Science | Quantum Mechanics | Modern Physics | Theories..

Science, Class 9 - Chapter 2: Is matter around us pure

2020-11-16T22:00:00.002+05:30

Questions, Page 15

1. What is meant by a pure substance?

Answer: A pure substance is one that cannot be separated into different constituents by physical or chemical processes. A pure substance is one that contains particles of only one type of a substance.

2. List the points of differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.

Answer:

Homogeneous mixtures:

They have uniform compositions. The components of homogeneous mixtures are not physically distinct. Salt in water, sugar in water are examples of homogeneous mixtures.

Heterogeneous mixtures:

They contain physically distinct parts and have non-uniform compositions. Mixtures of sodium chloride and iron filings, salt and sulphur, and oil and water are examples of heterogeneous mixtures.

Questions, Page 15

1. Differentiate between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures with examples.

Answer:

Homogeneous mixtures:

They have uniform compositions. The components of homogeneous mixtures are not physically distinct. Most solutions are homogeneous mixtures. Salt in water, sugar in water are examples of homogeneous mixtures.

Heterogeneous mixtures:

They contain physically distinct parts and have non-uniform compositions. Mixtures of sodium chloride and iron filings, salt and sulphur, and oil and water are examples of heterogeneous mixtures. Suspensions and colloids are also heterogeneous mixtures

Questions, Page 24

1. How will you separate a mixture containing kerosene and petrol (difference in their boiling points is more than 25ºC), which are miscible with each other?

Solution: The process of distillation is used for the separation of components of a mixture containing two miscible liquids that boil without decomposition and have sufficient difference in their boiling points (that is greater than 25°C).

2. Name the technique to separate

(i) butter from curd,

(ii) salt from sea-water,

(iii) camphor from salt.

Solution:

(i) Centrifugation

(ii) Evaporation

(iii) Sublimation

3. What type of mixtures are separated by the technique of crystallisation?

Solution: The crystallisation method is used to purify solids.

Questions, Page 24

1. Classify the following as chemical or physical changes:

• cutting of trees,

• melting of butter in a pan,

• rusting of almirah,

• boiling of water to form steam,

• passing of electric current, through water and the water breaking down into hydrogen and oxygen gases,

• dissolving common salt in water,

• making a fruit salad with raw fruits, and

• burning of paper and wood.

Solution:

Physical changes: Cutting of trees, melting of butter in a pan, boiling water to form steam, making a fruit salad with raw fruits

Chemical changes: Rusting of almirah, passing of electric current through water and the water breaking down into hydrogen and oxygen gases, burning of paper and wood

2. Try segregating the things around you as pure substances or mixtures.

Solution:

Pure substances: water, glass, iron nail, pencil lead, etc.

Mixtures: Air, blood, butter, milk, steel, paper, etc.

1. Which separation techniques will you apply for the separation of the following?

(a) Sodium chloride from its solution in water.

(b) Ammonium chloride from a mixture containing sodium chloride and ammonium chloride.

(d) Different pigments from an extract of flower petals.

(e) Butter from curd.

(f) Oil from water.

(g) Tea leaves from tea.

(h) Iron pins from sand.

(i) Wheat grains from husk.

(j) Fine mud particles suspended in water.

Solution:

(a) Evaporation

(b) Sublimation

(d) Chromatography

(e) Centrifugation

(f) Distillation

(g) Sieving

(h) Magnetic separation

(i) Sieving and winnowing

(j) Sedimentation, decantation and filtration

2. Write the steps you would use for making tea. Use the words solution, solvent, solute, dissolve, soluble, insoluble, filtrate and residue.

Solution: Take some water in a pan. Keep the pan over flame. Add sugar and tea leaves, which are solute into the water in the pan, which is the solvent. Heat the water over the pan till the sugar, which is soluble in water dissolves in it. Tea leaves are insoluble in water and will remain suspended. Now add water to the sugar and tea leaves solution and bring the mixture to a boil. Filter the prepared tea through a sieve. Filtrate should be poured in a cup, while the residue can be thrown away.

3. Pragya tested the solubility of three different substances at different temperatures and collected the data as given below (results are given in the following table, as grams of substance dissolved in 100 grams of water to form a saturated solution).(a) What mass of potassium nitrate would be needed to produce a saturated solution of potassium nitrate in 50 grams of water at 313 K?

(b) Pragya makes a saturated solution of potassium chloride in water at 353 K and leaves the solution to cool at room temperature. What would she observe as the solution cools? Explain. (c) Find the solubility of each salt at 293 K. Which salt has the highest solubility at this temperature?

(d) What is the effect of change of temperature on the solubility of a salt?

Answer:

(a) Since 62 g of potassium nitrate is dissolved in 100g of water to prepare a saturated solution at 313 K, 31 g of potassium nitrate should be dissolved in 50 g of water to prepare a saturated solution at 313 K.

(b) The amount of potassium chloride that should be dissolved in water to make a saturated solution increases with temperature. Thus, as the solution cools some of the potassium chloride will precipitate out of the solution.

Potassium nitrate – 32 g

Sodium chloride – 36 g

Potassium chloride – 35 g

Ammonium chloride – 37 g

Ammonium chloride has the highest solubility at 293 K.

(d) The solubility of a salt increases with temperature.

4. Explain the following giving examples.

(a) saturated solution

(b) pure substance

(d) suspension

Answer:

(a) At any particular temperature, a solution that has dissolved as much solute as it is capable of dissolving is said to be a saturated solution. Few examples of saturated solutions are soft drinks and nitrogen in Earth’s soil.

(b) A pure substance is one that cannot be separated into different constituents by physical or chemical processes. A pure substance is one that contains particles of only one type of a substance. Pure substances can be elements or compounds. Some examples of pure substances are iron, water, oxygen, etc.

(c) Colloids are heterogeneous mixtures in which the particle size is too small to be seen with the naked eye, but is big enough to scatter light. Smoke, paint, butter are few examples of colloids.

(d) Materials that are insoluble in a solvent and have particles that are visible to naked eyes form a suspension. A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture. Some examples of suspension are water with chalk particles, sandy water and water with stones

5. Classify each of the following as a homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture.

soda water, wood, air, soil, vinegar, filtered tea.

Answer:

Homogeneous – soda water, air, vinegar, filtered tea

Heterogeneous – wood, soil

6. How would you confirm that a colourless liquid given to you is pure water?

Answer: Perform the electrolysis of water, i.e., pass the electricity through it, so that the water molecules break into hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen and oxygen are gases at room temperature. Thus, they will be released in the air. If after the complete electrolysis of water, some residue is left, then the water is not pure. If no residue is obtained, the water is pure.

7. Which of the following materials fall in the category of a “pure substance”?

(a) Ice

(b) Milk

(d) Hydrochloric acid

(e) Calcium oxide

(f) Mercury

(g) Brick

(h) Wood

(i) Air.

Solution: Ice, iron, hydrochloric acid, calcium oxide, and mercury are pure substances.

8. Identify the solutions among the following mixtures.

(a) Soil

(b) Sea water

(d) Coal

(e) Soda water.

Solution: Sea water, air, and soda water are solutions.

9. Which of the following will show “Tyndall effect”?

(a) Salt solution

(b) Milk

(d) Starch solution.

Solution: Colloids show Tyndall effect. Milk is a colloid. Thus, it will show Tyndall effect. Therefore, the correct answer is (b).

10. Classify the following into elements, compounds and mixtures.

(a) Sodium

(b) Soil

(d) Silver

(e) Calcium carbonate

(f) Tin

(g) Silicon

(h) Coal

(i) Air

(j) Soap

(k) Methane

(l) Carbon dioxide

(m) Blood

Solution:

Elements: sodium, silver, tin, and silicon.

Compounds: calcium carbonate, soap, methane, and carbon dioxide.

Mixtures: soil, sugar solution, coal, air, and blood.

11. Which of the following are chemical changes?

(a) Growth of a plant

(b) Rusting of iron

(d) Cooking of food

(e) Digestion of food

(f) Freezing of water

(g) Burning of a candle.

Solution: Rusting of iron, cooking of food, digestion of food, and burning of candle are chemical changes.

Thermodynamics | Heat | Thermal Physics

2020-09-24T21:33:00.003+05:30

Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics involves the transfer of heat energy. When you touch a hot object, heat energy is transferred from that object into your hand. Thermal physics is related to thermodynamics, but also involves material science as well.

Heat is the internal kinetic energy of a substance, essentially the random twisting and shaking of the atoms and molecules of a substance.

Heat is transferred by one of three mechanisms. In conduction, heat energy is transferred by thermal contact between to objects. In convection, heatennergy is transferred by the bulk movement of a substance. In radiation, heat energy is transferred by electromagnetic radiation.

In everyday life, energy is conserved. If you mix a pail of hot water with a pail of cold water, their final temperature will different than the original temperature of the water in either pail, but the total final energy of the system shall be the same as the beginning energy.

Heat and Energy

Some things are hot such as a tea kettle full of boiling water. Other things are cold such as an ice cube.

What happens when hot objects and cold objects are mixed together? Cold objects get warmer and hot objects get cooler. For example, if you left some stones sitting in the hot sunlight until they here hot themselves, and then placed the stones in a bucket of cool water, the water would warm up and the stones would cool down. After a while, both the stones and water would be the same temperature.

Why does this happen? The first reason is called conservation of energy. Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It must stay the same. When the water warms up, the energy must come from the stones. When the water gains heat energy, the stones lose heat energy.

The second reason is that heat energy cannot move from cold objects to hot objects, unless work is done. For example, if you placed hot stones in a pail of cool water, the stones would NOT become cooler and the water warmer.

Thermal Physics

Thermal physics involves the transfer of heat energy. When you touch a hot object, heat energy is transferred from that object into your hand. Thermal physics is related to thermodynamics, but also involves material science as well.

Heat is the internal kinetic energy of a substance, essentially the random twisting and shaking of the atoms and molecules of a substance.

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Energy | Energy Sources | Consumers

2020-09-22T22:47:00.002+05:30

Energy makes things happen in life. Energy from the Sun makes plants grow. Energy from fossil fuel runs automobiles and is responsible for most of the electric power produced. Energy from the Sun also powers nearly all communications satellites in space. Nuclear energy powers submarines and military ships.

The Sun

The Sun is the most important source of energy for our planet and the human race. The human race would starve to death without sunlight. Major food crops require sunlight to grow. Sunlight also drives weather on the Earth and causes rain clouds to form. Most of the water we drink and that required for growing our food supply is dependent on this rain. Even the oxygen we breath is provided by sunlight-dependent plants and phytoplankton (tiny, plant-like water creatures).

The Sun emits great amounts of energy. That energy comes from nuclear fusion. In nuclear fusion, lighter atoms combine to produce a more massive atom. For example, under certain circumstances, hydrogen atoms combine to form helium atoms. In the process, energy is given off according to the equation E = mc^2.

The interior of the Sun is millions of degrease, but the surface of the Sun is only about 5,000 degrees Centigrade. If the Earth was next to the Sun, the atmosphere would be blown away and the oceans evaporated. Many rocks would be melted, and the Earth could not exist.

Fortunately, the Earth is 93 million miles away from the Sun, so the energy received by the Earth from the Sun is only about 1,380 Watts per square meter (the strength of about 10 bright light bulbs).

Some energy is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere. Water vapor in the Earth's atmosphere is a good collector of the Sun's energy. This is why you can see clouds expanding and billowing on a bright summer day. Sunlight also gets scattered by the atmosphere to produce our beautiful blue sky.

Liquid water is an reasonably good absorber of sunlight. Since 2/3 of the surface of the Earth is covered by oceans, about 2/3s of the sunlight which reaches the Earth's surface is absorbed by the oceans. On the portion of the Earth covered by land, some of the sunlight which reaches the Earth's surface is absorbed by plants and rocks. The rest gets reflected back into the atmosphere or space. Clouds also reflect quite a bit of sunlight back into space. Even though clouds absorb some sunlight, the water droplets which comprise clouds are too small to fully absorb the light which fall on them. Snow also reflects sunlight back into space.

Energy Sources

Where does energy come from? If your answer is coal, oil or sunlight, you would be partly right. The energy people use comes from many sources. Each source has an exciting story.

The story of energy must start somewhere. In fact, nearly all of our energy originally came from stars such as our Sun. Stars give us energy in two ways. The most common way is starlight, also known as sunlight. Another way stars can give us energy is when they explode. Did you know that many cities are partially powered by exploded stars? It's true! Here are some common sources of energy.

Renewable Energy Sources

Solar

Sunlight is used to grow crops and to heat some houses. Sunlight can also be used to produce electricity. When sunlight shines on certain types of silicon wafers, called photovoltaic or "solar" cells, electric current is produced. It takes quite a few solar cells to produce much electricity, so solar power is expensive. However, solar power is quite useful to power satellites, emergency highway phones, remote homes and buildings, and even portable calculators--in other words, devices which are not directly hooked up to the local power company.

Wind

Wind mills across the world use wind power to pump water and produce electricity. At one time, wind was used extensively to propel ships and is still used by many recreational water craft.

Wood

Energy literally grows on trees. Much of the world's population uses wood for heat, cooking and light. Unfortunately burning wood causes forests to be destroyed and also causes a lot of air pollution. Charcoal is frequently made from wood.

Fossil Fuels

Coal

Coal is a rock like substance produced by plants which died and decayed millions of years ago. Coal is used to generate most of the world's electricity. Coal also is used to power some ships and railroad trains. Coal used to be used extensively to heat houses.

Oil

Oil is a thick liquid found in the ground which came from decaying animals. Oil is used extensively to power automobiles trains and airplanes, but is also used for generating heat and electricity.

Natural Gas

Natural gas is often produced as a byproduct of petroleum. Natural gas is used to heat many homes, to generate electricity and to run "clean-air" vehicles.

Nuclear Energy

Fission

Nuclear electric power plants, as well as naval submarines and and ships use nuclear fission. Fission involves splitting apart heavier atoms such as uranium or plutonium into lighter ones, which releases tremendous amounts of energy. Nuclear power can be extremely cost efficient and produces very little air pollution, but can result in the release of extremely harmful radiation into the atmosphere. Nuclear decay is used to power spacecraft traveling to far planets such as Jupiter and Saturn where there is not enough sunlight for solar power.

Fusion

Fusion energy powers the stars. Fusion involves combining very light atoms such as hydrogen into heavier atoms such as helium. Fusion has been demonstrated in laboratories on Earth, but it is not yet practical for generating power for peaceful means.

Turning Energy Into Power

Energy is nearly useless unless you can turn it into power in order to perform useful work. For example, on a hot day there is plenty of energy in the air, but it would be impossible to utilize that energy to run your air conditioner.

Human history is a story of efforts to turn energy into work. Originally, the only way to turn energy into work was for people to eat energy-rich foods such as grains and do the work with their own muscles.

Eventually other ways to turn energy into power were discovered. The water flow from rivers was harnessed in water mills to grind grain and eventually drive machinery. The trick was to place a wheel-like structure into the river. The river current would push puddles or cups on this "water wheel" which would turn a grinding wheel, axle or other means attached to the machinery.

Wind power was used in much the same way. Windmills with giant propellers were built which would be rotated by the wind to drive a grinding wheel or often used to pump water.

Heat energy is easy to create. All you have to do is burn some wood or coal. Heat itself is not power, however. A steam engine is a device which can take this heat, though, and turn it into power. The first steam engine was invented in ancient times by the Greek philosopher Hero. Hero's steam engine was just a ball with a little water inside. A flame would create steam inside this ball, which would push out of little tubes and rotate the ball. It was ingenious, but not very useful. In fact the first useful steam engines were not invented until the 1700s.

In the 1800s, it was discovered how to use steam-engines to run electric power generators. It took decades for the usefulness of electric power to be fully appreciated. Indeed, electric lighting was almost unknown before the latter part of the 1800s. The electric motor was created which helped to revolutionize industry.

In the early 1900s, ways of using electricity to generate radio signals was invented. Although telegraphs and telephones were already in use, it was radio which was the true precursor of today's multimedia revolution.

Also, in the early 1900s, petroleum began to be increasingly used to power automobiles, trucks and later, trains. Petroleum power is what has made us such a mobile society.

In the mid-1900s, nuclear power became practical, and nuclear fission became used to generate electricity and run military ships and submarines. Nuclear power is also used for scientific spacecraft which travel far from the Sun.

Although solar-electric power had been known from the early 1900s, it was not really developed until it became invaluable for spacecraft. Environmental concerns about the effects of fossil and nuclear fuels have encouraged the development of solar power for use on the Earth. Other "renewable" forms of energy such as wind and geothermal have become more popular as well.

Energy & The Consumer

Each one of us is a consumer of energy. You are consuming electrical energy right now to power your computer to read this web page. Energy is very important to consumers. People use gasoline for their cars and natural gas to heat their houses.

As a consumer, you can save energy in addition to using it. Saving energy saves money and helps to preserve the environment.

Here are several simple ways to save energy:

When you aren't in a room for more than 20 minutes, turn off the lights.
Try not to hold open refrigerator or freezer doors for long amounts of time.
Make sure your computer is using energy-saving features and software.
Don't leave open outside doors foor very long when using heat or air-conditioning.
Try to use less hot water. Take cooler baths or shorter showers.
Get a solar-powered battery charger. Try not to waste batteries.

- Vedansh Tiwari

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Biotechnology

Biotechnology | Genetics | Cell Culture | Cloning

2020-09-21T16:26:00.004+05:30

Biotechnology turns the science of biology into useful drugs and other products and includes many exciting area such as DNA analysis and Cell Culture. Science Bee will explore some of these areas.

Genetics and DNA Analysis

One of the chief characteristics of life is that it can reproduce itself. Although many animals and plants are quite complex and contain thousands of different kinds of cells, each cell contains a strand of genetic code called deoxyribonucleic acid, or more commonly, DNA.

To study the DNA of an organism, scientists first need to isolate its DNA before they can examine it. DNA is microscopic in size, but is extremely complicated. Fortunately, though, DNA is composed of just a few key types of molecules which can be readily identified.

Scientists use electrophoresis to identify the genes in DNA. Electrophoresis involves using certain chemicals (called restrictive enzymes) to break apart the DNA in predictable ways. Each fragment of DNA then has a characteristic size. In electrophoresis, a voltage is passed through the DNA fragments which sorts out the fragments according to size. Small fragments travel faster through the electrophoresis medium than do larger ones. So by measuring how far a gene fragment travels during electrophoresis, its size can be determined. Different genes can then be identified according to the sizes of their fragments.

Sometimes scientists only have a tiny amount of DNA to study. For example, only a tiny piece of hair or drop of blood might be found at a crime scene. PCR is a way of magnifying DNA by literally duplicating it through chemical reactions in alternate hot and cold cycles.

Cell Culture

Cell culture is life in a test tube. Individual cells are suspended in a nutrient and growth media. These cells divide and multiply, so it is possible to use cell culture to manufacture cells. Cell culture is vital to biotechnology. Genetically altering DNA requires a lot of work and expense. With cell culture, a single genetically modified cell can reprodice itself again and again, producing many instances of that cell.

Cloning

Just as PCR involves duplicating DNA, cloning is a way to duplicate genetically identical cells. Unlike cell culture, though, cloning can sometimes be used to replicate an entire large animal.

Cloning involves taking a cell and making a genetic duplicate of that cell. If that cell is an egg cell, it can be possible to produce genetically identical organisms, such as two genetically identical sheet. Unfortunately, cloning can duplicate DNA, but it can't duplicate the thoughts and life experiences of an individual human.

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Ecology and Evolution | Bionomics

2020-09-20T00:21:00.002+05:30

Ecology is the science of how living things relate to each other and their environment. Human development has a major impact upon the environment and evolution. The above picture shows how how cities are frequently encroaching upon and interacting with wild areas.

Major topics in ecology include preservation of endangered species, flows of energy and resources, and adaptation of living things to their environment.

You can study ecology outdoors, or even in your home. Pictured above is a tiny home ecology laboratory. The three test tubes on the left contain freshwater ecosystems while the three test tubes on the right contain specimens and dye for examination.

Good, but simple ecology questions include "why does size of an organism matter?", "how do animals differ from plants?" and "how do ocean organisms differ from land organisms?" See below for hints. What do you think?

Ecology Players

The Earth's biosphere is composed of many interacting local environments. Even so, there are similarities present in most environments whether they occur in the vast oceans or in a great forest or a parched desert.

In each local environment, there are different "players" which may compete or cooperate with each other. Some players eat other players.

Autotrophs

Autotrophs are organisms which typically get their energy from sunlight. Most land autotrophs are plants. However, some plankton in the oceans are autotrophs but are not plants. Other ocean organisms are autotrophs, but they get their energy from deep underwater heat vents.

Primary Heterotrophs

Most animals eat plants and other autotrophs to gain energy. Birds eating seeds and deer grazing on grass are examples. Animals who eat plants are called herbivores.

Carnivore Heterotrophs

Many animals gain their energy by eating other animals. They are called carnivores. Some carnivores even eat other carnivores. The least tern is a coastal bird which eats small fish so it is a carnivore. Foxes eat least terns, so foxes are a higher order carnivore.

Decomposers

Some organisms gain their energy by eating dead animals and plant matter. They are called decomposers. Earthworms are animals which are decomposers, while mushrooms are a fungi which are decomposers.

Ecology Home Laboratory

Whether you live in the city or countryside, creating your own ecology home laboratory can be fun and educational. Remember, though, safety first. Always ask a knowledgeable adult to inspect your lab to ensure that the lab is safe for yourself and others, including any specimens you collect!

A laboratory doesn't have to be fancy or expensive. The whole point is just to learn more about science and nature. That's the great thing about ecology. Often, specimens can be collected for free from nature. Even "junk" can be turned into valuable equipment. Washed-out jars from around the house can be used to hold pond water. Margarine tubs can be used for small planters (it's best to poke a few holes in the bottom for drainage), and you can use the upside-down lids as planter bases.

The test tube rack pictured above is a simple home ecology laboratory. The three test tubes on the left each contain freshwater ecosystem. Each tube contains a different amount of water plant, to observe the effect that water plant quantity has upon other organisms. The test tube on the right contain a supply of seeds to examine and to plant later.

To start, you should figure out on what you want to study. You may be interested in many things, and eventually your laboratory will expand. However, it's best to start with one experiment or a single focus area. For example, you might want to focus on pond life or insects, or create an experiment to observe the effect of sunlight on a particular kind of plant.

You should keep a laboratory notebook. It is better to use a bound booklet rather than loose sheets of paper. In it, you should decribe your experiment, your goals, and the procedure you followed. You should record data, observations and any thoughts you may have during the process. You should stae your notes as well.

Useful equipment you might want to buy are a magnifying glass and eventually a microscope. A stereoscope is an excellent piece of equipment for an ecology laboratory, but can be expensive. However, it is better not to spend much on equipment and supplies until after you become more familiar with the field.

By the way, make sure be sensitive to the environment and to any plants and animals you collect. Some animals and plants are endangered, so you should not collect or disturb them. Also, nearly all animals need air or a refreshed water supply as well as a source of food. If you do not know how to care for an animal or plant, it's best not to collect it until you know more about it.

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What is Quantum Mechanics? | Quantum Mechanics Theories

2020-09-09T23:38:00.009+05:30

What is Quantum Mechanics

Quantum theory or quantum physics also known as quantum mechanics emphasizes about nature of particle and its duality regarding wave particle of energy and matter. This theory tells about development of physical system through mathematical equations and structure. This theory completely focused on wave and its particles. Quantum mechanics help in the evolution of uncertainty principle. Quantum mechanics was developed to clarify microscopic properties of physics like atom, phenomenon like superconductivity and material properties like chemical and nuclear reaction along with properties of semiconductors are out of reach of classical physics and mechanics. These factors gave quantum mechanics a base to build strong physical evidences in respect of properties shown at microscopic level. This theorem provided a clear vision of properties shown by neutrons, electrons, photon and many other atomic size objects. This principle is based researches at sub atomic levels that defines properties more clearly and explain them in such a context where classical physics fail to produce much accurate results.

The thing that raised eye brows of scientist of that period was what is quantum mechanics? Quantum mechanics has its roots towards cathode ray discovery by Michael Faraday in 1838, and later followed by Black Body Radiations by Gustav Kirchhoff and statements of Ludwig Boltzmann in 1877. The conclusion came out from all those suggestions was physical properties and systems are discreet. Later in 1905, the discovery of photoelectric effect by Albert Einstein predicted the existence of Quantum Physics when metal plate used in photoelectric effect started emitting energy bundles or photons. This emission of photons suggested wave nature duality.

This theorem incorporates four cases of phenomenon which is out of reach of classical physics like uncertainty principle, quantum entanglement, wave and particle duality nature and quantization of few properties of physics; all these phenomenon as a defines as a whole what is quantum mechanics. For defining quantum mechanics more clearly the example of free particle where its duality can be taken which explains it easily. If a particle is moving in a free space its duality is observable in sense of wave function, this theorem gives capacity to measure both momentum and position of the particle. However, these properties are measured simultaneously, the results taken out from this experiment is exactly accurate. Quantum mechanics is also related to relativity of matter. Even now quantum mechanics evolution is continuous and quantum electrodynamics is presently is most precise physical theory to be tested.

Quantum Mechanics Theories

Quantum theory is a part of science and is covered in Physics. It is used to describe the undivided components of energy which are termed as Quanta. The theory is based on the idea that the energy is not uninterrupted but composed of various small units. The basic components in the energy do not behave like particles only but like waves as well. The different particles present in energy move haphazardly. It is very difficult to know the energy of a particle as well as the location. A person can understand the Quantum Physics Theories with the help of some of the experiments conducted for the same. The simplest experiment that can be conducted so as to get the information about the particle is to use the detecting machine close to a wall having two openings. It can be observed easily whether the thing that we are sending from one side reaches the other side .A person can send anything through one of the openings and can see the effect through the other opening.

It is actually the study of the nature of the power as well as the material in the form of an atom, a molecule, a nucleus or the other small minute objects. Through the studies conducted till now it has been confirmed that the movement of the particles do not remain the same in every case. Therefore in the quantum physics different units related to energy as well as substance are expected and observed along with. The concept of the Quantum Physics Theories was discovered by Max Planck. It gained further importance by some other people including Erwin Schroedinger, Albert Einstein, Werner Heisenberg, Niels Bohr as well as several others. Although; Einstein tried to make necessary changes to the quantum theory but still had various questions related to the speculation.

In the Quantum Physics Theories a person is asked to observe the changes taking place in a process. As per the theory the light rays work like units as well as the units work like light rays. The particles travel from one place to the other without making any kind of progress in the principal space. As per the theorem there are a wide number of chances available in the entire world. The study basically deals with the character of the light as well as the particles included in it which make an irregular movement. There are many sub divisions of the Quantum physics which can also be used instead as well.

Special Theory of Relativity | Time

2020-09-03T02:21:00.004+05:30

Special Theory of Relativity

Patent Clerk in the year 1905, a published his science paper which changed the science and perspective of the whole world. Special Theory of Relativity is the something that is going to blow your mind.
He elegantly explained how space and time are interrelated and gave us amazing insights about moving at the speed of light. It introduced us to the cosmic limit of the speed of an object. What happens if we travel at the speed of light? This theory explains how space and time are linked for the objects moving at a constant velocity.
Constant velocity is also the main difference between special and general relativity. When we talk about special relativity we take into account the objects moving with constant velocity whereas in general relativity we talk about a motion which is not constant velocity motion.
The move from constant velocity motion to accelerated motion, it turns out, brings in an understanding of the force of gravity. Einstein realised that by including a generalized motion that would include accelerated motion; he could get an understanding of the force of gravity in terms of warps and curves. Now let us talk about some very important corollaries of special relativity. One of the most famous equations in physics comes from special relativity.
The special theory of Relativity's E=mc^2 means—“Energy equals mass times the speed of light squared”. It shows that energy and mass are interchangeable: they are different forms of the same thing.
Fastest velocity ever known is the speed of light. As an object moves, its mass also increases. Near the speed of light, the mass is so high that it reaches infinity, and would require infinite energy to move it, thus capping how fast an object can move. Light contains photons whose rest mass is zero that's why light is able to travel with that speed of light.
Time and space are interchangeable or we can say they are two sides of a coin. So when we move through space, some of the motion can be thought of as being “diverted” into motion through time( and vice-versa), we always move through time, when we are at rest we move only through time but when we move through space also, some of our motion through time is diverted towards space and so the time is less than it should be or we can say time is “dilated”. Thus, the dimension of space and time affect each other, and both space and time are thus relative concepts. This revolutionary idea also helps in better understanding of simultaneity but we will come to that later. The concept of time dilation is one of the most fascinating ideas in physics. A Strange conclusion from Einstein’s work is that time moves relative to the observer. An object in motion experiences time dilation, meaning that time moves more slowly when one is moving than when one is at rest.
Therefore, a person moving, ages more slowly than the one at rest. Merely, are able to say that “moving clocks run slower than those at rest”. How? Well as I have explained above that when we move through space some of our motion is diverted from time to space, and time moves slow. For a person moving, time would move normally for him but when observed from a different inertial frame which is at rest it would appear to be moving slowly. This becomes extremely apparent at speeds approaching the speed of light. Imagine a 15-year-old travelling at 99.5 per cent the speed of light for five years( from his perspective). When he would get back to Earth, according to NASA, he would be only twenty years old. His twin on Earth, however, would be 65 years-old. This is also called “Twin Paradox”. So, when astronaut Scott Kelly spent nearly a year aboard the International Space Station in 2015-2016, his twin brother Mark Kellyaged a little faster than Scott. To some extent, are able to say that the quicker or faster you go, the slower you age and therefore slimmer you're. The reason it is not noticeable in everyday life is that we move with velocity much smaller than the speed of light. The nearer the speed of an object approaches the speed of light, the more warped lengths and time intervals tend to become. The time dilation sounds much theoretical but it has practical applications as well. Its practical explanation is GPS

Lorentz factor

The Lorentz factor or Lorentz term is the factor by which time, length, and relativistic mass change for an object while that object is moving. So if an object is moving with velocity c, we put its velocity in the equation which gives us the factor of how much it will be affected by its velocity. When this velocity v is equal to c, we can clearly observe from the equation that γ → ∞ (which means, γ will approach to infinity). So, we can assume that travelling at the speed approaching the speed of light would hypothetically enable the time travel into future, as time slows down for the speeding object in order to “prevent” the cosmic speed restriction of the speed of light. A corollary of all this is that, if it were possible to exceed the speed of light, then we could go back in time ( it is shown in the tv series The Flash), although some scientists believe that some as yet undiscovered law of physics may intervene to prevent such paradoxes. Actually, special relativity does not forbids the existence of particles that can travel at speed faster than the light, and there's theoretical sub-atomic particle known as Tachyon, which might spend its life travelling faster than the speed of light, however, it's still hypothetical.
Another corollary of the special relativity is ‘Simultaneity or Relativity of simultaneity’. It states that one person's interval of space is not the same as another person’s, and time runs at a different speed for a different observer. Simply you can say that if two events occur simultaneously in an inertial frame then it is not necessary they will occur simultaneously in another inertial frame (the idea that, events that appear to happen at the same time for one person may happen at a different time for another person). The idea of space-time plays an important role in its understanding, we know space and time are interchangeable and how. The idea becomes even more clearly when we consider that our picture of the moon is actually what the moon was like 1,1-4. seconds ago( the time light takes to reach earth from the moon), our picture of the Sun is actually how it looked 8 and-a-half minutes ago, and by the time we see an image of Alpha Centauri, our nearest star system, it is already4.3 years old. We can therefore never know what the universe is like at this particular time, and the universe is clearly not a thing that extends just in space, but in space-time. Therefore we can say that time is experienced individually. There is no time, there are times! Due to the relativistic effects of the concept of time dilation, our idea and understanding of “now” is, therefore, something of an imaginary concept, one which we as humans have devised for ourselves, but for which nature itself has no real use. The physicist does not regard time as “passing” or “flowing” and time is not a sequence of events which happen: the past, present and future is just there, laid out as space-time. The ‘Twin Paradox’ mentioned earlier is the perfect example of this. Therefore, as Einstein remarked, “For us physicists’, the distinction between past, present and future is only an illusion, however persistent”.
Einstein’s theory of relativity introduced us with some of the most important underlying theories of modern physics which opened new doors of possibilities to explore for us. SO what do you think about Einstein’s special relativity?

Read about time click here- 1
Read about time click here- 2

Fenugreek and Saffron- Two miracle herbs

2020-08-16T01:10:00.009+05:30

A herb is a plant with a non-woody stem that seems to grow everywhere. Fenugreek and Saffron are two magical herbs.

Fenugreek

Introduction

The Botanical name of Fenugreek is Trigonella Foenum graecum. Its Indian name is methi. Fenugreek is a native to Eastern Europe and Ethiopia.
It has been used since ancient times both as a food and medicine by the people living on the shores of the Mediterranean and across Asia. Fenugreek is an erect, strongly scented, robust, annual herb about 30 to 80 cms high. It has compound leaves of light green colour, yellow flowers and thin pointed pods. The seeds are brownish-yellow and have a peculiar odour. Mineral and vitamin contents of Fenugreek are calcium, phosphorus, iron, carotene, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin C. Its calorific value is 49. The mineral and vitamin contents of Fenugreek seeds are calcium, phosphorus, carotene, thiamine, riboflavin and niacin. Several alkaloids have been found in fenugreek seeds. Its
calorific value is 333.
The seeds contain alkaloid trigonelline and choline, essential Oil and saponin. They have also volatile oil, mucilage, bitter extractive and a yellow colouring substance. Air-dried seeds contain a little amount of trigonelline and nicotinic acid.

Uses

Fenugreek has excellent medicinal virtues. Its regular use helps keep the body clean and healthy. The leaves of fenugreekare aromatic, cooling and mild laxative.

Skin disorders:

Its seeds exercise soothing effect on the skin and mucous membranes, relieving any irritation of the skin and alleviating swelling and pain.

Secretion of urine:

Its leaves increase secretion and
discharge of urine, relieve flatulence and promote lactation
nursing mothers.

Prevent bleeding:

They also arrest any secretion or bleeding and have an aphrodisiac effect. They are the best
cleansers within the body.

Indigestion:

Fenugreek leaves are beneficial in the treatment of indigestion, flatulence and sluggish liver. Boiled
and fried in butter, they alleviate biliousness.

Diarrhoea and dysentery:

The seeds are useful in the treatment of colic, flatulence, dysentery, diarrhoea and
dyspepsia.

Anaemia:

Its leaves help in blood formation. The cooked leaves help prevent anaemia. The seeds help in recovering from anaemia, being rich in iron. The seeds also help restore the deadened sense of taste or smell. The sense of taste dulls due to improper functioning of salivary glands which often become clogged with mucus and accumulated juices, causing swelling. Similarly, the sense of smell is obstructed due to prolonged accumulations of mucus and other impurities in the nose.

Fever and stomach disorders:

Tea made from fenugreek seeds is equal in value to quinine in reducing fevers. It is particularly valuable as a cleaning and soothing drink. This tea soothes inflamed stomach and intestines, cleansing the stomach, bowels, kidneys and respiratory tract of excess mucus. It is beneficial in the healing of peptic ulcers.

Respiratory disorders:

During the early stages of any of the respiratory tract infections, such as bronchitis, influenza,
sinusitis, catarrh and suspected pneumonia, fenugreek tea helps the body to perspire, dispel toxic element and shorten the gestation period of fever. One can take upto four cups of the greek tea. During the treatment, no other food or nourishment should be taken.

Bad breath and body odour:

The tea is also beneficial in breath and body odour. Fenugreek tea is taken regularly helps and these accumulations from the spots where mouthwash and soap can never penetrate.

Dandruff:

Fenugreek seeds are useful in the removal of dandruff. Two tablespoonfuls of the seeds are soaked overnight
in water. In the morning, the softened seeds are ground into a fine paste and applied on the scalp and left on for half an hour The hair is then washed thoroughly with soapnut (ritha nut) solution or shikakai. A paste of the fresh leaves of greek applied over the scalp regularly before washing the hair cures dandruff.

Diabetes:

Fenugreek seeds can also be taken for diabetes.
The normal dose is two teaspoons of powdered seeds taken daily in broth or milk. Two teaspoons of the seeds can also be swallowed whole daily.

Leucorrhoea:

Fenugreek tea used as a douche is very effective in treating leucorrhoea.

Ulcers:

The herb helps in the healing of mouth ulcers. An infusion of leaves is used as a gargle for recurrent ulcers.

Sore throat:

A gargle made from fenugreek seeds is best for ordinary sore throat.

Hair problems:

A paste of the fresh leaves applied over the scalp regularly before taking bath helps hair grow.

Skin disorders:

The paste applied on the face every night before going to bed and washed with warm water prevents one from getting pimples, blackheads, dryness of the face and early the appearance of wrinkles.

Childbirth:

Fenugreek seeds fried in ghee are finely powdered with wheat flour and sugar to prepare a halwa. Taken in small quantity daily this helps in quick normalisation after delivery.

Secretion of milk:

The seeds made into a gruel and given to nursing mothers, increase the flow of milk.

Other uses:

A poultice of the fenugreek leaves can be applied with advantage in external and internal swellings. Itis also useful in burns due to its cooling properties.

As you have read about the one kind of herb all the miracles herbs
Saffron is the other kind of herb from all the important herbs.

Saffron

Introduction

The Botanical name of Saffron is Crocus Salivas.
Commercial saffron consists of the dried stigma and tops of the styles of flowers. It is one of the world's costliest herbs. Saffron is more popular in the 'Tibbi than in Ayurvedic medicines. Saffron contains essential oil which consists of terseness, terpene alcohols and esters. Its other constituents are crocin and picrocrocin.

Uses

Saffron is largely used in indigenous medicine all over India.
It enjoys a great reputation as a drug which strengthens the functioning of the stomach and promotes its action. The drug also counteracts spasmodic disorders. It is a stimulant and promotes libido. Saffron is beneficial in the treatment of several digestive disorders, especially flatulent colic. Saffron is useful in treating skin disorders. A paste of the herb can be used as a dressing for bruises and superficial sores.
The herb is useful in promoting and regulating menstrual periods. It soothes lumbar pains which accompany menstruation.
Saffron is also beneficial in the treatment of other ailments concerning women such as leucorrhoea and hysteria. Pessaries
of saffron are used in painful conditions of the uterus.

Precaution

The drug should not be taken in large doses by pregnant
Women as it may cause abortion.

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Elementary Particles | Interactions Of Charged Particles |

2020-07-30T01:00:00.010+05:30

Elementary Particles - Part One

Elementary particles are the most interesting topic of physics.
At the first
Many of them decay rapidly after being created by high energy collisions between other particles.

Interactions Of Charged Particles

Energy Lose

Heavy charged particles like alpha particle and deuterons lose energy in passing through matter chiefly by electric interactions with electrons of electrons. The electrons are either raised to excited states or, more often, pulled from their parent atom. Electrons which has ejected have sufficient energy to ionize atom along their own path. This is the magic of Elementary Particles.

Energy loss in absorber-

Energy-loss minima

For the particles with speeds less than about 0.6c the relativistic terms involving v/c nearly cancel and can be ignored as gravity gets ignored at quantum mechanics experiments.
Because the 1/v^2 factors varies more rapidly with v than in ln(2mv^2/I).

Range

The integration should be carried numerically.

Bremsstrahlung

The word "Bremsstrahlung"

Bremsstrahlung is the electromagnetic radiation given off whenever an electric charge is accelerated. Energy loss due to bremsstrahlung is important for electrons because they are more violently accelerated when passing near nuclei in their path.

The energy loss depends on the energy and atomic number of the electrons.

Cerenkov Radiation

When the charged particle moving with the speed greater than phase velocity of the medium than the radiation emits called Cerenkov radiation.

Although electrons cannot move faster than the speed of light (in free space). Particle can move faster than c/n. n is the index of refraction.
The formula of Cerenkov Radiation -

Gamma-Ray Absorption

Gamma-rays are the radiation emitted from radioactive decay of nuclei.

There are three ways by which photon interacts with matter-

Compton scattering
Photoelectric effect
Pair production

Compton Scattering

The phenomena in which photon loses part of its energy to an atomic electron, this cause in decreasing in energy and frequency but increasing in wavelength.

Photoelectric Effect

This is the incident in which all the energy of photon gets transfer to its atomic electrons.

Pair Production

Pair production is the phenomenon in which anti-particle forms along with its subatomic particle.
When photon energy is at least 1.02 MeV then pair of electron-positron forms.

Low-Energy Photons

As the importance of photoelectric effect decreases with the increase in energy to be succeed by Compton scattering therefore the photoelectric effect becomes the chief mechanism of energy loss.
The photoelectric effect remains significant with higher energies. So in higher atomic number atoms, the photoelectric effect remains significant but in lighter elements, Compton scattering dominants at photon energies of few tens of KeV.

High-Energy Photon

When the photon energy exceeds the threshold of 1.02 MeV then the pair production becomes more likely.
The greater the atomic number of the absorber the lower the energy with which the pair production takes place the principal mechanism of energy loss by gamma-rays.

Attenuation Coefficient

The intensity

Radiation Intensity - I=I0.e-μx

Methods of Particle Detection-

Ionization chamber and Geiger counter
Scintillation counter
Semiconductor detector
Neutro detector
Bubble chamber
Nuclear emulsion
Spark chamber

Leptons

Lepton is the simplest elementary particle. There is no hint of the internal structure and extension in space of leptons.
Electrons and neutrino are the examples of the leptons.

Dirac theory of the electrons :

You know that electron was the first particle for which the satisfactory theory eas developed.
P.A.M. Dirac obtained a relativistically correct wave equation in 1928. When the observed mass and charge of the electron are inserted in the solutions this equation, the intrinsic angular momentum of the electron is found to be eħ/2m ( one Bhor magneton).

Positrion

Negative and positive electrons are the unexpected result theory of Dirac theory.

In 1932, positive electrons unambiguously detected in the flux of cosmic radiation at the earth 's.

Positive electrons are called positrions.

Most elementary particles have antiparticles

Electrons are the antiparticle of positrions. Nearly all the elementary particles have antiparticles.

But graviton is the antiparticle of itself.

Antiparticle has the same spin, mass, and life but charge on them is different.

The decay of charged pions

Let me introduce to the muons, muons are the other member of the lepton family.

The symbol of muon is µ.

Muon is produced along with neutrino when pions decays.

Hadrons

Unlike leptons, hydrons are elementary particles subjected to both strong and weak interactions.

They also occupy space but in

Mesons and baryons

Mesons are the hydrons. It has zero spin, its masss lies between those of muon and proton.

Kaons

Kaon is havier than pion.

Quarks

What will you answer if I ask that what is the fundamental unit of tan atom.

I know some will say electrons, protons, and neutrons.

Congratulations you are wrong.

Its quarks, quarks are the fundamental particles of the atom even of electrons, protons and neutrons

There are 3 types of quarks

UP and down
Charm and strange
Top and bottom

Up and down quarks are represented by u and d respectively.

Charm and strange are represented by c and s respectively.

Top and bottom are represented by t and b respectively.

To be continued.....

Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism |Ferromagnetism and Antiferromagnetism | Magnons

2020-07-15T22:43:00.000+05:30

Magnetism is the topic which can't be separated from Quantum Mechanics.

Three principal of magnetic moment-

• The spin with which electrons are endowed

• Orbital angular momentum about the nucleus

• The change in the orbital momentum induced by an applied magnetic field.

First two effects give paramagnetic contributions

And the third gives dimagnetic contribution.

Magnetic Susceptibility

Magnetization M is defined as the magnetic moment per unit volume.

Magnetic susceptibility is the measurment of the magnitization which substance get after entering into magenetic field.

χm = M/H

When χm >0, means Paramagnetism.

And χm <0, means diamegnetism.

Also, substance with nagetive magenetic susceptibility is caled diamegnetic.

Paramagnetism

Paramagnetism is the type of magnetism where materials are weekly attracted.

Induced magnetic field is in the direction of applied magnetic field.

Paramagnetic and ferromaganetic substance attract each other.

In ferromagnetic and paramagnetic materials, force of magnetic dipoles dominats the weak diamagnetic force.

Diamagnetism

When magnetic field is applied to an atom, it leads to change in thr orbital velocity of its electron which leads to dimagnetism.

MAterials having diamagnetic property repell eachother.

Usually diamegnetic materials has weak diamagnetism but superconductors are the example of substance with high diamagnetism.

Ferromagnetism and Antiferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

A ferromagnet has a spontaneous magnetic moment. The existence of a spontaneous moment suggests that electron spins and magnetic moments are arranged in a regular

manner.

Permanent magnetic are made from ferromagnetic metrials only.

there are two types of ferromegnetic substance.

First with which is soft in nature and the second one which s hard in nature.

permanenty magnets are made up of hard feromamnetic material.

Antiferromagnetism

In an antiferromagnet two spin lattices are equal, but antiparallel. In a ferri-

magnet two lattices are antiparallel, but the magnetic moment of one is

larger than the magnetic moment of the other.

In an antiferromagnet the susceptibility above the Neel temperature has the

form x = 2C/(T + θ).

Magnons

Quantized spin waves are called Maganons.

To find the relation between ω and k,

scientists need to quantize magnon energy and interoret the quantization in terms of spin reversal.

Single-domain Particles

The dominant industrial and industrial applications of ferromagnetism are in magnetic recording devices, wherever the magnetic material is within the of single-domain particles or regions. the whole worth of the productic magnetic devices for recording could also be comparable the whole worth semiconductor device production and greatly exceeds the worth of superconducting device production, the latter being control back by low important temperatures, as compared with magnetic Curie temperatures. The magnetic recording devices or recollections usually square measure within the style of exhausting disks in computers and tape in video and audio recorders.

New Theory Of Gravity

2020-07-10T01:10:00.007+05:30

I know you are excited about new theory of gravity (Chameleon Theory)

I know now you have the basic understanding of gravity after reading my previous post on quantum gravity.

Scientists have discovered new theory of gravity which can be alternative of general theory of relativity.

the supercomputer simulations of galixies shows that general relativity is not only the way to understand gravity. Chameleon Theory can be an alternative.

But general theory of relativity has been proven again and again.

Recently image of real black hole again proved the general theory of relativity.

The computer simulations were run in DiRAC.

Results shows that this new allows the simulations of large galaxies like milkyway galaxy.

Chameleon theory allows physics laws to be modified.

According to this theory, if gravity got changed then it will not prevent disk galaxies with spiral arms from forming.

This theory talks about fifth force.

Fifth force can be of dark matter.

According to scientists, expansion of our universe can be due to dark energy.

Some popular theories of gravity

There are many popular theories of gravity like Sir Issac Newton given his law of gravity.

Sir Albert Einstein also explained the phenomenon of gravity.

Newton's law of universal gravitation

According to this law, every object which posses mass attracts every other object which posses mass.

This law also states that gravitational force between any two object is directly proportional the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Sir Newton gave his theory when one plague was spreading rapidly and his college was closed due to plague.

One day he was thinking about forces of nature, and saw a falling apple. From there he realised that there are some force in nature due to which we are able to stand on earth surface. The same force make apple falling or attracting towards earth.

After he research, he published a comprehensive theory of gravity in 1687.

Einstein Theory Of Gravity

General Theory (GR) Of Relativity or General Relativity is the theory of gravitation published by Sir Albert Einstein in 1915.

So far, Einstein's theory of general relativity is the best theory that explains gravity.

According to Einstein, gravity are the waves.

According to GR, gravity is the geometric property of space-time.

Quantum Gravity

Quantum Gravity defines the gravity at quantum level.

Scientists ignore the gravity while performing experiments because it is very weaker force.

Also it's particle- Graviton have not beeb discovered yet.

But everywhere gravity can not be ignored.

For example black hole and white hole.

There are more amazing topics of gravity like Loop Quantum Gravity, Gravitational Lancing, Plank Scale. To read about them click here.

To read about amazing topics of science and mostly of Quantum Mechanics click here.

- Vedansh Tiwari

Time|Forth dimension| What is time |Quantization of time | Theory of relativity

2020-07-03T01:14:00.003+05:30

What is the basic requirement of your life?

Or which thing is the essential part of the universe?

Yes, you are right. It's time.

So, what is time?

Time is what we utilize or waste.

For physics, time is fourth dimension.

Now we can say that feeling of moving from one coordinate system of first dimensions to another coordinate system.

Say from present to future.

Moving in forth dimension is known as time travel or fourth dimensional travel.

Space-time

What do you mean by space-time.

Space in time?

Quite right.

Space time is the fabric of space and time.

Space time is the four dimensional manifold created by the fusion of three dimensions of space and one dimension of time.

Sir Albert Einstein suggested that gravity is not force which propagates in space but it is the disturbance in spacetime.

According to sir Albert Einstein, gravity is the disturbance in spacetime caused due to the mass of the body.

Time travel

Time travel is name given to travelling in forth dimension.

There are many ways to perform time travel.

To read about time travel click here.

Time: Relative of or Absolute

Before sir Albert Einstein gave his theory of relativity, time was considered as absolute.

But sir Albert Einstein suggested that time is not absolute, it is relative.

How??

Time is dependent upon the mass.

Because mass is related to space and space is related to mass.

The greater the mass the slower will be the time.

Quantization of time

Is time is quantized like charge?

Is there is any constant value like charge of an atom and fundamental particle of time.

About this there is no theory which supports or against the idea of quantization of time.

- Vedansh Tiwari

String theory|11th Dimension| Unified theory

2020-06-26T01:38:00.004+05:30

Want to get amazed again?

Want to know the reality of the world??

Come on tell me what is the smallest thing of universe?

• If you are a school student then you will say atom.

• If you are a college student then you will say quark, fermions, boson, etc.

Congratulations, you are wrong.

The smallest thing of the universe is string which is present in eleventh dimension.

Earlier to understand universe, two theories were used...

• General theory of relativity

Used to understand the big things like black holes.

• Quantum field theory

To understand universe at atomic or sub-atomic level.

But some creative scientists need the unified theory to understand the universe.

When scientists observed the intrections between the particles, the concept of four fundamental forces came.

• Electromagnetic force

• Strong nuclear force

• Weak nuclear force

• Gravitational force

Gravitational force carriers-s the weakest force among four fundamental forces but have extremely large field.

Particles of every fundamental forces have been founded by scientists except of the elementary particle of gravitational force.

According to Quantum Mechanics, massless particle should present in the matter. And it's non other then graviton( supposed elementary particle of gravity).

Do you know, there are no theory which proves the existence of gravity at microscopic level.

But if the theory developed which proves the existence of gravity or graviton then we will get the "theory of everything".

String theory claims to explain the gravity.

Come on, tell me what is the ultimate thing of the universe, definitely you are saying it's simple the smallest thing of the universe is quarks.

Again congrats, it's not quark.

Then what is it?

Answer- The smallest thing of universe is vibrations.

Reality is this only.

According to string theory, each and every thing of the universe is made up of vibrations.

I know you are thinking that if everything is made up of vibrations then, why there are different types of shapes and matter exist?

It is so because the state of matter is depended upon the pattern of vibrations of strings.

But according to mathematical equation, this world is not just exist in 4 dimensions.

Shocked?

Have patience, I will tell u everything regarding that.

According to string theory, there are total 11 dimensions.

10 space dimensions and 1 dimension of time.

List of all dimensions-

• Zeroth dimension

• First dimension

• Second dimension

• Third dimension

• Forth dimension

• Fifth dimension

• Sixth dimension

• Seventh dimension

• Eighth dimension

• Ninth dimension

• Tenth dimension

• Eleventh dimension

To read about all 11 dimensions click here.

Scientists who believe in string theory belives that other dimensions are around us only but we are not able to see or feel them.

String theory has unified the different kinds of string theory proposed.

Now coming up to aliens, they may be in some another dimensions.

Eleventh dimension is the dimension where every thing of the universe or we can say things of another 10 dimensions comes into exist.

Exhausted???

Take a break and tickle you FUNNYBONES.

By Vedansh Tiwari

Quantum Gravity

2020-06-18T01:44:00.004+05:30

What do you mean by gravitational force?
- Force due to the mass of the body.

Congratulations you have insufficient understanding of gravity.

Today you are going to know the actual concept.

Gravity is that much weak force, that scientists ignores it while performing calculations and experiments in quantum level like colliding the particles.

Even it's particle never get dectected while colliding the particles. Because it has no effect in experiment results.

But in massive objects like galaxies, black holes and white holes, gravity matters.
Even light and time can't escape from it's influence.

QUANTUM GRAVITY

Quantum gravity is the name given to any hypothesis that characterizes gravity in systems where quantum effects cannot be ruled out. Currently, there are no ways to understand quantum gravity completely. Some exploration lines, at various levels of advancement, offer speculative answers to this issue. These speculative quantum-gravity hypothesis are seen as separate research bearings, or as commitments to the shared purpose of actually finding the right causes. The journey to the great quantum hypothesis of gravity is based on a variety of basic issues and has been introduced in some cases as the most important open issue in essential materials science: the "sacred goal" of contemporary imaginary material science.

LOOP QUANTUM GRAVITY

Loop quantum gravity is the most evolved endeavor to take care of the particular issue of finding a quantum adaptation of general relativity, and consequently a certified converge of the reasonable curiosities spoke to by general relativity and quantum mechanics. The hypothesis is predictable with the other principal physical speculations, (for example, the standard model of particle physics), yet it doesn't bring together gravity and these speculations in the feeling of introducing them as appearance of the elements of a solitary physical substance. Loop quantum gravity is situated in the detailing of general relativity, and offers an exact numerical portrayal of quantum spacetime. The granular properties of room can be expressly registered. Specifically, an aftereffect of the hypothesis is that the zone and the volume of any physical surface of district ends up being "quantized" (like the vitality of a hydrogen molecule), and the relating discrete qualities that territory and volume can take have been figured inside the hypothesis. The quantum conditions of physical space are portrayed in the hypothesis by marked charts called turn systems. Every hub of a turn organize speaks to a basic "quantum of room", and the connections between these demonstrates who is close to who, fabricating the spacial structure. The primary deficiency of the hypothesis respects the connection between the Planck scale and naturally visible material science, and the consistency of its old style limit.

GRAVITON

According to Quantum Physics, graviton is the elementary particle of gravity like other three fundamental forces (photons, w and z boson,glucon).Assumption is that, that every body possess gravity due to gravitons only.
GRAVITON is the type of boson particle.

Some property of graviton

SPIN: 2

MASS:0

ELECTRIC CHARGE : 0 e

COMPOSITION: ELEMENTARY PARTICLES

ANTIPARTICLE: ITSELF ONLY

Now to understand quantum gravity, scientists trying to merge quantum mechanic theory and general relativity theory.

GRAVITATIONAL LENSING

You only know that light travels in straight a straight line.

Congratulations, again you are wrong.

If the light passes by massive objects in the universe, it gets bend. The bending of light is known as gravitational lensing.
This methods is used to detect and observe the things like stars and planets.

There are two types of gravitational lensing- strong and weak depending upon the mass of the object.

When scientists observed the gravitational lensing, they found that the bending of light is not only due to the massive object,
but around 70-80% mass used is of any another thing.And the thing is dark matter.

PLANCK SCALE

Basic Dimensional Content shows that physical marvel(not marvel studios) where quantum gravitational effects are found, described by the length scale known as Planck Scale.

Planck length and is even more smaller than the size of a small single molecule.

To be continued.....

By Vedansh Tiwari

God particle-Higgs Boson and Ghost Particle-Neutrino

2020-06-08T22:14:00.004+05:30

Universe is not so simple as it appears or you think. There is a vast difference between reality and illusion.

Today our main focus will be on God Particle (higgs boson) and Ghost Particle(neutrinos).

God Particle

Tell me what do you understand by mass?

Definitely you are thinking that I'm stupid, mass is the amount of matter that a body contains.

Congrats, you are absolutely wrong.

I know you are thinking that I passed my exams by writing this only.

After reading this, you will have new vision of physics.

When scientists solve quantum field equation, they always get amazed that what's happening, according to solution no particles should possess mass.

So tell, me due to which factors mass exist?

Yes you are thinking right. It's God Particle or Higgs Boson.

So what is mass?

Mass is the resistance felt by the particles.

Resistance, what kind of resistance?

Got confused

Lets elaborate...

• Higgs Field

Higgs Field is the type of energy field present in every region of the universe due to which particle possess mass.

• Higgs boson or God Particle

Higgs boson is the particle due to which particle gets mass.

It is formed by the quantum excitation of the higgs field.

Resistance felt by the particles moving in higgs field due to higgs boson is nothing but mass.

When scientists get into trouble after solving quantum field equation then the scientist Peter Higgs suggested that the whole universe is filled with higgs field and the phenomenon of mass is nothing but the resistance felt by particles.

• Observation of the higgs boson or God Particle

On 4 July 2012, the ATLAS and CMS experiment at CERN's Large Hadron Collider observed god particle.

On 8 October 2013 the nobel prize in physics was awarded jointly to François Englert and Peter Higgs for their prediction.

• Bosons

They are of two type-

1. Force carriers- Photons, W and Z bosons, Glucons and Graviton.

2. Mass carrier- Higgs boson.

Ghost particle

Are you thinking that ghost particle is the particle of ghost.

Ha ha very funny.

Ghost particle or neutrinos can travel

approximately with the speed of light.

Neutrino does not have any electric charge. That's why detection of these particles is very difficult. They do not interact even with very powerful magnetic field.

They rarely interact with surrounding.

Do you know about 100 trillion ghost particle pass through our body every second. But we can't see them.

They are continuously producing through nuclear reactions.

They were first formed in the first second of the early universe of course before atom formed.

•Types of neutrinos-

1. Electron neutrinos

2.Muon neutrinos

3. Tau neutrons

Particle used to form neutrinos decides the flavor or name of the neutrinos.

In 1959, Clyde Cowan and Fred Reines finally found a neutrino by performing experiment in nuclear power plant.

Leon Lederman, Mel Schwartz, and Jack Steinberger, scientists at CERN discovered muon neutrino. They discovered this by firing a GeV proton beam through the target producing pions, muons, and muon neutrinos.

Wofgang Ernst Pauli was the first predicted the neutrino. He solved the mistry of apparent loss of energy and momentum that he observed when studying radioactive beta decays.

God and Ghost particles can be very useful in study of dark matter and dark energy.

Dark matter and dark energy will be discussed later.

Black hole | White Hole | Wormhole

2020-06-02T13:35:00.010+05:30

Portals- oh...OMG portals.........

I know you also get amazed like that only after reading about portals.

So let's discuss about it

• Wormhole

Wormholes are also known as Einstein-Rosen bridge. It was discovered by Ludwig Flamm in 1916. It was rediscovered by Albert Einstein and his colleague Nathan Rosen, they published their research in 1935.

Wormhole is a short-lived portal, lasting only a brief moment, that joins two coordinates of space-time, two black holes. It could connect points of present day universe or perhaps, in different times.

Wormhole is a highly speculative idea of modern physics.

According to wormhole theory, matter which falls on wormhole should emerge from white hole (opposite side or reverse of black hole).

But the fact is that wormholes haven't discovered yet.

But wormhole for magnetic field has prepared in laboratory on 2015 in Spain.

Wormholes can be used to perform time travel. Wormhole can connect two different points of present day or with any other time.

Wormholes are extremely small in size. To use it, exotic matter will be required.

Sir Stephen Hawking has contributed to this theory a lot.

Wormholes can be created by creating two entangled black holes and then increasing distance between them.

• Black Hole

Black hole was found by Karl Schwarzschild in 1916.

Black Hole forms when large, dying star collapse.

Matter of star get that much condense which results in very powerful gravitational force.

The gravity is that much strong such that even light could not escape from it's pulling force.

It has so much gravitational force that it slows down the time near it.

Matters get started stretching when came close to event horizon (outer part of black hole).

Types of black holes-

1• Stellar Mass Black Hole

It has mass few times greater than our sun. It is formed from collapsed cores of giant stars.

2• Intermediate Mass Black Hole

It is 100-10,000 times more massive than our sun.

3• Supermassive Black Hole

It is largest type black hole. It inhabits at cores of galaxies. It is billions times larger than sun.

4• Primordial Black Hole

It is smallest black hole formed in early universe soon after big bang.

Black Hole has that much mass and gravitational force that it can slows down the time. That's why it can be used for time travel. If we just take a round of black hole than we will be in future with respect to our earth.

Black hole can be a way to other dimensions.

Black holes can't be seen by optical telescope. Black holes get detected by the disk of surrounding materials funnelled by its gravitational force.

Scientists have developed sonic black hole.

Watch about black hole in YouTube in hindi click here.

Watch about black hole in YouTube in English click here.

• White Hole

According to general relativity, a white hole is a hypothetical place of singularity and space time where entering from outside is not possible.

In fact white hole is considered as opposite end of black hole. From white hole things comes out.

But light, energy-matter can escape from it.

In 2014, Carlo Rovelli, a theoretical physicist at Aix-Marseille University in France, and his colleagues says that when black hole dies, than white hole formed.

When black hole evaporates to a degree from where further shrink of space-time is not possible then it rebounds to white hole.

White holes can be used to understand dark matter.

Dark matter and dark energy will be discussed later.

Quantum Entanglement

2020-05-26T00:41:00.004+05:30

Have you ever wondered how strange our universe is?

In science, the known strangest thing can be trailer and the full movie is not shooted(discoverd) yet.

Where the great scientist sir Albert Einstein's theory proved wrong?

And the phenomenon which prove Einstein's theory wrong is QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT.

Before moving to the definition or explanation of Quantum Entanglement lets try to understand it by example.

Suppose there is a man named Mr. X, and he is super lazy man. Every night he has to switch off his terrace light by crossings two flour stairs. After got irritated by all this process he entangled his rooms night lamp light to his terrace light, he can easily switch off his terrace light by just a click to his switch on button of his night lamp light.

Got confused. Your brain is saying that how it's possible?

It's possible. The phenomenon is called Quantum Entanglement.

Quantum Entanglement is the phenomenon in which the changes made to one particle makes sudden simultaneous change to its entangled particle. Simultaneous change does not depend on distance between the particle. You can put two entangled particles at the end of the universe. But the changes occur simultaneously.

Absolutely you are thinking about the formula E = mc². And questioning how data can be transferred with the speed which is greater than the speed of light.

But Quantum Entanglement is proved and also used in Quantum Computers.

Sir Albert Einstein was not believing in the entanglement and called it "spooky action at a distance" phenomenon.

Sir Albert Einstein with his friends conducted an experiment to prove Quantum Entanglement wrong but the results were opposite to their expectations.

Might you have been knowing about the Schrödinger's cat.

According to which if we put an entangled cats A and B in two different boxes with bomb in each box which can blast. Then there is 50%-50% probability for each to die and alive. If we open one box and found that the cat A is died than we can definitely conclude that the cat B is alive.

Similarly, spins of two different quantum particles can be determined.

The 50%-50% probability is there because every particle or thing is at superposition until observed.

Now the question is how the changes on one entangled particle's quantum state makes changes on another particle's quantum state, how particles get entangled?

Particles get entangled by collapsing their wavelength or the particles can be entangled by birth or any other scientific methods or by not discovered methods.

Entangled particle's quantum state can got changed if they are in different universes.

Einstein's experiment called EPR PARADOX will be discussed later.

Also methods of entanglement and Schrödinger's cat will be discussed later.

Time: Travel in next level

2020-05-20T15:32:00.011+05:30

Definitely you have heard about time travel atleast once in a life.

Our question is- Is Time Travel Possible?

If possible then what are the ways to perform it?

What kind of machine do we need to move from one coordinate of time to another?

What are the paradox related to time travel?

The idea of time travel is as old as people started understanding environment.

Grandfather paradox is very famous paradox of time travel.

Explanation of one exciting paradox- Suppose Mr. X is a brilliant scientist and invented amazing time travel machine. Now using his time machine he travel back to the time and he killed himself. Then question arise that how he invented time machine if he had died and also how he killed himself?

This kind of paradox lead scientists into great contradiction.

Scientists were in great trouble for this kind of paradoxes. Then Quantum Mechanics played a key role in solving this paradox. The answer Quantum Mechanics has is that we live in multiuniverse and when we perform time travel we reach on any another earth of another universe and perform our activities on that earth.

Therefore, Mr. X kills himself, he actually kills himself of any another earth of another universe.

Different planets have different time.

Ways to perform time travel-

Black hole, wormhole, space-time etc all are interlinked to time travel.

By speed-

We can do time travel by moving atleast with the speed which is 90% of speed of light, which is not possible at present because if it is possible to move a train with that speed, train will require infinite energy to move with that speed because with increase in speed, mass of the object also increases.

By Wormhole-

Time travel can also be performed by passing through wormhole. Wormholes are extremely tiny holes in space-time. It can be portal between two times or places. At present we don't have anything to move through wormhole. To pass through wormhole we may do two things - first thing is that we have to increase the size of wormhole or the second thing is that we have to decrease our size as small as to pass through wormhole. But with the present technologies it's not possible.

By Black Hole-

Another amazing way to do time travel is black hole. Concept is that with increase in mass, time's speed decreases. So if we just take a round around a black hole or any heavily mass body we can do time travel.

By Tipler Cylinder-

There are more exciting ways to perform time travel like tipler cylinder. Tipler cylinder is infinitely long and it is the frame of reference where time stops or delta time's value is zero. By taking its round one can do time travel.

By Gravity-

Another amazing way to do time travel is using gravity. As the gravity increases time slows down. This is the frame of reference according to which black hole can be used to perform time travel. Artificially we have to increase gravity so much that we can travel in future because time slows down due to increase in gravity.

Some theories says that time travel in past isn't possible.

But according to Quantum Mechanics, time is fourth dimension and person living in this dimension can move in any direction in time.

But the reality is that we are not that much advance to do time travel using above ways.

May aliens are so advance to do time travel.

Time travel can also be done using light, but it will discussed on my later posts.

And believe me I'm not a time traveler.

DIMENSIONS BEYOND IMAGINATION

2020-05-15T23:59:00.005+05:30

What are dimensions?

How many dimensions exist?

As we know we live in three-dimensional world.

Then what are the other dimensions? Did aliens live in other dimensions?

According to M-theory there are 11 dimensions. Before M-theory came, there were several theories like bosonic and superstring theory which says there are 26 and 10 dimensions respectively.

The M-theory is the latest theory. So description of all dimensions are —

1. 0-D (Zeroth dimension)

In 0-D, there is only a point which doesn't have length, width and height.

2. 1-D (First dimension)

In 1-D, only length exist, no breadth and depth. Particle can only move forward and backward, there are no turns.

3. 2-D (Second dimension)

Only length and breadth exist, depth does not exist. Particle can only move forward and backward, there are no turns.

4. 3-D (Third dimension)

Length, breadth and depth exist but no time control. Person can only move forward, backward, take turns or can go to depth and height.

5. 4-D (Fourth dimension)

Time is fourth dimension. Person who can travel back in time is living in this dimension.

6. 5-D (Fifth dimension)

In this dimension person can move in any direction simultaneously. Here, person can exist at more than one place at same time like electrons and Quantum Particles does.

7. 6-D (Sixth dimension)

In this dimension,person can move in any direction in time and can also teleport.

8. 7-D (Seventh dimension)

In this dimension multi universe exist. Peoples living in this dimension can travel to other universe.

9. 8-D (Eight dimension)

In this dimension there is no physical existence but life exist be in the form of energy like digital data exist in 3-D.

10. 9-D (Ninth dimension)

In this dimension different civilization exist at one place at the same time (like quantum particle does) but can't see and realize each other.

11. 10-D (Tenth dimension)

Person living in this dimension can control parallel universe and is like a god or superman for us.

12. 11-D ( Eleventh dimension)

According to string theory, in 11-D nothing exist except string which is even smaller than quarks, bosons fermions etc. But every dimensions' life begins from this dimension only from string.

It's was just a introduction, I will get back to you with more details.

Each and every dimension will be discussed in detail on upcoming posts.

Quantum Reality and Illusion

2020-05-11T00:20:00.007+05:30

Quantum Reality and Illusion

What you know about reality and believe about illusion may be an illusion but what you don't know about reality and illusion may be a reality.

So, what do you know about reality?

What's the illusion you have about illusion?

The Great physicist sir Albert Einstein had said: “Reality is merely an illusion, albeit a very persistent one.”

When we sleep, we have dreams and when we woke up, we remember very little thing that we saw and think that was a dream, an illusion. But while dreaming we also remember what things happened to our known reality till now, but can't remember the whole dream. So while dreaming, our then known reality

becomes an illusion.

Reality begins with consciousness.

According to Quantum Mechanics gravity, time, matter and even, we are an illusion.

Is reality is an illusion?

Physics say that reality can be a thing that we won’t be able to know about.

Physics also says that aliens can be in forth dimension and makes our existing reality.

Quantum physics says that our future can be past, past can be future, and present can be future or past. Similarly, reality can be illusion and illusion can be reality.

You know time can also be illusion.

Reality, are you real??

You, reading my post, yes you, Are you in reality or in an illusion?

If yes, then wait for my next post.

Life, Are you there?

2020-05-07T11:17:00.020+05:30

Is there life possible on any planet other than earth??

Does alien life exist?

Looking on my personal opinion they exist.

But the question is that what kind of life is there?

Does alien life be very developed?

We can't say anything.

Alien life can be in the form of microorganisms, or they can be like creatures as shown in movies.

Or may be beyond our imagination.

Scientists have discovered many planets some of them are exoplanet.

There is possibility of the life there.

But their internal composition can be different.

May they use hydrogen gas as their respiratory gas or any other gas.

Scientists have also got some signals from outer space.

Now coming to quantum physics, it says that “each and every event has a possibility to be happened.”

According to Quantum Physics alien life can exist in higher dimensions.

From this point of view we can conclude that aliens may exists.

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Science | Quantum Mechanics | Modern Physics | Theories..

Science, Class 9 - Chapter 2: Is matter around us pure

Thermodynamics | Heat | Thermal Physics

Thermodynamics

Heat and Energy

Thermal Physics

Energy | Energy Sources | Consumers

The Sun

Energy Sources

Renewable Energy Sources

Wind

Fossil Fuels

Nuclear Energy

Turning Energy Into Power

Energy & The Consumer

Biotechnology | Genetics | Cell Culture | Cloning

Genetics and DNA Analysis

Cell Culture

Cloning

Ecology and Evolution | Bionomics

Ecology Players

Autotrophs

Primary Heterotrophs

Carnivore Heterotrophs

Decomposers

Ecology Home Laboratory

What is Quantum Mechanics? | Quantum Mechanics Theories

What is Quantum Mechanics

Quantum Mechanics Theories

Special Theory of Relativity | Time

Special Theory of Relativity

Lorentz factor

Fenugreek and Saffron- Two miracle herbs

A herb is a plant with a non-woody stem that seems to grow everywhere. Fenugreek and Saffron are two magical herbs.

Fenugreek

Introduction

Uses

Fenugreek has excellent medicinal virtues. Its regular use helps keep the body clean and healthy. The leaves of fenugreekare aromatic, cooling and mild laxative.

Skin disorders:

Its seeds exercise soothing effect on the skin and mucous membranes, relieving any irritation of the skin and alleviating swelling and pain.

Secretion of urine:

Its leaves increase secretion anddischarge of urine, relieve flatulence and promote lactationnursing mothers.

Prevent bleeding:

They also arrest any secretion or bleeding and have an aphrodisiac effect. They are the bestcleansers within the body.

Indigestion:

Fenugreek leaves are beneficial in the treatment of indigestion, flatulence and sluggish liver. Boiledand fried in butter, they alleviate biliousness.

Diarrhoea and dysentery:

The seeds are useful in the treatment of colic, flatulence, dysentery, diarrhoea anddyspepsia.

Anaemia:

Fever and stomach disorders:

Respiratory disorders:

Bad breath and body odour:

The tea is also beneficial in breath and body odour. Fenugreek tea is taken regularly helps and these accumulations from the spots where mouthwash and soap can never penetrate.

Dandruff:

Diabetes:

Fenugreek seeds can also be taken for diabetes.The normal dose is two teaspoons of powdered seeds taken daily in broth or milk. Two teaspoons of the seeds can also be swallowed whole daily.

Leucorrhoea:

Fenugreek tea used as a douche is very effective in treating leucorrhoea.

Ulcers:

The herb helps in the healing of mouth ulcers. An infusion of leaves is used as a gargle for recurrent ulcers.

Sore throat:

A gargle made from fenugreek seeds is best for ordinary sore throat.

Hair problems:

A paste of the fresh leaves applied over the scalp regularly before taking bath helps hair grow.

Skin disorders:

The paste applied on the face every night before going to bed and washed with warm water prevents one from getting pimples, blackheads, dryness of the face and early the appearance of wrinkles.

Childbirth:

Fenugreek seeds fried in ghee are finely powdered with wheat flour and sugar to prepare a halwa. Taken in small quantity daily this helps in quick normalisation after delivery.

Secretion of milk:

The seeds made into a gruel and given to nursing mothers, increase the flow of milk.

Other uses:

A poultice of the fenugreek leaves can be applied with advantage in external and internal swellings. Itis also useful in burns due to its cooling properties.

As you have read about the one kind of herb all the miracles herbsSaffron is the other kind of herb from all the important herbs.

Saffron

Introduction

Uses

Precaution

The drug should not be taken in large doses by pregnantWomen as it may cause abortion. Need more information of science click hereTo get the best app review click here

Elementary Particles | Interactions Of Charged Particles |

Elementary Particles - Part One

Its leaves increase secretion and
discharge of urine, relieve flatulence and promote lactation
nursing mothers.

They also arrest any secretion or bleeding and have an aphrodisiac effect. They are the best
cleansers within the body.

Fenugreek leaves are beneficial in the treatment of indigestion, flatulence and sluggish liver. Boiled
and fried in butter, they alleviate biliousness.

The seeds are useful in the treatment of colic, flatulence, dysentery, diarrhoea and
dyspepsia.

Fenugreek seeds can also be taken for diabetes.
The normal dose is two teaspoons of powdered seeds taken daily in broth or milk. Two teaspoons of the seeds can also be swallowed whole daily.

As you have read about the one kind of herb all the miracles herbs
Saffron is the other kind of herb from all the important herbs.

The drug should not be taken in large doses by pregnant
Women as it may cause abortion.

Need more information of science click here
To get the best app review click here

Elementary particles are the most interesting topic of physics.
At the first
Many of them decay rapidly after being created by high energy collisions between other particles.

For the particles with speeds less than about 0.6c the relativistic terms involving v/c nearly cancel and can be ignored as gravity gets ignored at quantum mechanics experiments.
Because the 1/v^2 factors varies more rapidly with v than in ln(2mv^2/I).

Although electrons cannot move faster than the speed of light (in free space). Particle can move faster than c/n. n is the index of refraction.
The formula of Cerenkov Radiation -

Gamma-rays are the radiation emitted from radioactive decay of nuclei.

There are three ways by which photon interacts with matter-

Compton scattering
Photoelectric effect
Pair production

Pair production is the phenomenon in which anti-particle forms along with its subatomic particle.
When photon energy is at least 1.02 MeV then pair of electron-positron forms.

When the photon energy exceeds the threshold of 1.02 MeV then the pair production becomes more likely.
The greater the atomic number of the absorber the lower the energy with which the pair production takes place the principal mechanism of energy loss by gamma-rays.

Ionization chamber and Geiger counter
Scintillation counter
Semiconductor detector
Neutro detector
Bubble chamber
Nuclear emulsion
Spark chamber

Lepton is the simplest elementary particle. There is no hint of the internal structure and extension in space of leptons.
Electrons and neutrino are the examples of the leptons.