Knowledge Plus

🧠 A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence

2025-04-12T11:28:00.000-07:00

🌱 Origins of the Idea

The idea of intelligent machines dates back to ancient myths and philosophies. Early legends, such as the Greek robot Talos, envisioned mechanical beings capable of human-like behavior. But it wasn’t until the 20th century that the scientific exploration of machine intelligence truly began.

🧮 Alan Turing and the Turing Test (1950)

In 1950, British mathematician Alan Turing proposed a fundamental question: “Can machines think?” His paper introduced the Turing Test, designed to evaluate whether a machine could imitate human responses well enough to be indistinguishable from a human in conversation.

🚀 The Birth of AI: Dartmouth Conference (1956)

The term “Artificial Intelligence” was coined during the Dartmouth Conference in 1956, led by pioneers like John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky. This event launched AI as an official academic field and set the stage for decades of research.

❄️ AI Winters: Setbacks in the 1970s & 1980s

Despite early enthusiasm, progress slowed due to overestimated capabilities and limited computing power. Two major AI winters occurred during the 1970s and 1980s, marked by a sharp decline in funding and interest.

📈 Revival with Machine Learning (1990s–2000s)

AI regained momentum with machine learning techniques and better hardware. In 1997, IBM’s Deep Blue beat world chess champion Garry Kasparov, proving machines could outperform humans in specific cognitive tasks.

🔥 Deep Learning Revolution (2010s)

The 2010s saw breakthroughs in deep learning, especially in image and speech recognition. AlexNet's victory in the 2012 ImageNet challenge and AlphaGo's historic win in 2016 showcased the power of neural networks.

🤖 AI in Our Lives Today

AI is now everywhere — from voice assistants and recommendation engines to self-driving cars and medical diagnostics. Generative tools like ChatGPT and DALL·E have redefined what's possible in creative and linguistic tasks.

📌 Conclusion: What Lies Ahead?

As AI continues to evolve, it offers both incredible opportunities and significant challenges. Responsible development, ethical use, and global cooperation will be key in shaping a future where AI benefits all of humanity.

Unearthing the Tale of Cup and Saucers: A Journey Through History

2024-03-20T07:32:00.000-07:00

In the grand tapestry of human history, it's often the smallest, seemingly mundane objects that hold the most intriguing stories. Among these everyday artifacts, the humble cup and saucer stand as timeless symbols of hospitality, refinement, and social interaction. The discovery and evolution of these quintessential items not only shed light on the evolution of tableware but also offer fascinating insights into cultural practices and societal norms across the ages.

The origins of the cup and saucer can be traced back to ancient civilizations, where early humans sought practical solutions for containing and serving beverages. Archaeological excavations have unearthed fragments of pottery vessels dating back thousands of years, suggesting that the concept of cups and containers for liquid consumption has been ingrained in human culture since prehistoric times.

However, it was during the Renaissance period in Europe that the cup and saucer began to take on the familiar form we recognize today. With the refinement of ceramic production techniques and the rise of aristocratic dining culture, tableware became increasingly elaborate and decorative. The cup and saucer, once reserved for the privileged few, became symbols of status and sophistication, adorned with intricate designs and embellishments that reflected the wealth and taste of their owners.

As global trade flourished in the 17th and 18th centuries, the cup and saucer became prized commodities, coveted for their aesthetic appeal and practical functionality. European porcelain factories, notably those in Meissen, Sevres, and Wedgwood, produced exquisite sets of cups and saucers that were exported to all corners of the world, influencing dining customs and social rituals in far-flung cultures.

During the Victorian era, tea drinking became a cherished pastime, and the ritual of afternoon tea popularized the use of delicate China cups and saucers. Etiquette books of the time prescribed strict rules for tea service, emphasizing the importance of proper handling and presentation of cups and saucers as a mark of refinement and gentility.

In the modern era, the cup and saucer continue to hold a special place in our cultural imagination, serving as icons of tradition and elegance in an increasingly fast-paced world. While contemporary designs may vary in material and style, from classic bone china to sleek minimalist ceramics, the essence of the cup and saucer remains unchanged – a vessel for sharing moments of conviviality and connection over a comforting cup of tea or coffee.

The discovery of cups and saucers, whether through archaeological excavations or historical research, offers a window into the rich tapestry of human experience. From the earliest civilizations to the present day, these simple yet elegant objects have borne witness to the rituals of daily life, the rituals of daily life, the joys of companionship, and the timeless pursuit of beauty and craftsmanship. As we raise our cups in celebration or contemplation, let us pause to appreciate the stories they hold and the legacy they represent – a testament to the enduring power of human creativity and ingenuity across the ages.

History of "mirror".

2024-01-18T07:13:00.000-08:00

The history of mirrors is also ancient, dating back thousands of years. The development of mirrors can be traced through various cultures and civilizations.

Early Mirrors:
- The earliest mirrors were likely pools of still water, and people may have used the reflection in water surfaces to see themselves.
- Polished stones, such as obsidian, were also used by early humans as reflective surfaces.
Metal Mirrors in Ancient Civilizations:
- Around 600 BCE, the ancient Egyptians began using polished copper mirrors.
- The Chinese are credited with inventing the first manufactured mirrors around 2000 BCE, using bronze and later iron.
Glass Mirrors:
- The Romans are often credited with creating the first glass mirrors. They would back glass with a reflective metal coating, often made of lead, to create a reflective surface.
- The manufacturing of glass mirrors continued to evolve, with advancements in glassmaking techniques and the use of different metal coatings.
Medieval and Renaissance Periods:
- During the Middle Ages, mirrors became a luxury item, and they were often small and made of highly polished metal or glass.
- In the Renaissance, there were further developments in mirror manufacturing, with the Venetians being known for producing high-quality glass mirrors.
Silvered Glass Mirrors:
- In the 19th century, a German chemist named Justus von Liebig developed a process for silvering glass, which revolutionized mirror production. This process involved depositing a thin layer of metallic silver onto the back of a glass surface.
Modern Mirrors:
- Today, mirrors are commonly made using a thin layer of aluminum or silver deposited on the back of a sheet of glass. This method provides a highly reflective surface.

Throughout history, mirrors have served various purposes beyond personal grooming, such as in art, architecture, and scientific experiments. The continuous refinement of mirror-making techniques has made mirrors an essential and ubiquitous part of modern life.

History of "Soap"

2024-01-18T06:13:00.000-08:00

The invention of soap dates back to ancient times, and it is challenging to pinpoint a specific individual or culture responsible for its discovery. The use of soap-like substances for cleaning has been traced back to various ancient civilizations.

Ancient Babylonians are believed to have been using a soap-like substance around 2800 BCE. They combined fats, water, and ashes to create a cleaning product. Similarly, ancient Egyptians used a mixture of animal and vegetable oils with alkaline salts to produce a soap-like substance for washing.

The Greeks and Romans also had various forms of soap, but they often used it more for medicinal and cosmetic purposes than for cleansing the body. The word "soap" is derived from the Celtic word "saipo" and the Latin word "sāpō," both of which mean "soap."

Throughout history, soap production methods evolved, and different cultures contributed to its development. However, the widespread use of soap for personal hygiene became more common in Europe during the Middle Ages.

In the 19th century, with advancements in chemistry, soap production underwent significant improvements. The introduction of synthetic ingredients and industrial processes helped make soap more widely available and affordable.

In summary, the invention of soap is a result of a long historical process, with contributions from various civilizations and cultures over thousands of years. It evolved from simple mixtures of fats and alkaline substances to the diverse range of soaps we have today.

The Enduring Legacy of the Diary: A Chronicle of Personal Narratives

2023-12-31T11:18:00.000-08:00

The Enduring Legacy of the Diary: A Chronicle of Personal Narratives

The concept of the diary, a personal record of thoughts, experiences, and reflections, has deep historical roots that traverse cultures and civilizations. The origins of the diary can be traced back to a confluence of human curiosity, self-expression, and the desire to document the passage of time.

The ancient roots of the diary find expression in the reflective practices of early civilizations. Scholars believe that the concept emerged in tandem with the development of written language and the human inclination to record daily events. Ancient Egyptians, for instance, maintained records on papyrus scrolls, chronicling their lives, religious observations, and notable occurrences.

However, it was during the Renaissance that the diary as we know it today began to take shape. Figures like Leon Battista Alberti and Samuel Pepys are credited with popularizing the personal journal in the 15th and 17th centuries, respectively. Alberti, an Italian Renaissance polymath, is often considered one of the earliest diarists, providing insight into his life, ideas, and observations. Pepys, a 17th-century English naval administrator, meticulously documented his daily activities, creating a vivid historical record of life in Restoration England.

The advent of the printing press in the 15th century played a pivotal role in disseminating the concept of diary-keeping. As printed books became more accessible, literacy rates rose, and the practice of maintaining personal records gained traction. Diaries became an avenue for individuals to navigate their inner landscapes, record personal growth, and grapple with the complexities of existence.

The Enlightenment era witnessed a surge in the popularity of diary writing, with luminaries such as Marie Bashkirtseff and Anne Frank leaving indelible marks on the literary landscape. Bashkirtseff's candid and introspective journals and Frank's poignant account of life in hiding during the Holocaust underscored the diary's power to capture both the mundane and the extraordinary.

In the 20th century, the diary took on various forms, from handwritten journals to digital entries. The advent of technology transformed the way individuals documented their lives, with digital diaries and blogs providing new platforms for self-expression and sharing personal narratives with a global audience.

Today, the diary endures as a multifaceted instrument of self-discovery, reflection, and historical preservation. From leather-bound volumes to digital archives, diaries continue to serve as intimate companions, capturing the ebb and flow of individual lives against the backdrop of broader societal changes.

In conclusion, the concept of the diary has evolved over centuries, shaped by the human instinct to record, reflect, and connect with oneself and others. Whether through the quill of a Renaissance thinker or the keystrokes of a contemporary blogger, the diary remains a testament to the enduring human desire to leave a mark on the sands of time.

How was measurement of "time" evolved.

2023-12-31T11:10:00.000-08:00

The measurement of time has evolved over millennia, and various civilizations have contributed to the development and standardization of timekeeping systems. Here's an overview of the historical evolution of time measurement:

Natural Cycles:
- The earliest timekeeping was likely based on natural cycles such as the day and night cycle, marked by the rising and setting of the sun.
- The division of the day into smaller units, like hours and minutes, is thought to have originated with the ancient Egyptians.
Ancient Egypt:
- The ancient Egyptians were among the first to develop a more sophisticated timekeeping system. They divided the day into two 12-hour periods and used sundials and shadow clocks to measure time.
Babylonian and Sumerian Contributions:
- The Babylonians and Sumerians also played a role in early timekeeping. The Babylonians used a sexagesimal (base-60) numbering system, which influenced the division of hours, minutes, and seconds.
Greek and Roman Influence:
- The Greeks further refined time measurement, with astronomers like Hipparchus introducing more accurate methods. The division of the day into 24 hours became widely adopted during Hellenistic times.
- The Romans adopted and modified the Greek system, contributing to the establishment of a 24-hour day.
Water Clocks and Mechanical Clocks:
- Various ancient cultures, including the Chinese and Greeks, developed water clocks (clepsydra) to measure time. These devices used the steady flow of water to measure intervals.
- Mechanical clocks began to appear in medieval Europe, driven by weights and gears. These clocks were installed in towers and public spaces.
The Pendulum Clock:
- In the 17th century, the Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens invented the pendulum clock, significantly improving timekeeping accuracy.
- The pendulum clock became a standard timekeeping device, used in clock towers and homes, and it remained dominant until the development of more advanced technologies.
Standardization of Time Zones:
- With the expansion of railways and telegraphs in the 19th century, the need for standardized time became apparent. Sir Sandford Fleming proposed dividing the world into 24 time zones at the International Meridian Conference in 1884, leading to the adoption of coordinated universal time (UTC).
Atomic Time and Precision:
- In the mid-20th century, the development of atomic clocks revolutionized timekeeping. The definition of the second was refined based on the vibrations of cesium atoms.
- International Atomic Time (TAI) and Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) became standard, with atomic clocks providing unparalleled precision.
Global Timekeeping Systems:
- Today, time is often measured using highly precise atomic clocks, and global timekeeping is coordinated through international agreements and organizations like the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM).
- Technologies such as Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites rely on accurate timekeeping for their functionality.

The evolution of time measurement reflects a combination of astronomical observations, technological innovations, and the practical needs of societies as they developed more sophisticated ways to understand and measure the passage of time.

History of "File Covers".

2023-12-26T10:43:00.000-08:00

The use of file covers for the preservation of records has a long history, dating back to the development of written records and the need for organized storage. While the specific evolution of file covers may not be extensively documented, the broader history of record-keeping and filing systems provides context for their emergence.

Ancient Civilizations:
- In ancient civilizations such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China, written records were maintained on various materials like clay tablets, papyrus, and bamboo slips.
- These records were often stored in designated areas within administrative centers or temples, showcasing an early form of organization.
Medieval Europe:
- In medieval Europe, monasteries played a crucial role in preserving written knowledge. Monks used scriptoria to copy and store manuscripts.
- Manuscripts were often stored in chests or on shelves, and rudimentary forms of categorization and labeling were employed.
Renaissance and the Age of Exploration:
- The Renaissance saw an increased emphasis on scholarship and documentation. The use of paper became more widespread.
- With the Age of Exploration, the need for systematic record-keeping grew as trade, navigation, and bureaucracy expanded.
18th and 19th Centuries:
- The development of bureaucracies in the 18th and 19th centuries, both in government and business, led to the creation of more formalized filing systems.
- The use of file covers or folders, often made of heavy paper or cardboard, became common for organizing and protecting documents.
Industrial Revolution:
- The Industrial Revolution further fueled the growth of paperwork and administrative tasks. Filing systems became more standardized.
- File covers evolved to include features like tabs for labeling and different sections for categorization.
20th Century:
- The 20th century witnessed significant advancements in office management and record-keeping. The introduction of filing cabinets and standardized file folders became standard in offices.
- Materials like manila paper were commonly used for file covers, and the adoption of standardized filing systems (such as the alphabetical or numerical systems) became widespread.
Digital Era:
- With the advent of computers and digital storage, physical file covers have been supplemented or replaced by digital file management systems.
- However, physical file covers are still used in many organizations, and the principles of organization and categorization have carried over into digital environments.

While the history of file covers may not be extensively documented, their evolution is intertwined with the broader history of record-keeping, bureaucracy, and office management. The need for organized storage and easy retrieval of documents has been a constant throughout the centuries, driving the development of various filing systems and tools like file covers.

History of "Chocolate"

2023-06-23T11:16:00.001-07:00

The history of chocolate dates back thousands of years, with its origins traced to ancient civilizations in Mesoamerica, specifically the regions that are now modern-day Mexico and Central America. Here's a brief overview of the history of chocolate

1. Ancient Mesoamerica: The Olmec civilization, which thrived around 1500 BCE, is believed to be the first to cultivate cacao plants and use them to create a beverage. The Mayans, who succeeded the Olmecs, also held cacao in high regard and consumed it as a bitter, frothy drink during religious ceremonies and important social events. The Aztecs, who came later, adopted the Mayan traditions and considered cacao to be a sacred gift from the gods.

2. Cacao as Currency: Cacao beans held significant value among the Mayans and Aztecs. They were used as currency, and the beans were traded for goods and services. The beans were so valuable that they were even counterfeited by other seeds or clay.

3. European Arrival: The first Europeans to encounter cacao were the Spanish conquistadors, led by Hernán Cortés. In 1521, Cortés and his troops conquered the Aztec empire, and they were introduced to the drink made from cacao beans. Initially, the Spanish found the bitter taste unappealing, but they gradually acquired a taste for it. They brought cacao back to Spain, where it was modified by adding sugar and other sweeteners.

4. European Adaptation: Chocolate remained a luxury drink in Europe for several centuries, primarily enjoyed by the aristocracy and the elite. The Spanish managed to keep their chocolate-making process a secret for many years. However, by the 17th century, chocolate had gained popularity and spread to other European countries, including France, Italy, and England.

5. Industrial Revolution: In the 18th century, technological advancements, such as the invention of steam-powered machines, transformed the production of chocolate. In 1828, Dutch chemist Coenraad Johannes van Houten developed a hydraulic press that allowed the separation of cocoa butter from roasted cacao beans, resulting in the creation of cocoa powder. This innovation made chocolate more accessible and opened the doors for further developments in the chocolate industry.

6. Solid Chocolate: The next significant milestone occurred in 1847 when British chocolate manufacturer Joseph Fry produced the first solid chocolate bar. Fry's creation marked the beginning of the era of chocolate bars, which would become immensely popular worldwide.

7. Chocolate Industry Growth: The 19th and 20th centuries witnessed remarkable growth in the chocolate industry. Companies such as Cadbury, Nestlé, and Hershey's emerged, introducing new products and refining the production processes. Milk chocolate, created by adding powdered milk to chocolate, became increasingly popular, making chocolate even more appealing to a wider audience.

8. Modern Chocolate: In recent decades, the chocolate industry has continued to evolve, with various innovations and trends emerging. Artisanal chocolate makers have gained prominence, emphasizing high-quality ingredients and unique flavors. Dark chocolate, with its potential health benefits, has gained popularity, and there has been a rise in demand for ethically sourced and sustainable chocolate.

Today, chocolate is enjoyed in various forms worldwide, including bars, truffles, bonbons, and more. It has become a global indulgence, deeply rooted in cultural traditions and celebrated for its rich taste and versatility.

History of "Universities"

2023-05-01T11:30:00.001-07:00

The history of universities can be traced back to ancient civilizations, such as India, China, Greece, and Rome, where centers of learning were established to study and teach various subjects. However, the modern university system has its roots in medieval Europe.

In the early Middle Ages, education was largely conducted by religious institutions, such as monasteries and cathedrals, where the curriculum focused on religious studies and Latin language. In the 12th and 13th centuries, guilds of students and teachers began to form in several European cities, such as Paris, Bologna, and Oxford, where they came together to study and teach a particular subject or field.

The first university to be established in Europe was the University of Bologna, founded in Italy in 1088, which focused on law, theology, and medicine. The University of Paris, founded in the 12th century, was another early institution of higher education that specialized in theology, law, medicine, and the liberal arts.

During the Renaissance, the university system expanded, and new disciplines were added, including the study of science, mathematics, and the arts. This led to the establishment of new universities, including the University of Leipzig in Germany and the University of Edinburgh in Scotland.

In the 19th and 20th centuries, universities continued to evolve, with many new disciplines being introduced, such as engineering, social sciences, and business. The expansion of the university system was also aided by government support and funding, which allowed universities to become larger and more diverse.

Today, universities play a crucial role in higher education and research, with many offering a wide range of degree programs, research opportunities, and cultural activities. Universities have become important centers of intellectual and cultural exchange, attracting scholars and students from all over the world, and contributing to the advancement of knowledge and the development of society.

History of "Cement"

2023-04-27T00:35:00.002-07:00

The use of cement in one of the other form dates back to ancient times. The Egyptians used a form of cement made from gypsum to build their pyramids. Greeks and Romans used a form of cement made from lime and volcanic ash.

Joseph Aspdin, a bricklayer from Leeds, England, patented Portland cement In 1824, which he named after the color of the stone quarried on the Isle of Portland.

Portland cement is made by heating a mixture of limestone and clay in a kiln to form a material called clinker, which is then ground into a fine powder and mixed with gypsum to make cement. However, the modern production of cement began in the early 19th century.

Aspdin's invention quickly gained popularity, and by the late 19th century, cement production had become a major industry. The development of the rotary kiln in the 1890s made the production of cement more efficient and led to the mass production of cement.

Today, cement is one of the most widely used building materials in the world, used in the construction of construction and other infrastructure projects.

The production of cement is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for around 7% of global carbon dioxide emissions. As a result, there is ongoing research into more sustainable forms of cement production, such as the use of alternative fuels and the development of new types of cement that produce fewer emissions.

Tractors have Bigger Rear Wheels and Smaller Front Wheels. Why?

2021-11-27T09:26:00.004-08:00

Tractors have a different types of work to undertake in the fields. Tires of different sizes in the first instance make right contact with the ground. In the field, tractor can pull heavy weight and gives better digging experience in the rough and tough fields. Different type of tires prevent from sinking, balance weight, maintain stability and the maintain power. The reasons tractors have different wheels are:

Grip On The Ground: Bigger tires as rear wheels work perfectly on muddy fields and avoid slipping. Secondly the broad tires balances the weight and also covers the larger surface areas to distribute the weight equally. Pulling heavy loads behind the tractor also produces great pressure on the rear wheels and bigger rear wheels do the gripping job flawlessly.

Better Forward Visibility: Small size of wheels in the front provide better view on the ground. It is much easier to see everything as the driver seat is set at higher position which keeps an eye both on rear and front wheels. Driving seat at higher elevation in rear wheel tractor makes farming easy as the driver can easily see the corners of the fields and roads and becomes easier to plough the land with better forward visibility.

Handling: Smaller wheels at the front offer better handling feature to the tractor by the driver. Driver can easily turn through sharp corners in the field with small front wheels in the front.

These are the tops reasons tractors have bigger rear wheels and smaller front wheels. Different size of wheels distributes the weight equally on all the tires.

The History of Socks

2021-05-11T17:15:00.002-07:00

Socks are probably the oldest type of clothing that is still in use today in improved form. Long before the concept of wearing cloths, socks have been in use since the Store Ages. Going through the Stone Ages, cca. 500 BC, the ‘socks’ that our ancestors wore looked nothing like what we have today. Clues left behind of that age, from the cave paintings and archaeological remains, one finds that they seem like these socks were made from animal skins and pelts tied around the ankle. In the Greek poet Hesiod writings, in the 8^th Century BC mention of socks are there. In his poem, “Works and Days”, Hesiod mentions, ‘piloi’, a type of sock made from matted animal hair worn under sandals. Romans, later on wrap their feet in strips of leather or woven fabric. Around the 2^nd century AD, they started sewing the pieces of fabric together and making fitted socks and were called ‘udones’. They are the first socks to resemble what we are wearing these days.

The first woollen socks to be discovered were unearthed at Vindolanda in Northumbria and they date back to the 2nd century AD. They are a child-sized pair made from woven wool cloth meant to protect against the rough British weather. Roman tablets found at the site even include the instruction to “send more socks”.

Also around that time, the first knit socks were being made in Ancient Egypt. The earliest known surviving pair of knitted socks, made with a technique called naalbinding, dates from 300 – 500 AD and was found at Oxyrhynchus on the Nile in Egypt. The socks feature split toes and are designed to be worn with sandals.

By the 5th century AD, holy people of Europe would wear socks called ‘puttees’ which symbolized purity.

A child’s woollen sock dating back to the 2nd century AD found at Vindolanda

The History of Shoes

2020-04-01T07:27:00.001-07:00

The history, changes, tendencies, material used in footwear can be divided into the main world history eras:

Prehistory (2,5 million BC – 1250 BC)

Antiquity (1250 BC – 476)
The Middle Ages (476 – 1453)
Early Modern Times (1453 – 1918)
Modern Times (1918 - these days).

1991 is an important date in the history of footwear because this is the year when, at the border of Austria and Italy, archaeologists found a naturally mummified human named Oetzi from the Stone Age who died about 3300 years before our era. This Alpine traveller was wearing shoes made from deerskin with a sole made from bearskin and stuffed with hay.

During different eras there were different views of the world, different understandings of culture and art, different economic and political factors which played an important role in the materials used, shapes and styles of the footwear. The discovery and capture of new lands, new technologies and different understandings of the world changed the style, fashion and material of footwear. Traditionally, shoes have been made from leather, wood or canvas, but in the 2010s, they are increasingly made from rubber, plastics, and other petro-chemical derived materials. Though the human foot is adapted to varied terrain and climate conditions, it is still vulnerable to environmental hazards such as sharp rocks and temperature extremes, which the people adopt accordingly.

History of Clothing

2019-07-18T10:57:00.000-07:00

There is no information about when we started using clothes. However, Anthropologists think that animal skins and vegetation were adapted as protection from weather conditions in ancient times. There is the other idea that clothing may have been invented first for the purposes, such as magic, decoration, cult or prestige, and later-on found as means of protection. There are various archeological findings by wan of representation of clothing in art which can help to determine when particular clothing appeared in history.

During the Stone Age, textiles appeared in the Middle East. There is also evidence that humans may have begun wearing clothing somewhere from 100,000 to 500,000 years ago. Primitive sewing needles have been found which dated back to around 40,000 years ago. Dyed flax fibers which have been found in a prehistoric cave in the Republic of Georgia are old some 36,000 years. Some 25,000 years ago the Venus figurines started appearing in Europe, that were depicted with clothing having also basket hats or caps, belts at the waist and a strap of cloth above the breast.

First material used for clothing that was not leather. Nålebinding, which is another early textile method - a type of precursor of knitting, appeared somewhere in 6500 BC as some evidence tells. At a Neolithic site at Çatalhöyük in Anatolia were found oldest known woven textiles of the Near East. They were used for wrapping the dead. Flax was cultivated from c. 8000 BC in the Near East but sheep are bred much later in 3000BC. Cotton was used for clothing in Ancient India from 5th millennium BC. Linen cloth was made in Ancient Egypt from the Neolithic period. Flax was grown even earlier. Ancient

Egypt

also knew about different spinning techniques like the drop spindle, hand-to-hand spinning, and rolling on the thigh as well as about horizontal ground loom and vertical two-beam loom which came from Asia.

The earliest proof of silk production in

China

dates from between 5000 and 3000 BC and is in the form of cocoon of the domesticated silkworm which was cut in half by a sharp knife.

Japan

started with weaving in Jōmon period which lasted from 12,000 BC to 300BC. There is evidence of pottery figurines that were depicted with clothing and a piece of cloth made from bark fibers dating from 5500BC. Some primitive needles were also found as well as hemp fibers and pattern imprints on pottery which proves existence of weaving techniques in

Japan

at that time. Silk Road was very important for exchange of luxury textiles between East and West. It helped in the development of the great civilizations of

China

Egypt

, Mesopotamia,

Persia

, the Indian subcontinent and Rome that traded along the route.

History of “Sweater”

2018-12-28T03:30:00.000-08:00

Like many garments, the history of the sweater is mostly a functional in nature and the historical wearers of sweaters were fishermen, who needed warm and hard-wearing garments to protect themselves in the sea. As far back as the 15th century, fisherman’s wives from Guernsey in the Channel Islands between Britain and France knitted “guernseys” with tightly spun and knit wool, which by retaining its oil, protected against the cold even when damp. As trade developed, the “Guernsey” was adopted and modified by coastal communities across the British isles and North Sea. Called a “gansey” by other communities, these sweaters were distinctively patterned across the yoke and the neck finished with a short collar and the cuffs were structured so that they could be easily re-knitted.

Until the turn of the 20th century, ganseys were hand-knitted or crocheted by a loved one and were still worn almost exclusively as a working man’s garment, that is work on the upper part of the body, either pulled over the head or buttoned down the front or back.

The use of the jersey spread throughout Europe, especially among workingmen. In the 1890s it was adopted by athletes in the United States and called a sweater. The first sweaters were heavy, dark blue pullovers, worn before and after athletic contests to protect against cold. By the 1920s designers such as Jeanne Lanvin and Gabrielle (“Coco”) Chanel introduced sweaters into their collections. Throughout the 20th century, sweaters in a variety of designs, knitted from natural and synthetic fibres, were worn by men, women, and children.

The birth of Tea

2018-11-21T10:11:00.001-08:00

Tea (Camellia sinensis) is often thought as being a British drink, drinking it over 350 years. But the history of tea goes much further back and begins in

China

. According to legend, the Chinese emperior Shen Nung in 2737 BC was sitting beneath a tree while his servant boiled drinking water, when some leaves from the tree blew into the water. Chine Emperior, Shen Nung, a renowned herbalist, decided to try the infusion that his servant had accidentally created. The tree was a Camellia sinensis, and the resulting drink was what we now call tea.

Tea originated in Southwest China, and was used as a drink for medicinal use. It was during Chinese Tang dynasty popularized as a recreational drink. During the 16th century tea drinking spread to other East Asian countries and Portuguese priests/merchants introduced it to Europe. During the 17th century, drinking tea became fashionable among Britons, who started large-scale production and commercialization of the plant in

India

Tea is an aromatic beverage commonly prepared by pouring hot or boiling water over cured leaves of the Camellia sinensis, an evergreen shrub (bush) native to Asia. After water, it is the most widely consumed drink in the world. There are many different types of tea; like Darjeeling and Chinese greens, having cooling, slightly bitter, and astringent flavour.

Who invented tea bags?

2016-12-15T09:53:00.001-08:00

During the Tang Dynasty (618-907), in

China

, paper was folded and sewn into square bags to preserve the flavor of tea. The first Western tea bags were hand-sewn fabric bags; tea bag patents date as early as 1903. First appearing commercially around 1904, tea bags were successfully marketed by the tea and coffee shop merchant, Thomas Sullivan from New York, who shipped his tea bags around the world. The tea in loose form was intended to be removed from the sample bags, but the customers found it easier to brew the tea in cups still enclosed in the bags. These days tea bags are usually made of paper fibre. The heat-sealed paper fiber tea bag was invented by William Hermanson, one of the founders of Technical Papers Corporation of Boston. The rectangular tea bag was not invented until 1944. Prior to this, tea bags resembled small sacks.

Why are satellites covered with gold coloured foil?

2016-11-26T10:08:00.000-08:00

Satellites in orbit generate heat during its normal operation. Of the three major ways of losing heat --- conduction, convection, and radiation, only the radiation works in the vacuum of space. This means that, even though space is cold, the problem is cooling, not heating. Using the gold foil to keep the heat from the Sun off the satellite means a lot head to manage. The gold foil reflects infrared light, so keeps the satellite from overheating in the sunlight.

Multi layer insulation materials consist of lightweight reflective films assembled in many thin layers. These layers are typically made of polyimide and polyester films, that are vapor deposited with 99.99% aluminum. The multilayer films assist in the material's heat management by reducing emittance with each layer. As it is very difficult to design an MLI insulation blanket that reflects 100% of incident radiation, a multilayer film design can range from a few simple layers to a complex array of blankets that completely surround the spacecraft and many of its external components. The designs of these layers typically reflect 95% of radiation back away from the Spacecraft. The total effect by the time the radiation energy makes its way to the innermost layers is, effectively, a 100% reflective barrier.

History of Shirt

2016-11-04T05:11:00.002-07:00

Until the twentieth century, the shirt was an item of men's underwear. It was a closely related garment of the woman's called chemise and it is the man's garment that became the modern shirt. In the Middle Ages, it was a plain, un-dyed garment worn next to the skin. In medieval artworks, the shirt is only visible, such as shepherds, prisoners and others. In the seventeenth century, men's shirts were allowed to show. In the eighteenth century, instead of underpants, men relied on the long tails of shirts ... to serve the function of drawers.Eighteenth-century costume historian Joseph Strutt believed that men who did not wear shirts to bed were indecent. Even as late as 1879, a visible shirt with nothing over it was considered improper.

In the sixteenth century, embroidery, and sometimes frills or lace at the neck and cuffs were seen on men's shirts. In the eighteenth century long neck frills, or jabots, were fashionable. as can be seen in the paintings of George Caleb Bingham, coloured shirts began to appear in the early nineteenth century. They were considered casual wear, for lower-class workers only, until the twentieth century. For a gentleman, "to wear a sky-blue shirt was unthinkable in 1860 but had become standard by 1920 and, in 1980, constituted the most commonplace event.

The world's oldest preserved garment, discovered by Flinders Petrie, is a "highly sophisticated" linen shirt from a First Dynasty Egyptian tomb at Tarkan, c. 3000 BC: "the shoulders and sleeves have been finely pleated to give form-fitting trimness while allowing the wearer room to move. The small fringe formed during weaving along one edge of the cloth has been placed by the designer to decorate the neck opening and side seam.

If you flew over an earthquake, would you feel the plane shake?

2016-10-08T10:28:00.002-07:00

The earthquakes release seismic waves in the form of pressure and shear waves (or P and S waves). When P waves leave a solid object, like the crust, and enter the atmosphere, they take the form of sound waves (S waves can't travel through liquids or gases). However, P waves typically register below the 20-hertz threshold for human hearing [source:USGS]. Scientists describe waves that fall in this range as infrasound.

People hear an earthquake and do not hear the seismic waves released. Rather people feel the difference between the sound produced when seismic waves move through the solid matter like the rumbling of a building and its contents. Rather one would not be able to detect these sounds nor feel the infrasound waves from an airplane. Thanks to the Physicists call attenuation, the waves gradually lose intensity as they move through the medium of the air.

Likewise the seismic waves reached the cruising altitude of 30,000 feet (usually the airplanes fly), they would be so diminishing by their journey through the medium of rocks and air that the noise and the motion of the airplane would overpower the waves. So you would not be able to hear the earthquake from the aircraft and will not certainly feel it.

Why our vision gets blurred, if we look at the spark that comes while welding?

2016-08-29T02:50:00.000-07:00

The simple explanation to this effect is the temporary lapse in recognizing the intensity between the bright and the dull area of the seen viewed, which occur due to incomparable higher intensity of spark (light) from the welding. The brain recognizes the picture by the matric form built by the difference in light intensities over different areas and the difference in the frequencies of light or colour.
Biologists explain it, if we look at spark like spots, the higher light causes a light induced stress i.e. photo oxidation stress in the retina called, short term stress, which causes the blurred vision. But after some time the stress gets released thus restoring normality. Viewing high intensity light like sunlight and ionizing radiation for a long time can damage the retina leading to vision loss. That is why welding professionals are advised to use protective filter glasses, biologists advises.

Who invented drinking cup?

2016-08-19T11:02:00.000-07:00

As the drinking cup existed before the recorded history, hence the original inventor of the drinking cup is not known. The drinking cup would have been a improvement over drinking liquids with cupped hands. Different types and examples of drinking cups have been found dating in very early history. Pre-historic cups could be made from a variety of materials like shells, animal horns, carved rocks, hollowed out gourds and even skulls. More modern cups were made out of various types of wood, paper, glass and different types stones available in various places.

How do robins find worms?

2016-07-23T05:53:00.001-07:00

Robin locates earthworms by cocking its head to the side to see, once they land on grass. With eyes on the sides of its head, a robin has monocular vision and accordingly can see independently with each eye.

According to Wild Birds Unlimited, a robin can consume up to 14 earthworms in a single day. Worms not consumed on the spot are often brought back to the nest to feed the young. The bird is especially drawn to open lawns immediately following periods of rain and after grass is freshly mowed, the conditions that make the bird to search for insects especially the earthworms.

How fast can lion run?

2016-07-23T05:22:00.001-07:00

A lion can run at speeds up to 50 mph which in kilometers is around 81km/h.

Lions are powerful animals that usually hunt in coordinated groups and follow their chosen prey. However, they are not particularly known for their staying power. A lioness’ heart makes up only 0.57 percent of her body weight (a male’s is about 0.45 percent of his body weight), whereas a hyena’s heart is close to 1 percent of its body weight. Thus, although lionesses can reach speeds of 81 km/h (50 mph), they only can do so for short bursts so they have to be close to their prey before starting the attack.

Why is that doctors advise not to drink water right after an operation?

2016-06-21T06:32:00.001-07:00

Due to administration of anaestheia (be it general anaesthesia in which patient is completely unconscious or regional in which the patient is awake and only a part to be operated is anaesthetized) the patient is asked prior to operation or after the operation not to consume any fluid or food, so as to avoid a deadly complication of any risk of aspiration into the lungs.

Due to fasting the patient has empty stomach, so the risk of aspiration is reduced. During operation patient is also administered sedatives and anxiolytics, which may have a residual effect for some time after operation, which alters the active airway reflexes of patient. Nausea vomiting is a common manifestation after operation as a side effect drugs and inhalation agents used for sedation. So initially patient is started with only light food and fluids post operation after prescribed hours for both. Thus the main reasons are to avoid vomiting, and ensure rest to bowels.