Goa and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Goa, Daman, and Diu were incorporated into the Republic of India on December 19, 1961; Portugal did not recognize Indian rule in these territories until 1974. Goa, Daman, and Diu were administered as part of a single union territory until 1987, when Goa was granted statehood, leaving Daman and Diu as a separate union territory; each enclave constitutes one of the union territory's two districts.

Capital : Daman
Administrator : Arun Mathur

Lakshadweep
Lakshadweep is the smallest union territory of India. Located in the Arabian Sea, it consists of twelve coral atolls, three coral reefs, five banks, and numerous islets that lie 200–300 km off of the coast of Kerala. The total land area of the territory is 32 km². Eleven of the islands are inhabited. Lakshadweep is the northern part of the erstwhile Lakshadweepa.

Capital : Kavaratti
Administrator : Shri Rajendra Kumar

Puducherry
Puducherry is a Union Territory of India. It is a former French colony, consisting of four non-contiguous enclaves, or districts, and named for the largest, Puducherry.
In September 2006, the territory changed its official name from Pondicherry to the vernacular original,Puducherry, which means "new village" in the Tamil language.It is also known as The French Riviera of the East (La Côte D'azur de l'Est).

Capital : Puducherry
Governor : Mukut Mithi
Chief Minister : N. Rangaswamy

The National Capital Territory of Delhi
The National Capital Territory of Delhi is a special Union Territory of India.
The territory encompasses three statutory towns: New Delhi (the capital of India), Delhi and Delhi Cantonment,along with 59 census towns and 165 villages.

The term is also used informally to refer to the national capital region (NCR) which is a metropolitan region and includes the surrounding satellite cities of Faridabad, Gurgaon, Ghaziabad and NOIDA.

International Organizations - Associations

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Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN )
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a political and economic organization of countries located in Southeast Asia. ASEAN was formed on August 8, 1967 by the Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore, as a display of solidarity against Communist expansion in Vietnam and insurgency within their own borders. Following the Bali Summit of 1976, the organization embarked on a programme of economic cooperation, which floundered in the mid-1980's only to be revived around a 1991 Thai proposal for a regional "free trade area". The countries meet annually.

Members: Brunei,Cambodia,Indonesia,Laos,Malaysia,Myanmar,Philippines,Singapore ,Thailand ,Vietnam.

World Trade Organization (WTO)
The World Trade Organization is an international, multilateral organization, which sets the rules for the global trading system and resolves disputes between its member states; all of whom are signatories to its approximately 30 agreements. WTO headquarters are located in Geneva, Switzerland. Pascal Lamy is the current Director-General taking over from the previous Director-General Supachai Panitchpakdi on September 1, 2005. As of November 7, 2006, there are 149 members in the organization with Vietnam being the latest to join.

Headquarters : Geneva, Switzerland
Total Member COuntries : 149
Secretary-General : Pascal Lamy
Formation : 1995

European Union
The European Union (EU) is a supranational and intergovernmental union of 25 (27 as of 1st January 2007) independent, democratic member states. The European Union is the world's largest confederation of independent states, established under that name in 1992 by the Treaty on European Union (the Maastricht Treaty).

Member states : Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom, Greece, Greenland, Portugal, Spain, Austria, Finland, Sweden, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia,Bulgaria, Romania.

The Commonwealth of Nations (CN)
usually known as the Commonwealth, is a voluntary association of 53 independent sovereign states, the majority of which are former colonies of the United Kingdom.
It was once known as the British Commonwealth of Nations or British Commonwealth, and some still call it by that name, either for historical reasons or to distinguish it from the other commonwealths around the world

Head of the Commonwealth : Queen Elizabeth II
Secretary-General : Don McKinnon (since 1999)
Headquarters : London, England
Number of Member States : 53

Confederation of Indian Industry
The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) is a non-government, not-for-profit, industry led and industry managed organisation, playing a proactive role in India’s development process. The organisation works to create and sustain an environment conducive to the growth of industry in India, partnering industry and government alike through advisory and consultative processes. The confederation is headquartered in New Delhi.

CII was established in 1895. It is India’s premier business association, with a direct membership of over 5800 organisations from the private as well as public sectors, including SMEs and MNCs and indirect membership of over 95,000 companies from around 325 national and regional sectoral associations.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers or IEEE (pronounced as eye-triple-e) is an international non-profit, professional organization for the advancement of technology related to electricity. It has the most members of any technical professional organization in the world, with more than 360,000 members in around 175 countries.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization that oversees the global financial system by observing exchange rates and balance of payments, as well as offering financial and technical assistance when requested. Its headquarters are located in Washington, D.C.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an international organisation of those developed countries that accept the principles of representative democracy and a free market economy. It originated in 1948 as the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), led by Frenchman Robert Marjolin, to help administer the Marshall Plan for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II. Later its membership was extended to non-European states, and in 1961 it was reformed into the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is the largest regional organization in the world, covering approximately 1.47 billion people. SAARC is an economic and political organization of eight countires in Southern Asia. The organization was established on December 8, 1985 by India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Maldives and Bhutan. Afghanistan was accepted as the eighth member of SAARC on November 13, 2005.

World Bank Group
The World Bank Group is a group of five international organizations responsible for providing finance and advice to countries for the purposes of economic development and eliminating poverty. The Bank came into formal existence on 27 December 1945 following international ratification of the Bretton Woods agreements, where the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference that led to their establishment took place (1 July-22 July 1944). Commencing operations on 25 June 1946, it approved its first loan on 9 May 1947 ($250m to France for postwar reconstruction, in real terms the largest loan issued by the Bank to date).
Its five agencies are:

* International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
* International Finance Corporation (IFC)
* International Development Association (IDA)
* Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
* International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)

World Health Organization (WHO)
World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations, acting as a coordinating authority on international public health, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. Historically, WHO inherited much of the mandate and resources of its predecessor, the Health Organization (HO), which had been an agency of the League of Nations. The WHO was established by the UN on 7 April 1948. The Director-General Elect is Dr. Margaret Chan Fung Fu-chun. She takes up her official duties on 4 January 2007. Dr Anders Nordström, of Sweden, continues as Acting Director-General until then.

Headquarters : Geneva, Switzerland
Membership : 193 member states
Formation : 7 April 1948

Economic Terms, Glossaries and Definitions

2007-09-24T07:21:00.000-07:00

Economic Terms

Absolute advantage: A country has an absolute advantage if its output per unit of input of all goods and services produced is higher than that of another country.

Ad valorem tax:(in Latin: to the value added) - a tax based on the value (or assessed value) of property.

Aggregate demand : is the sum of all demand in an economy. This can be computed by adding the expenditure on consumer goods and services, investment, and not exports (total exports minus total imports).

Aggregate supply : is the total value of the goods and services produced in a country, plus the value of imported goods less the value of exports.

Alternative minimum tax: An IRS mechanism created to ensure that high-income individuals, corporations, trusts, and estates pay at least some minimum amount of tax, regardless of deductions, credits or exemptions. It operates by adding certain tax-preference items back into adjusted gross income. While it was once only important for a small number of high-income individuals who made extensive use of tax shelters and deductions, more and more people are being affected by it. The AMT is triggered when there are large numbers of personal exemptions on state and local taxes paid, large numbers of miscellaneous itemized deductions or medical expenses, or by Incentive Stock Option (ISO) plans.

Asset: Anything of monetary value that is owned by a person. Assets include real property, personal property, and enforceable claims against others (including bank accounts, stocks, mutual funds, and so on).

Average propensity to consume :
is the proportion of income the average family spends on goods and services.

Average propensity to save : is the proportion of income the average family saves (does not spend on consumption).

Average total cost : is the sum of all the production costs divided by the number of units produced.

Balance of trade: The difference in value over a period of time between a country's imports and exports.

Barter system: System where there is an exchange goods without involving money.

Base year: In the construction of an index, the year from which the weights assigned to the different components of the index is drawn. It is conventional to set the value of an index in its base year equal to 100.

Bear: An investor with a pessimistic market outlook; an investor who expects prices to fall and so sells now in order to buy later at a lower price

Bid price: The highest price an investor is willing to pay for a stock.

Bill of exchange: A written, dated, and signed three-party instrument containing an unconditional order by a drawer that directs a drawee to pay a definite sum of money to a payee on demand or at a specified future date. Also known as a draft. It is the most commonly used financial instrument in international trade.

Birth rate: The number of births in a year per 1,000 population.

Bond:A certificate of debt (usually interest-bearing or discounted) that is issued by a government or corporation in order to raise money; the issuer is required to pay a fixed sum annually until maturity and then a fixed sum to repay the principal.

Boom: A state of economic prosperity

Break even: This is a term used to describe a point at which revenues equal costs (fixed and variable).

Bretton Woods:An international monetary system operating from 1946-1973. The value of the dollar was fixed in terms of gold, and every other country held its currency at a fixed exchange rate against the dollar; when trade deficits occurred, the central bank of the deficit country financed the deficit with its reserves of international currencies. The Bretton Woods system collapsed in 1971 when the US abandoned the gold standard.

Budget: A summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them. A budget can provide guidelines for managing future investments and expenses.

Budget deficit : is the amount by which government spending exceeds government revenues during a specified period of time usually a year.

Bull: An investor with an optimistic market outlook; an investor who expects prices to rise and so buys now for resale later

c.i.f., abbrev: Cost, Insurance and Freight: Export term in which the price quoted by the exporter includes the costs of ocean transportation to the port of destination and insurance coverage.

Call money: Price paid by an investor for a call option. There is no fixed rate for call money. It depends on the type of stock, its performance prior to the purchase of the call option, and the period of the contract. It is an interest bearing band deposits that can be withdrawn on 24 hours notice.

Capital: Wealth in the form of money or property owned by a person or business and human resources of economic value. Capital is the contribution to productive activity made by investment is physical capital (machinery, factories, tools and equipments) and human capital (eg general education, health). Capital is one of the three main factors of production other two are labour and natural resources.

Capital account : Part of a nation's balance of payments that includes purchases and sales of assets, such as stocks, bonds, and land. A nation has a capital account surplus when receipts from asset sales exceed payments for the country's purchases of foreign assets. The sum of the capital and current accounts is the overall balance of payments.

Capital budget: A plan of proposed capital outlays and the means of financing them for the current fiscal period. It is usually a part of the current budget. If a Capital Program is in operation, it will be the first year thereof. A Capital Program is sometimes referred to as a Capital Budget.

Capital gain tax: Tax paid on the gain realized upon the sale of an asset. It is a tax on profits from the sale of capital assets, such as shares. A capital loss can be used to offset a capital gain, reducing any tax you would otherwise have to pay.

Cartel: An organization of producers seeking to limit or eliminate competition among its members, most often by agreeing to restrict output to keep prices higher than would occur under competitive conditions. Cartels are inherently unstable because of the potential for producers to defect from the agreement and capture larger markets by selling at lower prices.

Census: Official gathering of information about the population in a particular area. Government departments use the data collected in planning for the future in such areas as health, education, transport, and housing..

Central bank: Major financial institution responsible for issuing currency, managing foreign reserves, implementing monetary policy, and providing banking services to the government and commercial banks.

Centrally planned economy: An economic system in which the production, pricing, and distribution of goods and services are determined by the government rather than market forces. Also referred to as a "non market economy." Former Soviet Union, China, and most other communist nations are examples of centrally planed economy

Classical economics: The economics of Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus, and later followers such as John Stuart Mill. The theory concentrated on the functioning of a market economy, spelling out a rudimentary explanation of consumer and producer behaviour in particular markets and postulating that in the long term the economy would tend to operate at full employment because increases in supply would create corresponding increases in demand.

Closed economy: An economy in which there are no foreign trade transactions or any other form of economic contacts with the rest of the world.

Collateral security: Additional security a borrower supplies to obtain a loan.

Commercial Policy: encompassing instruments of trade protection employed by countries to foster industrial promotion, export diversification, employment creation, and other desired development-oriented strategies. They include tariffs, quotas, and subsidies.

Comparative advantage: The ability to produce a good at a lower cost, relative to other goods, compared to another country. With perfect competition and undistorted markets, countries tend to export goods in which they have a Comparative Advantage and hence make gains from trading

Compound interest: Interest paid on the original principal and on interest accrued from time it became due.

Conditionality: The requirement imposed by the International Monetary Fund that a borrowing country undertake fiscal, monetary, and international commercial reforms as a condition to receiving a loan for balance of payments difficulties.

Copyright: A legal right (usually of the author or composer or publisher of a work) to exclusive publication production, sale, distribution of some work. What is protected by the copyright is the "expression," not the idea. Notice that taking another's idea is plagiarism, so copyrights are not the equivalent of legal prohibition of plagiarism.

Correlation coefficient: Denoted as "r", a measure of the linear relationship between two variables. The absolute value of "r" provides an indication of the strength of the relationship. The value of "r" varies between positive 1 and negative 1, with -1 or 1 indicating a perfect linear relationship, and r = 0 indicating no relationship. The sign of the correlation coefficient indicates whether the slope of the line is positive or negative when the two variables are plotted in a scatter plot.

Cost benefit analysis: A technique that assesses projects through a comparison between their costs and benefits, including social costs and benefits for an entire region or country. Depending on the project objectives and its the expected outputs, three types of CBA are generally recognised: financial; economic; and social. Generally cost-benefit analyses are comparative, i.e. they are used to compare alternative proposals. Cost-benefit analysis compares the costs and benefits of the situation with and without the project; the costs and benefits are considered over the life of the project.

Countervailing duties: duties (tariffs) that are imposed by a country to counteract subsidies provided to a foreign producer Current account: Part of a nation's balance of payments which includes the value of all goods and services imported and exported, as well as the payment and receipt of dividends and interest. A nation has a current account surplus if exports exceed imports plus net transfers to foreigners. The sum of the current and capital accounts is the overall balance of payments.

Cross elasticity of demand: The change in the quantity demanded of one product or service impacting the change in demand for another product or service. E.g. percentage change in the quantity demanded of a good divided by the percentage change in the price of another good (a substitute or complement)

Cross elasticity of demand: The change in the quantity demanded of one product or service impacting the change in demand for another product or service. E.g. percentage change in the quantity demanded of a good divided by the percentage change in the price of another good (a substitute or complement)

Crowding out: The possible tendency for government spending on goods and services to put upward pressure on interest rates, thereby discouraging private investment spending.

Currency appreciation: An increase in the value of one currency relative to another currency. Appreciation occurs when, because of a change in exchange rates; a unit of one currency buys more units of another currency. Opposite is the case with currency depreciation.

Currency board: Form of central bank that issues domestic currency for foreign exchange at fixed rates.

Currency substitution: The use of foreign currency (e.g., U.S. dollars) as a medium of exchange in place of or along with the local currency (e.g., Rupees).

Customs duty:Duty levied on the imports of certain goods. Includes excise equivalents Unlike tariffs customs duties are used mainly as a means to raise revenue for the government rather than protecting domestic producers from foreign competition.

Death rate: numbers of people dying per thousand population.

Deflation: a reduction in the level of national income and output, usually accompanied by a fall in the general price level.

Developed country : is an economically advanced country whose economy is characterized by a large industrial and service sector and high levels of income per head.

Developing country : less developed country, underdeveloped country or third world country: a country characterized by low levels of GDP and per capita income; typically dominated by agriculture and mineral products and majority of the population lives near subsistence levels.

Dumping : occurs when goods are exported at a price less than their normal value, generally meaning they are exported for less than they are sold in the domestic market or third country markets, or at less than production cost.

Direct investment:Foreign capital inflow in the form of investment by foreign-based companies into domestic based companies. Portfolio investment is foreign capital inflow by foreign investors into shares and financial securities. It is the ownership and management of production and/or marketing facilities in a foreign country.

Direct tax: A tax that you pay directly, as opposed to indirect taxes, such as tariffs and business taxes. The income tax is a direct tax, as are property taxes. See also Indirect Tax.

Double taxation: Corporate earnings taxed at both the corporate level and again as a stockholder dividend Economic growth: Quantitative measure of the change in size/volume of economic activity, usually calculated in terms of gross national product (GNP) or gross domestic product(GDP).

Duopoly: A market structure in which two producers of a commodity compete with each other.

Econometrics: The application of statistical and mathematical methods in the field of economics to test and quantify economic theories and the solutions to economic problems.

Economic development: The process of improving the quality of human life through increasing per capita income, reducing poverty, and enhancing individual economic opportunities. It is also sometimes defined to include better education, improved health and nutrition, conservation of natural resources, a cleaner environment, and a richer cultural life.

Economic growth: An increase in the nation's capacity to produce goods and services.

Economic infrastructure: The underlying amount of physical and financial capital embodied in roads, railways, waterways, airways, and other forms of transportation and communication plus water supplies, financial institutions, electricity, and public services such as health and education. The level of infrastructural development in a country is a crucial factor determining the pace and diversity of economic development.

Economic integration: The merging to various degrees of the economies and economic policies of two or more countries in a given region. See also common market, customs union, free-trade area, trade creation, and trade diversion.

Economic policy: A statement of objectives and the methods of achieving these objectives (policy instruments) by government, political party, business concern, etc. Some examples of government economic objectives are maintaining full employment, achieving a high rate of economic growth, reducing income inequalities and regional development inequalities, and maintaining price stability. Policy instruments include fiscal policy, monetary and financial policy, and legislative controls (e.g., price and wage control, rent control).

Elasticity of demand: The degree to which consumer demand for a product or service responds to a change in price, wage or other independent variable. When there is no perceptible response, demand is said to be inelastic.

Excess capacity: Volume or capacity over and above that which is needed to meet peak planned or expected demand.

Excess demand: the situation in which the quantity demanded at a given price exceeds the quantity supplied. Opposite: excess supply

Exchange control: A governmental policy designed to restrict the outflow of domestic currency and prevent a worsened balance of payments position by controlling the amount of foreign exchange that can be obtained or held by domestic citizens. Often results from overvalued exchange rates

Exchange rate: The price of one currency stated in terms of another currency.

Export incentives: Public subsidies, tax rebates, and other kinds of financial and nonfinancial measures designed to promote a greater level of economic activity in export industries.

Exports: The value of all goods and nonfactor services sold to the rest of the world; they include merchandise, freight, insurance, travel, and other nonfactor services. The value of factor services (such as investment receipts and workers' remittances from abroad) is excluded from this measure. See also merchandise exports and imports.

Exchange control : A governmental policy designed to restrict the outflow of domestic currency and prevent a worsened balance of payments position by controlling the amount of foreign exchange that can be obtained or held by domestic citizens. Often results from overvalued exchange rates.

Externalities: A cost or benefit not accounted for in the price of goods or services. Often "externality" refers to the cost of pollution and other environmental impacts.

Fiscal deficit : is the gap between the government's total spending and the sum of its revenue receipts and non-debt capital receipts. It represents the total amount of borrowed funds required by the government to completely meet its expenditure

Fiscal policy : is the use of government expenditure and taxation to try to influence the level of economic activity. An expansionary (or reflationary) fiscal policy could mean: cutting levels of direct or indirect tax increasing government expenditure The effect of these policies would be to encourage more spending and boost the economy. A contractionary (or deflationary) fiscal policy could be: increasing taxation - either direct or indirect cutting government expenditure These policies would reduce the level of demand in the economy and help to reduce inflation

Fixed costs: A cost incurred in the general operations of the business that is not directly attributable to the costs of producing goods and services. These "Fixed" or "Indirect" costs of doing business will be incurred whether or not any sales are made during the period, thus the designation "Fixed", as opposed to "Variable".

Fixed exchange rate: The exchange value of a national currency fixed in relation to another (usually the U.S. dollar), not free to fluctuate on the international money market.

Foreign aid : The international transfer of public funds in the form of loans or grants either directly from one government to another (bilateral assistance) or indirectly through the vehicle of a multilateral assistance agency like the World Bank. See also tied aid, private foreign investment, and nongovernmental organizations.

Foreign direct investment (FDI): Overseas investments by private multinational corporations.

Foreign exchange reserves: The stock of liquid assets denominated in foreign currencies held by a government's monetary authorities (typically, the finance ministry or central bank). Reserves enable the monetary authorities to intervene in foreign exchange markets to affect the exchange value of their domestic currency in the market. Reserves are invested in low-risk and liquid assets, often in foreign government securities.

Fringe benefit: A benefit in addition to salary offered to employees such as use of company's car, house, lunch coupons, health care subscriptions etc.

Gains from trade : The addition to output and consumption resulting from specialization in production and free trade with other economic units including persons, regions, or countries.

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) : An international body set up in 1947 to probe into the ways and means of reducing tariffs on internationally traded goods and services. Between 1947 and 1962, GATT held seven conferences but met with only moderate success. Its major success was achieved in 1967 during the so-called Kennedy Round of talks when tariffs on primary commodities were drastically slashed and then in 1994 with the signing of the Uruguay Round agreement. Replaced in 1995 by World Trade Organization (WTO).

Global warming Theory : that world climate is slowly warming as a result of both MDC and LDC industrial and agricultural activities.

Gross domestic product: (GDP) : The total of goods and services produced by a nation over a given period, usually 1 year. Gross Domestic Product measures the total output from all the resources located in a country, wherever the owners of the resources live.

Gross national product (GNP) : is the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year, plus income earned by its citizens abroad, minus income earned by foreigners from domestic production. The Fact book, following current practice, uses GDP rather than GNP to measure national production. However, the user must realize that in certain countries net remittances from citizens working abroad may be important to national well being. GNP equals GDP plus net property income from abroad. Globalisation: The process whereby trade is now being conducted on ever widening geographical boundaries. Countries now trade across continents and companies also trade all over the world.

Human capital : Productive investments embodied in human persons. These include skills, abilities, ideals, and health resulting from expenditures on education, on-the-job training programs, and medical care.

Imperfect competition : A market situation or structure in which producers have some degree of control over the price of their product. Examples include monopoly and oligopoly. See also perfect competition.

Imperfect market : A market where the theoretical assumptions of perfect competition are violated by the existence of, for example, a small number of buyers and sellers, barriers to entry, nonhomogeneity of products, and incomplete information. The three imperfect markets commonly analyzed in economic theory are monopoly, oligopoly, and monopolistic competition.

Import substitution : A deliberate effort to replace major consumer imports by promoting the emergence and expansion of domestic industries such as textiles, shoes, and household appliances. Import substitution requires the imposition of protective tariffs and quotas to get the new industry started.

Income inequality : The existence of disproportionate distribution of total national income among households whereby the share going to rich persons in a country is far greater than that going to poorer persons (a situation common to most LDCs). This is largely due to differences in the amount of income derived from ownership of property and to a lesser extent the result of differences in earned income. Inequality of personal incomes can be reduced by progressive income taxes and wealth taxes.

Index of industrial production : A quantity index that is designed to measure changes in the physical volume or production levels of industrial goods over time.

Inflation : is the percentage increase in the prices of goods and services.

Indirect tax: A tax you do not pay directly, but which is passed on to you by an increase in your expenses. For instance, a company might have to pay a fuel tax. The company pays the tax but can increase the cost of its products so consumers are actually paying the tax indirectly by paying more for the merchandise.

International commodity agreement : Formal agreement by sellers of a common internationally traded commodity (coffee, sugar) to coordinate supply to maintain price stability.

International Labor Organization (ILO) : One of the functional organizations of the United Nations, based in Geneva, Switzerland, whose central task is to look into problems of world labor supply, its training, utilization, domestic and international distribution, etc. Its aim in this endeavor is to increase world output through maximum utilization of available human resources and thus improve levels of living.

International Monetary Fund (IMF) :An autonomous international financial institution that originated in the Bretton Woods Conference of 1944. Its main purpose is to regulate the international monetary exchange system, which also stems from that conference but has since been modified. In particular, one of the central tasks of the IMF is to control fluctuations in exchange rates of world currencies in a bid to alleviate severe balance of payments problems.

International poverty line : An arbitrary international real income measure, usually expressed in constant dollars (e.g., $270), used as a basis for estimating the proportion of the world's population that exists at bare levels of subsistence.

Land reform : A deliberate attempt to reorganize and transform existing agrarian systems with the intention of improving the distribution of agricultural incomes and thus fostering rural development. Among its many forms, land reform may entail provision of secured tenure rights to the individual farmer, transfer of land ownership away from small classes of powerful landowners to tenants who actually till the land, appropriation of land estates for establishing small new settlement farms, or instituting land improvements and irrigation schemes.

Macroeconomic stabilization : Policies designed to eliminate macroeconomic instability.

Macroeconomics : The branch of economics that considers the relationships among broad economic aggregates such as national income, total volumes of saving, investment, consumption expenditure, employment, and money supply. It is also concerned with determinants of the magnitudes of these aggregates and their rates of change over time.

Market economy : A free private-enterprise economy governed by consumer sovereignty, a price system, and the forces of supply and demand.

Market failure : A phenomenon that results from the existence of market imperfections (e.g., monopoly power, lack of factor mobility, significant externalities, lack of knowledge) that weaken the functioning of a free-market economy--it fails to realize its theoretical beneficial results. Market failure often provides the justification for government interference with the working of the free market.

Market-friendly approach: World Bank notion that successful development policy requires governments to create an environment in which markets can operate efficiently and to intervene selectively in the economy in areas where the market is inefficient (e.g., social and economic infrastructure, investment coordination, economic "safety net").

Market mechanism: The system whereby prices of commodities or services freely rise or fall when the buyer's demand for them rises or falls or the seller's supply of them decreases or increases.

Market prices: Prices established by demand and supply in a free-market economy.

Merchandise exports and imports: All international changes in ownership of merchandise passing across the customs borders of the trading countries. Exports are valued f.o.b. (free on board). Imports are valued c.i.f. (cost, insurance, and freight).

Merchandise trade balance: Balance on commodity exports and imports.

Microeconomics: The branch of economics concerned with individual decision units--firms and households--and the way in which their decisions interact to determine relative prices of goods and factors of production and how much of these will be bought and sold. The market is the central concept in microeconomics.

Middle-income countries (MICs): LDCs with per capita income above $785 and below $9,655 in 1997 according to World Bank measures.

Mixed economic systems: Economic systems that are a mixture of both capitalist and socialist economies. Most developing countries have mixed systems. Their essential feature is the coexistence of substantial private and public activity within a single economy.

Monetary policy: The regulation of the money supply and interest rates by a central bank in order to control inflation and stabilize currency. If the economy is heating up, the central bank (such as RBI in India) can withdraw money from the banking system, raise the reserve requirement or raise the discount rate to make it cool down. If growth is slowing, it can reverse the process - increase the money supply, lower the reserve requirement and decrease the discount rate. The monetary policy influences interest rates and money supply.

Money supply: the total stock of money in the economy; currency held by the public plus money in accounts in banks. It consists primarily currency in circulation and deposits in savings and checking accounts. Too much money in relation to the output of goods tends to push interest rates down and push inflation up; too little money tends to push rates up and prices down, causing unemployment and idle plant capacity. The central bank manages the money supply by raising and lowering the reserves banks are required to hold and the discount rate at which they can borrow money from the central bank. The central bank also trades government securities (called repurchase agreements) to take money out of the system or put it in. There are various measures of money supply, including M1, M2, M3 and L; these are referred to as monetary aggregates.

Monopoly : A market situation in which a product that does not have close substitutes is being produced and sold by a single seller.

Multi-Fiber Arrangement (MFA) : A set of nontariff bilateral quotas established by developed countries on imports of cotton, wool, and synthetic textiles and clothing from individual LDCs

Multinational corporation (MNC) : An international or transnational corporation with headquarters in one country but branch offices in a wide range of both developed and developing countries. Examples include General Motors, Coca-Cola, Firestone, Philips, Volkswagen, British Petroleum, Exxon, and ITT. Firms become multinational corporations when they perceive advantages to establishing production and other activities in foreign locations. Firms globalize their activities both to supply their home-country market more cheaply and to serve foreign markets more directly. Keeping foreign activities within the corporate structure lets firms avoid the costs inherent in arm's-length dealings with separate entities while utilizing their own firm-specific knowledge such as advanced production techniques.

National debt: Treasury bills, notes, bonds, and other debt obligations that constitute the debt owed by the federal government. It represents the accumulation of each year's budget deficit Public debt: Borrowing by the Government of India internally as well as externally. The total of the nation's debts: debts of local and state and national governments is an indicator of how much public spending is financed by borrowing instead of taxation

Newly industrializing countries (NICs) : A small group of countries at a relatively advanced level of economic development with a substantial and dynamic industrial sector and with close links to the international trade, finance, and investment system (Argentina, Brazil, Greece, Mexico, Portugal, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, and Taiwan).

Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) : Privately owned and operated organizations involved in providing financial and technical assistance to LDCs. See foreign aid.

Nontariff trade barrier: A barrier to free trade that takes a form other than a tariff, such as quotas or sanitary requirements for imported meats and dairy products.

Official development assistance (ODA) : Net disbursements of loans or grants made on concessional terms by official agencies of member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).

Official exchange rate: Rate at which the central bank will buy and sell the domestic currency in terms of a foreign currency such as the U.S. dollar.

Open economy : An economy that encourages foreign trade and has extensive financial and nonfinancial contacts with the rest of the world in areas such as education, culture, and technology. See also closed economy.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD): An organization of 20 countries from the Western world including all of those in Europe and North America. Its major objective is to assist the economic growth of its member nations by promoting cooperation and technical analysis of national and international economic trends.

Overvalued exchange rate : An official exchange rate set at a level higher than its real or shadow value--for example, 7 Kenyan shillings per dollar instead of, say, 10 shillings per dollar. Overvalued rates cheapen the real cost of imports while raising the real cost of exports. They often lead to a need for exchange control.

Perfect competition : A market situation characterized by the existence of very many buyers and sellers of homogeneous goods or services with perfect knowledge and free entry so that no single buyer or seller can influence the price of the good or service.

Performance budget : is a budget format that relates the input of resources and the output of services for each organizational unit individually. Sometimes used synonymously with program budget. It is a budget wherein expenditures are based primarily upon measurable performance of activities.

Political economy : The attempt to merge economic analysis with practical politics--to view economic activity in its political context. Much of classical economics was political economy, and today political economy is increasingly being recognized as necessary for any realistic examination of development problems.

Portfolio investment : Financial investments by private individuals, corporations, pension funds, and mutual funds in stocks, bonds, certificates of deposit, and notes issued by private companies and the public agencies of LDCs. See also private foreign investment.

Poverty gap: The sum of the difference between the poverty line and actual income levels of all people living below that line.

Poverty line: A level of income below, which people are deemed poor. A global poverty line of $1 per person per day was suggested in 1990 (World Bank 1990). This line facilitates comparison of how many poor people there are in different countries. But, it is only a crude estimate because the line does not recognize differences in the buying power of money in different countries, and, more significantly, because it does not recognize other aspects of poverty than the material, or income poverty.

Price:The monetary or real value of a resource, commodity, or service. The role of prices in a market economy is to ration or allocate resources in accordance with supply and demand; relative prices should reflect the relative scarcity of different resources, goods, or services.

Price elasticity of demand: The responsiveness of the quantity of a commodity demanded to a change in its price, expressed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price.

Price elasticity of supply: The responsiveness of the quantity of a commodity supplied to a change in its price, expressed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price.

Quota: A physical limitation on the quantity of any item that can be imported into a country, such as so many automobiles per year. Also a method for allocating limited school places by noncompetitive means--for example, by income or ethnicity.

Repo rate: This is one of the credit management tools used by the Reserve Bank to regulate liquidity in South Africa (customer spending). The bank borrows money from the Reserve Bank to cover its shortfall. The Reserve Bank only makes a certain amount of money available and this determines the repo rate. If the bank requires more money than what is available, this will increase the repo rate - and vice versa.

Revenue expenditure: This is expenditure on recurring items, including the running of services and financing capital spending that is paid for by borrowing. This is meant for normal running of governments' maintenance expenditures, interest payments, subsidies and transfers etc. It is current expenditure which does not result in the creation of assets. Grants given to State governments or other parties are also treated as revenue expenditure even if some of the grants may be meant for creating assets. Subsidy : Financial assistance (often from the government) to a specific group of producers or consumers.

Revenue receipts: Additions to assets that do not incur an obligation that must be met at some future date and do not represent exchanges of property for money. Assets must be available for expenditures. These include proceeds of taxes and duties levied by the government, interest and dividend on investments made by the government, fees and other receipts for services rendered by the government.

Stabilization policies: A coordinated set of mostly restrictive fiscal and monetary policies aimed at reducing inflation, cutting budget deficits, and improving the balance of payments. See conditionality and International Monetary Fund (IMF).

Subsidy: A payment by the government to producers or distributors in an industry to prevent the decline of that industry (e.g., as a result of continuous unprofitable operations) or an increase in the prices of its products or simply to encourage it to hire more labor (as in the case of a wage subsidy). Examples are export subsidies to encourage the sale of exports; subsidies on some foodstuffs to keep down the cost of living, especially in urban areas; and farm subsidies to encourage expansion of farm production and achieve self-reliance in food production.

Tax avoidance: A legal action designed to reduce or eliminate the taxes that one owes.

Tax base: the total property and resources subject to taxation.

Tax evasion: An illegal strategy to decrease tax burden by underreporting income, overstating deductions, or using illegal tax shelters.

Terms of trade : The ratio of a country's average export price to its average import price; also known as the commodity terms of trade. A country's terms of trade are said to improve when this ratio increases and to worsen when it decreases, that is, when import prices rise at a relatively faster rate than export prices (the experience of most LDCs in recent decades).

Treasury bill: A short-term debt issued by a national government with a maximum maturity of one year. Treasury bills are sold at discount, such that the difference between purchase price and the value at maturity is the amount of interest.

VAT: A form of indirect sales tax paid on products and services at each stage of production or distribution, based on the value added at that stage and included in the cost to the ultimate customer.

World Bank: An international financial institution owned by its 181 member countries and based in Washington, D.C. Its main objective is to provide development funds to the Third World nations in the form of interest-bearing loans and technical assistance. The World Bank operates with borrowed funds.

WTO: The World Trade Organization is a global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. It was set up in 1995 at the conclusion of GATT negotiations for administering multilateral trade negotiations.

Companies , Brands & Their Taglines

2007-09-24T05:55:00.000-07:00

Companies , Brands & Their Taglines

MRF - Tyres with Muscle

CEAT - Born Tough

EBAY - The World's Online Market Place

AMAZON.COM - Earth's Biggest BookStore

TIMESJOBS.COM - If you have a reason, we have the job -

BLOGGER.COM - Push Button Publishing

Microsoft - Where Do You Want to Go Today ; Your Potential Our Passion

Windows XP - Do More with Less

HP-Invent - Everything is Possible

Accenture - High Performance. Delivered

IBM - ON DEMAND

LENOVO - We are building a new technology company.

Apple Macintosh - Think Different.

TCS - Beyond the Obvious

Infosys - Powered by Intellect, Driven by Values;
                             Improve your odds with Infosys Predictability

WIPRO - Applying Thought

Adobe - Simplicity at work. Better by adobe.

Macromedia - What the web can be.

FORD – Built for the Road Ahead

GM – Only GM.

BMW – The Ultimate Driving Machine

TOYOTA - Touch The Perfection

HYUNDAI - Drive Your Way

HONDA - The Power of Dreams

SKODA – Obsessed with Quality since 1897.

VOLKSWAGEN - Drivers wanted

FIAT - Driven by Passion. FIAT

TATA MOTORS – Even More Car per Car

IBM - I think, therefore IBM.

Dell - Easy as DELL.

Intel - Intel inside.

LEE - The jeans that built America

Master card - There are some things money can't buy. For everything else there's                                   MASTERCARD.

Kotak - Think Investments. Think Kotak.

Sun Microsystems - The Network is the Computer

Ernst and Young - Quality in Everything we Do

Barclays - Fluent in Finance; Its our business to know your business

Standard Chartered Bank - Your Right Partner

CNBC - Profit from it

AT&T - The World's Networking Company

Monster.com - Never Settle

Jet Airways - The Joy of Flying

Lufthansa - There's no better to fly

British airways - The Way to Fly.

Air Canada - A breath of Fresh Air

Sahara - Emotionally yours.

Malaysian Airlines - Going Beyond Expectations

Kingfisher Airlines - Fly the good times

Exxon Mobil - Taking on the World’s Toughest Energy Challenges

Chevron Corporation - Human Energy

Reliance industries Limited - Growth is Life

British Petroleum - Beyond Petroleum

ONGC - Making Tomorrow Brighter

IOCL - Bringing Energy to Life

BPCL - Pure for Sure

IBP - Pure bhi. Poora bhi

GAIL - Gas and Beyond

Essar corp - A positive a++itude

Speed - High Performance Petrol

Servo - 100 % Performance. Everytime.

NDTV Profit - News you can Use.

Toyota Innova -All you Desire.

Star Sports - We know your game

Life. Research. Hope - DR. REDDY'S LABORATORIES

The difference lies in our DNA - BIOCON

Caring for life - CIPLA

The Edge is Efficiency - (Bombay Stock Exchange )

The world puts its stock in us - NYSE (New York Stock Exchange)

Stock market for the digital world (NASDAQ)

Tomorrow Market's Today. (Singapore Stock Exchange, SGX)

Have You Met Life Today - Metropolitan Life Insurance Company or                                      Metlife.

The Power on your side - Allianz Group

Growing and Protecting your wealth - Prudential Insurance Company

We know Money - AIG or American International Group Insurance                       Company

Your Partner for life - Max NewYork Life Insurance

Positively Different. - Standard Insurance Company Limited.

India's International Bank -- Bank of Baroda

Good People to Bank with -- Union Bank of India

Higher Standards -- Bank of America

You and Us -- UBS

The Citi Never Sleeps -- CITIGROUP or CITIBANK

Where Vision Gets Built -- Lehman Brothers

The World's Local Bank -- HSBC

A Passion to Perform -- Deutsche Bank

Making More Possible -- ABN AMRO Bank

The Magazine of the Corporate World - BUSINESS INDIA

For Managing Tomorrow - BUSINESS TODAY

Intelligent Computing - CHIP

Your Technology Navigator - DIGIT

Play the Game - BUSINESS WORLD

Journalism of Courage - The Indian EXPRESS

The Power of Knowledge - THE ECONOMIC TIMES

The Name India trusts for News - HINDUSTAN TIMES

Read a Bestseller everyday - THE DAILY TELEGRAPH

Like. No. Other. - SONY

Everyone's Invited or Its hard to Imagine - SAMSUNG

Life's Good - LG

The Indian Multinational - VIDEOCON

Born in Japan Entertaining The World - SANSUI

Inspired Living - HAIER

Sense and Simplicity - PHILLIPS

The Perfect Experience - JVC

Choose Freedom - TOSHIBA

Always low prices. Always. - WALMART

Like no other store in the world - BLOOMINGDALES

You can do it. We can Help. - HOME DEPOT

Every Little Helps - TESCO

The spirit of Commerce - METRO

Costs less to get more - KROGER

Is se sasta aur Achcha kahee nahee milenga - BIG BAZAAR

The stuff of life. - KMART

Shop. Eat. Celebrate - CENTRAL

Shaping the future of steel - MITTAL STEEL

Steel solutions for a better world - ARCELOR

We make things which make India proud - LARSEN and TOUBRO

Forever new Frontiers - BOEING

The Miracles of Science - DUPONT

Everyday Solutions - COMPTRON and GREAVES

Pride of Steel - VIZAG STEEL

Powering a Greener Tomorrow. - SUZLON ENERGY

Where will you be - THE DAY AFTER TOMORROW

An Adventure 65 Million Years In The Making - JURASSIC PARK

Collide With Destiny. - TITANIC

Come and Fall in LOVE - Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jaayenge

At the edge of the world, his journey begins - CAST AWAY

The greatest Story ever told. - SHOLAY

When Good is not good enough. - CHEVROLET AVEO

The New Sign of Success. - McDowells Signature

Dare to Dream - BANK OF RAJASTHAN

Welcome to a Cashless World.- SBI DEBIT CARD

Exceed Your Vision - EPSON

Be Fearless. - SYMANTEC

Much more to do, with YOU in focus.- ANDHRA BANK