2020-05-10T17:24:00.000+05:30

Organic Chemistry is a branch of chemistry there studies structure, composition, reactions, properties and synthesis of organic compounds and organic materials, Organic compounds those compounds which have carbon and hydrogen, and may contain any number of other elements.

We will Explain Each and Everything in Easy and Better Way to Understand The Organic Chemistry:-

a) How do the Chemical Bonds Break?

b) Why do Chemical Bonds Break?

c) What will be the Products?

d) How will Reaction be done?

First of all let's discuss about Carbon atom:-

Carbon is a Chemical Element with the Symbol C and Atomic Number is 6. It is non-metallic and tetravalent which is making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds.

Carbon electron configuration is 1s²2s²2p² Carbon has 4 electron valence it means it has 4 electrons which can make the bond by taking 4 electrons to other elements.

1. Carbon has four valences.

2. Carbon has a property of catenation. It can make a large chain with addition of other carbons.

3. A carbon can form single, double or triple bond.

4. For a carbon atom, it is not possible to make more than 3 bonds with adjacent carbon atom because a carbon atom complete its octet from overlapping which consists directional property.

Lewis Structure of Carbon

Tetravalency:-

Carbon being tetravalent, is capable of bonding with four other C atoms or some other monovalent atoms. Carbon can form compound with oxygen, hydrogen, chlorine, sulphur, nitrogen and phosphorus. These compounds have specific properties depending upon the nature of the element or group attached with the carbon.

Chemical bond

The reactions in organic chemistry happen by the Formations and Breaking of chemical bonds.

How the bond formation occurs......?

Formation of chemical bond is the physical phenomenon of chemical substances where atoms have tendency to arrange themselves in the most stable patterns, which means that they fill their outermost electron orbits. The attraction force of atoms to each other through sharing, as well as exchanging, of electrons or electrostatic forces that holds atoms together in collections known as molecules is referred to as a chemical bond.

Types of bonds:- There are mainly 4 types of chemical bonds which are formed by atoms or molecules.

a) Covalent Bonds

b) Ionic Bonds

c) Hydrogen Bonds

d) Polar Bonds

Covalent Bonds Formation :-

Covalent bond in which one or more pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms. This bonding occurs between two atoms of the same element or of elements close to each other in the periodic table

a) Same Atoms H₂, Cl₂, O₂

b) Different Atoms CH4, H2O, NH3

Image source: By DynaBlast CC BY-SA 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons

Types of covalent bond:-

There are mainly three types of covalent bonds, Depending upon the number of shared electron pairs

1. Single Covalent Bond

2. Double Covalent Bond

3. Triple Covalent Bond

Single Covalent Bond :-

HBr and CH₄

Hydrogen and Bromide share one electron to each other and make a single covalent bond.

Double Covalent Bond :- In Ethylene, each carbon atom shares two of its valence electron with two hydrogen atoms and remaining two electrons with the other carbon atom. So there is a double bond between the carbon atoms.

Triple Covalent Bond :- Triple Covalent bond is formed when three pairs of electrons are shared between the two participating atoms i.e. Acetylene, Nitrogen.

_Nitrogen

Ionic Bonds Formation:-

Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bond in which one or more valence electrons from one atom are removed and attached to another atom, resulting in Cations and Anions which attract each other by electrostatic forces between two ions of opposite charge.

The Question is why the atoms or molecules lose and gain the valence electron...?

Because Both atoms or molecules have to complete their octets by losing and gaining the valency electrons for stability and electron shells will be energetically stable.

Cations:- A cation is an atom or a molecule which is positively charged, i.e. has more number of protons than electrons. example Iron (Fe2+), Zinc(Zn2+), sodium (Na+) etc.

Anions:- An anion is an atom or a molecule which is negatively charged, i.e. has more number of electrons than protons. example chloride (Cl-),fluoride (F-), iodide (I-), sulfide (S2-), etc.

Hydrogen Bond:-

A hydrogen bond(abbreviated H-bond) is a electrostatic attraction between a hydrogen atom attached to relatively electronegative atom such as Nitrogen, Oxygen, fluorine. it attracts the shared pair of electrons more and so this end of the molecules becomes slightly negative while the other end becomes slightly positive. The negative end of one molecule attracts the positive end of the other and as a result, a weak bond is formed between them. This bond is called the hydrogen bond(1).

same as Alcohol molecules form hydrogen bond

Polar Bonds :-

A polar bond is a covalent bond between two non-metal atoms having different Electronegativities where the electrons forming the bond are unequally distributed in the molecule. This causes the molecule to have a slight electrical dipole moment where one end is slightly positive charge and the other end is slightly negative charge such as Trigonal Planar: BF₃