<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><rss xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xmlns:openSearch="http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/" xmlns:blogger="http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008" xmlns:georss="http://www.georss.org/georss" xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0" version="2.0"><channel><atom:id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8235409830099314451</atom:id><lastBuildDate>Sat, 07 Mar 2026 02:30:02 +0000</lastBuildDate><category>(Kotokoli) (tem)language) (bowaa) (Ouro) (tchabu)</category><category>(Aboni)(na)(tem kunum)</category><category>(Agalda)(tem)(kotokolis)</category><category>(All)(kotokoli)(tem)language)</category><category>(Alphawa)(kotokolibia) (tembia)</category><category>(Buuda)(na)(dee)( tem)</category><category>(Chachasi)(chati)(tem)</category><category>(Chanow)(tem)(Kotokoli)</category><category>(China kunum)(tem kunum) (bodee)</category><category>(Dazule)(dalile)(Kotokoli)</category><category>(History) 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</description><link>https://kotokoli.blogspot.com/</link><managingEditor>noreply@blogger.com (Ouro Tchabu)</managingEditor><generator>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>93</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8235409830099314451.post-135434163741340189</guid><pubDate>Sun, 13 Mar 2022 01:01:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2023-06-25T09:42:37.162-07:00</atom:updated><title>كوتوكولي آثار السلف الصالح</title><description>&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyKzd6BXXyQXLfEUvF02ZJqjTBpFZ9ifwUhtAzQq6akyGK-dywpaGMoivt5S-k9EhKn8A8IuqZVpKzSpYpKIDJT_WHn3rxIlQ3Klt8xV-aoiFLF3I-Tb1RcBhUXxojJtGW6RB5hcQEw8_2LKfS3PSLlbhtwgq7ap3sMEry8UpyaRGPT-cckR_DDmTOZiQ/s960/FB_IMG_1580085321003.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;960&quot; data-original-width=&quot;623&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyKzd6BXXyQXLfEUvF02ZJqjTBpFZ9ifwUhtAzQq6akyGK-dywpaGMoivt5S-k9EhKn8A8IuqZVpKzSpYpKIDJT_WHn3rxIlQ3Klt8xV-aoiFLF3I-Tb1RcBhUXxojJtGW6RB5hcQEw8_2LKfS3PSLlbhtwgq7ap3sMEry8UpyaRGPT-cckR_DDmTOZiQ/s320/FB_IMG_1580085321003.jpg&quot; width=&quot;208&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;           بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

الحمد لله وكفى والصلاة والسلام على رسول الله وبعد
السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته 
يسرني غاية السرور لأن أخبركم بموقعنا المباركة والتي سمينها بإسم كوتوكولي آثار السلف الصالح ومعكم بأخيكم في الله أرو شابو عبدالرحمن
ونسأل الله ان يوفقنا جميعا في هذا العمل والسلام.&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;https://kotokoli-tem-language.blogspot.com https://sites.google.com/site/ourotchabu        &lt;script async src=&quot;//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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                                                       &lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://kotokoli.blogspot.com/2022/03/blog-post.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ouro Tchabu)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyKzd6BXXyQXLfEUvF02ZJqjTBpFZ9ifwUhtAzQq6akyGK-dywpaGMoivt5S-k9EhKn8A8IuqZVpKzSpYpKIDJT_WHn3rxIlQ3Klt8xV-aoiFLF3I-Tb1RcBhUXxojJtGW6RB5hcQEw8_2LKfS3PSLlbhtwgq7ap3sMEry8UpyaRGPT-cckR_DDmTOZiQ/s72-c/FB_IMG_1580085321003.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>4</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8235409830099314451.post-8807175565126864707</guid><pubDate>Sat, 22 Aug 2020 15:04:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2023-06-25T09:44:15.466-07:00</atom:updated><title>من روائع الإستغفار</title><description>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiykGm989r-iZMpCpnHWmK2tBp4C2zcMI7jAX0beli7upGrfsTprC0HjGkvrNr2ENNSrMD5JdB8cgFS2PKVvZzFt6q_YvQmSMQgEqpDs-i2nBkF7sPesRkD3QpC7rV2vPuXqZD4NRhdBX0z04kIMhmEIN695Pfh4AiUdZE75gTgFc1JDVdScrtdvfKiO3M/s630/FB_IMG_1582242478293.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;630&quot; data-original-width=&quot;474&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiykGm989r-iZMpCpnHWmK2tBp4C2zcMI7jAX0beli7upGrfsTprC0HjGkvrNr2ENNSrMD5JdB8cgFS2PKVvZzFt6q_YvQmSMQgEqpDs-i2nBkF7sPesRkD3QpC7rV2vPuXqZD4NRhdBX0z04kIMhmEIN695Pfh4AiUdZE75gTgFc1JDVdScrtdvfKiO3M/s320/FB_IMG_1582242478293.jpg&quot; width=&quot;241&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;script&gt;(function(){/*

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window.__d3lUW8vwsKlB__(&quot;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&quot;);&lt;/script&gt;  &lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;من روائع الإستغفار&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;وعن أبي هريرة رضي الله عنه قال قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم،من جلس في مجلس فكثر فيه لغطه، فقال قبل أن يقوم من مجلسه ذلك: سبحانك اللهم ، وبحمدك أشهد أن لا إله إلا أنت ، أستغفرك وأتوب إليك، إلا كفر الله له ماكان من مجلسه ذلك. صحيح الكلم الطيب(١٧٨/١٧٧&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://islamghana.blogspot.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://islamghana.blogspot.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;معنى الإستغفار هو طلب الستر والتغطية والعفو من&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;الله&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;أن المستغفر يطلب من المولى عز شأنه أن يستر&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;قباهقه والعفو.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;من ماذا الإستغفار؟&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;لاشك أن الإستغفار يكون من الذنوب والخطايا والمعاصي والتجاوزات والقبائح وكل مامن شأنه إبعاد الإنسان عن جادة الحق كظلم الناس&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;, وأكل الربا وعقوق الوالدين وقطيعة الرحم والزنا والسرقة وأكل الحرام والغيبة والحسد وسوء الظن والكذب وترك الواجبات وما أشبه ذلك من الرذائل والمحرمات&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;أثار الذنوب الناتجة إن للذنوب آثارآ سيئة وخطيرة على الصعيدين الفردي والإإجتماعي, فهناك من الذنوب مايؤدي إلى إذلاله وإفقاره ومنها مايؤدي إلى نزول&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;النقمة الفورية عليه وأهم الأثار الناتجة&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;١ الذنوب&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;تسبب قسوة القلب فإذا قسى القلب وعميت بصيرته بدأت الجوارح تتخبط خبط عشواء وبدأ الإنسان القلب وعميت بصيرته بدأت الجوارح تتخبط عشواء وبدأ الإنسان يرتكب أبشع الجرائم&amp;nbsp; وأضعها دون أن يجد زاجرا عنها.0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;٢&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;-الذنوب تغير النعم:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;جامع المسائل&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;(277/6) وقال ابن تيمية أيضا رحمة الله عليه &quot;إذا وجد العبد تقصيرا في حق القرابة والأهل والأولاد والجيران والإخوان فعليه بالدعاء لهم الإستغفار&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&quot; في كتاب الفتاوى (679/11) قال الحسن البصري رحمة عليه: أكثروا من الإستغفار, فإنكم لاتدرون متى تتنزل الرحمة.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;لطائف المعارف (٢٣٢/١)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;أستغفر الله وأتوب إليه&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;بسم اللّٰه والصلاة والسلام على رسول اللّٰه وبعد&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;قال عزوجل:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;إن اللّٰه وملائكته يصلون على النبي يأيها الذين آمنوا صلوا عليه وسلموا تسليما&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;الأية&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;(معنى الصلاة على رسول اللّٰه)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;قال إمام البخاري رحمه الله تعالى: وقال أبو العالية: صلاة اللّٰه تعالى ثناؤه عليه عند الملائكة، وصلاة الملائكة الدعاء.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;وروي عن سفيان الثوري ، واحد من أهل العلم، قالوا :صلاة الرب الرحمة، وصلاة الملائكة الإستغفار. قال ابن كثير رحمه اللّٰه تعالى : والمقصود من هذه الأية&amp;nbsp; أي (إن اللّٰه وملائكته يصلون علي النبي .إلى آخر الأيي&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;!--Google Tag Manager (noscript)--&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;iframe src=&quot;https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-K39Q6XT&quot;
height=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;display:none;visibility:hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;&lt;!--End Google Tag Manager (noscript)--&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;أي والمقصود في هذه الأية أن اللّٰه سبحانه وتعالى أخبر عباده بمنزلة عبده ونبيه في الملأ الأعلى، لأنه يثنى عليه عند الملائكة المقربين، وأن الملائكة تصلي عليه ، ثم أمر اللّٰه تعالى أهل العالم السفلى بالصلاة والتسليم عليه ، ليجتمع الثناء عليه من أهل العالمين العلوي والسفلي جميعا.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;وقد جاء في ذلك أحاديث كثيرة ، ونذكر بعضها فيما يلي: روي الترمذي عن عبداللهابن مسعود رضي اللّٰه عليه: أن رسول اللّٰه صلى اللّٰه عليه وسلم:قال أولى الناس بي يوم القيامة أكثرهم علي صلاة. قال إمام الترمذي رحمه اللّٰه أي أحقهم بشفاعته&amp;nbsp; وأقربهم مجلسا منه.0&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;وروي أبو داود بإسناد صحيح عن أبي هريرة رضي اللّٰه عنه: أم رسول اللّٰه صلى اللّٰه عليه وسلم: قال لا تجعلوا قبري عيدا،وصلوا علي فإن صلاتكم تبلغني حيث كنتم.وروي أبو داود والنسائي عن أوس بن أوس رضي اللّٰه عنه:أن رسول اللّٰه صلى اللّٰه عليه وسلم:قال إن من أفضل أيامكم يوم الجمعةفأكثروا علي من الصلاةفيه ،فإن صلاتكم معروضة علي .يارسول اللّٰه كيف تعرض صلاننا عليك وقد أرمت بليت؟ قال: إن اللّٰه عزوجل حرم على الأرض أجساد الأنبياء.0&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;!--My Ad unit--&gt;&lt;ins class=&quot;adsbygoogle&quot; data-ad-client=&quot;ca-pub-6383621328684649&quot; data-ad-format=&quot;auto&quot; data-ad-slot=&quot;1085482892&quot; data-full-width-responsive=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: block;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;script&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;(فضل الصلاة على النبي )&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;قال النبي صلى اللّٰه عليه وسلم: اكثروا الصلاة علي،فإن اللّٰه&amp;nbsp; وكل بي ملكا عند قبري،فإذا صلى علي رجل من أمتي قال لي ذلك الملك:يامحمد إن فلان بن فلان صلى عليك الساعة.صحيح الجامع/1207&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;قال النبي صلى اللّٰه عليه وسلم: من صلى علي&amp;nbsp; صلاة، صلى اللّٰه عليه بها عشرا.صحيح الترمذي/485&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;قال رسول اللّٰه صلى اللّٰه عليه وسلم:مامن أحد يسلم علي، إلا رد اللّٰه علي روحي، حتى أرد عليه السلام. صحيح الجامع/5679&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;قال رسول اللّٰه صلى اللّٰه عليه وسلم: البخيل من ذكرت عنده فلم يصل علي.صحيح الترغيب/1683&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;قال رسول الله صلى اللّٰه عليه وسلم:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;من ذكرت عنده فنسي الصلاة علي&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;خطئ الطريق الجنة.صحيح الترغيب/1681&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;!--My Ad unit--&gt;&lt;ins class=&quot;adsbygoogle&quot; data-ad-client=&quot;ca-pub-6383621328684649&quot; data-ad-format=&quot;auto&quot; data-ad-slot=&quot;1085482892&quot; data-full-width-responsive=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: block;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;script&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;قال رسول اللّٰه صلى اللّٰه عليه وسلم&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;من صلى علي مرة واحدة،كتب اللّٰه له بها عشر حسنات.السلسلة الصحيحة/3359&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;قال رسول اللّٰه صلى اللّٰه عليه وسلم:من صلى&amp;nbsp; علي من أمتي صلاة مخلصا من قلبه ،صلى اللّٰه عليه بها عشر صلوات، ورفعه بها عشر درجات،وكتب له بها عشر حسنات،ومحا عنه بها عشر السيئات.صحيح الترغيب/1659&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;قال رسول اللّٰه صلى اللّٰه عليه وسلم:أكثروا الصلاة علي يوم الجمعة وليلة، فمن صلى علي صلاة&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;صلى اللّٰه عليه عشرا.السلسلة الصحيحة/1470&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;قال رسول اللّٰه صلى اللّٰه عليه وسلم: من لم يدع اللّٰه يغضب عليه.السلسلة الصحيحة/265&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;قال عبدالله بن مسعود رضي اللّٰه عنه: من لم يصل فلا دين له . الإستذكار/149/2&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;قال رسول اللّٰه صلى اللّٰه عليه وسلم:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;(إن أفضل أيامكم يوم الجمعة فأكثروا علي&amp;nbsp; من الصلاةفيه فإن صلاتكم معروضة علي).رواه أبو داود/1531&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;!--My Ad unit--&gt;&lt;ins class=&quot;adsbygoogle&quot; data-ad-client=&quot;ca-pub-6383621328684649&quot; data-ad-format=&quot;auto&quot; data-ad-slot=&quot;1085482892&quot; data-full-width-responsive=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: block;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;script&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt;اللهم صل علي محمد،وعلى آل محمدكما صليت على إبراهيم وعلى آل إبراهيم إنك حميد مجيد، وبارك على محمد وعلى آل محمد،كما باركت على إبراهيم ،وعلى آل إبراهيم،إنك حميد مجيد&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;(من صيغة الصلاة على النبي)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;عن أبي حميد الساعدي رضي اللّٰه عنه، إنهم قالوا:كيف نصلي عليك يارسول اللّٰه&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;فقال رسول اللّٰه صلى اللّٰه عليه وسلم&#39; قولوا: اللهم صل على محمد&amp;nbsp; وأزواجه وذريته،كما صليت على آل إبراهيم،وبارك على محمد وأزواجه وذريته،كما باركت على آل إبراهيم إنك حميد مجيد.رواه البخاري و مسلم&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;(قال الإمام ابن القيم رحمه اللّٰه تعالى:)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;لو صلى العبد عليه صلى اللّٰه عليه وسلم بعدد أنفاسه لم يكن موفيا لحقه.جلاءالأفهام(344)ص&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;(كيف نصلي عليك يا رسول اللّٰه)ص)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;عن كعب عجزة رضي اللّٰه عنه قال :إن النبي صلى اللّٰه عليه وسلم خرج علينا،فقلنا:يا رسول اللّٰه قدعلمنا كيف نسلم عليك،فكيف نصلي عليك?قال:قولوا:اللهم صل علي محمد وعلى آل محمدكما صليت على إبراهيم وعلى آل إبراهيم&amp;nbsp; إنك حميد مجيد،اللهم بارك على محمد وعلى آل محمد، كما باركت على إبراهيم وعلى آل إبراهيم إنك حميد مجيد.رواه البخاري&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;وفي هذا الحديث يرشد النبي صلى اللّٰه عليه وسلم أمته إلى ألا يبالغوافي مدحه: قال رسول اللّٰه صلى اللّٰه عليه وسلم: لاتطروني كما أطرت النصارى ابن مريم،فإنما أنا عبده فقولوا عبدالله ورسوله.الراوي :هو عمر بن الخطاب/المحدث:هو البخاري مصدر:صحيح البخاري الصفحة أو رقم(3445)خلاصةحكم:[صحيح]ا&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;!--My Ad unit--&gt;&lt;ins class=&quot;adsbygoogle&quot; data-ad-client=&quot;ca-pub-6383621328684649&quot; data-ad-format=&quot;auto&quot; data-ad-slot=&quot;1085482892&quot; data-full-width-responsive=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: block;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;script&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;(حديث صحيح)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;قال رسول اللّٰه صلى اللّٰه عليه وسلم:ياأيها الناس لاترفعوني فوق قدري،فإن اللّٰه اتخذني عبدا قبل أن يتخذني نبيا.الصحيحة/2550&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;الصلاة على النبي (ص)ا&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;اللهم صل على محمد وأزواجه وذريته،كما صليت على&amp;nbsp; آل إبراهيم ،وبارك على محمد وأزوجه وذريته،كما باركت على آل إبراهيم،إنك حميد مجيد.متفق عليه&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;!--My Ad unit--&gt;&lt;ins class=&quot;adsbygoogle&quot; data-ad-client=&quot;ca-pub-6383621328684649&quot; data-ad-format=&quot;auto&quot; data-ad-slot=&quot;1085482892&quot; data-full-width-responsive=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: block;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;script&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;اللهم صل على محمد عبدك ورسولك،كما صليت على آل إبراهيم،وبارك على محمد وعى آل محمد كما باركت على آل إبراهيم.رواه البخاري&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;(قال اللّٰه تعالى)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;إن اللّٰه وملائكته يصلون على النبي&amp;nbsp; ياأيها الذين ءامنوا صلوا عليه وسلموا تسليما&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;اللهم صل على محمد وعلى آل محمد كما صليت على إبراهيم وعلى آل إبراهيم إنك حميد مجيد،اللهم بارك على محمد وعلى آل محمد كماباركت على إبراهيم وعلى آل إبراهيم إنك حميد مجيد.رواه البخاري&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;(الصلاة على النبي بين يدي الدعاء)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;عن علي رضي اللّٰه عنه:قال قال رسول اللّٰه صلى اللّٰه عليه وسلم&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;كل دعاء محجوب حتى يصلي على النبي صلى اللّٰه عليه وسلم.السلسلة الصحيحة/2035&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;(فضل الصلاة على النبي صلى اللّٰه عليه وسلم)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;قال رسول اللّٰه صلى اللّٰه عليه وسلم: أنه جاءني جبريل عليه السلام:فقال :أما يرضيك يامحمدأن لا يصلي عليك أحد من أمتك إلا صليت&amp;nbsp; عليه عشرا ولا يسلم عليك أحد من أمتك&amp;nbsp; إلا سلمت عليه عشرا.رواه النسائي وصححه الباني&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;(وفي التشهد)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;عن أبي سعيد الخدري رضي اللّٰه عنه:قلنا يارسول اللّٰه ،هذا السلام عليك ،فكبف نصلي عليك:قال : قولوا: اللهم صل على محمد عبدك ورسولك ،كما صليت على إبراهيم،وبارك على محمد،وعلى آل محمد،كما باركت على إبراهيم ،وعلى آل إبراهيم.رواه البخاري&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;!--My Ad unit--&gt;&lt;ins class=&quot;adsbygoogle&quot; data-ad-client=&quot;ca-pub-6383621328684649&quot; data-ad-format=&quot;auto&quot; data-ad-slot=&quot;1085482892&quot; data-full-width-responsive=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: block;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;script&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt;عن أبي كعب رضي اللّٰه عنه:قال :قلت:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;يارسول اللّٰه إن أكثر الصلاة عليك فكم أجعل لك من صلاتي?فقال ما شئت.قال قلت الربع? قال ماشئت فإن زدت فهوخير لك .قلت النصف?قال ماشئت فإن زدت فهو خير لك .قال قلت ?فالثلثين?قال ما شئت فإن زدت فهو خير لك .قلت أجعل لك صلاتي كلها ?قال:إذا تكفى همك وتغفر ذنبك.رواه الترمذي&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;قال رسول اللّٰه صلى اللّٰه عليه وسلم:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;أكثروا الصلاة علي يوم الجمعة&amp;nbsp; وليلة الجمعة فمن صلى علي صلاة صلى اللّٰه عليه عشر&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;الراوي:هو أنس بن مالك&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;المصدر:سنن البيهقي&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;وحسنه الباني&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;!--My Ad unit--&gt;&lt;ins class=&quot;adsbygoogle&quot; data-ad-client=&quot;ca-pub-6383621328684649&quot; data-ad-format=&quot;auto&quot; data-ad-slot=&quot;1085482892&quot; data-full-width-responsive=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: block;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;script&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt;(ومن بركات الصلاة على رسول الله )&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;قال بعض أصحاب لرسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;صلاة الله عليك لمن عشرا لمن صلى عليك مرة&amp;nbsp; واحدة&amp;nbsp; هل ذلك لمن كان&amp;nbsp; حاضر القلب&amp;nbsp; قال لا بل هو لكل مصل على غافل&amp;nbsp; ويعطيه الله أمثال الجبال والملائكة تدعوله وتستغفر له&amp;nbsp; وأما إذا كان حاضر القلب وقت الصلاة عليه فلايعلم قدر ذلك إلا الله(قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم)من صلى علي واحدة صلى الله عليه عشرا.رواه مسلم وأبو داود&amp;nbsp; النسائي وابن حبان عن أبي هريرة رضي الله عنه. وفي صحيح مسلم عن عبدالله بن عمرو بن العاص :أنه سمع رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم:يقول من صلى علي صلاة واحدة صلى الله عليه بها عشرا .كذا ذكر النووي في الأذكار&amp;nbsp; أي كلما زاده بتلك التسمية&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;!--My Ad unit--&gt;&lt;ins class=&quot;adsbygoogle&quot; data-ad-client=&quot;ca-pub-6383621328684649&quot; data-ad-format=&quot;auto&quot; data-ad-slot=&quot;1085482892&quot; data-full-width-responsive=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: block;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;script&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt;وقال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم:من صلى علي ألف مرة لم يمت حتى يبشر بالجنة.وفي رواية قال من صلى علي ألف مرة بشر بالجنة قبل موته.وقال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم:أيضا من صلى علي صلاة صلى الله عليه وسلم بها عشرا، ومن صلى علي عشرا صلى الله عليه بها مائة، ومن صلى علي مائة صلى الله عليه بها ألفا ومن صلى علي ألفا لم تمسه النار. أي نار جهم&amp;nbsp; وفي رواية&amp;nbsp; لم يعذبه الله بالنار. وفي رواية الطبراني (قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم: من صلى علي صلاة واحدة صلى اللّٰه عليه عشرا ومن صلى علي عشرا صلى الله عليه مائة ومن صلى علي مائة كتب الله له براءة من النفاق وبراءة من النار وأسكنه يوم القيامة مع الشهداء.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;وقال رسول اللّٰه صلى اللّٰه عليه وسلم: من نسي الصلاة علي فقد أخطأ طريق الجنة.أراد النبي صلى اللّٰه عليه وسلم:بالنسيان الترك&amp;nbsp; عمدا فإذا كان التارك يخطئ طريق الجنة كان المصلي عليه&amp;nbsp; سالكا إلى الجنة.فقد روي عن أبي هريرة رضي اللّٰه عنه:أنه قال الصلاة علي النبي صلى اللّٰه عليه وسلم&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;هي الطريق إلى الجنة .كذا ذكر السملاوي&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;وقال رسول اللّٰه صلى اللّٰه عليه وسلم: أكثرهم علي صلاة&amp;nbsp; في الدنيا لأن كثرة الصلاة علي تدل على صدق المحبة وكمال الوصل فتكون منازلهم في الآخرة منه بحسب نفاوتهم في ذلك.رواه البخاري والترمذي وابن حبان عن عبدالله بن مسعود بأسانيد صحيحة .وقال رسول اللّٰه صلى اللّٰه عليه وسلم:صلاتكم على محافة وقال أيضا :من صلى علي في كل جمعة أربعين مرة محاالله ذنوبه كلها&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;!--My Ad unit--&gt;&lt;ins class=&quot;adsbygoogle&quot; data-ad-client=&quot;ca-pub-6383621328684649&quot; data-ad-format=&quot;auto&quot; data-ad-slot=&quot;1085482892&quot; data-full-width-responsive=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: block;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;script&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt;معنى قوله صلاتكم على محافة: أي إذهاب لذنوبكم كما يمحو الماء النار&amp;nbsp; كما قال أبوبكر الصديق رضي الله عنه: الصلاة علي النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم أمحى للذنوب من الماء لسود اللوح. ومعنى قوله صلى الله عليه وسلم :من صلى علي في كل جمعة أربعين مرة محاالله ذنوبه كلها. وهذا الحديث عن عبدالعزيز بن صهيب&amp;nbsp; عن أنس بن مالك&amp;nbsp; قال :كنت واقفا بين رسول اللّٰه صلى اللّٰه عليه وسلم:فقال رسول اللّٰه صلى اللّٰه عليه وسلم من صلى علي صلاة مرة واحدة صلى اللّٰه عليه وملائكته عشرين مرة ولم يمت حتى يبشر بالجنة.0&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;ولله التوفيق&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;هذاهوالإسلام&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://islamghana.blogspot.com&quot;&gt;https://islamghana.blogspot.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4yx453V01u8_y8lx5pXpgNLrewoY3y9rG6JGZUJraH8InUVKeqDzFBF2VPwVDSZDEgjNKLKcAPmCF2G-ubOGS8sCzf-Xy-9sBqcTC2JGn2oJqv3o6KJketWPEXlo6d2NTji8xakFrR2po/s1600/IMG-20200522-WA0038.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;480&quot; data-original-width=&quot;640&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4yx453V01u8_y8lx5pXpgNLrewoY3y9rG6JGZUJraH8InUVKeqDzFBF2VPwVDSZDEgjNKLKcAPmCF2G-ubOGS8sCzf-Xy-9sBqcTC2JGn2oJqv3o6KJketWPEXlo6d2NTji8xakFrR2po/s320/IMG-20200522-WA0038.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; الإستغفار أمان بادروا إليها&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;قال تعالى: وما كان الله ليعذّيهم وأنت فيهم وماكان الله معذّبهم وهم يستغفرون&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;سوررة الأنفال/الأية (33)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--Google Tag Manager (noscript)--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;iframe src=&quot;https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-K39Q6XT&quot;
height=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;display:none;visibility:hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--End Google Tag Manager (noscript)--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;قال ابن عبّاس رضي الله عنه : كان فيهم أمانان:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;نبيّ الله والإستغفار، فذهب النبي &amp;nbsp;الله صلى الله عليه وعلى آله وسلم وبقي الإستغفار .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;(صحيح أسباب النّزول)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;بعض آيات الإستغفار في القرآن الكريم:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;وفي (سورة آل عمران )&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;يقول الله : ربنا فااغفرلنا ذنوبنا وكفّر عنا سيّئاتنا وتوفنا مع الأبرار&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;والله يقول في( سورة القصص)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;قال ربّ إني ظلمت نفسي فاغفرلي فغفرله إنه هو الغفور الرحيم&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;وفي (سورة نوح ) الله تعالى يقول:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;ربّ اغفرلي ولوالديّ ولمن دخل بيتي مؤمنا وللمؤمنين والمؤمنات ولا تزد الظالمين إلاّ تبارا&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;(الإستغفار دأب الصالحين)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;من صيغ الإستغفار:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;ومن أدعية النبي (ص):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;ربّ اغفرلي خطيئتي وجهلي،وإسرافي في أمري كلّه،وماأنت أعلم به منّي اللهم اغفرلي خطاياي، وعمدي وجهلي وهزلي،وكل ذلك عندي، اللهم اغفرلي ماقدّمت وماأخّرت، وماأسررت وأعلنت،أنت المقدّم وأنت المؤخّر وأنت على كل شيئ قدير&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;صحيح البخاري/ 6398&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;وكل هذا دعاء بغفران الذنوب والخطايا،مع أنّه قد غفر له ماتقدم من ذنبه وتأخر (صلى الله عليه وسلم) ولكنّه كان من باب الشّكر لله عزّوجل، وتعليما لإمّته. (من موقع هذاهوالإسلام)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;من جوامع الدّعاء:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;عن أبي بكر الصديق رضي الله عنه أنّه قال لرسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم: علّمني دعاء أدعوبه في صلاتي،قال:قل:اللهم إنّي ظلمت نفسي ظلما كثيرا، ولا يغفر الذنوب إلاأنت فاغفرلي مغفرة من عندك وارحمني إنّك أنت الغفور الرحيم.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;صحيح البخاري/834&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt; هذا الدعاء فيه &amp;nbsp;طلب غاية الإنعام المغفرة والرحمة&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;فالأوّل: عبار عن الزحزحة عن النّار ،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;والثّاني: إدخال الجنّة وهذا هو الفوز العظيم. (الدرر السّنية /بتصرف يسير&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;مع الصحابة الكرام:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;عن عبدالله بن عمر رضي الله عنهما:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;إنّ كنّا لعدّ لرسول الله في المجلس يقول:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;ربّ اغفر لي وتب عليّ إنّك أنت التوّاب الرحيم مائة مرّةٕ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;رواه ابن ماجه /3090&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;وصحّحه الألباني&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;فإذا كان النّبيّ صلى الله عليه وسلّم يدعو الله بهذه الدّعوات أكثر من مئةٍ في المجلس الواحد فماأحرى غيره من المسلمين بذلك.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;من مكفرات الذنوب:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم: من قال: أستغفر الله الذي لاإله إلاّهو الحي القيّوم وأتوب إليه غفر له وإن كانت قد فرّ من الزّحف.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;رواه أبو داود/ 1517&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;وصحّحه الألباني&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;قال بعض أهل العلم: هذا الذّكر يُكفّر الكبائر التّي ليست في حقوق العباد.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;وقال آخرون: أنّ هذا الذّكر يُكفّر الصّغائر وإن كان صاحبها مرتكباً لكبيرة الفرار من الزّحف.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;وقيل: يكفّر الكبائر إذا أتى به صادقاّ محققاّ لشروط التوبة والإتيان بها على وجهها.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;بإختصار من موقع :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;سيّد الإستغفار :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;وهو أفضل صيغة الإستغفار ، وأكثرهاثواباّ وسمي سيّداّ لأنّه جامعٔ لمعاني التّوبة كلّها&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم: سيّد الإستغفار أن تقول : اللهم أنت ربي لاإله إلّا أنت، خلقتني وأنا عبدك ، وأنا على عهدك ووعدك مااستطعت، أعوذ بك من شرّ ماصنعت ، أبوءلك بنعمتك عليّ، وأبوء بذنبي فاغفرلي، فإنّه لا يغفر الذنوب إلّاأنت، قال: ومن قالها من النّهار موقناّ بها ، فمات من يومه قبل ان يُمسيَ، فهو من أهل الجنة، ومن قالها من اللّيل وهو موقنُ بها فمات قبل ان يصبح، فهو من أهل الجٓنّة.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;صحيح البخاري/ 6306&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;سيّد الإستغفار ، من أفضل الأذكار ، في الليل والنّهار.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;من فضائل الإستغفار:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم: إنّ الرجل لترفعُ درجته في الجنّة فيقول: أنى هذا ؟ فيقال: باستغفار ولدِك لك.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;رواه ابن ماجه. 3/214/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;وحسّنه الألباني&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt; أي &amp;nbsp;إنّ الرجل تزاد منزلته في الجنة بغير عملٍ عمله، إلّا بما يقدّمه الوالدان لإبنهما من تربية وبرٍ به ، ممّا يستوجب عليه أن يَستغفر لهما، وهي إمّا رفعةُ الدّرجات حقيقة وهي مصاعد قصوره في الجنة وطرقاته، أو كنايةُ عن عزته وعظمته .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;من ثمرات الإستغفار :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;١ المغفرة&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;٢ ردّ العذاب&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;٣ الرزق&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;٤ السعادة&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;بادرو باستغفار وبهذا العمل المبارك&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;معلوم من موقع هذاهوالإسلام. &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;وفي الختام :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;سبحانك اللهم وبحمدك ،أشهد ان لاإله الا أنت أستغفرك وأتوب إليك&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;هذاهوالإسلام&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://islamghana.blogspot.com&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://islamghana.blogspot.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;https://kotokoli-tem-language.blogspot.com https://sites.google.com/site/ourotchabu        &lt;script async src=&quot;//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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                                                       &lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://kotokoli.blogspot.com/2020/08/blog-post.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ouro Tchabu)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiykGm989r-iZMpCpnHWmK2tBp4C2zcMI7jAX0beli7upGrfsTprC0HjGkvrNr2ENNSrMD5JdB8cgFS2PKVvZzFt6q_YvQmSMQgEqpDs-i2nBkF7sPesRkD3QpC7rV2vPuXqZD4NRhdBX0z04kIMhmEIN695Pfh4AiUdZE75gTgFc1JDVdScrtdvfKiO3M/s72-c/FB_IMG_1582242478293.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>4</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8235409830099314451.post-7795089817256337015</guid><pubDate>Fri, 15 May 2020 23:54:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2020-08-04T16:36:00.628-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">(Second)(kotokoli )(Tem news)</category><title> Second Kotokoli Tem news </title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQlj90HQlTiRcyYbQaRY_1ts66WTW2sMV5z-dIXzl-Vf-tf6iYiUmYxEQdhy7ykpRkYY34uz5RvHgT29aFV1mT8ymWEZEmd_pglBNvV1Hj2GIY44Vos4tmnq720TpgDkqvCFNBRNeY-F8/s1600/IMG-20200515-WA0013.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;443&quot; data-original-width=&quot;720&quot; height=&quot;196&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQlj90HQlTiRcyYbQaRY_1ts66WTW2sMV5z-dIXzl-Vf-tf6iYiUmYxEQdhy7ykpRkYY34uz5RvHgT29aFV1mT8ymWEZEmd_pglBNvV1Hj2GIY44Vos4tmnq720TpgDkqvCFNBRNeY-F8/s320/IMG-20200515-WA0013.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
The Tem-Kotokoli Development Association Today Thursday 14-05-2020 Made a Cheque Donation of Ten Thousand Ghana Cedis {10,000,00} on behalf of Wuro Dauda Chedere Brenai 11 {The Overlord of Tem-Kotokoli of Ghana} and on behalf of all Tem-Kotokoli of Ghana to the Covid-19 National Trust Fund at the Jubilee House,&lt;br /&gt;
Dr Inusah Abdul-Nasiru and El-haaj Mukthar Zamba Zamba Presented The Cheque,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Delegation included from your left :&lt;br /&gt;
(1) Wuro Adamu Salifu - Wuro Bemo Esso (Adenta Municipal Chief)&lt;br /&gt;
(2) Wuro Zakaria Chaa-Agodomu (Jaayoo Chief)&lt;br /&gt;
(3) Nana Alia Isso-nyena (Tchaa Atakora 1)&lt;br /&gt;
(4) Dr Inusah Abdul-Nasiru (Chairman TKDF /Senior Lecturer University of Ghana Legon)&lt;br /&gt;
(5) Wuro Mudasiru Alhassan - Batoolim na bonyoo we? (Ogbodjo Chief)&lt;br /&gt;
(6) El-haaj Mukthar Zamba Zamba (Vice Chair TKDF /President AKTEG)&lt;br /&gt;
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# SOOLE TEM-KOTOKOLI NA ESSO ESOOLE NYA&lt;br /&gt;
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# SENA TEM-KOTOKOLI NA ESSO ESENA NYA&lt;br /&gt;
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# KPAAZE TEM-KOTOKOLI NA ESSO EKPAAZI NYA&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
kotokoli tem news&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The source of Ghanaweb news&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Go for more kotokoli tem news on website facebook whatsapp Telegram and so many more All is by Ouro Tchabu and his Team&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
kotokoli Tem news All is about you.&lt;br /&gt;
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En français le journal du kotokoli Tem&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;h3 class=&quot;post-title entry-title&quot; itemprop=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #9a33cc; color: #331144; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0.75em 0px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQlj90HQlTiRcyYbQaRY_1ts66WTW2sMV5z-dIXzl-Vf-tf6iYiUmYxEQdhy7ykpRkYY34uz5RvHgT29aFV1mT8ymWEZEmd_pglBNvV1Hj2GIY44Vos4tmnq720TpgDkqvCFNBRNeY-F8/s1600/IMG-20200515-WA0013.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;color: #dd99d0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;443&quot; data-original-width=&quot;720&quot; height=&quot;196&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQlj90HQlTiRcyYbQaRY_1ts66WTW2sMV5z-dIXzl-Vf-tf6iYiUmYxEQdhy7ykpRkYY34uz5RvHgT29aFV1mT8ymWEZEmd_pglBNvV1Hj2GIY44Vos4tmnq720TpgDkqvCFNBRNeY-F8/s320/IMG-20200515-WA0013.jpg&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(69, 0, 102); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 8px; position: relative;&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;L&#39;Association pour le développement de Tem-Kotokoli a fait aujourd&#39;hui un don par chèque de dix mille Ghana Cedis {10 000,00} au nom de Wuro Dauda Chedere Brenai 11 {The Overlord of Tem-Kotokoli of Ghana} et au nom de tous. Tem-Kotokoli du Ghana au Fonds national d&#39;affectation spéciale Covid-19 à la Maison du Jubilé,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Dr Inusah Abdul-Nasiru et El-haaj Mukthar Zamba Zamba a présenté le chèque,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;la délégation comprenait de votre gauche:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;(1) Wuro Adamu Salifu - Wuro Bemo Esso (chef municipal d&#39;Adenta)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;(2) Wuro Zakaria Chaa-Agodomu (chef Jaayoo)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;(3) Nana Alia Isso-nyena (Tchaa Atakora 1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;(4) Dr Inusah Abdul-Nasiru (président TKDF / maître de conférences Université du Ghana Legon)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;(5) Wuro Mudasiru Alhassan - Batoolim na bonyoo we?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;(Chef Ogbodjo)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, Utopia, &amp;quot;Palatino Linotype&amp;quot;, Palatino, serif;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, Utopia, &amp;quot;Palatino Linotype&amp;quot;, Palatino, serif; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;goog-text-highlight&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #c9d7f1; box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;(6) El-haaj Mukthar Zamba Zamba (Vice-président TKDF / Président AKTEG)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, Utopia, &amp;quot;Palatino Linotype&amp;quot;, Palatino, serif;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, Utopia, &amp;quot;Palatino Linotype&amp;quot;, Palatino, serif;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, Utopia, &amp;quot;Palatino Linotype&amp;quot;, Palatino, serif; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;goog-text-highlight&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #c9d7f1; box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;# SOOLE TEM-KOTOKOLI NA ESSO ESOOLE NYA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, Utopia, &amp;quot;Palatino Linotype&amp;quot;, Palatino, serif;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, Utopia, &amp;quot;Palatino Linotype&amp;quot;, Palatino, serif;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, Utopia, &amp;quot;Palatino Linotype&amp;quot;, Palatino, serif; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;goog-text-highlight&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #c9d7f1; box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;# SENA TEM-KOTOKOLI NA ESSO ESENA NYA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, Utopia, &amp;quot;Palatino Linotype&amp;quot;, Palatino, serif;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, Utopia, &amp;quot;Palatino Linotype&amp;quot;, Palatino, serif;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, Utopia, &amp;quot;Palatino Linotype&amp;quot;, Palatino, serif; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;goog-text-highlight&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #c9d7f1; box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;# KPAAZE TEM-KOTOKOLI NA ESSO EKPAAZI NYA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, Utopia, &amp;quot;Palatino Linotype&amp;quot;, Palatino, serif;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, Utopia, &amp;quot;Palatino Linotype&amp;quot;, Palatino, serif;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, Utopia, &amp;quot;Palatino Linotype&amp;quot;, Palatino, serif; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;goog-text-highlight&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #c9d7f1; box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;kotokoli tem news&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, Utopia, &amp;quot;Palatino Linotype&amp;quot;, Palatino, serif;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, Utopia, &amp;quot;Palatino Linotype&amp;quot;, Palatino, serif;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, Utopia, &amp;quot;Palatino Linotype&amp;quot;, Palatino, serif; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;goog-text-highlight&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #c9d7f1; box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The&amp;nbsp; source of Ghanaweb news&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, Utopia, &amp;quot;Palatino Linotype&amp;quot;, Palatino, serif;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, Utopia, &amp;quot;Palatino Linotype&amp;quot;, Palatino, serif;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, Utopia, &amp;quot;Palatino Linotype&amp;quot;, Palatino, serif; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;goog-text-highlight&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #c9d7f1; box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Allez pour plus de nouvelles de kotokoli tem sur le site facebook facebook WhatsApp Telegram et tant d&#39;autres Tout est par Ouro Tchabu et son équipe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br &lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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                                                       &lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://kotokoli.blogspot.com/2020/05/kotokoli-tem-news.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ouro Tchabu)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQlj90HQlTiRcyYbQaRY_1ts66WTW2sMV5z-dIXzl-Vf-tf6iYiUmYxEQdhy7ykpRkYY34uz5RvHgT29aFV1mT8ymWEZEmd_pglBNvV1Hj2GIY44Vos4tmnq720TpgDkqvCFNBRNeY-F8/s72-c/IMG-20200515-WA0013.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>1</thr:total><georss:featurename>Accra Ghana</georss:featurename><georss:point>7.7574665777815044 -0.15242768549365682</georss:point><georss:box>-7.8635184222184948 -20.806724685493656 23.378451577781505 20.501869314506344</georss:box></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8235409830099314451.post-5666178008155970884</guid><pubDate>Sat, 28 Dec 2019 17:28:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2023-06-25T09:46:04.505-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">(Kotokoli)(Royaume)(histoire)</category><title>Les faits sur l&#39;histoire du tem Kotokoli</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;script&gt;(function(){/*

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&lt;h3 class=&quot;post-title entry-title&quot; itemprop=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #228855; color: #113322; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0.75em 0px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3obrQgWXfwYffJNCGxqCzkkMuP5GnDY2AcRwNOEr6Dlb3xuouRoFggOamdlhhuHXC6OmRCxE5ikX1FHijb4SZJ2gPGln-vtAMDbAVUMP0D6AIEj1TQz1CLTqj_4ubEptHJhTlLHUpsks/s1600/cameff_1552529979264.png&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; color: white; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;446&quot; data-original-width=&quot;480&quot; height=&quot;297&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3obrQgWXfwYffJNCGxqCzkkMuP5GnDY2AcRwNOEr6Dlb3xuouRoFggOamdlhhuHXC6OmRCxE5ikX1FHijb4SZJ2gPGln-vtAMDbAVUMP0D6AIEj1TQz1CLTqj_4ubEptHJhTlLHUpsks/s320/cameff_1552529979264.png&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(0, 102, 51); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 8px; position: relative;&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Les faits sur Kotokoli histoire Tem HISTOIRE DU ROYAUME DE Tchaoudjo GENERAL INTRODUCTION S&#39;il est vrai, comme journaliste Alain Foka dit: « Personne n&#39;a le droit d&#39;effacer une page de l&#39;histoire d&#39;un peuple, car un peuple sans &lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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                                                       &lt;/div&gt;</description><enclosure type='text/html' url='https://kotokoli.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_30.html?m=1' length='0'/><link>https://kotokoli.blogspot.com/2019/12/les-faits-sur-lhistoire-du-tem-kotokoli.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ouro Tchabu)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://img.youtube.com/vi/CtSUETyYnl4/default.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>1</thr:total><georss:featurename>Accra, Ghana</georss:featurename><georss:point>5.6037168 -0.18696439999996528</georss:point><georss:box>5.3508673 -0.50968789999996522 5.8565663 0.13575910000003472</georss:box></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8235409830099314451.post-2225955404609869941</guid><pubDate>Tue, 17 Dec 2019 20:21:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2021-05-04T21:06:30.501-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">(This)(is)(islam)</category><title>This is islam Ghana </title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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                                                       &lt;/div&gt;</description><enclosure type='https://islamghana.blogspot.com' url='https://islamghana.blogspot.com' length='0'/><link>https://kotokoli.blogspot.com/2019/12/this-is-islam.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ouro Tchabu)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://img.youtube.com/vi/00cjAkvetaY/default.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Accra Ghana</georss:featurename><georss:point>5.945652336280931 -0.22861223542076914</georss:point><georss:box>3.9290203362809311 -2.810399235420769 7.9622843362809306 2.3531747645792307</georss:box></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8235409830099314451.post-3582651699202933579</guid><pubDate>Thu, 12 Dec 2019 22:47:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2020-08-04T16:37:23.791-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">(Ouro)(thcabu)(Akondo)(kotokolibu)</category><title> Ouro tchabu,s website</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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                                                       &lt;/div&gt;</description><enclosure type='https://kotokoli.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_30.html?m=1text/html' url='https://kotokoli.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_30.html?m=1' length='0'/><link>https://kotokoli.blogspot.com/2019/12/websites-ouro-tchabu.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ouro Tchabu)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsKlsz0c837jLZocUhfII6VtlmOaujJd6BYLTd5-eIDf_T1Je_JgKLE8PXCWGgHfnNp8aWGMZGBUrQWc14RXmMbTkGgyfQNQiN22HtA3xlk2_v5XO4CmBUnwu2N2XE26NQ8ZVcM5RZ7K4/s72-c/Images1569784837392.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Accra, Ghana</georss:featurename><georss:point>5.6037168 -0.18696439999996528</georss:point><georss:box>5.3508673 -0.50968789999996522 5.8565663 0.13575910000003472</georss:box></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8235409830099314451.post-9140337490199010389</guid><pubDate>Sun, 10 Nov 2019 22:57:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2020-08-04T16:39:25.009-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">(kotokolis)(in)(Ghana)(Germany )</category><title>lebenden Sprachen in Ghana</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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lebenden Sprachen in Ghana



Willkommen in Sprachen in Ghana leben



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lebende Sprachen
Abron
[abr] 1.050.000 in Ghana (2003). Bevölkerung insgesamt alle Länder: 1.181.700. Tex Mex Ghana, nordwestlich von Asante Twi. Auch in der Elfenbeinküste gesprochen. Mögliche Nahmen:
Brong, Bron, Doma, Gyaman. Einstufung: Niger-Kongo,
Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano,
Central, Akan
Adamorobe Gebärdensprache
[Anzeigen] 3.400 einschließlich hörenden Menschen (2003). Adamorobe, ein
Dorf in der östlichen Region. Die Bezirkshauptstadt ist
Aburi. Klassifizierung: Deaf Gebärdensprache
Adangbe&lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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[adq] Bevölkerung insgesamt alle Länder: 2000. Grenzgebiet mit Togo direkt östlich von Ho. Agotime sind vor allem in Ghana. Volta Region. Ghana Städte sind Kpoeta, Apegame und andere. Auch in Togo gesprochen. Mögliche Nahmen: Dangbe, Adantonwi, Agotime, Adan. Dialekte: In der Nähe Igo. Einstufung:
Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo, Kwa, Left Bank,
Kposo-Ahlo-Bowili
Adele
[ade] 11.000 in Ghana (2003). Ostmittelschweden Grenze zu Togo. Ober Adele ist in Togo, Lower Adele in Ghana. Mögliche Nahmen: Gidire, Bidire. Dialekte: Obere Adele, Lower Adele.
Einstufung: Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo,
Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Basila-Adele
Ahanta
[aha] 142.000 (2003). Südwestküste. Einstufung:
Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo, Kwa, Nyo,
Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, Süd
Akan
[alias] 8.300.000 (2004 SIL). Bevölkerung umfasst 2.800.000 Asante Twi, 1.900.000 Fante, 555.000 Akuapem Twi (2004). Die Asante sind Südmittelfrankreich, Ashanti Province. Die Akuapem sind Südosten, in Gebieten nördlich von Accra. Die Fante sind Südmittelfrankreich, zwischen Winneba, Takoradi und Obuasi. Dialekten:&lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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Fante (Fanti, Mfantse), Akuapem (Akwapem Twi TWI, Akuapim, Akwapi), Asante (Ashante Twi, Asanti, Achanti), Agona, Dankyira, Asen, Akyem bosome, Kwawu (Kwahu), Ahafo.
Einstufung: Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo,
Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Akan
Akposo
[KPO] 7500 in Ghana (2003). Süd. Mögliche Nahmen:
Kposo, Ikposo, Akposso. Dialekten: Amou Oblou, Ikponu, Iwi (Uwi), Litime (Badou), Logbo, Uma. Einstufung:
Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo, Kwa, Left Bank,
Kposo-Ahlo-Bowili
Animere
[anf] 700 (2003). Ostmittelschweden, Kecheibi und Kunda Dörfer,
Remote - Standort. Keiner in Togo. Mögliche Nahmen: Anyimere,
Kunda. Einstufung: Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo,
Volta-Kongo, Kwa, Left Bank, Kebu-Animere
Anufo
[cko] 66.000 in Ghana (2003). Bevölkerung insgesamt alle
Länder: 137.600. Nordost um Wawjayga. Auch gesprochen
in Benin, Togo. Mögliche Nahmen: Chokosi, Chakosi, Kyokosi,
Tchokossi, Tiokossi. Einstufung: Niger-Kongo,
Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano,
Central, Bia, Nord
Anyin
[any] 250.000 in Ghana (2003). Zwischen Abron im Norden, Nzema im Süden, Côte d&#39;Ivoire im Westen, Twi im Osten. Der Aowin Dialekt ist in Ghana. Mögliche Nahmen: Anyi, Agni. Dialekte: Aowin (Brissa, Brosa). Einstufung:
Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo, Kwa, Nyo,
Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, Nord
Avatime
[AVN] 24.000 (2003). S, Zentrum in Amedzofe (Amajofe). Mögliche Nahmen: Afatime, Sideme, Sia. Dialekte:
Nähe Nyangbo, Tafi. Einstufung: Niger-Kongo,
Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo, Kwa, Left Bank, Avatime-Nyangbo
Awutu
[AFU] 180.000 (2003). Küste, westlich von Accra. Dialekte: Awutu,&lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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Efutu, Senya. Einstufung: Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo,
Volta-Kongo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, Süd - Guang
Bimoba
[bim] 120.000 (2004 SIL). Ethnische Bevölkerung: 200.000. Nordosten, Gambaga District, südlich von Kusaasi, nördlich von Konkomba. Mögliche Nahmen: Moar, Moor. Dialekte: Bezug zu Moba von Togo, aber nicht von Natur verständlich mit ihm.
Einstufung: Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo,
Nord, Gur, Zentral-, Nord-, Oti-Volta, Gurma, Moba
Birifor, Süd
[BIV] 125.000 in Ghana (2003). Bevölkerung insgesamt alle Länder: 129.308. Nordwest - Ecke. Auch in der Elfenbeinküste gesprochen. Mögliche Nahmen: Birifo, Ghana Birifor. Dialekte:
Eine eigene Sprache von Wali, Dagaari, Malba-Birifor von
Burkina Faso. Einstufung: Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo,
Volta-Kongo, Norden, Gur, Zentral-, Nord-, Oti-Volta,
West, Nordwest, Dagaari-Birifor, Birifor
Bissa
[Bib] 165.900 in Ghana (2003). Nordost. Mögliche Nahmen:
Bisa. Dialekte: Lebir (West Bisa), Baraka (Eastern
Bisa). Einstufung: Niger-Kongo, Mande, Osten,
Osten, Bissa
Buli
[BWU] 150.000 (2003 GILLBT). Sandema District. Keine in
Burkina Faso. Mögliche Nahmen: Builsa, Bulisa, Kanjaga,
Guresha. Dialekte: Konni ist die nächste Sprache. Lexikalische
Ähnlichkeit 77% mit Mampruli. Einstufung: Niger-Kongo,
Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo, Norden, Gur, Zentral-, Nord-,
Oti-Volta, Buli-Koma
Chakali
[cli] 6000 (2003 GILLBT). Östlich von Wa. Ducie ist größte
Dorf. Dialekte: lexikalische Ähnlichkeit 62% mit Tampulma,
68% mit Vagla. Einstufung: Niger-Kongo,
Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo, Norden, Gur, Mittel-, Süd-,
Grusi, Western
Chala&lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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[CLL] 3000 (2003 GILLBT). Dörfer von Nkwanta, Odomi, Ago in der Volta Region. Jadigbe Dorf in der Nähe von Seipe, südlich von Ekumdipe in der nördlichen Region beträgt 35% Chala. Keiner in Togo.
Mögliche Nahmen: Tshala, Cala. Einstufung: Niger-Kongo,
Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo, Norden, Gur, Mittel-, Süd-,
Grusi, Eastern
Cherepon
[CPN] 111.000 (2003). Eine Tasche zwischen der Ga und Twi Gebieten
nördlich von Larteh. Mögliche Nahmen: Okere, Kyerepong,
Chiripong, Chiripon. Einstufung: Niger-Kongo,
Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano,
Guang, Süd - Guang
Chumburung
[ncu] 69.000 (2004 SIL). Bevölkerung umfasst 2.700 Yeji. Eine Dreiecksfläche mit Volta - See im Süden, Daka Fluss im Nordwesten, Yeji südlich des Sees. Mögliche Nahmen:
Nchumburung, Nchimburu, Nchummuru, Kyongborong. Dialekten:
Northern Chumburung (Banda), Süd - Chumburung (Lonto, Gurubi, Chinderi, Bejamse, Borae), Yeji (Yedji). Berichten mit Krache sein verständlich; jedoch sind Krachen Lautsprecher nicht geneigt Chumburung Materialien zu verwenden. Lexikalische Ähnlichkeit 77% mit Yeji, 79% mit Kplang, 78% mit Krache, 69% mit Dwang, 67% mit Nawuri und Gichode, 60% mit Gonja.
Einstufung: Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo,
Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang
Dagaare, Süd
[dga] 700.000 (2003). 1.000.000 einschließlich Nord Dagara in Burkina Faso (2003). Nordwestecke von Ghana, westlichen Teil der Upper West Region. Mögliche Nahmen: Südlicher Dagari, Dagari, Dagara, Degati, Dagati, Dogaari, Dagaare. Dialekte:
Dagaare und Birifor sind teilweise verständlich. Es unterscheidet sich von Nord Dagara in Burkina Faso.
Einstufung: Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo,
Nord, Gur, Zentral-, Nord-, Oti-Volta, Western,
Northwest, Dagaari-Birifor, Dagaari
Dagbani
[dag] 800.000 (2004 SIL). Nordost um Tamale und so weit wie Yendi. Mögliche Nahmen: Dagbane, Dagomba, Dagbamba. Dialekte: Nanuni (Nanumba). Lexikalische Ähnlichkeit 95% mit Mampruli, 90% mit Talni, 89% mit Kusaal. Einstufung:
Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo, Norden, Gur,
Zentral-, Nord-, Oti-Volta, Western, Südost
Dangme
[ada] 800.000 (2004 SIL). Süd - Ost - Küste östlich von Accra und im
Binnenland. Mögliche Nahmen: Adangme. Dialekte: Ada, Ningo,
Osu, Shai, Gbugbla, Krobo. Einstufung: Niger-Kongo,
Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo, Kwa, Nyo, Ga-Dangme
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[mzw] 26.400 in Ghana (2003). Bevölkerung insgesamt alle Länder: 27.500. West - Zentrum, westlich von Volta - See. Auch in der Elfenbeinküste gesprochen. Mögliche Nahmen: Degha, Mo, Mmfo, Aculo, Janela, Buru. Dialekte: Longoro, Mangum, Boe.
Lexikalische Ähnlichkeit 78% mit Vagla. Einstufung:
Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo, Norden, Gur,
Mittel-, Süd-, Grusi, Western
Delo
[NTR] 10.900 in Ghana (2003). Bevölkerung insgesamt alle Länder: 16.300. Ostmittelschweden Grenze zu Togo. Der Oberhäuptling ist Brewaniase, 20 Meilen südlich von Nkwanta.
Auch in Togo gesprochen. Mögliche Nahmen: Ntrubo, Ntribu,
Ntribou. Dialekte: Es wird von Kwa zu Gur reklassifiziert
Familie. Einstufung: Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo,
Volta-Kongo, Norden, Gur, Mitte, Süd, Grusi, Ost
Dompo
[doy] 60 bis 70 (1999 Blench). Ethnische Bevölkerung: 965 (2000 WCD). Brong-Ahafo Region, ein Viertel von Banda genannt Dompofie. Mögliche Nahmen: Dumpo, Ndmpo. Einstufung:
Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo, Kwa, Nyo,
Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang
dwang
[nnu] 8.200 (2003 GILLBT). Bevölkerung umfasst 1.600 Bekye, 3.300 Kenyen, 3.300 Wiase. Südlich von Volta - See und die Chumburung, östlich von Atebubu. Mögliche Nahmen: Dwan, Nchumunu. Dialekte: Bekye, Kenyen, Wiase. Ein Dialekt Cluster. Am nächsten an Kplang. 75% Verständnis von Chumburung. Krache versteht sich gut , weil der Kontakt.
Einstufung: Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo,
Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang
Englisch
[eng] Klassifizierung: Indo-European, germanischer, West,
Englisch
Mutterschaf
[ewe] 2.250.500 in Ghana (2003). Bevölkerung insgesamt alle Länder: 3.112.400. Süd - Ost - Ecke. Auch in Togo gesprochen. Mögliche Nahmen: Eibe, EBWE, Eve, Efe, Eue, Vhe, Gbe, Krepi, Krepe, Popo. Dialekte: Anglo (Anlo), Awuna, Hudu, Kotafoa. Westlichste Sprache der Sprache Cluster Gbe.
Einstufung: Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo,
Kwa, Left Bank, Gbe
Farefare
[Gur] 820.000 in Ghana (2003). Bevölkerung umfasst in der Upper East Region zu 656.000 auf, und mindestens 164.000 in verschiedenen Städten in anderen Regionen (2003). Bevölkerung insgesamt alle Länder: 845.100. Nordost-Ghana, Upper East Region um Bolgatanga, Frafra District, und so weit westlich wie Navrongo. Auch in Burkina Faso gesprochen. Mögliche Nahmen:
Frafra, Gurenne, Gurune, Nankani. Dialekten: Gurune (Gudenne, Gurenne, Gudeni, Zuadeni), Nankani (Naani, Nankanse), Booni, Talni (Talensi, Talene), NABT (Nabit, Nabde, Nabte, Nabdam, Nabdug, Nabrug, Nabnam, Namnam). 5 große Dialekte und viele Unmündigen, alle in der Lage die veröffentlichten Materialien zu verwenden. Die Dialekte sind unterteilt nach Geografie und ethnischen Untergrenzen. Einige Dialekte sind nach Städten oder Ortschaften benannt. Lautsprecher zu berücksichtigen Dagaare insbesondere eine Schwester Sprache. Einstufung:
Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo, Norden, Gur,
Zentral-, Nord-, Oti-Volta, Western, Northwest
Fulfulde, Maasina
[FFM] 7300 in Ghana (1991). Northern, in kleinen Gruppen.
Mögliche Nahmen: Peul, Fulbe, Maacina. Einstufung:
Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo, Atlantik, Nord-,
Senegambian, Fulani-Wolof, Fula, West Central
Ga
[gaa] 600.000 (2004 SIL). Süd - Ost - Küste der Umgebung von Accra.
Mögliche Namen: Amina, Gain, Accra, Acra. Einstufung:
Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo, Kwa, Nyo, Ga-Dangme
ghanaischen Gebärdensprache
[GSE] Dialekte: Bezug zu amerikanischen und nigerischen Gebärdensprachen. Brachte 1957 von Missionar Andrew Foster. Unterscheidet sich von Amerikanische Gebärdensprache in Lexikon. Es gibt neue und lokale Zeichen, und einige von ASL modifiziert.
Klassifizierung: Deaf Gebärdensprache
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[acd] 10.400 (2003). Ostmittelschweden, an der Grenze zu Togo.
Fernbedienung. 9 Dörfer. Mögliche Nahmen: Kyode, Chode.
Dialekte: lexikalische Ähnlichkeit 75% mit Ginyanga von Togo.
Einstufung: Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo,
Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang
Gonja
[gjn] 230.000 (2004 SIL). Im südlichen Teil der Nordregion, West-Zentral Ghana, um die oberen Zweige des Volta - See und vom Schwarzen Volta - Fluss in das Gebiet auf beiden Seiten des Weiß Volta. Mögliche Nahmen: Ngbanyito. Dialekte: Gonja, Choruba (Choroba). Es ist nicht verständlich mit Chumburung. Einstufung:
Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo, Kwa, Nyo,
Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang
Gua
[GWx] 60.200 (2003). Eine Tasche in Ewe - Bereich. Mögliche Nahmen: Anum-Boso, Gwa. Dialekte: Anu (Anum), Boso.
Einstufung: Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo,
Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, Süd - Guang
Hanga
[hag] 6.800 (2003 GILLBT). Bevölkerung umfasst 4.100 im traditionellen Bereich, 2.700 anderswo. Nord - Zentral, im Südosten der Reserve Mole Spiel, Damongo District. Das größte Dorf ist Murugu. Mögliche Nahmen: Anga. Dialekte:
Northern Hanga, Süd Hanga. Kamara ist eine separate
Sprache. Unterdialekte des südlichen Hanga sind Langantere,
Murugu, Damongo; Unterdialekte von Northern Hanga sind Yazori
und Bowena. Lexikalische Ähnlichkeit 84% mit Dagaare und
Farefare. Einstufung: Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo,
Volta-Kongo, Norden, Gur, Zentral-, Nord-, Oti-Volta,
West, Süd - Ost -
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[hau] Einstufung: Afro-Asiatischen, Chadic, West, A, A.1
Jwira- Pepesa
[jwi] 18.000 (2003 GILLBT). Südwestecke. Die Jwira Live nördlich von Axim von Bamiankaw zu Humjibere entlang der Ankobra River (18 Dörfer). Die Pepesa leben auf Wasa Land zwischen Agona Junction und Tarkwa. Dompim ist der Hauptort. Ein Gebirge trennt die beiden Gruppen. Mögliche Nahmen:
Pepesa-Jwira. Dialekte: Jwira, Pepesa. 60% Verständlichkeit
der Nzema. Einstufung: Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo,
Volta-Kongo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia,
Süd
Kabiye
[kbp] Norden. Mögliche Nahmen: Kabire, Cabrai, KABURE,
Kabye, Cabrais. Einstufung: Niger-Kongo,
Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo, Norden, Gur, Mittel-, Süd-,
Grusi, Eastern
Kamara
[JMR] 3000 (2003 GILLBT). Ethnische Bevölkerung: 5000 in Ghana (2003 GILLBT). Larabanga Dorf, etwa 10 Meilen entlang der Straße westlich von Damongo, in der Mitte der Nordregion, am Rande des Gebiets Hanga. Safaliba Quellen berichten , ein weiteres kleines Dorf etwa 15 bis 20 Meilen südlich von Bole. Einige ethnische Kamara in Mandari sprechen Safaliba, nicht Kamara. J.
Becuwe berichtet über eine Bevölkerung von 3000 in Bouna, Côte
d&#39;Ivoire (1981). Dialekte: Signifikant verschieden von
Hanga und verschiedene kulturell. Näher an Dagbani als zu
Hanga (G. Jagd 1997). Einstufung: Niger-Kongo,
Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo, Norden, Gur, Zentral-, Nord-,
Oti-Volta, Western, Südost
Kantosi
[XKT] 2300 in Ghana (2003 GILLBT). Bevölkerung umfasst 280 bis 400 in Sandema District, wahrscheinlich etwa 280 in Kpaliwongo. Nord - Zentral - Ghana, Sandema District, unter dem Bulsa (Buli Sprache). Andere Siedlungen in der Nähe von Wa, in Navrongo, Bolgatonga, Nalerigu und Kpaliwogo. Sie sagen Kpaliwongo, ein Dorf südöstlich von Funsi (Upper West Region), ist ihre Herkunft. Nachdem in den Tagen der Sklaven Raiding zerstört, wurde sie wieder aufgebaut und Kantosis haben zurück bewegt. Auch in Burkina Faso gesprochen. Mögliche Nahmen: Kantonsi, Yare, Yarsi, Dagaare-Dioula.
Dialekte: In der Nähe Kamara, Farefare, Dagbani.
Einstufung: Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo,
Nord, Gur, Zentral-, Nord-, Oti-Volta, Western, Südost -
Kasem
[xsm] 130.000 in Ghana (2004 SIL). Nord - Zentral (Navrongo Bezirk). Mögliche Nahmen: Kasena, Kassena, Kassene.
Dialekte: Nunuma, Lela, Kasem, Fere. Einstufung:
Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo, Norden, Gur,
Mittel-, Süd-, Grusi, Nord
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[xon] 500.000 in Ghana (2003). Bevölkerung insgesamt alle Länder: 550.100. Nordostgrenzgebiet um Guerin, Yendi District. Viele Gruppen sind in ganz Nord - Zentral - Ghana verstreut. Auch in Togo gesprochen. Mögliche Nahmen:
Likpakpaln, Kpankpam, Kom Komba. Dialekte:
Lichabool-Nalong, Limonkpel, Linafiel, Likoonli, Ligbeln.
Einstufung: Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo,
Nord, Gur, Zentral-, Nord-, Oti-Volta, Gurma
Konni
[KMA] 3800 (2003 GILLBT). Fernbedienung und isoliert. Im Südosten des Sisaala und westlich des Mamprusi. Keine Straßen. 5 Dörfer;
Yikpabongo ist die wichtigste, Nangurima eine andere. Mögliche Nahmen: Koni, Koma, Komung. Dialekte: Bezug zu Mampruli, Hanga, Buli. Lexikalische Ähnlichkeit 60% mit Buli.
Einstufung: Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo,
Nord, Gur, Zentral-, Nord-, Oti-Volta, Buli-Koma
Kplang
[kph] 1600 (2003 GILLBT). Südlich von Volta - See, südlich von
Yeji (Chumburung). Mögliche Nahmen: Prang. Dialekte: 73%
Verständlichkeit von Chumburung. 96% Verständnis Yeji aufgrund
zu Nähe. Lexikalische Ähnlichkeit 92% mit Yeji Chumburung,
79% mit Chumburung. Einstufung: Niger-Kongo,
Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano,
Guang, North Guang
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[kye] 58.000 (2004 SIL). Central, in der Nähe von Nchimburu, Fläche von Kete Krachi. Mögliche Nahmen: Krachi, Krakye, Kaakyi.
Einstufung: Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo,
Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang
Kulango, Bondoukou
[KZC] 27.000 in Ghana (2003 GILLBT). West Central, westlich von Wenchi. Mögliche Nahmen: Nkuraeng, Nkurange, Koulango, Kulange, Kolango, Bonduku Kulango. Einstufung:
Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo, Nord, Gur, Kulango
Kulango, Bouna
[nku] 15.500 in Ghana (1991). West zentrales Grenzgebiet.
Mögliche Nahmen: Nkuraeng, Buna Kulango, Bouna Koulango.
Dialekte: Sekwa, Nabanj. Einstufung: Niger-Kongo,
Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo, Nord, Gur, Kulango
Kusaal
[kus] 420.000 in Ghana (2004 SIL). Bevölkerung umfasst 350.000 Angole, 70.000 Toende. Bevölkerung insgesamt alle Länder: 437.000. Nordostecke, Bawku District. Auch in Burkina Faso gesprochen. Mögliche Nahmen: Kusale, Kusasi. Dialekte: Angole (Eastern Kusaal), Toende (West Kusaal). Weitere Untersuchungen von Toende in Burkina Faso benötigt wird , einschließlich der inhärenten Sprachverständlichkeit und Spracheinstellungen. Mögliche marginal Verständlichkeit von Eastern (Angole) Kusaal. Viele behaupten zu können , die entsprechenden Sprachen verstehen: moore, Dagbani, Mampruli, Farefare (Gurenne). Kusaal ist ein Mitglied der Moore- Dagbani Cluster.
Einstufung: Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo,
Norden, Gur, Mittel-, Nord-, Oti-Volta, Western,
Südosten, Kusaal
Lama
[las] Mehrere hundert oder vielleicht Tausende in Ghana (1996). Ca. 100 km südlich von Bassar, über Yendi, und sogar so weit, Tamale und südöstlich von Tamale. Mögliche Nahmen: Lamba, Losso. Dialekte: Kadjala (Kadjalla). Einstufung:
Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo, Norden, Gur,
Mittel-, Süd-, Grusi, Eastern
Larteh
[lar] 74.000 (2003 GILLBT). Eine Tasche in der Ga und Twi Bereichen, südlich von Cherepon. Mögliche Nahmen: Spät, Lete, Gua.
Einstufung: Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo,
Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, Süd - Guang
Lelemi
[lef] 48.900 (2003). Süd - Ost, Stadt Jasikan. Wechseln
Namen: Lefana, Lafana, Buem. Einstufung: Niger-Kongo,
Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Lelemi, Lelemi-Akpafu
Ligbi
[lig] 15.000 in Ghana (2003 GILLBT). Bevölkerung insgesamt alle Länder: 19.000. Numasa, Nordwest Brong-Ahafo, östlich von Sampa und nordwestlich von Wenchi. Auch in der Elfenbeinküste gesprochen. Mögliche Nahmen: Ligwi, Nigbi, Nigwi, Tuba, Banda, Dzowo, Namasa, Tsie, Weila, Wiila, Weela, Jogo.
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Bungase, Gyogo, Hwela (Weila, Wiila, Weela, Vwela), Dwera (Manji-Kasa), Atumfuor (Atumfuor-Kasa), Ntoleh.
Einstufung: Niger-Kongo, Mande, Western,
Zentral-South - Western, Central, Manding-Jogo, Jogo-Jeri, Jogo
Logba
[LGQ] 7500 (2003). Süd-Ost. Einstufung: Niger-Kongo,
Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Logba
Mampruli
[maw] 220000 in Ghana (2004 SIL). Osten und Westen von Gambaga, im Nordosten Nordregion. Auch in Togo gesprochen. Mögliche Nahmen: Mamprule, Manpelle, Ngmamperli. Dialekte: Eastern Mampruli, Western Mampruli. 50% Verständlichkeit Dagbani. Lexikalische Ähnlichkeit 95% mit Dagbani, 90% mit Farefare.
Einstufung: Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo,
Norden, Gur, Mittel-, Nord-, Oti-Volta, Western, Südost
Nafaanra
[nfr] 61.000 in Ghana (2003 GILLBT). Westgrenze, östlich von Bondoukou in Côte d&#39;Ivoire. Auch in der Elfenbeinküste gesprochen. Mögliche Nahmen: Nafana, Nafaara, Pantera-Fantera, Banda, Dzama, Gambo. Dialekte: Pantera, Fantera.
Einstufung: Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo,
Nord, Gur, Senufo, Nafaanra
Nawdm
[nmz] In Accra, Ho, Kpandu und Volta - Region. Mögliche
Namen: Naudm, Nawdam, Naoudem. Einstufung: Niger-Kongo,
Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo, Norden, Gur, Zentral-, Nord-,
Oti-Volta, Jom-Nawdm
Nawuri
[naw] 14.000 (2003 GILLBT). Ostmittelschweden, vor allem am westlichen Ufer des Flusses Oti Zweig des Lake Volta. Dialekte: Nächste inhärente Verständlichkeit von Gikyode. Nicht verständlich mit Chumburung. Höchste Ähnlichkeit mit dem lexikalischen Buipe Dialekt Gonja (72%). Einstufung:
Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo, Kwa, Nyo,
Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang
Nchumbulu
[NLU] 1800 (2003 SIL). Drei Dörfer westlich von Volta - See
in der Nähe von Kplang. Dialekte: Können Chumburung oder Dwan verwenden
Literatur. Einstufung: Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo,
Volta-Kongo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang
Nkonya
[nko] 28.000 (2004 SIL). Süd - Ost - Ghana, von dem Nordwesten
Mutterschaf. Einige unter dem Gua. Einstufung: Niger-Kongo,
Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano,
Guang, North Guang
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[Knospe] 57.000 in Ghana (2004 SIL). Mögliche Nahmen: Tobote, Ncham, Bassar, Bassari, Basari, Basar, Basare. Dialekte:
Bitaapul. Einstufung: Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo,
Volta-Kongo, Norden, Gur, Zentral-, Nord-, Oti-Volta,
Gurma, Ntcham
Nyangbo
[nyb] 6.400 (2003). Süd - Ost - Ghana. Mögliche Nahmen:
Tutrugbu. Dialekte: Menschen , die keinen Kontakt mit Tafi hatten hatten 67% Verständlichkeit es auf Tests; Menschen 30 bis 50 Jahre alt waren fast perfekt Verständnis. Es wird berichtet , nur phonologische Unterschiede.
Einstufung: Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo,
Kwa, Left Bank, Avatime-Nyangbo
Nzema
[nzi] 262.000 in Ghana (2004 SIL). Bevölkerung insgesamt alle Länder: 328.700. Südwestecke. Auch in der Elfenbeinküste gesprochen. Mögliche Nahmen: Nzima, Appolo. Dialekte: Evalue.
Einstufung: Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo,
Paasaal
[sig] 36.000 (2003 GILLBT). Upper West Region, 80 km südlich von Tumu, 105 km östlich von Wa, etwa 18 Dörfern. Mögliche Nahmen: Pasaale, Funsile, Süd Sisaala, Pasaale Sisaala. Dialekte: Gilbagala, Pasaali. Gilbagala ist Paasaal näher als Tumulung Sisaala. Der Dialekt in Funsi Kundogo vorherrschend unter den Paasaal Dörfern. Einstufung:
Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo, Nord, Gur,
Mittel-, Süd-, Grusi, Western
Safaliba
[saf] 4000 (2003). Unmittelbar westlich und südlich von Bole, westliche Nordregion. Dörfer Mandari, Tanyire, Manfuli und Gbenfu und Siedlungen in den nahe gelegenen Städten Bote, Sawla, Kalba. Lautsprecher auch in Vonkoro und Bouna, Côte d&#39;Ivoire gemeldet. Mögliche Nahmen: Safali, Safalaba, Safalba. Dialekte: lexikalische Ähnlichkeit 79% mit Dagaari.
Einstufung: Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo,
Nord, Gur, Zentral-, Nord-, Oti-Volta, Western, Northwest
Sehwi
[SFW] 250.000 (2003). Southwest Ghana. Mögliche Nahmen:
Sefwi, Asahyue. Dialekte: In der Nähe Anyin von Côte
d&#39;Ivoire. Einstufung: Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo,
Volta-Kongo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia,
Northern
Sekpele
[Lippe] 23.400 (2003). Südost, im Norden von Hohoe. Mögliche Nahmen: Likpe, Mu, Bosele. Dialekte: Sekwa, Sekpele.
Einstufung: Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo,
Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Lelemi, Likpe-Santrokofi
Selee&lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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[snw] 11.300 (2003 GILLBT). Südosten, Dörfer von Benua,
Bume, Gbodome. Mögliche Nahmen: Santrokofi, Sentrokofi,
Bale, Sele. Einstufung: Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo,
Volta-Kongo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Lelemi, Likpe-Santrokofi
Sisaala, Tumulung
[sil] 105.000 (2003 GILLBT). Nord - Zentral, Tumu District.
Mögliche Nahmen: Sisai, Issala, Hissala, Sisala Tumu,
Isaalung. Dialekte: Isala, Gil Bagale (Galebagla), Nsihaa,
Potule. Einstufung: Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo,
Volta-Kongo, Norden, Gur, Mittel-, Süd-, Grusi, Western
Sisaala, Western
[ssl] 30.000 (2003 GILLBT). Nord - Zentral, Lambusie und die
umliegenden Städte. Mögliche Nahmen: Busillu Sisala, Sisai,
Issala, Hissala. Dialekte: In der Nähe Sissala von Burkina
Faso. Einstufung: Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo,
Volta-Kongo, Norden, Gur, Mittel-, Süd-, Grusi, Western
Siwu
[akp] 27.000 (2003). Südost, im Norden von Hohoe. Mögliche Nahmen: Akpafu-Lolobi, Lolobi-Akpafu, Siwusi. Dialekte:
Akpafu, Lolobi. Lolobi und Akpafu sind von Natur aus
verständlich, aber seit der politisch getrennt gewesen
1800s. Eine Stichprobe durchschnittlich 66% Verständnis für
Ewe gemischten Diskurstypen. Einstufung: Niger-Kongo,
Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Lelemi,
Lelemi-Akpafu
Tafi
[TCD] 4.400 (2003). Ostmittelschweden, nahe der Grenze Togo. Keiner in Togo. Mögliche Nahmen: Tegbo. Einstufung:
Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo, Kwa, Left Bank,
Avatime-Nyangbo
Tampulma
[tpm] 16.000 (2003). Zentral Norden, Süden von Sisaala, Damongo District, 25 Dörfer. Mögliche Nahmen: Tamprusi, Tampole, Tampolem, Tampolense, Tamplima, Tampele. Dialekte:
2 von Natur aus verständlichen Dialekten. Lexikalische Ähnlichkeit 62%
mit Chakali. Einstufung: Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo,
Volta-Kongo, Nord, Gur, Mittel-, Süd-, Grusi, Western
Tem
[KDH] 53.000 in Ghana. Die meisten in Accra. Mögliche Nahmen:
Kotokoli, Cotocoli, Tim, Timu, Temba. Einstufung:
Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo, Norden, Gur,
Mittel-, Süd-, Grusi, Eastern
Tuwuli
[BOV] 11.400 (2003 GILLBT). Volta Region, von Volta - See
nach Osten zu Amanfro auf der Hohoe-Jasikan Straße. Nicht gefunden
Togo. Mögliche Nahmen: Bowiri, Bowili, Liwuli, Siwuri,
Bawuli, Tuwili. Einstufung: Niger-Kongo,&lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo, Kwa, Left Bank,
Kposo-Ahlo-Bowili
Vagla
[vag] 13.500 (2003 GILLBT). West - Zentrum in der Nähe von Sawla, Northern Province, Damongo District. Mögliche Nahmen:
Vagala, Sitigo, Kira, Konosarola, Paxala. Dialekte: Bole, Buge. Lexikalische Ähnlichkeit 68% mit Chakali. Einstufung:
Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo, Norden, Gur,
Mittel-, Süd-, Grusi, Western
Wali
[WLX] 138.000 (2003). Nordwest - Ecke. Mögliche Nahmen:
Waali, Wala, Ala, Ouala. Dialekten: Fufula, Yeri Waali,
Cherii, &#39;Bulengee,&#39; Dolimi. Unterscheidet sich von Birifor und
Dagaari. Einstufung: Niger-Kongo, Atlantik-Kongo,
Volta-Kongo, Norden, Gur, Zentral-, Nord-, Oti-Volta,
West, Nordwest -
Wasa
[WSS] 309.000 (2003). Tex Mex Ghana. Mögliche Nahmen:
Wasaw, Wassa. Dialekte: Amenfi, Fianse. Einige
Verständlichkeit von Abron. Einstufung: Niger-Kongo,
Atlantik-Kongo, Volta-Kongo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano,
Central, Akan&lt;br /&gt;
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                                                       &lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://kotokoli.blogspot.com/2019/11/lebenden-sprachen-in-ghana.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ouro Tchabu)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtHQmG-ELW0rFJqCVvKAruFSiZlN_jCitXfmgP4WqtDGDPORZNP7s0OA-8qEAVcYdt7Az5xjuh63-087rM9Qd9fw_qElH3mfgBQEDdnCc2QEkeeMM18XVoLsM_amjQl7hA5Ic1CxglKeg/s72-c/Images1569784708903.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>1</thr:total><georss:featurename>Accra, Ghana</georss:featurename><georss:point>5.6037168 -0.18696439999996528</georss:point><georss:box>5.3508673 -0.50968789999996522 5.8565663 0.13575910000003472</georss:box></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8235409830099314451.post-7539570418881812776</guid><pubDate>Sun, 29 Sep 2019 19:30:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2023-06-25T09:49:17.686-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">(Living)(people)(in)(Ghana)</category><title>living languages in Ghana </title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: magenta;&quot;&gt;Welcome to living languages in Ghana&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: magenta;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://kotokoli.blogspot.com/2019/11/lebenden-sprachen-in-ghana.html?m=1&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://kotokoli.blogspot.com/2019/11/lebenden-sprachen-in-ghana.html?m=1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: magenta;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: magenta;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: magenta;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;tdc-header-wrap&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;td-header-wrap tdm-header tdm-header-style-2&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; z-index: 2000;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;td-header-menu-wrap-full td-container-wrap&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; height: 54px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; position: relative; width: 320px; z-index: 9998;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;td-container td-header-row td-header-main-menu&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #222222; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, arial, sans-serif; height: 54px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 0px; position: relative; width: 320px; z-index: 999;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a class=&quot;td-mobile-logo td-sticky-header&quot; href=&quot;https://www.newsghana.com.gh/&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4db2ec; display: block; line-height: 80px; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;News Ghana&quot; class=&quot;td-retina-data td-retina-version&quot; data-retina=&quot;/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/newsghanalogo.png&quot; src=&quot;https://www.newsghana.com.gh/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/newsghanalogo.png&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; bottom: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; inset: 0px; left: 0px; margin: auto; max-height: 48px; max-width: 180px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; title=&quot;News Ghana&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h1 class=&quot;td-logo&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-weight: 400; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;menu-main-menu-container&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;td-main-content-wrap td-main-page-wrap td-container-wrap&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 26px; padding-top: 32px; width: 320px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;td-container tdc-content-wrap&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; width: 320px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h1 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 40px; margin: 33px 0px 23px;&quot;&gt;
Living languages&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 30px; margin: 27px 0px 17px;&quot;&gt;
Abron&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px;&quot;&gt;
[abr] 1,050,000 in Ghana (2003). Population total all countries: 1,181,700. Southwestern Ghana, northwest of Asante Twi. Also spoken in Côte d’Ivoire. Alternate names:&lt;br /&gt;
Brong, Bron, Doma, Gyaman.&amp;nbsp; Classification: Niger-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano,&lt;br /&gt;
Central, Akan&lt;br /&gt;
Adamorobe Sign Language&lt;br /&gt;
[ads] 3,400 including hearing people (2003). Adamorobe, a&lt;br /&gt;
village in the Eastern Region. The district capital is&lt;br /&gt;
Aburi. Classification: Deaf sign language&lt;/div&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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&lt;h2 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 27px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 38px; margin: 30px 0px 20px;&quot;&gt;
Adangbe&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px;&quot;&gt;
[adq] Population total all countries: 2,000. Border area with Togo directly east of Ho. Agotime are mainly in Ghana.&amp;nbsp; Volta Region. Ghana towns are Kpoeta, Apegame, and others.&amp;nbsp; Also spoken in Togo. Alternate names: Dangbe, Adantonwi, Agotime, Adan.&amp;nbsp; Dialects: Close to Igo.&amp;nbsp; Classification:&lt;br /&gt;
Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank,&lt;br /&gt;
Kposo-Ahlo-Bowili&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 27px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 38px; margin: 30px 0px 20px;&quot;&gt;
Adele&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
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&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px;&quot;&gt;
[ade] 11,000 in Ghana (2003). East central border with Togo.&amp;nbsp; Upper Adele is in Togo, Lower Adele in Ghana. Alternate names: Gidire, Bidire.&amp;nbsp; Dialects: Upper Adele, Lower Adele.&lt;br /&gt;
Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Basila-Adele&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 30px; margin: 27px 0px 17px;&quot;&gt;
Ahanta&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px;&quot;&gt;
[aha] 142,000 (2003). Southwest coast. Classification:&lt;br /&gt;
Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo,&lt;br /&gt;
Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, Southern&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 27px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 38px; margin: 30px 0px 20px;&quot;&gt;
Akan&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px;&quot;&gt;
[aka] 8,300,000 (2004 SIL). Population includes 2,800,000 Asante Twi, 1,900,000 Fante, 555,000 Akuapem Twi (2004). The Asante are south central, Ashanti Province. The Akuapem are southeast, in areas north of Accra. The Fante are south central, between Winneba, Takoradi, and Obuasi. Dialects:&lt;br /&gt;
Fante (Fanti, Mfantse), Akuapem (Akwapem Twi, Twi, Akuapim, Akwapi), Asante (Ashante Twi, Asanti, Achanti), Agona, Dankyira, Asen, Akyem Bosome, Kwawu (Kwahu), Ahafo.&lt;br /&gt;
Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Akan&lt;br /&gt;
Akposo&lt;br /&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
&lt;/script&gt;
[kpo] 7,500 in Ghana (2003). Southern. Alternate names:&lt;br /&gt;
Kposo, Ikposo, Akposso.&amp;nbsp; Dialects: Amou Oblou, Ikponu, Iwi (Uwi), Litime (Badou), Logbo, Uma.&amp;nbsp; Classification:&lt;br /&gt;
Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank,&lt;br /&gt;
Kposo-Ahlo-Bowili&lt;br /&gt;
Animere&lt;br /&gt;
[anf] 700 (2003). East central, Kecheibi and Kunda villages,&lt;br /&gt;
remote location. None in Togo. Alternate names: Anyimere,&lt;br /&gt;
Kunda.&amp;nbsp; Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Kebu-Animere&lt;br /&gt;
Anufo&lt;br /&gt;
[cko] 66,000 in Ghana (2003). Population total all&lt;br /&gt;
countries: 137,600. Northeast around Wawjayga. Also spoken&lt;br /&gt;
in Benin, Togo. Alternate names: Chokosi, Chakosi, Kyokosi,&lt;br /&gt;
Tchokossi, Tiokossi.&amp;nbsp; Classification: Niger-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano,&lt;br /&gt;
Central, Bia, Northern&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 30px; margin: 27px 0px 17px;&quot;&gt;
Anyin&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px;&quot;&gt;
[any] 250,000 in Ghana (2003). Between Abron to the north, Nzema to the south, Côte d’Ivoire to the west, Twi to the east. The Aowin dialect is in Ghana. Alternate names: Anyi, Agni.&amp;nbsp; Dialects: Aowin (Brissa, Brosa).&amp;nbsp; Classification:&lt;br /&gt;
Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo,&lt;br /&gt;
Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, Northern&lt;/div&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
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&lt;h3 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 30px; margin: 27px 0px 17px;&quot;&gt;
Avatime&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px;&quot;&gt;
[avn] 24,000 (2003). Southeast, center at Amedzofe (Amajofe). Alternate names: Afatime, Sideme, Sia.&amp;nbsp; Dialects:&lt;br /&gt;
Close to Nyangbo, Tafi.&amp;nbsp; Classification: Niger-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Avatime-Nyangbo&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 30px; margin: 27px 0px 17px;&quot;&gt;
Awutu&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px;&quot;&gt;
[afu] 180,000 (2003). Coast, west of Accra. Dialects: Awutu,&lt;br /&gt;
Efutu, Senya.&amp;nbsp; Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, South Guang&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 30px; margin: 27px 0px 17px;&quot;&gt;
Bimoba&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px;&quot;&gt;
[bim] 120,000 (2004 SIL). Ethnic population: 200,000.&amp;nbsp; Northeast, Gambaga District, south of Kusaasi, north of Konkomba. Alternate names: Moar, Moor.&amp;nbsp; Dialects: Related to Moba of Togo, but not inherently intelligible with it.&lt;br /&gt;
Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Gurma, Moba&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 30px; margin: 27px 0px 17px;&quot;&gt;
Birifor, Southern&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px;&quot;&gt;
[biv] 125,000 in Ghana (2003). Population total all countries: 129,308. Northwest corner. Also spoken in Côte d’Ivoire. Alternate names: Birifo, Ghana Birifor.&amp;nbsp; Dialects:&lt;br /&gt;
A separate language from Wali, Dagaari, Malba-Birifor of&lt;br /&gt;
Burkina Faso.&amp;nbsp; Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta,&lt;br /&gt;
Western, Northwest, Dagaari-Birifor, Birifor&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 30px; margin: 27px 0px 17px;&quot;&gt;
Bissa&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px;&quot;&gt;
[bib] 165,900 in Ghana (2003). Northeast. Alternate names:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 30px; margin: 27px 0px 17px;&quot;&gt;
Bisa.&amp;nbsp; Dialects: Lebir (Western Bisa), Baraka (Eastern&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px;&quot;&gt;
Bisa).&amp;nbsp; Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern,&lt;br /&gt;
Eastern, Bissa&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 30px; margin: 27px 0px 17px;&quot;&gt;
Buli&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px;&quot;&gt;
[bwu] 150,000 (2003 GILLBT). Sandema District. None in&lt;br /&gt;
Burkina Faso. Alternate names: Builsa, Bulisa, Kanjaga,&lt;br /&gt;
Guresha.&amp;nbsp; Dialects: Konni is the closest language. Lexical&lt;br /&gt;
similarity 77% with Mampruli.&amp;nbsp; Classification: Niger-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern,&lt;br /&gt;
Oti-Volta, Buli-Koma&lt;br /&gt;
Chakali&lt;br /&gt;
[cli] 6,000 (2003 GILLBT). East of Wa. Ducie is largest&lt;br /&gt;
village. Dialects: Lexical similarity is 62% with Tampulma,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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68% with Vagla.&amp;nbsp; Classification: Niger-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern,&lt;br /&gt;
Grusi, Western&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 30px; margin: 27px 0px 17px;&quot;&gt;
Chala&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px;&quot;&gt;
[cll] 3,000 (2003 GILLBT). Villages of Nkwanta, Odomi, Ago in the Volta Region. Jadigbe village near Seipe, south of Ekumdipe in the Northern Region is 35% Chala. None in Togo.&lt;br /&gt;
Alternate names: Tshala, Cala.&amp;nbsp; Classification: Niger-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern,&lt;br /&gt;
Grusi, Eastern&lt;br /&gt;
Cherepon&lt;br /&gt;
[cpn] 111,000 (2003). A pocket between the Ga and Twi areas,&lt;br /&gt;
north of Larteh. Alternate names: Okere, Kyerepong,&lt;br /&gt;
Chiripong, Chiripon.&amp;nbsp; Classification: Niger-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano,&lt;br /&gt;
Guang, South Guang&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 30px; margin: 27px 0px 17px;&quot;&gt;
Chumburung&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px;&quot;&gt;
[ncu] 69,000 (2004 SIL). Population includes 2,700 Yeji. A triangular area with Volta Lake on the south, Daka River on the northwest, Yeji south of the lake. Alternate names:&lt;br /&gt;
Nchumburung, Nchimburu, Nchummuru, Kyongborong.&amp;nbsp; Dialects:&lt;br /&gt;
Northern Chumburung (Banda), Southern Chumburung (Lonto, Gurubi, Chinderi, Bejamse, Borae), Yeji (Yedji). Reported to be intelligible with Krache; however, Krache speakers are not inclined to use Chumburung materials. Lexical similarity 77% with Yeji, 79% with Kplang, 78% with Krache, 69% with Dwang, 67% with Nawuri and Gichode, 60% with Gonja.&lt;br /&gt;
Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang&lt;br /&gt;
Dagaare, Southern&lt;br /&gt;
[dga] 700,000 (2003). 1,000,000 including Northern Dagara in Burkina Faso (2003). Northwest corner of Ghana, western part of Upper West Region. Alternate names: Southern Dagari, Dagari, Dagara, Degati, Dagati, Dogaari, Dagaare.&amp;nbsp; Dialects:&lt;br /&gt;
Dagaare and Birifor are partially intelligible. It is distinct from Northern Dagara in Burkina Faso.&lt;br /&gt;
Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western,&lt;br /&gt;
Northwest, Dagaari-Birifor, Dagaari&lt;/div&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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&lt;h3 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 30px; margin: 27px 0px 17px;&quot;&gt;
Dagbani&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px;&quot;&gt;
[dag] 800,000 (2004 SIL). Northeast around Tamale and as far as Yendi. Alternate names: Dagbane, Dagomba, Dagbamba.&amp;nbsp; Dialects: Nanuni (Nanumba). Lexical similarity 95% with Mampruli, 90% with Talni, 89% with Kusaal.&amp;nbsp; Classification:&lt;br /&gt;
Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur,&lt;br /&gt;
Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Southeast&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 30px; margin: 27px 0px 17px;&quot;&gt;
Dangme&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px;&quot;&gt;
[ada] 800,000 (2004 SIL). Southeast, coast east of Accra and&lt;br /&gt;
inland. Alternate names: Adangme.&amp;nbsp; Dialects: Ada, Ningo,&lt;br /&gt;
Osu, Shai, Gbugbla, Krobo.&amp;nbsp; Classification: Niger-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Ga-Dangme&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 30px; margin: 27px 0px 17px;&quot;&gt;
Deg&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px;&quot;&gt;
[mzw] 26,400 in Ghana (2003). Population total all countries: 27,500. West central, west of Volta Lake. Also spoken in Côte d’Ivoire. Alternate names: Degha, Mo, Mmfo, Aculo, Janela, Buru.&amp;nbsp; Dialects: Longoro, Mangum, Boe.&lt;br /&gt;
Lexical similarity 78% with Vagla.&amp;nbsp; Classification:&lt;br /&gt;
Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur,&lt;br /&gt;
Central, Southern, Grusi, Western&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 30px; margin: 27px 0px 17px;&quot;&gt;
Delo&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px;&quot;&gt;
[ntr] 10,900 in Ghana (2003). Population total all countries: 16,300. East central border with Togo. The paramount chief is at Brewaniase, 20 miles south of Nkwanta.&lt;br /&gt;
Also spoken in Togo. Alternate names: Ntrubo, Ntribu,&lt;br /&gt;
Ntribou.&amp;nbsp; Dialects: It has been reclassified from Kwa to Gur&lt;br /&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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family.&amp;nbsp; Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Eastern&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 30px; margin: 27px 0px 17px;&quot;&gt;
Dompo&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px;&quot;&gt;
[doy] 60 to 70 (1999 Blench). Ethnic population: 965 (2000 WCD). Brong-Ahafo Region, a quarter of Banda called Dompofie. Alternate names: Dumpo, Ndmpo.&amp;nbsp; Classification:&lt;br /&gt;
Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo,&lt;br /&gt;
Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 30px; margin: 27px 0px 17px;&quot;&gt;
Dwang&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px;&quot;&gt;
[nnu] 8,200 (2003 GILLBT). Population includes 1,600 Bekye, 3,300 Kenyen, 3,300 Wiase. South of Volta Lake and the Chumburung, east of Atebubu. Alternate names: Dwan, Nchumunu.&amp;nbsp; Dialects: Bekye, Kenyen, Wiase. A dialect cluster. Closest to Kplang. 75% comprehension of Chumburung.&amp;nbsp; Krache is understood well because of contact.&lt;br /&gt;
Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang&lt;br /&gt;
English&lt;br /&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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[eng]&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West,&lt;br /&gt;
English&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 30px; margin: 27px 0px 17px;&quot;&gt;
Éwé&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px;&quot;&gt;
[ewe] 2,250,500 in Ghana (2003). Population total all countries: 3,112,400. Southeast corner. Also spoken in Togo.&amp;nbsp; Alternate names: Eibe, Ebwe, Eve, Efe, Eue, Vhe, Gbe, Krepi, Krepe, Popo.&amp;nbsp; Dialects: Anglo (Anlo), Awuna, Hudu, Kotafoa.&amp;nbsp; Westernmost language of the Gbe language cluster.&lt;br /&gt;
Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Kwa, Left Bank, Gbe&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 30px; margin: 27px 0px 17px;&quot;&gt;
Farefare&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px;&quot;&gt;
[gur] 820,000 in Ghana (2003). Population includes up to 656,000 in the Upper East Region, and at least 164,000 in various towns and cities in other regions (2003). Population total all countries: 845,100. Northeast Ghana, Upper East Region around Bolgatanga, Frafra District, and as far west as Navrongo. Also spoken in Burkina Faso. Alternate names:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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Frafra, Gurenne, Gurune, Nankani.&amp;nbsp; Dialects: Gurune (Gudenne, Gurenne, Gudeni, Zuadeni), Nankani (Naani, Nankanse), Booni, Talni (Talensi, Talene), Nabt (Nabit, Nabde, Nabte, Nabdam, Nabdug, Nabrug, Nabnam, Namnam). 5 major dialects and many minor ones, all able to use the published materials. The dialects are divided according to geography and ethnic sub-boundaries. Some dialects are named after towns or localities. Speakers consider Dagaare in particular to be a sister language.&amp;nbsp; Classification:&lt;br /&gt;
Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur,&lt;br /&gt;
Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Northwest&lt;br /&gt;
Fulfulde, Maasina&lt;br /&gt;
[ffm] 7,300 in Ghana (1991). Northern, in small groups.&lt;br /&gt;
Alternate names: Peul, Fulbe, Maacina.&amp;nbsp; Classification:&lt;br /&gt;
Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern,&lt;br /&gt;
Senegambian, Fulani-Wolof, Fula, West Central&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 30px; margin: 27px 0px 17px;&quot;&gt;
Ga&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px;&quot;&gt;
[gaa] 600,000 (2004 SIL). Southeast, coast around Accra.&lt;br /&gt;
Alternate names: Amina, Gain, Accra, Acra.&amp;nbsp; Classification:&lt;br /&gt;
Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Ga-Dangme&lt;br /&gt;
Ghanaian Sign Language&lt;br /&gt;
[gse]&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dialects: Related to American and Nigerian sign languages. Brought in 1957 by missionary Andrew Foster.&amp;nbsp; Differs from American Sign Language in lexicon. There are new and local signs, and some modified from ASL.&lt;br /&gt;
Classification: Deaf sign language&lt;br /&gt;
Gikyode&lt;br /&gt;
[acd] 10,400 (2003). East central, on the border with Togo.&lt;br /&gt;
Remote. 9 villages. Alternate names: Kyode, Chode.&lt;br /&gt;
Dialects: Lexical similarity 75% with Ginyanga of Togo.&lt;br /&gt;
Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang&lt;br /&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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Gonja&lt;br /&gt;
[gjn] 230,000 (2004 SIL). In the southern part of the Northern Region, west central Ghana, around the upper branches of the Volta Lake, and from the Black Volta River to the area on both sides of the White Volta. Alternate names: Ngbanyito.&amp;nbsp; Dialects: Gonja, Choruba (Choroba). It is not intelligible with Chumburung.&amp;nbsp; Classification:&lt;br /&gt;
Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo,&lt;br /&gt;
Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang&lt;br /&gt;
Gua&lt;br /&gt;
[gwx] 60,200 (2003). A pocket in Éwé area. Alternate names: Anum-Boso, Gwa.&amp;nbsp; Dialects: Anu (Anum), Boso.&lt;br /&gt;
Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, South Guang&lt;br /&gt;
Hanga&lt;br /&gt;
[hag] 6,800 (2003 GILLBT). Population includes 4,100 in the traditional area, 2,700 elsewhere. North central, southeast of the Mole game reserve, Damongo District. The biggest village is Murugu. Alternate names: Anga.&amp;nbsp; Dialects:&lt;br /&gt;
Northern Hanga, Southern Hanga. Kamara is a separate&lt;br /&gt;
language. Subdialects of Southern Hanga are Langantere,&lt;br /&gt;
Murugu, Damongo; subdialects of Northern Hanga are Yazori&lt;br /&gt;
and Bowena. Lexical similarity 84% with Dagaare and&lt;br /&gt;
Farefare.&amp;nbsp; Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta,&lt;br /&gt;
Western, Southeast&lt;br /&gt;
Hausa&lt;br /&gt;
[hau]&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.1&lt;br /&gt;
Jwira-Pepesa&lt;br /&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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[jwi] 18,000 (2003 GILLBT). Southwest corner. The Jwira live north of Axim from Bamiankaw to Humjibere along the Ankobra River (18 villages). The Pepesa live on Wasa land between Agona Junction and Tarkwa. Dompim is the main town. A mountain range separates the two groups. Alternate names:&lt;br /&gt;
Pepesa-Jwira.&amp;nbsp; Dialects: Jwira, Pepesa. 60% intelligibility&lt;br /&gt;
of Nzema.&amp;nbsp; Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia,&lt;br /&gt;
Southern&lt;br /&gt;
Kabiyé&lt;br /&gt;
[kbp]&amp;nbsp; North. Alternate names: Kabire, Cabrai, Kabure,&lt;br /&gt;
Kabye, Cabrais.&amp;nbsp; Classification: Niger-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern,&lt;br /&gt;
Grusi, Eastern&lt;br /&gt;
Kamara&lt;br /&gt;
[jmr] 3,000 (2003 GILLBT). Ethnic population: 5,000 in Ghana (2003 GILLBT). Larabanga village, about 10 miles along the road west of Damongo, in the middle of the Northern Region, on the edge of the Hanga area. Safaliba sources report another small village about 15 to 20 miles south of Bole.&amp;nbsp; Some ethnic Kamara in Mandari speak Safaliba, not Kamara. J.&lt;br /&gt;
Becuwe reports a population of 3,000 in Bouna, Côte&lt;br /&gt;
d’Ivoire (1981). Dialects: Significantly different from&lt;br /&gt;
Hanga, and distinct culturally. Closer to Dagbani than to&lt;br /&gt;
Hanga (G. Hunt 1997).&amp;nbsp; Classification: Niger-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern,&lt;br /&gt;
Oti-Volta, Western, Southeast&lt;br /&gt;
Kantosi&lt;br /&gt;
[xkt] 2,300 in Ghana (2003 GILLBT). Population includes 280 to 400 in Sandema District, probably about 280 in Kpaliwongo. North central Ghana, Sandema District, among the Bulsa (Buli language). Other settlements near Wa, in Navrongo, Bolgatonga, Nalerigu, and Kpaliwogo. They say Kpaliwongo, a village southeast of Funsi (Upper West Region), is their place of origin. After being destroyed during the days of slave-raiding, it was rebuilt and Kantosis have moved back. Also spoken in Burkina Faso.&amp;nbsp; Alternate names: Kantonsi, Yare, Yarsi, Dagaare-Dioula.&lt;br /&gt;
Dialects: Close to Kamara, Farefare, Dagbani.&lt;br /&gt;
Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Southeast&lt;br /&gt;
Kasem&lt;br /&gt;
[xsm] 130,000 in Ghana (2004 SIL). North central (Navrongo District). Alternate names: Kasena, Kassena, Kassene.&lt;br /&gt;
Dialects: Nunuma, Lela, Kasem, Fere.&amp;nbsp; Classification:&lt;br /&gt;
Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur,&lt;br /&gt;
Central, Southern, Grusi, Northern&lt;br /&gt;
Konkomba&lt;br /&gt;
[xon] 500,000 in Ghana (2003). Population total all countries: 550,100. Northeast border area around Guerin, Yendi District. Many groups are scattered throughout north central Ghana. Also spoken in Togo. Alternate names:&lt;br /&gt;
Likpakpaln, Kpankpam, Kom Komba.&amp;nbsp; Dialects:&lt;br /&gt;
Lichabool-Nalong, Limonkpel, Linafiel, Likoonli, Ligbeln.&lt;br /&gt;
Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Gurma&lt;br /&gt;
Konni&lt;br /&gt;
[kma] 3,800 (2003 GILLBT). Remote and isolated. Southeast of the Sisaala and west of the Mamprusi. No roads. 5 villages;&lt;br /&gt;
Yikpabongo is the main one, Nangurima is another. Alternate names: Koni, Koma, Komung.&amp;nbsp; Dialects: Related to Mampruli, Hanga, Buli. Lexical similarity 60% with Buli.&lt;br /&gt;
Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Buli-Koma&lt;br /&gt;
Kplang&lt;br /&gt;
[kph] 1,600 (2003 GILLBT). South of Volta Lake, south of&lt;br /&gt;
Yeji (Chumburung). Alternate names: Prang.&amp;nbsp; Dialects: 73%&lt;br /&gt;
intelligibility of Chumburung. 96% comprehension of Yeji due&lt;br /&gt;
to proximity. Lexical similarity 92% with Yeji Chumburung,&lt;br /&gt;
79% with Chumburung.&amp;nbsp; Classification: Niger-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano,&lt;br /&gt;
Guang, North Guang&lt;br /&gt;
Krache&lt;br /&gt;
[kye] 58,000 (2004 SIL). Central, near Nchimburu, area of Kete Krachi. Alternate names: Krachi, Krakye, Kaakyi.&lt;br /&gt;
Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang&lt;br /&gt;
Kulango, Bondoukou&lt;br /&gt;
[kzc] 27,000 in Ghana (2003 GILLBT). West central, west of Wenchi. Alternate names: Nkuraeng, Nkurange, Koulango, Kulange, Kolango, Bonduku Kulango.&amp;nbsp; Classification:&lt;br /&gt;
Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Kulango&lt;br /&gt;
Kulango, Bouna&lt;br /&gt;
[nku] 15,500 in Ghana (1991). West central border area.&lt;br /&gt;
Alternate names: Nkuraeng, Buna Kulango, Bouna Koulango.&lt;br /&gt;
Dialects: Sekwa, Nabanj.&amp;nbsp; Classification: Niger-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Kulango&lt;br /&gt;
Kusaal&lt;br /&gt;
[kus] 420,000 in Ghana (2004 SIL). Population includes 350,000 Angole, 70,000 Toende. Population total all countries: 437,000. Northeast corner, Bawku District. Also spoken in Burkina Faso. Alternate names: Kusale, Kusasi.&amp;nbsp; Dialects: Angole (Eastern Kusaal), Toende (Western Kusaal).&amp;nbsp; Further investigation of Toende in Burkina Faso is needed, including inherent intelligibility and language attitudes.&amp;nbsp; Possible marginal intelligibility of Eastern (Angole) Kusaal. Many claim to be able to understand the related languages: Mòoré, Dagbani, Mampruli, Farefare (Gurenne).&amp;nbsp; Kusaal is a member of the Mòoré-Dagbani cluster.&lt;br /&gt;
Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western,&lt;br /&gt;
Southeast, Kusaal&lt;br /&gt;
Lama&lt;br /&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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[las] Several hundred or perhaps thousands in Ghana (1996).&amp;nbsp; About 100 km south of Bassar, over to Yendi, and even as far as Tamale, and southeast of Tamale. Alternate names: Lamba, Losso.&amp;nbsp; Dialects: Kadjala (Kadjalla).&amp;nbsp; Classification:&lt;br /&gt;
Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur,&lt;br /&gt;
Central, Southern, Grusi, Eastern&lt;br /&gt;
Larteh&lt;br /&gt;
[lar] 74,000 (2003 GILLBT). A pocket in the Ga and Twi areas, south of Cherepon. Alternate names: Late, Lete, Gua.&lt;br /&gt;
Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, South Guang&lt;br /&gt;
Lelemi&lt;br /&gt;
[lef] 48,900 (2003). Southeast, town of Jasikan. Alternate&lt;br /&gt;
names: Lefana, Lafana, Buem.&amp;nbsp; Classification: Niger-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Lelemi, Lelemi-Akpafu&lt;br /&gt;
Ligbi&lt;br /&gt;
[lig] 15,000 in Ghana (2003 GILLBT). Population total all countries: 19,000. Numasa, northwest Brong-Ahafo, East of Sampa and northwest of Wenchi. Also spoken in Côte d’Ivoire. Alternate names: Ligwi, Nigbi, Nigwi, Tuba, Banda, Dzowo, Namasa, Tsie, Weila, Wiila, Weela, Jogo.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px;&quot;&gt;
Dialects:&lt;br /&gt;
Bungase, Gyogo, Hwela (Weila, Wiila, Weela, Vwela), Dwera (Manji-Kasa), Atumfuor (Atumfuor-Kasa), Ntoleh.&lt;br /&gt;
Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western,&lt;br /&gt;
Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Jogo-Jeri, Jogo&lt;br /&gt;
Logba&lt;br /&gt;
[lgq] 7,500 (2003). Southeast. Classification: Niger-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Logba&lt;br /&gt;
Mampruli&lt;br /&gt;
[maw] 220,000 in Ghana (2004 SIL). East and west of Gambaga, northeast Northern Region. Also spoken in Togo. Alternate names: Mamprule, Manpelle, Ngmamperli.&amp;nbsp; Dialects: Eastern Mampruli, Western Mampruli. 50% intelligibility of Dagbani.&amp;nbsp; Lexical similarity 95% with Dagbani, 90% with Farefare.&lt;br /&gt;
Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Southeast&lt;br /&gt;
Nafaanra&lt;br /&gt;
[nfr] 61,000 in Ghana (2003 GILLBT). Western border, east of Bondoukou in Côte d’Ivoire. Also spoken in Côte d’Ivoire. Alternate names: Nafana, Nafaara, Pantera-Fantera, Banda, Dzama, Gambo.&amp;nbsp; Dialects: Pantera, Fantera.&lt;br /&gt;
Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
North, Gur, Senufo, Nafaanra&lt;br /&gt;
Nawdm&lt;br /&gt;
[nmz]&amp;nbsp; In Accra, Ho, Kpandu, and Volta Region. Alternate&lt;br /&gt;
names: Naudm, Nawdam, Naoudem.&amp;nbsp; Classification: Niger-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern,&lt;br /&gt;
Oti-Volta, Yom-Nawdm&lt;br /&gt;
Nawuri&lt;br /&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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[naw] 14,000 (2003 GILLBT). East central, mostly on the western bank of the Oti River branch of Lake Volta.&amp;nbsp; Dialects: Closest inherent intelligibility of Gikyode. Not intelligible with Chumburung. Highest lexical similarity with the Buipe dialect of Gonja (72%).&amp;nbsp; Classification:&lt;br /&gt;
Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo,&lt;br /&gt;
Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang&lt;br /&gt;
Nchumbulu&lt;br /&gt;
[nlu] 1,800 (2003 SIL). Three villages west of Volta Lake&lt;br /&gt;
near Kplang. Dialects: May use Chumburung or Dwan&lt;br /&gt;
literature.&amp;nbsp; Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang&lt;br /&gt;
Nkonya&lt;br /&gt;
[nko] 28,000 (2004 SIL). Southeast Ghana, northwest of the&lt;br /&gt;
Éwé. Some among the Gua. Classification: Niger-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano,&lt;br /&gt;
Guang, North Guang&lt;br /&gt;
Ntcham&lt;br /&gt;
[bud] 57,000 in Ghana (2004 SIL).&amp;nbsp; Alternate names: Tobote, Ncham, Bassar, Bassari, Basari, Basar, Basare.&amp;nbsp; Dialects:&lt;br /&gt;
Bitaapul.&amp;nbsp; Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta,&lt;br /&gt;
Gurma, Ntcham&lt;br /&gt;
Nyangbo&lt;br /&gt;
[nyb] 6,400 (2003). Southeast Ghana. Alternate names:&lt;br /&gt;
Tutrugbu.&amp;nbsp; Dialects: People who have had no contact with Tafi had 67% intelligibility of it on tests; people 30 to 50 years old had nearly perfect comprehension. There are reported to be only phonological differences.&lt;br /&gt;
Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Kwa, Left Bank, Avatime-Nyangbo&lt;br /&gt;
Nzema&lt;br /&gt;
[nzi] 262,000 in Ghana (2004 SIL). Population total all countries: 328,700. Southwest corner. Also spoken in Côte d’Ivoire. Alternate names: Nzima, Appolo.&amp;nbsp; Dialects: Evalue.&lt;br /&gt;
Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Paasaal&lt;br /&gt;
[sig] 36,000 (2003 GILLBT). Upper West Region, 80 km south of Tumu, 105 km east of Wa, about 18 villages. Alternate names: Pasaale, Funsile, Southern Sisaala, Pasaale Sisaala.&amp;nbsp; Dialects: Gilbagala, Pasaali. Gilbagala is closer to Paasaal than to Tumulung Sisaala. The dialect in Funsi Kundogo is predominant among the Paasaal villages.&amp;nbsp; Classification:&lt;br /&gt;
Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur,&lt;br /&gt;
Central, Southern, Grusi, Western&lt;br /&gt;
Safaliba&lt;br /&gt;
[saf] 4,000 (2003). Immediately west and south of Bole, western Northern Region. Villages of Mandari, Tanyire, Manfuli, and Gbenfu, and settlements in the nearby towns of Bote, Sawla, Kalba. Speakers also reported in Vonkoro and Bouna, Côte d’Ivoire. Alternate names: Safali, Safalaba, Safalba.&amp;nbsp; Dialects: Lexical similarity 79% with Dagaari.&lt;br /&gt;
Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Northwest&lt;br /&gt;
Sehwi&lt;br /&gt;
[sfw] 250,000 (2003). Southwest Ghana. Alternate names:&lt;br /&gt;
Sefwi, Asahyue.&amp;nbsp; Dialects: Close to Anyin of Côte&lt;br /&gt;
d’Ivoire.&amp;nbsp; Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia,&lt;br /&gt;
Northern&lt;br /&gt;
Sekpele&lt;br /&gt;
[lip] 23,400 (2003). Southeast, north of Hohoe. Alternate names: Likpe, Mu, Bosele.&amp;nbsp; Dialects: Sekwa, Sekpele.&lt;br /&gt;
Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Lelemi, Likpe-Santrokofi&lt;br /&gt;
Selee&lt;br /&gt;
[snw] 11,300 (2003 GILLBT). Southeast, villages of Benua,&lt;br /&gt;
Bume, Gbodome. Alternate names: Santrokofi, Sentrokofi,&lt;br /&gt;
Bale, Sele.&amp;nbsp; Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Lelemi, Likpe-Santrokofi&lt;br /&gt;
Sisaala, Tumulung&lt;br /&gt;
[sil] 105,000 (2003 GILLBT). North central, Tumu District.&lt;br /&gt;
Alternate names: Sisai, Issala, Hissala, Sisala Tumu,&lt;br /&gt;
Isaalung.&amp;nbsp; Dialects: Isala, Gil Bagale (Galebagla), Nsihaa,&lt;br /&gt;
Potule.&amp;nbsp; Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Western&lt;br /&gt;
Sisaala, Western&lt;br /&gt;
[ssl] 30,000 (2003 GILLBT). North central, Lambusie and&lt;br /&gt;
surrounding towns. Alternate names: Busillu Sisala, Sisai,&lt;br /&gt;
Issala, Hissala.&amp;nbsp; Dialects: Close to Sissala of Burkina&lt;br /&gt;
Faso.&amp;nbsp; Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Western&lt;br /&gt;
Siwu&lt;br /&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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[akp] 27,000 (2003). Southeast, north of Hohoé. Alternate names: Akpafu-Lolobi, Lolobi-Akpafu, Siwusi.&amp;nbsp; Dialects:&lt;br /&gt;
Akpafu, Lolobi. Lolobi and Akpafu are inherently&lt;br /&gt;
intelligible, but have been politically separate since the&lt;br /&gt;
1800s. A population sample averaged 66% comprehension of&lt;br /&gt;
Éwé mixed discourse types.&amp;nbsp; Classification: Niger-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Lelemi,&lt;br /&gt;
Lelemi-Akpafu&lt;br /&gt;
Tafi&lt;br /&gt;
[tcd] 4,400 (2003). East central, near the Togo border. None in Togo. Alternate names: Tegbo.&amp;nbsp; Classification:&lt;br /&gt;
Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank,&lt;br /&gt;
Avatime-Nyangbo&lt;br /&gt;
Tampulma&lt;br /&gt;
[tpm] 16,000 (2003). North central, south of Sisaala, Damongo District, 25 villages. Alternate names: Tamprusi, Tampole, Tampolem, Tampolense, Tamplima, Tampele.&amp;nbsp; Dialects:&lt;br /&gt;
2 inherently intelligible dialects. Lexical similarity 62%&lt;br /&gt;
with Chakali.&amp;nbsp; Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Western&lt;br /&gt;
Tem&lt;br /&gt;
[kdh] 53,000 in Ghana. Most in Accra. Alternate names:&lt;br /&gt;
Kotokoli, Cotocoli, Tim, Timu, Temba.&amp;nbsp; Classification:&lt;br /&gt;
Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur,&lt;br /&gt;
Central, Southern, Grusi, Eastern&lt;br /&gt;
Tuwuli&lt;br /&gt;
[bov] 11,400 (2003 GILLBT). Volta Region, from Volta Lake&lt;br /&gt;
eastward to Amanfro on the Hohoe-Jasikan road. Not found in&lt;br /&gt;
Togo. Alternate names: Bowiri, Bowili, Liwuli, Siwuri,&lt;br /&gt;
Bawuli, Tuwili.&amp;nbsp; Classification: Niger-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank,&lt;br /&gt;
Kposo-Ahlo-Bowili&lt;br /&gt;
Vagla&lt;br /&gt;
[vag] 13,500 (2003 GILLBT). West central near Sawla, Northern Province, Damongo District. Alternate names:&lt;br /&gt;
Vagala, Sitigo, Kira, Konosarola, Paxala.&amp;nbsp; Dialects: Bole, Buge. Lexical similarity 68% with Chakali.&amp;nbsp; Classification:&lt;br /&gt;
Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur,&lt;br /&gt;
Central, Southern, Grusi, Western&lt;br /&gt;
Wali&lt;br /&gt;
[wlx] 138,000 (2003). Northwest corner. Alternate names:&lt;br /&gt;
Waali, Wala, Ala, Ouala.&amp;nbsp; Dialects: Fufula, Yeri Waali,&lt;br /&gt;
Cherii, ‘Bulengee, ‘Dolimi. Distinct from Birifor and&lt;br /&gt;
Dagaari.&amp;nbsp; Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta,&lt;br /&gt;
Western, Northwest&lt;br /&gt;
Wasa&lt;br /&gt;
[wss] 309,000 (2003). Southwestern Ghana. Alternate names:&lt;br /&gt;
Wasaw, Wassa.&amp;nbsp; Dialects: Amenfi, Fianse. Some&lt;br /&gt;
intelligibility of Abron.&amp;nbsp; Classification: Niger-Congo,&lt;br /&gt;
Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano,&lt;br /&gt;
Central, Akan&lt;br /&gt;
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                                                       &lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://kotokoli.blogspot.com/2019/08/all-tem-kotokoli-pages-on-facebook.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ouro Tchabu)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidM6nVtl1ODgR_lK0ruLRC3gGsGNhPMY9bqmQo1AsTQTxa0QPa60D12JwF4EEgyHpuyccUSJVlC3Cl5DbheP4r_Grbf0lvoa5UjaXjn4XoV2gFPtuy9GaGiQb4iV4kS3NLE4X9SKsr-Uc/s72-c/Images1567367560498.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8235409830099314451.post-1857306248131571239</guid><pubDate>Sun, 11 Aug 2019 03:07:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2020-08-31T18:12:38.929-07:00</atom:updated><title>Tem kotokoli actors and actress</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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warch kotokoli comedians in the world&lt;br /&gt;
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                                                       &lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://kotokoli.blogspot.com/2019/08/tem-kotokoli-actors-and-acterss.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ouro Tchabu)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidM6nVtl1ODgR_lK0ruLRC3gGsGNhPMY9bqmQo1AsTQTxa0QPa60D12JwF4EEgyHpuyccUSJVlC3Cl5DbheP4r_Grbf0lvoa5UjaXjn4XoV2gFPtuy9GaGiQb4iV4kS3NLE4X9SKsr-Uc/s72-c/Images1567367560498.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Accra ghana</georss:featurename><georss:point>7.0484635915640341 -1.3033595715473894</georss:point><georss:box>-0.98669090843596674 -11.630508071547389 15.083618091564034 9.02378892845261</georss:box></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8235409830099314451.post-6459376196857711169</guid><pubDate>Sun, 11 Aug 2019 03:04:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2020-08-04T16:46:28.817-07:00</atom:updated><title>Kotokoli tem movies</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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Warch tem kunum on youtube channels&lt;br /&gt;
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kotokoli Tem comedian warch it 👆👆👆&lt;a href=&quot;https://l.likee.video/v/6BgAoB&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://l.likee.video/v/6BgAoB&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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                                                       &lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://kotokoli.blogspot.com/2019/08/kotokoli-tem-movies_10.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ouro Tchabu)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://img.youtube.com/vi/Z_WejeHPKZs/default.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8235409830099314451.post-6625413632968498304</guid><pubDate>Sun, 11 Aug 2019 03:02:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2023-06-25T09:52:10.418-07:00</atom:updated><title>Kotokoli tem channel on youtube</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG70KqdkgnxzrRfaiFAAtFI3Wj2G-spph7zWBaDXmTygaS8outWhVZN0wIubnzA41gKV76iO2mCI3Eyeulzm3FN42I2HCfcznlnaGmSWN_QKbbPWvwP8N_OlMtmK-lXFnOVUB9DTQyOjUNTqRAIqMG7xQY0SgfycTfeVKSwvb-S2gjG_Ot0hl5a24-CBc/s863/FB_IMG_1579564031361.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;863&quot; data-original-width=&quot;552&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG70KqdkgnxzrRfaiFAAtFI3Wj2G-spph7zWBaDXmTygaS8outWhVZN0wIubnzA41gKV76iO2mCI3Eyeulzm3FN42I2HCfcznlnaGmSWN_QKbbPWvwP8N_OlMtmK-lXFnOVUB9DTQyOjUNTqRAIqMG7xQY0SgfycTfeVKSwvb-S2gjG_Ot0hl5a24-CBc/s320/FB_IMG_1579564031361.jpg&quot; width=&quot;205&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir7M5qSSxmDHsvUKaom0bi4IsnVh-csQgrzcdk04gmf3nDawjj_rRXsOyYtm5qTYFt33lrZvIEwJFdkU0tEVDZho5lGNoL2Tkd7FWaBbXGNwynEVvmKl1fxRj-J4RXopJtI9Jn8xv6pSYwVuoVn27u8msdh5IH3WKJkK6DGzxmiVBMcGd9wUpJPEfZ_1U/s896/IMG-20200823-WA0028.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;896&quot; data-original-width=&quot;504&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir7M5qSSxmDHsvUKaom0bi4IsnVh-csQgrzcdk04gmf3nDawjj_rRXsOyYtm5qTYFt33lrZvIEwJFdkU0tEVDZho5lGNoL2Tkd7FWaBbXGNwynEVvmKl1fxRj-J4RXopJtI9Jn8xv6pSYwVuoVn27u8msdh5IH3WKJkK6DGzxmiVBMcGd9wUpJPEfZ_1U/s320/IMG-20200823-WA0028.jpg&quot; width=&quot;180&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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                                                       &lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://kotokoli.blogspot.com/2019/08/kotokoli-tem-channel-on-youtube.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ouro Tchabu)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG70KqdkgnxzrRfaiFAAtFI3Wj2G-spph7zWBaDXmTygaS8outWhVZN0wIubnzA41gKV76iO2mCI3Eyeulzm3FN42I2HCfcznlnaGmSWN_QKbbPWvwP8N_OlMtmK-lXFnOVUB9DTQyOjUNTqRAIqMG7xQY0SgfycTfeVKSwvb-S2gjG_Ot0hl5a24-CBc/s72-c/FB_IMG_1579564031361.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8235409830099314451.post-3834603161163151783</guid><pubDate>Sun, 11 Aug 2019 03:00:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2020-02-04T08:26:15.950-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">(kotokoli)(Tem)(music)</category><title>Kotokoli tem music</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://kotokolibudeebusiness.blogspot.com/&quot;&gt;https://kotokolibudeebusiness.blogspot.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Kotokoli tem musik are wonderful musics expecial old musics like ketekpe they&#39;re full of proverbs and wisdoms big words and full understanding .&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
warch kotokoli Tem comedy&lt;br /&gt;
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                                                       &lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://kotokoli.blogspot.com/2019/08/kotokoli-tem-music.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ouro Tchabu)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz6cfJOSkZnxhb2_i9Moee-Iy4EGXwnlektzyoIM2G-5H3L4ZoXd5GqYI4XRP89opNy6wjftLAYOtNVTVIqDlSXysuq2f8u2ZHT3sfNqiT0VHRdAEYqGSXsbwiJo80qR-d35i_8Dpgit0/s72-c/Images1567364992694.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Accra, Ghana</georss:featurename><georss:point>5.6037168 -0.18696439999996528</georss:point><georss:box>5.3508673 -0.50968789999996522 5.8565663 0.13575910000003472</georss:box></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8235409830099314451.post-2719783011925642774</guid><pubDate>Sun, 11 Aug 2019 02:58:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2020-09-19T21:24:41.583-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">(Tem)(kotokoli)(news)</category><title>Kotokoli Tem news</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #0b5394;&quot;&gt;Kotokoli Tem news&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5GKZQBgENgjM5_WVcDuq60DynGTawIC3f9mhp8zABboaoMVJq6yudBbf-1L7gnF3u8IKy_YovRE6Nbof7RDGQdMqpI1Bb2qfV-HH45NCWRkqpwE1uogSZIZK010ldn3i_lbNl2Lqapzk/s1600/Images1569786667928.png&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1438&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1438&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5GKZQBgENgjM5_WVcDuq60DynGTawIC3f9mhp8zABboaoMVJq6yudBbf-1L7gnF3u8IKy_YovRE6Nbof7RDGQdMqpI1Bb2qfV-HH45NCWRkqpwE1uogSZIZK010ldn3i_lbNl2Lqapzk/s320/Images1569786667928.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Kotokolibu Tembu Boy locked indoors for 20yrs due to medical condition&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;border: 0px; clear: both; color: #666666; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: normal; line-height: inherit; margin: 8px 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Source:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Ghana | Myjoyonline.com |&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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Basty Abass has survived life being naked without clothing, panties, bedding or even a mat and electricity&lt;/div&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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A stripling of 23-years-old has been spending the last 20 years in isolation in the Nkwanta south of the Oti region, because of a medical condition.&lt;/div&gt;
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Basty Abass passes&amp;nbsp;urine, defecates, eats and sleeps in a room locked and heavily secured with a padlock so that he would not get the opportunity to walk out.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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Food and water are passed through the window to him. His only source of seeing light is through his window.&lt;/div&gt;
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According to some neighbours, food and water are not consistent so he often cries out for help when he feels hungry and thirsty.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;img alt=&quot;Basty Abass&quot; data-pagespeed-url-hash=&quot;2282694514&quot; src=&quot;https://photos.myjoyonline.com/photos/news/201907/5252004938251_6728106009515.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; /&gt;
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Basty depends on some caring strangers and passersby&amp;nbsp;to get him water. He appears like a 13-year-old boy even though he is 23 years of age.&lt;/div&gt;
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According to Basty’s father, Mallam Abass Abdulai, the family&amp;nbsp;decided to isolate him&amp;nbsp;because of his condition.&lt;/div&gt;
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Basty has survived life being naked without clothing, panties, bedding&amp;nbsp;or even a mat and electricity. He sleeps in unhygienic and horrifying conditions in a room that has no cement floor.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: Arial; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.7; outline: none; padding: 25px 0px 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;The experience&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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When I chanced on Basty, he drew my attention through a sign language indicating that he needed water and food.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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So when I eventually got him the water, he pulled out a very dirty old sponge dish which would not even be accepted on a dumping site as his drinking cup.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: Arial; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.7; outline: none; padding: 25px 0px 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
I understood Basty’s situation better after I entered his room with his father.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: Arial; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.7; outline: none; padding: 25px 0px 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Basty’s story&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: Arial; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.7; outline: none; padding: 25px 0px 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Mallam Abdulai&amp;nbsp;told&amp;nbsp;me that his son is epileptic and is unable to independently think for himself, understand what he is told or take care of himself.&lt;/div&gt;
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According to him, his son&amp;nbsp;defecates anywhere so he thought confining him in a&amp;nbsp;room is the best option to prevent him from being attacked by his epilepsy in the open.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;border: none; font-family: Arial; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;&quot; /&gt;
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He added that it was to avoid the embarrassment from outsiders coming to tell him to get Basty if he suffers an attack while in public.&lt;/div&gt;
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When I enquired why he is absolutely naked all day and night without a mat or beddings while his father is gainfully employed as a tailor and the step-mother a cloth dealer,&amp;nbsp;Mallam Abdulai&amp;nbsp;answered that Basty defecates and urinates in his clothes and everything around him.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: Arial; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.7; outline: none; padding: 25px 0px 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Basty’s mother abandoned him when he was just 18 months&amp;nbsp;old and has since not returned. He was raised by his&amp;nbsp;grandmother&amp;nbsp;who has passed on.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: Arial; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.7; outline: none; padding: 25px 0px 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
“Basty&amp;nbsp;spent six&amp;nbsp;years before walking, he was unable to talk or do something for himself and it has not easy for me as a father,” he narrated.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: Arial; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.7; outline: none; padding: 25px 0px 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img alt=&quot;Basty Abass&quot; data-pagespeed-url-hash=&quot;1577908280&quot; src=&quot;https://photos.myjoyonline.com/photos/news/201907/4425797682979_5632622881068.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;The young man is unable to communicate his needs due to the rejection he suffered in the past 23 years&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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He appears to be a free-hearted fellow and would say ‘nodae’ in Kotokoli language which literally means welcome or “two thousand ‘mahw’,” which he means give me 20 pesewas to buy rice. Those are the only expressions Basty uttered each time I visited him.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: Arial; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.7; outline: none; padding: 25px 0px 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Basty’s health keeps deteriorating.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: Arial; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.7; outline: none; padding: 25px 0px 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Mallam Abdulai said he had been trying without any success to reach out to the appropriate authorities and philanthropist to come to their aid.&lt;/div&gt;
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The situation of children with such conditions in the Nkwanta South municipality is a dire one that needs urgent attention.&lt;/div&gt;
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These children lack access to education; they are not enrolled in formal education or vocational training.&lt;/div&gt;
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There is a need for a rehabilitation centre, a special need school or a vocational centre to aid such persons in the municipality.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;

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Sorry, the video player&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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Maluwa ouro of sokode pass away yestaday Saturday may his soul rest in peace his is maluwa ouro since 40 to 49 years his saving as cheif or king of muslims in kotokoli tem land of sokode all we know about his life his is very good man but some of us tembiya are saying someting different may his soul rest in peace&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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Muslims playing active role in Togo&lt;/h1&gt;
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Islam reached Togo about the same time as it did in much of West Africa. Tribes and other communities of the region came in contact with Islam in the 1700’s that came across the salt and gold trade routes. The Berber and Tuareg merchants traveled the trans-Saharan trade routes.&lt;br /&gt;
Muslim scholars, teaching their beliefs and establishing mosques and madrassas along the routes, accompanied traders on their journeys. The Hausa and the Fulani, a traditionally nomadic group, traveled all over West Africa, taking their Muslim beliefs to places such as present-day Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia.&lt;br /&gt;
In the absence of any reliable data, the Muslim population in the Republic of Togo ranges between 12 and 20 percent. The imam and preacher of the Salam Mosque in Lome, Sheikh Haroun Al-Hassan however puts the figure as much as 50 percent of Togo’s total 5,000,000 population, which appears exaggerated.&lt;br /&gt;
Almost every tribe and community has Muslim population. Kotokoli for instance is the largest community in Togo that is concentrated in the center of Togo in the region of Sokode. The Kotokoli used to control a principal trade route and developed a reputation for dealings in trade. They converted to Islam in the 1800’s. Today, almost all of the Kotokoli with a population of over 200,000 are Muslim, sincerely practicing the faith of Islam.&lt;br /&gt;
Daawa work is undergoing in the republic and a number of Islamic organizations have come up. They work for the welfare of the Muslims in the country. Many villagers are now gravitating toward Islam and embracing the faith in large numbers. The Muslim organizations are working to spread peace, justice, love and freedom, as also to help the Muslims live a decent life as also co-exist with followers of other faiths.&lt;br /&gt;
They aim at spreading the message of Islam and the Islamic culture and education.&lt;br /&gt;
The Federation of Togo Muslims is one such organization, which is the largest one. It takes care of new Muslims and has discouraged extremism and violence. Many Togolese, including members of the Christian clergy are accepting Islam.&lt;br /&gt;
Ahmadu Tito, Federation’s secretary-general, said that the Muslims have established good relations with the government of Togo. Many Muslims serve in the government as civil servants. The minister of defense, minister of justice, Parliament speaker, and the private advisor to the president, are all Muslims. Only two year ago, the country’s minister of local government embraced Islam.&lt;br /&gt;
Muslims in Togo give top priority to education and have established several schools. There are several schools teaching Islam and modern education.&lt;br /&gt;
The Federation runs two schools in Lome in which French and Arabic are taught. It has also established an Islamic Center in Logi, and a Muslim Academy at Sonko.&lt;br /&gt;
It has received help from the Islamic Development Bank (IDB) to run the Muslim Academy, in which 500 students get education from primary to secondary level. The Federation has several other smaller educational institutions in various parts of the country.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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To develop better educational curricula, several educationists have traveled to various countries in North Africa, such as Tunisia and Morocco, to study their curricula, and recommend their application in the schools in Togo.&lt;br /&gt;
The West African country has many mosques, 40 of them in Lome alone; two of which are large ones, and are filled to capacity with worshippers, particularly on Fridays, when they overflow and some of the worshippers have to pray on the pavements.&lt;br /&gt;
The Federation is engaged in dawa work and often holds seminars, symposia for this purpose.&lt;br /&gt;
Togo’s Muslims have effective means of spreading the message of Islam, including an Islamic broadcasting station, which beams its programs round the clock. The Jabal Noor Valley Islamic Broadcasting Station is on the FM wavelength. There is also a television station, while every Saturday the state television station allocates 30 minutes for Islamic programs. But there is no Muslim newspaper or magazine in the country.&lt;br /&gt;
Togo, which has joined&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt; the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), is the smallest West African country, with an area of 65,600 sq km and a population of over five million. Lome is the capital and the largest city. French Togoland became Togo in 1960. Gen. Gnassingbe Eyadema, installed as military ruler in 1967, continued to rule well into the 21st century through his Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) party. Upon his death in 2005, he was succeeded by his son Faure Gnassingbe.&lt;br /&gt;
The name Togo, which means “beside the waters” in the Ewe language (one of the national languages of Togo) refers to the Atlantic coastal region. The country is generally less than 100 km wide and is about 550 km long. Togo was a French colony until independence in 1960. Since 1991, the nation has suffered much political turmoil, which degenerated into intense armed conflict, especially in the central and southern regions, although there has been greater stability in recent years. The economy is heavily dependent on both commercial and subsistence agriculture, which provides employment for more than 60 percent of the labor force. Cocoa, coffee and cotton together generate about 30 percent of export earnings.&lt;/div&gt;
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New African currency: Will the &#39;ECO&#39; replace the CFA franc?&lt;/h1&gt;
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The CFA franc&#39;s days could be numbered in West Africa.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;time class=&quot;timeagofunction&quot; datetime=&quot;Fri Jul 12 2019 18:39:44 GMT+0000&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #b6b6b6; display: block; font-family: HelveticaNeueLTPro-Bd, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin-top: 8px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/time&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;img alt=&quot;The CFA franc is currently used by eight West African nations, but its days could be numbered [Thierry Gouegnon PW/SM /Reuters]&quot; class=&quot;img-responsive main-article-media-img&quot; src=&quot;https://www.aljazeera.com/mritems/imagecache/mbdxxlarge/mritems/Images/2019/7/11/50e1803ede1b4efeaac8e28aae7bfe59_18.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; width: 318px;&quot; title=&quot;New African currency: Will the &#39;ECO&#39; replace the CFA franc?&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;figcaption class=&quot;main-article-caption&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #a4a4a4; display: inline-table; font-family: HelveticaNeueLTPro-Roman, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.33; margin: 10px 0px 12px;&quot;&gt;The CFA franc is currently used by eight West African nations, but its days could be numbered [Thierry Gouegnon PW/SM /Reuters]&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;article-p-wrapper&quot; id=&quot;body-190221120530090&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-left: 0px;&quot;&gt;
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Leaders from eight West African countries met in Abidjan,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aljazeera.com/topics/country/ivory-coast.html&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #005079; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px;&quot;&gt;Ivory Coast&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;on Friday to discuss ditching their currency - the CFA franc - for the &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/06/west-africa-bloc-adopts-eco-planned-shared-currency-190630103927903.html&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #005079; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px;&quot;&gt;ECO&lt;/a&gt;&quot;, a new currency that leaders of the 15-member Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) aim to launch next year.&lt;/div&gt;
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What is the CFA franc?&lt;/h3&gt;
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Created by France in 1945, the &quot;CFA&quot; franc was originally pegged to the French franc and is currently backed by the euro. CFA initially stood for &quot;Colonies francaises d&#39;Afrique&quot; (French colonies of Africa) and then became &quot;Communaute francaise d&#39;Afrique&quot; (French Community of Africa).&lt;/div&gt;
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Which countries currently use the CFA franc?&lt;/h3&gt;
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It&#39;s used in two currency zones, one in West Africa and the other in Central Africa. The West African CFA franc is used by&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aljazeera.com/topics/country/benin.html&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #005079; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px;&quot;&gt;Benin&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aljazeera.com/topics/country/burkina-faso.html&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #005079; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px;&quot;&gt;Burkina Faso&lt;/a&gt;, the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aljazeera.com/topics/country/ivory-coast.html&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #005079; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px;&quot;&gt;Ivory Coast&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aljazeera.com/topics/country/guinea-bissau.html&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #005079; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px;&quot;&gt;Guinea-Bissau&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aljazeera.com/topics/country/mali.html&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #005079; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px;&quot;&gt;Mali&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aljazeera.com/topics/country/niger.html&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #005079; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px;&quot;&gt;Niger&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aljazeera.com/topics/country/senegal.html&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #005079; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px;&quot;&gt;Senegal&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aljazeera.com/topics/country/togo.html&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #005079; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px;&quot;&gt;Togo&lt;/a&gt;. The Central African CFA franc is used by&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aljazeera.com/topics/country/cameroon.html&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #005079; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px;&quot;&gt;Cameroon&lt;/a&gt;, the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aljazeera.com/topics/country/central-african-republic.html&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #005079; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px;&quot;&gt;Central African Republic&lt;/a&gt;, the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aljazeera.com/topics/country/congo.html&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #005079; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px;&quot;&gt;Republic of the Congo&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aljazeera.com/topics/country/gabon.html&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #005079; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px;&quot;&gt;Gabon&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aljazeera.com/topics/country/equatorial-guinea.html&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #005079; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px;&quot;&gt;Equatorial Guinea&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aljazeera.com/topics/country/chad.html&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #005079; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px;&quot;&gt;Chad&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
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While the two are technically separate currencies, they essentially have parity and are interchangeable. One euro ($0.89) can buy approximately 656 CFA francs - either West or Central African.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.17em;&quot;&gt;Why ditch the CFA franc?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 20px;&quot;&gt;Some critics see the currency as a colonial-era tool that continues to encroach on the sovereignty of African states.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Last year, seven artists from 10 countries released the rap song&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OO-s94Rf36k&amp;amp;feature=youtu.be&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #005079; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&quot;7 minutes against the CFA franc&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;to drum up popular support for dumping the currency.&lt;/div&gt;
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How does it encroach on sovereignty?&lt;/h3&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 20px;&quot;&gt;The CFA franc limits monetary sovereignty. France guarantees the value of the CFA franc, and in return, the countries that use it are required to keep 50 percent of their foreign exchange reserves with the French treasury.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 20px;&quot;&gt;B&lt;/span&gt;ecause the exchange rate between the CFA franc and euro is fixed, the central banks of the two CFA franc zones need to follow the monetary policies of the European Central Bank (ECB) in order to maintain the peg. Put simply, the ECB effectively sets interest rates for countries that use the CFA franc.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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Is there any advantage to keeping the CFA franc?&lt;/h3&gt;
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Because the CFA franc is hard-pegged to the euro, its supporters believe it has offered stability to those countries using it and that it has helped provide opportunities for economic growth.&lt;/div&gt;
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What are the disadvantages of keeping it?&lt;/h3&gt;
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Critics say that because the CFA franc is pegged to the euro - which is relatively strong - goods produced by CFA-franc countries are less competitive than goods produced by countries with cheaper currencies.&lt;/div&gt;
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What advantage is there to replacing the CFA franc with the ECO?&lt;/h3&gt;
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Supporters of the ECO say it will help boost trade, lower transaction costs and make payments easier across the 15 ECOWAS member countries - which overlap largely, but not entirely, with the West African CFA franc zone.&lt;/div&gt;
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Could the ECO be adopted soon?&lt;/h3&gt;
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The introduction of a single currency for ECOWAS has been postponed several times over the years. ECOWAS plans to launch the ECO in 2020, but it&#39;s doubtful that all 15 countries in the bloc can meet the criteria for adopting the new currency by then. It is also unclear whether the bloc will quickly have the institutional structures in place to run a common currency.&lt;/div&gt;
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Will the new currency succeed?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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There are concerns that Nigeria, the biggest ECOWAS economy, could dominate the ECO. There are also questions about how much the ECO would boost trade. Ken Opalo, an assistant professor at Georgetown University, told Al Jazeera that while the ECO gives Francophone states an alternative to the CFA franc, &quot;lack of sufficient internal trade will create serious challenges to monetary authorities in the bloc&quot;.&lt;/div&gt;
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NEW CHIEF FOR KOTOKOLI’S&lt;/h1&gt;
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New Chief For Kotokoli’s&lt;/h1&gt;
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After several months of soul searching and consultations, a new Kotokoli chief has been installed at Nima, a populous Muslim dominated suburb in the Greater Accra region.&lt;/div&gt;
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He was installed under the stool name Wuro Abdul Aziz Gbangbana.&lt;/div&gt;
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The colorful and well attend ceremony last Saturday, June 21, 2014, was performed by the Greater Accra regional Kotokoli Chief, WuroSalifuHaruna, with the blessing of the Chief Imam, Sheikh Alhaji Dr Osman NuhuSharubutu&lt;/div&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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A statement issued in Accra and signed by Wuro Salifu Haruna, stated ?On Saturday, June 21, 2014, under a clear, serene and cool atmosphere, a new chief of Kotokolis for Nima was installed under the stool name of Wuro Abdul Aziz Gbangbana,? the statement noted.&lt;/div&gt;
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The ceremony was attended by the Dagomba Chief, Abdul Kadir; Hausa Chief, Abdul KadirKabiruWaye;&amp;nbsp; Kardo Chief, Hajj Tanko and representatives of the two major political parties in the country.&lt;/div&gt;
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The ruling National Democratic Congress? team was led by its deputy National Organizer, Alhaji Baba Sheriff while the opposition New Patriotic Party?s delegation was led by its defeated 2012 parliamentary candidate for the Ayawaso East constituency, Hon Alhassan.&lt;/div&gt;
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Also present at the ceremony was James Town Mantse; former MP for Ayawaso Central, Sheikh I C Quaye, the representative of the Mayor of Accra and leaders of traditional and religious authorities in Accra.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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Source: The Al-Hajj&lt;br /&gt;
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The Member of Parliament (MP) for Ayawaso-East Constituency in the Greater Accra Region, Hon Naser Toure Mahama, has advised Kotokolis to avoid acts that would bring the good name of the ethnic group into disrepute.&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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He urge them to be law-abiding at all times and strive to respectful the traditions and norms of their hosts, the Ashantis, in order to maintain their long standing peaceful co-existence.

Hon. Toure Mahama said this when he addressed the media during the final funeral rites of the late Wuro YerimaJ ibril Adam III, Kotokoli Chief of Ejisu-Zongo, in the Ejisu-Juaben Municipality of the Ashanti Region.

He noted that, Kotokolis in the Ghana, as has been the case since time in memorial, have lived in peace and have conducted themselves to the admiration of their hosts including chiefs of the area.

The MP appealed to Kotokolis to complement the efforts of government and the district assemblies in the development of their dwelling places by paying their levies and taxes regularly.

He urged them to also contribute towards the development of their areas by visiting their homes regularly to offer ideas and suggestions.

The Ayawaso-East MP appealed to Kotokolis not to fight each other; instead, they should use their wealth and experience to fight illiteracy, diseases and poverty which is retarding the progress of their localities.

?Let us fight against illiteracy and poverty, not tribe against tribe,? he advised

Touching on his constituency, the Ayawaso-East Legislator stated that there are lot of challenges in terms of education, sanitation, water and poverty, adding that an Educational Committee has been formed to overseer the educational needs of his constituents.

He appealed to the government, Islamic Non Governmental Organizations and other benevolent organizations to come to the aid of the constituency, to provide the constituency with social amenities.
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The MP used the occasion to call on Muslim parents and guardians to give secular education to their wards, especially, their female wards to enable them contribute meaningfully to society.

He prayed for more Kotokolis (MPs) to represent their constituencies in Parliament, and District Chief Executives in the near future.

Present at funeral included Wuro Alhaji Dauda Chedre Brenan II,Chief of Kue in the Nkwanta-South District of the Volta-Region,and the Paramount Chief of Kotokolis, Wuro Salifu Haruna, Greater Accra Kotokoli Chief,  Wuro Mola Abubakari, Kotokoli Chief of Dodowa, and Wuro Muhideen Yahaya Toure, Ashanti Regional Kotokoli Chief.

Others included Rev. Torgbe Mawufeame Fugah, President of Voltarians Co-ordinating Council(VCC),Ashanti and Brong Ahafo Regions,  and Head of Ewe Communities in Ashanti and Brong Ahafo Regions, the Sarkin-Zongo of Ejisu,and the Representative of Nana Ejisumanhene, Nana Afranie Okese, among others.
Sheikh Baameiyi, National Kotokoli Youth Leader chaired the function.

Source: Alhaji Bashiru Zakari/The Al-Hajj, Ejisu-Ashanti.
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&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Founded in 1972, ORTB or Benin Broadcasting and Television Board is a national and public Beninese radio and television company.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;It broadcasts a wide range of programs, many of which focus on entertainment.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Historically, most ORTB programs came from the INA or National Audiovisual Institute and Transtel from 1978 to 1982 until national programs gained production.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Be that as it may, most of the entertainment programs and films on ORTB come in principle from TF1 broadcasts thanks to cooperation with the French channel.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Among other things, one of the most interesting entertainment programs on the channel is the &quot;A capella&quot; program.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;In addition, the national radio and television broadcasts these programs in 19 languages,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;among others in French in Fon and Kotokoli.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Currently, the national radio and television channel covers the entire Beninese territory and broadcasts a wide range of programs, including magazine, documentary and daily forum programs.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;RECEIVE ORTB LIVE IN FRANCE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;tr style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; text-align: center; transform: scaleX(1.0088); vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;&quot; width=&quot;20%&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Operator&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; text-align: center; transform: scaleX(1.0088); vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;&quot; width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;TV channel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; text-align: center; transform: scaleX(1.0088); vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;included&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; text-align: center; transform: scaleX(1.0088); vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Quality&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; text-align: center; transform: scaleX(1.0088); vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;&quot; width=&quot;20%&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;TV bouquet&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; text-align: center; transform: scaleX(1.0088); vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;&quot; width=&quot;20%&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Offer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/thead&gt;&lt;tbody style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td-1&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/liste-des-chaines/bouygues-bbox-adsl/&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/assets/logo/operateur/30x30/bouygues-bbox-adsl.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;ml-5&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 5px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Bbox ADSL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;665&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/assets/uploads/cross.png&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td-1&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;fa fa-caret-square-o-right&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: &amp;quot;fontawesome&amp;quot;; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/liste-des-chaines/bouygues-bbox-adsl/africain&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;African&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;fa fa-caret-square-o-right&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: &amp;quot;fontawesome&amp;quot;; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/liste-des-chaines/bouygues-bbox-adsl/africain-premium&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;African Premium&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-top: 2px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div itemscope=&quot;&quot; itemtype=&quot;http://schema.org/Offer&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;offres_voir&quot; href=&quot;https://www.bouyguestelecom.fr/&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #a2c437; border-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; cursor: pointer; padding: 3px 5px; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;See&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td-1&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/liste-des-chaines/bouygues-bbox-fibre/&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/assets/logo/operateur/30x30/bouygues-bbox-fibre.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;ml-5&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 5px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Bbox Fiber&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;665&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/assets/uploads/cross.png&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td-1&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;fa fa-caret-square-o-right&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: &amp;quot;fontawesome&amp;quot;; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/liste-des-chaines/bouygues-bbox-fibre/africain&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;African&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;fa fa-caret-square-o-right&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: &amp;quot;fontawesome&amp;quot;; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/liste-des-chaines/bouygues-bbox-fibre/africain-premium&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;African Premium&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-top: 2px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div itemscope=&quot;&quot; itemtype=&quot;http://schema.org/Offer&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;offres_voir&quot; href=&quot;https://www.bouyguestelecom.fr/offres-internet/internet-fibre-ftth&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #a2c437; border-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; cursor: pointer; padding: 3px 5px; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;See&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td-1&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/liste-des-chaines/canalsat-essentiel/&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/assets/logo/operateur/30x30/canalsat-essentiel.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;ml-5&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 5px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;CanalSat Essential&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/assets/uploads/cross.png&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td-1&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-top: 2px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div itemscope=&quot;&quot; itemtype=&quot;http://schema.org/Offer&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;offres_voir&quot; href=&quot;http://action.metaffiliation.com/trk.php?mclic=P4F5314930B153&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #a2c437; border-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; cursor: pointer; padding: 3px 5px; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;See&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td-1&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/liste-des-chaines/canalsat-essentiel-famille/&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/assets/logo/operateur/30x30/canalsat-essentiel-famille.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;ml-5&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 5px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;CanalSat Essential Family&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/assets/uploads/cross.png&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td-1&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-top: 2px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div itemscope=&quot;&quot; itemtype=&quot;http://schema.org/Offer&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;offres_voir&quot; href=&quot;http://action.metaffiliation.com/trk.php?mclic=P4F5314930B153&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #a2c437; border-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; cursor: pointer; padding: 3px 5px; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;See&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td-1&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/liste-des-chaines/free/&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/assets/logo/operateur/30x30/free.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;ml-5&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 5px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Free&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;451&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/assets/uploads/cross.png&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td-1&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;fa fa-caret-square-o-right&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: &amp;quot;fontawesome&amp;quot;; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/liste-des-chaines/free/africain-basic&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;African Basic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;fa fa-caret-square-o-right&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: &amp;quot;fontawesome&amp;quot;; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/liste-des-chaines/free/africain-platinium&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;African Platinum&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;fa fa-caret-square-o-right&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: &amp;quot;fontawesome&amp;quot;; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/liste-des-chaines/free/africain-premium&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;African Premium&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-top: 2px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div itemscope=&quot;&quot; itemtype=&quot;http://schema.org/Offer&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;offres_voir&quot; href=&quot;http://portail.free.fr/&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #a2c437; border-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; cursor: pointer; padding: 3px 5px; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;See&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td-1&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/liste-des-chaines/orange-adsl-fibre/&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/assets/logo/operateur/30x30/orange-adsl-fibre.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;ml-5&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 5px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Orange ADSL / Fiber&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;597&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/assets/uploads/cross.png&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td-1&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;fa fa-caret-square-o-right&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: &amp;quot;fontawesome&amp;quot;; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/liste-des-chaines/orange-adsl-fibre/africain&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;African&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;fa fa-caret-square-o-right&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: &amp;quot;fontawesome&amp;quot;; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/liste-des-chaines/orange-adsl-fibre/africain-max&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;African Max&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-top: 2px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div itemscope=&quot;&quot; itemtype=&quot;http://schema.org/Offer&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;offres_voir&quot; href=&quot;http://www.awin1.com/awclick.php?gid=309181&amp;amp;mid=7302&amp;amp;awinaffid=297013&amp;amp;linkid=626892&amp;amp;clickref=&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #a2c437; border-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; cursor: pointer; padding: 3px 5px; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;See&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td-1&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/liste-des-chaines/orange-satellite/&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/assets/logo/operateur/30x30/orange-satellite.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;ml-5&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 5px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Orange Satellite&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/assets/uploads/cross.png&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td-1&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-top: 2px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div itemscope=&quot;&quot; itemtype=&quot;http://schema.org/Offer&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;offres_voir&quot; href=&quot;http://www.awin1.com/awclick.php?gid=309181&amp;amp;mid=7302&amp;amp;awinaffid=297013&amp;amp;linkid=626891&amp;amp;clickref=&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #a2c437; border-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; cursor: pointer; padding: 3px 5px; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;See&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td-1&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/liste-des-chaines/sfr/&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/assets/logo/operateur/30x30/sfr.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;ml-5&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 5px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;SFR&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;839&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/assets/uploads/cross.png&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td-1&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;table-td&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-top: 2px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div itemscope=&quot;&quot; itemtype=&quot;http://schema.org/Offer&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;offres_voir&quot; href=&quot;https://www.awin1.com/cread.php?s=2247591&amp;amp;v=7315&amp;amp;q=346563&amp;amp;r=297013&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #a2c437; border-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; cursor: pointer; padding: 3px 5px; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;See&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 13.69px; line-height: 23.61px; margin-bottom: 10px; transform: scaleY(1.0148);&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/section&gt;&lt;section class=&quot;mt-50&quot; id=&quot;description_2&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 50px;&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #87a1b4; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 19.44px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 20px; text-transform: uppercase;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;ORTB LIVE ON THE INTERNET&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 13.69px; line-height: 23.61px; margin-bottom: 10px; transform: scaleY(1.0148);&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 13.69px; line-height: 23.61px; margin-bottom: 10px; transform: scaleY(1.0148);&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;ORTB offers programs for all ages and for all tastes including sports with the broadcast of live football matches.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;In addition, it is now possible to view live programs on the internet in live streaming thanks to ADSL or satellite.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 13.69px; line-height: 23.61px; margin-bottom: 10px; transform: scaleY(1.0148);&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/section&gt;&lt;section class=&quot;mt-50&quot; id=&quot;live-replay&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 50px;&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 class=&quot;title ml-5&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #87a1b4; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 19.44px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 5px; margin-top: 20px; text-transform: uppercase;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;LIVE AND REPLAY TV&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div itemscope=&quot;&quot; itemtype=&quot;http://schema.org/TelevisionChannel&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 23.61px; padding: 5px;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;mt-5&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img src=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/assets/uploads/replay.png&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;&quot; width=&quot;55px&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.44px; line-height: 23.61px; padding: 5px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;ml-10&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13.69px; line-height: 23.61px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 10px; transform: scaleY(1.0148);&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;live-replay_title&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #616264; font-size: 13.89px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 23.61px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;ORTB Replay TV&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;live-replay_description&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #616264; font-size: 13.89px; line-height: 23.61px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The latest ORTB channel news videos are broadcast on the Youtube streaming platform.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;live-replay_link&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #87a1b4; font-size: 13.89px; line-height: 23.61px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmPXzeJaO7nrA87GIz3N6wQ/videos&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;See the replay&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/section&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;publicite text-center mt-50&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 50px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;trknanaid1569223148286s4f5314930b2131790082&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; height: 90px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; width: 728px; z-index: 2147483646;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;adResizeContainer-trknanaid1569223148286s4f5314930b2131790082&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; height: 90px; left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: 0px; width: 270px; z-index: 2147483646;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://action.metaffiliation.com/trk.php?mclic=S4F5314930B21317&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; max-width: 100%; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://img.metaffiliation.com/5/62769/img_19_17_3.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: 90px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; width: 270px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;section id=&quot;description_3&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c6767; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 13.69px; line-height: 23.61px; margin-bottom: 10px; transform: scaleY(1.0148);&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/section&gt;&lt;section class=&quot;mt-50&quot; id=&quot;similar&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 50px;&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #87a1b4; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 19.44px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 20px; text-transform: uppercase;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;SIMILAR CHANNELS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div itemscope=&quot;&quot; itemtype=&quot;http://schema.org/TelevisionChannel&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ul class=&quot;list-inline&quot; id=&quot;list-chaines&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: -5px; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;chaine-panel&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 10px; width: 102px;&quot; title=&quot;France 5&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/france-5&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;France 5&quot; height=&quot;82&quot; src=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/assets/logo/chaines/82x82/france-5.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border-radius: 5px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;&quot; width=&quot;82&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/france-5&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;chaine-panel-title&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #333a44; font-size: 10.27px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 18.06px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;France 5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/france-5&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/france-5&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;chaine-panel-short-description&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #606367; font-size: 10px; line-height: 15.28px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;General TV ...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/france-5&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/france-5&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;8&quot; src=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/assets/uploads/fa-globe.png&quot; style=&quot;border-radius: 5px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;&quot; width=&quot;12&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;chaine-panel-category&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #606367; font-size: 8.99px; line-height: 15.28px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;France&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/france-5&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;chaine-panel&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 10px; width: 102px;&quot; title=&quot;Wataniya 1&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/wataniya-1&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Wataniya 1&quot; height=&quot;82&quot; src=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/assets/logo/chaines/82x82/wataniya-1.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border-radius: 5px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;&quot; width=&quot;82&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/wataniya-1&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;chaine-panel-title&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #333a44; font-size: 10.27px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 18.06px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Wataniya 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/wataniya-1&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/wataniya-1&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;chaine-panel-short-description&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #606367; font-size: 10px; line-height: 15.28px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Info and di ...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/wataniya-1&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/wataniya-1&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;8&quot; src=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/assets/uploads/fa-globe.png&quot; style=&quot;border-radius: 5px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;&quot; width=&quot;12&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;chaine-panel-category&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #606367; font-size: 8.99px; line-height: 15.28px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Tunisia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/wataniya-1&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;chaine-panel&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 10px; width: 102px;&quot; title=&quot;Guadeloupe 1st&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/guadeloupe-1ere&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Guadeloupe 1st&quot; height=&quot;82&quot; src=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/assets/logo/chaines/82x82/guadeloupe-1ere.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border-radius: 5px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;&quot; width=&quot;82&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/guadeloupe-1ere&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;chaine-panel-title&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #333a44; font-size: 10.27px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 18.06px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Guadeloupe ...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/guadeloupe-1ere&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/guadeloupe-1ere&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;chaine-panel-short-description&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #606367; font-size: 10px; line-height: 15.28px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;TV from outside ...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/guadeloupe-1ere&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/guadeloupe-1ere&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;8&quot; src=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/assets/uploads/fa-globe.png&quot; style=&quot;border-radius: 5px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;&quot; width=&quot;12&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;chaine-panel-category&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #606367; font-size: 8.99px; line-height: 15.28px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;France&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/guadeloupe-1ere&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;chaine-panel&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 10px; width: 102px;&quot; title=&quot;Canal 13&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/canal-13-chile&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Canal 13&quot; height=&quot;82&quot; src=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/assets/logo/chaines/82x82/canal-13-chile.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border-radius: 5px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;&quot; width=&quot;82&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/canal-13-chile&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;chaine-panel-title&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #333a44; font-size: 10.27px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 18.06px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Canal 13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/canal-13-chile&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/canal-13-chile&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;chaine-panel-short-description&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #606367; font-size: 10px; line-height: 15.28px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;General TV ...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/canal-13-chile&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/canal-13-chile&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;8&quot; src=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/assets/uploads/fa-globe.png&quot; style=&quot;border-radius: 5px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;&quot; width=&quot;12&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;chaine-panel-category&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #606367; font-size: 8.99px; line-height: 15.28px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Chile&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/canal-13-chile&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;chaine-panel&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 10px; width: 102px;&quot; title=&quot;CBC Egypt TV&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/cbc-egypt&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;CBC Egypt TV&quot; height=&quot;82&quot; src=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/assets/logo/chaines/82x82/cbc-egypt.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border-radius: 5px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;&quot; width=&quot;82&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/cbc-egypt&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;chaine-panel-title&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #333a44; font-size: 10.27px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 18.06px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;CBC Egypt ...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/cbc-egypt&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/cbc-egypt&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;chaine-panel-short-description&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #606367; font-size: 10px; line-height: 15.28px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;General TV ...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/cbc-egypt&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/cbc-egypt&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;8&quot; src=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/assets/uploads/fa-globe.png&quot; style=&quot;border-radius: 5px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;&quot; width=&quot;12&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;chaine-panel-category&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #606367; font-size: 8.99px; line-height: 15.28px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Egypt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/cbc-egypt&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;chaine-panel&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 10px; width: 102px;&quot; title=&quot;RTI 2&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/rti-2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;RTI 2&quot; height=&quot;82&quot; src=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/assets/logo/chaines/82x82/rti-2.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border-radius: 5px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;&quot; width=&quot;82&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/rti-2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;chaine-panel-title&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #333a44; font-size: 10.27px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 18.06px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;RTI 2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/rti-2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/rti-2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;chaine-panel-short-description&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #606367; font-size: 10px; line-height: 15.28px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Entertain ...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/rti-2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/rti-2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;8&quot; src=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/assets/uploads/fa-globe.png&quot; style=&quot;border-radius: 5px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;&quot; width=&quot;12&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;chaine-panel-category&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #606367; font-size: 8.99px; line-height: 15.28px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Cote d&#39;Ivo ...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/rti-2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;chaine-panel&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 10px; width: 102px;&quot; title=&quot;RTL TVI&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/rtl-tvi&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;RTL TVI&quot; height=&quot;82&quot; src=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/assets/logo/chaines/82x82/rtl-tvi.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border-radius: 5px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;&quot; width=&quot;82&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/rtl-tvi&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;chaine-panel-title&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #333a44; font-size: 10.27px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 18.06px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;RTL TVI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/rtl-tvi&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/rtl-tvi&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;chaine-panel-short-description&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #606367; font-size: 10px; line-height: 15.28px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;General TV ...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/rtl-tvi&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/rtl-tvi&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;8&quot; src=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/assets/uploads/fa-globe.png&quot; style=&quot;border-radius: 5px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;&quot; width=&quot;12&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;chaine-panel-category&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #606367; font-size: 8.99px; line-height: 15.28px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Belgium&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/rtl-tvi&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/section&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr style=&quot;border-bottom: 0px; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-top-style: solid; box-sizing: content-box; height: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px;&quot; /&gt;
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&lt;section id=&quot;breadcrumbs&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;col-sm-10&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #616264; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 13.69px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ul class=&quot;list-inline bcrumb pl-5&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: -5px; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;breadcrumb&quot; itemscope=&quot;&quot; itemtype=&quot;http://data-vocabulary.org/Breadcrumb&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #616264; font-size: 11.11px; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;TV Direct&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;li class=&quot;breadcrumb&quot; itemscope=&quot;&quot; itemtype=&quot;http://data-vocabulary.org/Breadcrumb&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #616264; font-size: 11.11px; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;Live&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;li class=&quot;breadcrumb&quot; itemscope=&quot;&quot; itemtype=&quot;http://data-vocabulary.org/Breadcrumb&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tv-direct.fr/live/ortb&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #616264; font-size: 11.11px; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;ORTB&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;breadcrumb&quot; itemscope=&quot;&quot; itemtype=&quot;http://data-vocabulary.org/Breadcrumb&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;ul class=&quot;list-inline bcrumb pl-5&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: -5px; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;breadcrumb&quot; itemscope=&quot;&quot; itemtype=&quot;http://data-vocabulary.org/Breadcrumb&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;col-sm-10&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #616264; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 13.69px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;col-sm-10&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #616264; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 13.69px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;col-sm-10&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #616264; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 13.69px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;col-sm-10&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #616264; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 13.69px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;col-sm-10&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #616264; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 13.69px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;col-sm-10&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #616264; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 13.69px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;
Kotokoli tem news&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;col-sm-10&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #616264; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 13.69px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;col-sm-10&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #616264; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 13.69px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;col-sm-10&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;container container-single penci-single-style-3 penci-single-smore container-single-fullwidth hentry container-single-magazine penci_is_nosidebar&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #313131; font-family: &amp;quot;pt serif&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px 20px; width: 320px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;header-standard header-classic single-header&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 26px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h1 class=&quot;post-title single-post-title entry-title&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: &amp;quot;Roboto Slab&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Which languages ​​do we speak most in Benin?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;post-box-meta-single&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; margin: 6px 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;author-post byline&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #888888; display: block; margin: 6px 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;author vcard&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: inherit; margin: 5px 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;by&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;author-url url fn n&quot; href=&quot;https://www.cotedivoire.news/author/joseph-amenan&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #313131; cursor: pointer; font-size: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-transform: capitalize; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Joseph Amenan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #888888; display: block; margin: 5px 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #888888; display: block; margin: 5px 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;penci-main-sticky-sidebar&quot; id=&quot;main&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; outline: none; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 280px;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;color: #313131; font-family: &amp;quot;pt serif&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: normal;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;article class=&quot;post type-post status-publish&quot; id=&quot;post-16230&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 60px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;post-entry blockquote-style-2&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 33px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;inner-post-entry entry-content&quot; id=&quot;penci-post-entry-inner&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #313131; font-family: &amp;quot;roboto slab&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 17px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Indeed Benin inherited an area of ​​114,763 Km² and its population would amount to 10,448,647 inhabitants.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The languages ​​spoken in Benin would be about twenty.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #313131; font-family: &amp;quot;pt serif&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 17px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;top 10 most spoken languages ​​of Benin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;will reveal the local languages ​​that hold the most speakers in addition to the French that also appears there.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Discover them so without delay.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #313131; font-family: &amp;quot;roboto slab&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 17px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Dendi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #313131; font-family: &amp;quot;pt serif&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 17px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The Dendi is one of the main dialects of the southern Songhai language group, spoken largely in northern Benin, Karimama and Malanville.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The language Dendi is spoken by 4% of the population ie at least 417,945 speakers.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #313131; font-family: &amp;quot;roboto slab&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 17px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Tem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #313131; font-family: &amp;quot;pt serif&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 17px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Tem, also known as Kotokoli, is a Gurunsi language spoken in Benin, Ghana and Togo.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Like the Dendi, it represents 4% of Benin&#39;s population with at least 415,000 speakers.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Tem is used in the north of the country.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #313131; font-family: &amp;quot;roboto slab&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 17px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Ditammari&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #313131; font-family: &amp;quot;pt serif&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 17px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Ditammari is a Gour language spoken in Benin and Togo by the Batammariba.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;It too is found in the north of the country and currently has at least 5% of speakers in the Beninese population, in other words at least 522,432 individuals claiming ethnicity.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #313131; font-family: &amp;quot;roboto slab&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 17px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Aizo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #313131; font-family: &amp;quot;pt serif&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 17px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Aïzo or Ayzo-gbé is a Gbé language with a proper alphabet.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The Ayzo reside in the south of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cotedivoire.news/pays/39617-nouveau-classement-des-pays-les-plus-beaux-d-afrique.html&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #20a1c9; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;country&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;and would have received their name from the Fons who conquered them.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;This southern dialect is the medium of expression of more than 840,000 Beninese which corresponds to a proportion of 8%.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #313131; font-family: &amp;quot;roboto slab&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 17px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Adja&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #313131; font-family: &amp;quot;pt serif&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 17px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Adja or Aja-gbé is also a language of the group Gbé mainly settled in Benin and Togo.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;It is found in southern Togo and has a population of around 10,000,000.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; color: #313131; font-family: &amp;quot;pt serif&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0em 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;uc7df6116f4d2e30404aabf3b6eccfa55&quot; href=&quot;https://www.cotedivoire.news/culture/11633-groupe-magic-system-fete-20-ans-de-carriere-tournee.html&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #ecf0f1; border: 0px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17) 0px 1px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #20a1c9; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; opacity: 1; outline: none; padding-bottom: 1em !important; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 1em !important; padding: 1em 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: opacity 250ms ease 0s; width: 280px;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a class=&quot;uc7df6116f4d2e30404aabf3b6eccfa55&quot; href=&quot;https://www.cotedivoire.news/culture/11633-groupe-magic-system-fete-20-ans-de-carriere-tournee.html&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #ecf0f1; border: 0px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17) 0px 1px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #20a1c9; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; opacity: 1; outline: none; padding-bottom: 1em !important; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 1em !important; padding: 1em 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: opacity 250ms ease 0s; width: 280px;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;ctaText&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt; Read also&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;postTitle&quot; color=&quot;inherit&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Magic System Group celebrates 20 years of touring career&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;uc7df6116f4d2e30404aabf3b6eccfa55&quot; href=&quot;https://www.cotedivoire.news/culture/11633-groupe-magic-system-fete-20-ans-de-carriere-tournee.html&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #ecf0f1; border: 0px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17) 0px 1px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #20a1c9; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; opacity: 1; outline: none; padding-bottom: 1em !important; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 1em !important; padding: 1em 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: opacity 250ms ease 0s; width: 280px;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #313131; font-family: &amp;quot;roboto slab&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 17px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Goun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #313131; font-family: &amp;quot;pt serif&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 17px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Goun refers to the language spoken by Gouns living in Benin and Nigeria.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The Goun or Gboungbe is the second most spoken local language because 1.985.242 inhabitants of Benin would use it frequently as a means of locution or 19% of the total population of Benin.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #313131; font-family: &amp;quot;roboto slab&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 17px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Bariba&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #313131; font-family: &amp;quot;pt serif&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 17px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Bariba, the name given by the settlers to the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cotedivoire.news/religion/39529-decouvrir-les-religions-traditionnelles-d-afrique-noire.html&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #20a1c9; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Yoruba&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;fringe&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;of Benin, is a language of the people of the same name in Benin and neighboring Nigeria.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;It is one of the Benin languages ​​most spoken in the northern part and in the big cities of the southern part such as Cotonou, Abomey-Calavi or Porto-Novo.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;It would be spoken by 13% of the Dahomee population, which refers to about 1,350,000 practitioners.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #313131; font-family: &amp;quot;roboto slab&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 17px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;yoruba&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #313131; font-family: &amp;quot;pt serif&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 17px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Yoruba is a language of the Benue-Congolese language group.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;It is found in Nigeria, Benin, Chad, Niger and even Togo.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;This language settled in southern Benin and would be used by approximately 1,462,810 inhabitants.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #313131; font-family: &amp;quot;roboto slab&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 17px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;fon&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #313131; font-family: &amp;quot;pt serif&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 17px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The name or Fongbe is the most widespread language of Benin.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;It is found in the center and south of the country.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The Fon is spoken by at least 44% of Beninese or 4.597.404 speakers.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Fon was the official language of the ancient kingdom of Dahomey and today it is used in the media (radio and television) and is taught at school.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;* French&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;French is one of the most used languages ​​in Benin with 35% of users in 2014 or about 4,000,000 of the national population.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;With literacy efforts in the countryside this language of the colonizer is destined to be the first language of the country.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; color: #313131; font-family: &amp;quot;pt serif&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0em 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;u1e7ef57fbe23feed4d72fbdd0c45aa72&quot; href=&quot;https://www.cotedivoire.news/culture/17383-gulmancema-langue-parlee-par-les-gulmanceba-au-burkina-faso.html&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #ecf0f1; border: 0px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17) 0px 1px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #20a1c9; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; opacity: 1; outline: none; padding-bottom: 1em !important; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 1em !important; padding: 1em 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: opacity 250ms ease 0s; width: 280px;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a class=&quot;u1e7ef57fbe23feed4d72fbdd0c45aa72&quot; href=&quot;https://www.cotedivoire.news/culture/17383-gulmancema-langue-parlee-par-les-gulmanceba-au-burkina-faso.html&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #ecf0f1; border: 0px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17) 0px 1px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #20a1c9; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; opacity: 1; outline: none; padding-bottom: 1em !important; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 1em !important; padding: 1em 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: opacity 250ms ease 0s; width: 280px;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;ctaText&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt; Read also&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;postTitle&quot; color=&quot;inherit&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Gulmancema: language spoken by Gulmanceba in Burkina Faso&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;u1e7ef57fbe23feed4d72fbdd0c45aa72&quot; href=&quot;https://www.cotedivoire.news/culture/17383-gulmancema-langue-parlee-par-les-gulmanceba-au-burkina-faso.html&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #ecf0f1; border: 0px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17) 0px 1px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #20a1c9; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; opacity: 1; outline: none; padding-bottom: 1em !important; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 1em !important; padding: 1em 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: opacity 250ms ease 0s; width: 280px;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;relpost-thumb-wrapper&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;relpost-thumb-container&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #313131; font-family: &amp;quot;roboto slab&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 17px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;We advise you:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; color: #313131; font-family: &amp;quot;pt serif&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; color: #313131; font-family: &amp;quot;pt serif&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;relpost-block-container&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;color: #313131; font-family: &amp;quot;pt serif&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: normal;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;relpost-block-single&quot; href=&quot;https://www.cotedivoire.news/culture/2011-trentenaire-du-village-ki-yi.html&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 0px; border-image: initial; border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #20a1c9; cursor: pointer; display: block; float: left; margin: 0px -1px 5px 0px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; padding: 6px; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #313131; font-family: &amp;quot;pt serif&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; height: 225px; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: 150px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div alt=&quot;Ivory Coast: Thirty year old village Ki-Yi&quot; class=&quot;relpost-block-single-image&quot; style=&quot;background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url(&amp;quot;https://www.cotedivoire.news/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/image-relate-post.jpg&amp;quot;) 0% 0% no-repeat scroll transparent; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; height: 150px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: 150px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;relpost-block-single-text&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 3px 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;relpost-block-single&quot; href=&quot;https://www.cotedivoire.news/culture/2011-trentenaire-du-village-ki-yi.html&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 0px; border-image: initial; border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #20a1c9; cursor: pointer; display: block; float: left; margin: 0px -1px 5px 0px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; padding: 6px; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Ivory Coast: Thirty year old village Ki-Yi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;color: #313131; font-family: &amp;quot;pt serif&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: normal;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;relpost-block-single&quot; href=&quot;https://www.cotedivoire.news/culture/2011-trentenaire-du-village-ki-yi.html&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 0px; border-image: initial; border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #20a1c9; cursor: pointer; display: block; float: left; margin: 0px -1px 5px 0px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; padding: 6px; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;relpost-block-single&quot; href=&quot;https://www.cotedivoire.news/culture/16992-rencontre-de-langue-soninke-mali.html&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 0px; border-image: initial; border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #20a1c9; cursor: pointer; display: block; float: left; margin: 0px -1px 5px 0px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; padding: 6px; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; height: 225px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: 150px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;color: #313131; font-family: &amp;quot;pt serif&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: normal;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;relpost-block-single&quot; href=&quot;https://www.cotedivoire.news/culture/16992-rencontre-de-langue-soninke-mali.html&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 0px; border-image: initial; border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #20a1c9; cursor: pointer; display: block; float: left; margin: 0px -1px 5px 0px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; padding: 6px; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div alt=&quot;Soninke language Mali&quot; class=&quot;relpost-block-single-image&quot; style=&quot;background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url(&amp;quot;https://www.cotedivoire.news/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/langue-Soninké-mali-1-150x150.jpg&amp;quot;) 0% 0% no-repeat scroll transparent; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #313131; font-family: &amp;quot;pt serif&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; height: 150px; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: 150px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;color: #313131; font-family: &amp;quot;pt serif&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: normal;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;relpost-block-single&quot; href=&quot;https://www.cotedivoire.news/culture/16992-rencontre-de-langue-soninke-mali.html&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 0px; border-image: initial; border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #20a1c9; cursor: pointer; display: block; float: left; margin: 0px -1px 5px 0px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; padding: 6px; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;relpost-block-single-text&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 3px 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: normal;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;relpost-block-single&quot; href=&quot;https://www.cotedivoire.news/culture/16992-rencontre-de-langue-soninke-mali.html&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 0px; border-image: initial; border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #20a1c9; cursor: pointer; display: block; float: left; margin: 0px -1px 5px 0px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; padding: 6px; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Meeting of the Soninke language of Mali&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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Kotokoli tem news&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a class=&quot;relpost-block-single&quot; href=&quot;https://www.cotedivoire.news/culture/16992-rencontre-de-langue-soninke-mali.html&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 0px; border-image: initial; border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #20a1c9; cursor: pointer; display: block; float: left; margin: 0px -1px 5px 0px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; padding: 6px; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;td-pb-span12&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230); border-color: rgb(230, 230, 230); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left: none rgb(230, 230, 230); border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230); border-top-color: rgb(230, 230, 230); box-sizing: border-box; float: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; width: 320px;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;header style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;relpost-block-single&quot; href=&quot;https://www.cotedivoire.news/culture/16992-rencontre-de-langue-soninke-mali.html&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 0px; border-image: initial; border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #20a1c9; cursor: pointer; display: block; float: left; margin: 0px -1px 5px 0px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; padding: 6px; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s;&quot;&gt;&lt;h1 class=&quot;entry-title&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 40px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 48px; margin: 6px 0px 5px; overflow-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Togo: Ketao.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;El Hadj Alidou Zamou Djerma, the strange Nigerian who buys the Kabye and rides against the Kotokoli, for a matter of Imam.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Wow!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
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&lt;a class=&quot;relpost-block-single&quot; href=&quot;https://www.cotedivoire.news/culture/16992-rencontre-de-langue-soninke-mali.html&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 0px; border-image: initial; border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #20a1c9; cursor: pointer; display: block; float: left; margin: 0px -1px 5px 0px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; padding: 6px; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a class=&quot;relpost-block-single&quot; href=&quot;https://www.cotedivoire.news/culture/16992-rencontre-de-langue-soninke-mali.html&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 0px; border-image: initial; border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #20a1c9; cursor: pointer; display: block; float: left; margin: 0px -1px 5px 0px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; padding: 6px; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s;&quot;&gt;By&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;relpost-block-single&quot; href=&quot;https://www.cotedivoire.news/culture/16992-rencontre-de-langue-soninke-mali.html&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 0px; border-image: initial; border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #20a1c9; cursor: pointer; display: block; float: left; margin: 0px -1px 5px 0px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; padding: 6px; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s;&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.27avril.com/blog/author/hua-sophie-27-avril&quot; style=&quot;background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;sophie&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;td-author-line&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; display: inline;&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;-&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a class=&quot;relpost-block-single&quot; href=&quot;https://www.cotedivoire.news/culture/16992-rencontre-de-langue-soninke-mali.html&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 0px; border-image: initial; border-left: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #20a1c9; cursor: pointer; display: block; float: left; margin: 0px -1px 5px 0px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; padding: 6px; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;td-post-date&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin-right: 3px;&quot;&gt;&lt;time class=&quot;entry-date updated td-module-date&quot; datetime=&quot;2012-11-12T07:23:46+00:00&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;November 12, 2012&lt;/time&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;figure aria-describedby=&quot;caption-attachment-19539&quot; class=&quot;wp-caption alignleft&quot; id=&quot;attachment_19539&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; float: none; font-family: georgia, times, &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 6px auto 21px; max-width: 100%; text-align: center; width: 400px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.27avril.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/ketao-ravage.jpg&quot; style=&quot;background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e1001e; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Ketao, El Hadj Alidou Zamou Djerma damages kabyè&quot; class=&quot;size-full wp-image-19539 td-animation-stack-type0-2&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; sizes=&quot;(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px&quot; src=&quot;https://www.27avril.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/ketao-ravage.jpg&quot; srcset=&quot;https://www.27avril.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/ketao-ravage.jpg 400w, https://www.27avril.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/ketao-ravage-300x225.jpg 300w&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%; opacity: 0; transition: opacity 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.39, 0.76, 0.51, 0.56) 0s;&quot; title=&quot;Ketao, El Hadj Alidou Zamou Djerma&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;figcaption class=&quot;wp-caption-text&quot; id=&quot;caption-attachment-19539&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; line-height: 17px; margin: 4px 0px 17px; z-index: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Damage, Ketao |&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Photo credit: infostogo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: #444444; font-family: georgia, times, &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: normal;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: georgia, times, &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.72; margin-bottom: 24px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;em style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;On August 1, young Kabye attacked the Kotokoli by destroying their homes and their movable property for a banal story of enthronement.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;And according to the overlaps, El Hadj Alidou Zamou Djerma would be the instigator of this violence.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;While the Gendarmerie has sinned by its laxity vis-à-vis the perpetrators of the violence, they continue to taunt the Kotokoli of the locality and have them arrested by the Gendarmerie for any peccadilloes.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The case of Seydou Adjara is indicative of the unfairness that spreads are read in the Prefecture of Binah.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: georgia, times, &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.72; margin-bottom: 24px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Malam Zénou is a young Muslim.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;A fervent believer known in the city of Ketao.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;At the death of Imam El Hadj Awali in 2010, the Muslim community of Kétao no longer had an imam legally enthroned.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;It was Malam Zenu, who was supposed to replace him, who was leading the prayers even while Imam El-Haj Awali was on his sickbed.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;But long before, the young Zénou went for seven years to Medina in Saudi Arabia to complete his Koranic studies.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Upon his return, the great majority of the coreligionists decide to enthrone him as the new Imam of Kétao.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;It was this decision that angered the Nigerian businessman, the sufficient&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;El Hadj Alidou Zamou Djerma&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;, the current local president of the Muslim section of Kétao.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The latter according to indiscretions, would rather support another Nigerian in the process of completing his studies in Saudi Arabia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: georgia, times, &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.72; margin-bottom: 24px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;And with its financial and material sufficiency and its special relationship with personalities within the Togolese power,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;El Hadj Alidou Zamou Djerma&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;decides to impose his will and punish the young Muslims of Kétao who dared to challenge him.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;So, to get his way and to gain the confidence of Kabye farmers in Keto and the surrounding villages,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;em style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;he undertook to offer them bags of fertilizer and money.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Corruption by a foreigner to oppose Togolese brothers.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: georgia, times, &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.72; margin-bottom: 24px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;On August 1, 2012, following the death of a young Muslim named Roufa following an illness, the burial of the body in the local cemetery ran up against the opposition of the young Kabye who set up placards. arguing that they are indigenous to Ketao and henceforth refuse to Kotokoli to bury their dead on their soil.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The surprised young Muslims sought to understand these hateful acts of their Kabyè brothers.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Exchanges of insults coming from the protagonists nearly degenerated, had it not been for the presence on the premises of the local &lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The deceased&#39;s body was eventually transported to Bafilo for burial.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: georgia, times, &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.72; margin-bottom: 24px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;On the same day, Wednesday, the market day of Ketao, around 1 pm and to everyone&#39;s surprise, a group of Kabye armed with axes, clubs and other means of destruction attacked the property of the Kotokoli: transport parked along the road to Zongo district were broken.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Another group went to the homes of those who support the enthronement of Malam Zénou.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Thus the house, the personal car of El-haj Yaya Alaza, that of his brother El-haj Rabiou Lakazo, and his motorcycle were destroyed.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Not surprisingly, the chamber of the candidate for imamat, Malam Zenou, was ransacked.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;All his library thrown in a well.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;He is a poultry farmer and nearly two hundred chickens on his farm were smothered and killed.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The personal car of El Hadj Daouda Tchamba,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;spokesman of the Muslims of Ketao, was destroyed.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Some, like Seydou Adjara, who could not get to the shelter in time, were clubbed in the back.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The attackers said, &quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;it is the correction you deserve for having wanted to challenge El Hadj Alidou Zamou Djerma&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&quot;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: georgia, times, &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.72; margin-bottom: 24px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;On August 2, Faure Gnassingbé received the protagonists and promises were made to them to compensate the victims.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Without any investigation to determine the responsibilities, as is always the case when people who are acquainted with the regime, are at fault.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;But to date, more than three months after the violence, nothing is done to appease hearts in the region.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Worse, the provocations continued more beautiful.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;And so last Wednesday, Seydou Adjara, who was already beaten by young Kabye in the events, was the laughing stock of provocateurs like Sieur Djelilou, while he was on the street.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;As a man of honor&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;«it&#39;s the name of Kotokoli&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;He reacted.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;But not for long because the gendarmerie alerted, came to pick him to take him to Kara camp where he was laid bare and incarcerated, which triggered a widespread fight in the locality.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: georgia, times, &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.72; margin-bottom: 24px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Soon, crucial deadlines await Togolese in electoral matters, and if foreigners can afford to mount the Togolese against themselves on the basis of ethnicity, the risk is growing that the country is experiencing troubles of which no one can say outs.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Justice is there to settle litigation born of the community life and it is in the interest of everyone that law enforcement play their part impartially.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Togo is a property to all Togolese.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.72; margin-bottom: 24px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Source: [11/11/2012]&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Godson K.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;,&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Liberte-Togo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: georgia, times, &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: normal;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;
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Two Families In Fight Over Piece Of Land&lt;/h1&gt;
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By&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.newsghana.com.gh/author/ghana-news-agency/&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-weight: 700; margin-right: 3px; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;Ghana News Agency&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;-&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;entry-thumb ls-is-cached lazyloaded&quot; data-src=&quot;https://607011.smushcdn.com/843437/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Clash.jpg15568.jpg?size=226x127&amp;amp;lossy=1&amp;amp;strip=1&amp;amp;webp=1&quot; data-srcset=&quot;https://www.newsghana.com.gh/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Clash.jpg15568.jpg 226w, https://www.newsghana.com.gh/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Clash.jpg15568.jpg 452w&quot; height=&quot;127&quot; sizes=&quot;(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) 452px, (min-resolution: 192dpi) 452px, 226px&quot; src=&quot;https://607011.smushcdn.com/843437/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Clash.jpg15568.jpg?size=226x127&amp;amp;lossy=1&amp;amp;strip=1&amp;amp;webp=1&quot; srcset=&quot;https://www.newsghana.com.gh/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Clash.jpg15568.jpg 226w, https://www.newsghana.com.gh/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Clash.jpg15568.jpg 452w&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 26px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 400ms ease 0ms; width: auto;&quot; title=&quot;Clash.jpg15568&quot; width=&quot;226&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 26px; overflow-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;A clash is looming between two families of the Wangara and the Kotokoli ethnic groups in the Techiman Municipality over a piece of land.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;figure aria-describedby=&quot;caption-attachment-737663&quot; class=&quot;wp-caption alignright&quot; id=&quot;attachment_737663&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; float: none; margin: 6px auto 0px; max-width: 100%; text-align: center; width: 212px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.spyghana.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Clash.jpg15568.jpg&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4db2ec; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Pix : Shows Mr Shaibu (middle) and other members of the family&quot; class=&quot;wp-image-737663 lazyloaded&quot; data-src=&quot;http://www.spyghana.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Clash.jpg15568.jpg&quot; data-srcset=&quot;https://607011.smushcdn.com/843437/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Clash.jpg15568.jpg?size=139x78&amp;amp;lossy=1&amp;amp;strip=1&amp;amp;webp=1 139w, https://607011.smushcdn.com/843437/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Clash.jpg15568.jpg?lossy=1&amp;amp;strip=1&amp;amp;webp=1 226w&quot; height=&quot;119&quot; sizes=&quot;(max-width: 212px) 100vw, 212px&quot; src=&quot;https://www.spyghana.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Clash.jpg15568.jpg&quot; srcset=&quot;https://607011.smushcdn.com/843437/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Clash.jpg15568.jpg?size=139x78&amp;amp;lossy=1&amp;amp;strip=1&amp;amp;webp=1 139w, https://607011.smushcdn.com/843437/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Clash.jpg15568.jpg?lossy=1&amp;amp;strip=1&amp;amp;webp=1 226w&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 400ms ease 0ms;&quot; width=&quot;212&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;figcaption class=&quot;wp-caption-text&quot; id=&quot;caption-attachment-737663&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; line-height: 17px; margin: 6px 0px 26px;&quot;&gt;Pix : Shows Mr Shaibu (middle) and other members of the family&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 26px; overflow-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;
The Ghana News Agency (GNA) learnt that a misunderstanding, which ensued between the families of the two tribes over the ownership of the land, situated at Wangaraline, at the Techiman Zongo, a few weeks ago nearly turned bloody.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 26px; overflow-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;
A Royal Family member of the Kotokoli tribe, who claimed they were the original owners, and occupants of the land under dispute, accused the Techiman Traditional Council of supporting the other faction, a situation which has created uneasy calm in the Zongo Community.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 26px; overflow-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;
Mr Shafiu Mohammed Shaibu, the Head of the family, told the GNA that the Techiman Traditional Council and the other party had sold out the piece of land located in front of their house to a medical practitioner.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 26px; overflow-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;
He explained that their father, Alhaji Shaibu, bought the land for the family in 1970, but alleged that Nana Korsah Kore Topia II, Gyaasehene of Techiman with the support of the other contending party, had sold out the land to a medical doctor.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 26px; overflow-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;
According to Mr Shaibu, the buyer had demolished an old Islamic school building on the land and he intended to develop it, but Alhaji Shaibu insisted that the family would not allow any development project to be undertaken on the land.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 26px; overflow-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;
He cautioned the other faction, which he stated was encouraging the medical practitioner to develop the land, to back off.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 26px; overflow-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;
Mr Shaibu, therefore, called on the Government, security agencies, and other relevant institutions in the Municipality, to intervene and restrain the medical practitioner from developing the land before something worse happened.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 26px; overflow-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;
?We shall not sit down unconcerned and allow some people to unlawfully take over our family inheritance, which we have protected for years,? he said.&lt;/div&gt;
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When contacted Nana Topia II, confirmed that the Traditional Council, led by Osagyefo Ameyaw Akumfi, President of the Council, sold out the land to the medical practitioner.&lt;/div&gt;
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He emphasized that the Gyaase family of Techiman remained the caretaker of all plots and lands at the Techiman Zongo. &lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: georgia, times, times new roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 17px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Tem-Kotokoli Development Association Today Thursday 14-05-2020 Made a Cheque Donation of Ten Thousand Ghana Cedis {10,000,00} on behalf of Wuro Dauda Chedere Brenai 11 {The Overlord of Tem-Kotokoli of Ghana} and on behalf of all Tem-Kotokoli of Ghana to the Covid-19 National Trust Fund at the Jubilee House,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: georgia, times, times new roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 17px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Dr Inusah Abdul-Nasiru and El-haaj Mukthar Zamba Zamba Presented The Cheque,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: georgia, times, times new roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 17px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: georgia, times, times new roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 17px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Delegation included from your left :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: georgia, times, times new roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 17px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(1) Wuro Adamu Salifu - Wuro Bemo Esso (Adenta Municipal Chief)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: georgia, times, times new roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 17px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(2) Wuro Zakaria Chaa-Agodomu (Jaayoo Chief)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: georgia, times, times new roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 17px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(3) Nana Alia Isso-nyena (Tchaa Atakora 1)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: georgia, times, times new roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 17px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(4) Dr Inusah Abdul-Nasiru (Chairman TKDF /Senior Lecturer University of Ghana Legon)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: georgia, times, times new roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 17px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(5) Wuro Mudasiru Alhassan - Batoolim na bonyoo we? (Ogbodjo Chief)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: georgia, times, times new roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 17px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(6) El-haaj Mukthar Zamba Zamba (Vice Chair TKDF /President AKTEG)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: georgia, times, times new roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 17px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;# SOOLE TEM-KOTOKOLI NA ESSO ESOOLE NYA&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: georgia, times, times new roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 17px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;# SENA TEM-KOTOKOLI NA ESSO ESENA NYA&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: georgia, times, times new roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 17px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;source of Ghan news&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Kotokoli Tem News

 

Two  Families In Fight Over Piece Of Land
By Ghana News Agency -Apr 7, 2015


A clash is looming between two families of the Wangara and the Kotokoli ethnic groups in the Techiman Municipality over a piece of land.

Pix : Shows Mr Shaibu (middle) and other members of the family
Pix : Shows Mr Shaibu (middle) and other members of the family
The Ghana News Agency (GNA) learnt that a misunderstanding, which ensued between the families of the two tribes over the ownership of the land, situated at Wangaraline, at the Techiman Zongo, a few weeks ago nearly turned bloody.

A Royal Family member of the Kotokoli tribe, who claimed they were the original owners, and occupants of the land under dispute, accused the Techiman Traditional Council of supporting the other faction, a situation which has created uneasy calm in the Zongo Community.

Mr Shafiu Mohammed Shaibu, the Head of the family, told the GNA that the Techiman Traditional Council and the other party had sold out the piece of land located in front of their house to a medical practitioner.

He explained that their father, Alhaji Shaibu, bought the land for the family in 1970, but alleged that Nana Korsah Kore Topia II, Gyaasehene of Techiman with the support of the other contending party, had sold out the land to a medical doctor.

According to Mr Shaibu, the buyer had demolished an old Islamic school building on the land and he intended to develop it, but Alhaji Shaibu insisted that the family would not allow any development project to be undertaken on the land.

He cautioned the other faction, which he stated was encouraging the medical practitioner to develop the land, to back off.

Mr Shaibu, therefore, called on the Government, security agencies, and other relevant institutions in the Municipality, to intervene and restrain the medical practitioner from developing the land before something worse happened.

?We shall not sit down unconcerned and allow some people to unlawfully take over our family inheritance, which we have protected for years,? he said.

When contacted Nana Topia II, confirmed that the Traditional Council, led by Osagyefo Ameyaw Akumfi, President of the Council, sold out the land to the medical practitioner.

He emphasized that the Gyaase family of Techiman remained the caretaker of all plots and lands at the Techiman Zongo.

 

GNA

TAGSfightOsagyefo Ameyaw AkumfiPiece Of LandTraditional CouncilTwo FamiliesWangara and the Kotokoli ethnic groups

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                                                       &lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://kotokoli.blogspot.com/2019/08/kotokoli-tem-news.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ouro Tchabu)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5GKZQBgENgjM5_WVcDuq60DynGTawIC3f9mhp8zABboaoMVJq6yudBbf-1L7gnF3u8IKy_YovRE6Nbof7RDGQdMqpI1Bb2qfV-HH45NCWRkqpwE1uogSZIZK010ldn3i_lbNl2Lqapzk/s72-c/Images1569786667928.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Accra Ghana</georss:featurename><georss:point>7.7170092478067946 0.7310012607116505</georss:point><georss:box>-7.7717497521932053 -19.923295739288349 23.205768247806795 21.38529826071165</georss:box></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8235409830099314451.post-5165535881977490813</guid><pubDate>Sun, 11 Aug 2019 02:56:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2020-01-27T16:04:11.706-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">(All)(kotokoli)(tem)language)</category><title>All kotokoli Tem</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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                                                       &lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://kotokoli.blogspot.com/2019/08/all-kotokoli-tem.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ouro Tchabu)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik_ZrYx9PIlYu1GIaMxuFsFlEfgZqRXV1sZAkHSewMFeXiYQeLhsueqcvhWFzIubK7tAGBz-mOzWcdrT2LgNdQLQW3p7K6aXNadQAZpWnk1iNMQPKR1dgH-o-Rah50K1QEvpqhTo4ZmeE/s72-c/20190809_205435.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Accra, Ghana</georss:featurename><georss:point>5.6037168 -0.18696439999996528</georss:point><georss:box>5.3508673 -0.50968789999996522 5.8565663 0.13575910000003472</georss:box></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8235409830099314451.post-1166066945601546087</guid><pubDate>Sun, 11 Aug 2019 02:43:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2020-09-19T21:25:45.254-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Kotokoli )( tem)(tribe)</category><title>kotokoli tribe</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;script&gt;(function(){/*

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                                                       &lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://kotokoli.blogspot.com/2019/08/kotokoli-tribe.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ouro Tchabu)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://img.youtube.com/vi/pWk1VsFfDuQ/default.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Accra, Ghana</georss:featurename><georss:point>5.6037168 -0.18696439999996528</georss:point><georss:box>5.3508673 -0.50968789999996522 5.8565663 0.13575910000003472</georss:box></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8235409830099314451.post-9106275691099510623</guid><pubDate>Fri, 02 Aug 2019 02:22:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2019-08-01T19:22:26.938-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">pinterest ouro tchabu</category><title>Ouro tchabu on pinterest</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1VfGLGBIoT0b3LNtIYobBkXO7oP_YDVvkhQU68dknl1WFoFLuuH9Vyti2xyq3I_molF0atwH4SyDZwZcveRAEFBivFYLj_7G4G3HlH10odj7k4N7YHHmGrbw1SHLd7OYNj9jbQMtQ9EcV/s400/VID-20171004-WA0005%25280%2529.mp4&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; data-original-width=&quot;480&quot; data-original-height=&quot;360&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; kotokoli tem language all is about you&lt;a href=&quot;http://ourotchabu.com&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;https://kotokoli-tem-language.blogspot.com https://sites.google.com/site/ourotchabu        &lt;script async src=&quot;//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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                                                       &lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://kotokoli.blogspot.com/2019/08/ouro-tchabu-on-pinterest.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Tchabu ouro)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ161C0cHDds1lrs55EYgZMIXDp6EqivYNjHx6IMnXy6hqvmydOYO8qDb23XaS2soW6lf10bjqx7oQH08x_ED1scv4ThKxRr7Zkl8KjtUGgLAOGJNbjmhbg5EYB_FqA2LM_HDAO71X8Y-A/s72-c/540a5828-b27b-4e49-80dc-34312bf8210d.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>1</thr:total><georss:featurename>Accra, Ghana</georss:featurename><georss:point>5.6037168 -0.18696439999996528</georss:point><georss:box>5.3508673 -0.50968789999996522 5.8565663 0.13575910000003472</georss:box></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8235409830099314451.post-2635488329231659349</guid><pubDate>Thu, 01 Aug 2019 20:30:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2023-06-25T09:54:31.069-07:00</atom:updated><title>TABLE DES MATIERES Pages histoire de kotokoli tem par Dr</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmNJ6z3S5muukVqTTPDPMIWefk3AWt0HZYq82gyxNlT-2bx04EEhDrO4X5y99T2NgPf4jcBEwWvz4bfH0iOzDjFCabiGj4F4-trcHm84LsOB2XH1sIOWnlaJlRWayzue9bqqsb4NiWGqOC3TXS4B_aUN4EgAThNWXasSCitU3ydNpaKhez0va-NDRiMX4/s1438/Images1587479844120.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1078&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1438&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmNJ6z3S5muukVqTTPDPMIWefk3AWt0HZYq82gyxNlT-2bx04EEhDrO4X5y99T2NgPf4jcBEwWvz4bfH0iOzDjFCabiGj4F4-trcHm84LsOB2XH1sIOWnlaJlRWayzue9bqqsb4NiWGqOC3TXS4B_aUN4EgAThNWXasSCitU3ydNpaKhez0va-NDRiMX4/s320/Images1587479844120.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
TABLE DES MATIERES
Pages&lt;br /&gt;
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Sommaire———————————————————– I
Dédicace——————————————————- II
Remerciements———————————————- III
INTRODUCTION GENERALE————————– 1
Première partie : ORIGINE ET CADRE DE LA CONSTITUTION DU ROYAUME————————
7
Chapitre 1 : PRESENTATION GENERALE DU PAYS TEM ET HISTOIRE DU PEUPLEMENT————————–
9
Introduction—————————————————- 9
1 Présentation générale du pays tem——————- 9
1-1 Situation géographique—————————- 9
1-2 Les traits géographiques dominants———————— 10
1-3 La pédologie——————————————— 13
1-4 La végétation————————————————– 13
1-5 La faune——————————————————– 13
1-6 L’hydrographie———————————————— 13
2 Le peuplement du royaume——————————– 15
2-1 Les premiers occupants avant l’arrivée des Mola— 15
2-2 L’origine du clan mola, fondateur du royaume —— 17
2-2-1 La thèse de l’origine arabe——————————– 17
2-2-2 La thèse de l’origine gourma—————————— 18
2-3 Les autres clans tem———————————– 19
2-4 Les clans migrants- —————————————– 20
Conclusion—————————————————– 21
Chapitre 2 : LA CONSTITUTION DU ROYAUME————- 22
Introduction—————————————— 22
1 De Tabalo à la naissance du royaume——————- 22
1-1 à l’installation des Mola————————————– 22
1-2 Les causes de migration de Tabalo————————- 23
1-2-1 Les causes naturelles——————————————- 23
1-2-2 Les causes économiques————————————– 24
1-2-3 Les causes démographiques———————————- 24
1-3 L’occupation progressive et naissance du royaume—– 25
1-3-1 L’occupation chronologique des sites———————– 26
1-3-2 Naissance et évolution du royaume————————- 28
2 Les pouvoirs en pays tem au temps précolonial———- 29
2-1 Le pouvoir suprême du Tchaoudjo————————— 30
2-2 Le pouvoir des villages—————————————— 31
Conclusion——————————————————— 34
Chapitre 3 : L’ORGANISATION SOCIO-POLITIQUE ET
ECONOMIQUE DU ROYAUME ——————————
35
Introduction——————————————————— 35
1 Structure socio-politique du royaume———————— 35
1-1 L’organisation sociale du royaume————————— 35
1-2 L’organisation politique du royaume———————- 37
2 L’économie du royaume—————————————– 39
2-1 L’agriculture——————————————————— 39
2-2 L’élevage————————————————– 40
2-3 La forge————————————————— 40
2-4 L’artisanat———————————————————– 42
2-5 Les échanges ———————————————– 42
2-5-1 Les itinéraires commerciaux—————————– 43
2-5-2 Les partenaires commerciaux———————— 44
2-5-3 Les produits échangés—————————— 44
Conclusion——————————————————- 45
Deuxième partie : LE TCHAOUDJO DE LA VEILLE
DE LA CONQUETE AU CONTACT DES ALLEMANDS—————————————————–

46
Introduction——————————————————— 47
Chapitre 4 : MILITARISATION ET LES DIFFERENTS
CONFLITS DU ROYAUME ———————————–
48
Introduction——————————————————— 48
1 Militarisation du royaume—————————————- 48
2 Les différents conflits du royaume—————————- 53
2-1 Les conflits externes——————————————— 53
2-1-1 Le conflit Komah-Agoulou————————————– 54
2-1-2 Le conflit contre les Anyanga———————————- 56
2-1-3 Expédition militaire des sémassi à Alédjo Kadara——- 59
2-2 Les conflits internes———————————————- 61
2-2-1 Le conflit entre Kparatao et Yélivo————————— 61
2-2-2 Les raids esclavagistes—————————————– 62
2-2-3 Le rôle de Adam Méatchi dans la montée en puissance du Tchaoudjo—————————————-
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Conclusion——————————————————— 68
Chapitre 5 : ROLE DU ROYAUME DANS LA CONQUÊTE ET LA STABILISATION DU POUVOIR COLONIAL ALLEMAND—————————————
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Introduction——————————————————— 69
1 Histoire de la conquête allemande de l’hinterland——— 69
1-1 L’histoire de la conquête du royaume ——————- 69
1-2 L’impact de la présence allemande à Tchaoudjo——– 71
2 Rôle des sémassi dans la conquête allemande de
l’hinterland——-
74
2-1 La police coloniale « Die Polizeitruppe »——————- 74
2-2 Les expéditions militaires dans l’hinterland (1896-1898) —————————————————————-
76
2-2-1 L’incident de Tassi (6 mars 1896) ————————— 76
2-2-2 Soumission des peuples kabiyè—————————— 77
2-2-3 L’attaque du pays losso—————————————– 78
CONCLUSION GENERALE———————————– 80
SOURCES ET BIBLIOGRAPHIE—————————- 82
TABLE DES MATIERES————————————— 91
ANNEXES———————————————————- 95

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                                                       &lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://kotokoli.blogspot.com/2019/08/blog-post.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ouro Tchabu)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmNJ6z3S5muukVqTTPDPMIWefk3AWt0HZYq82gyxNlT-2bx04EEhDrO4X5y99T2NgPf4jcBEwWvz4bfH0iOzDjFCabiGj4F4-trcHm84LsOB2XH1sIOWnlaJlRWayzue9bqqsb4NiWGqOC3TXS4B_aUN4EgAThNWXasSCitU3ydNpaKhez0va-NDRiMX4/s72-c/Images1587479844120.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8235409830099314451.post-4695423091515908464</guid><pubDate>Tue, 30 Jul 2019 20:54:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2020-08-04T16:59:12.579-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">(الحقائق)( حول) (تاريخ) (تيم )(كوتوكولي)</category><title>الحقائق حول تاريخ تيم كوتوكولي</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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الحقائق حول تاريخ تيم كوتوكولي


الحقائق حول كوتوكولي تيم التاريخ HISTORY OF THE المملكة OF TCHAOUDJO مقدمة عامة وإذا كان صحيحا، كما يقول الصحفي آلان فوكا، &quot;لا أحد لديه الحق في محو صفحة من تاريخ شعب لشعب بلا تاريخ هو عالم من دون الروح &quot;، بل هو أيضا ضروري، بل وضرورية لكل الناس لتصبح على علم أنه من الضروري لإعادة تاريخهم.&lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt; في الواقع، يوجين بيتارد مقتبسا لم هيغل لا تكتب في عام 1953 ما يلي: &quot;إن السباقات الأفريقية المناسبة (أي مصر وجزء من أفريقيا الصغرى جانبا)، وقد شارك بالكاد في التاريخ وفهم المؤرخين ذلك ... أنا لا أرفض قبول ذلك لدينا في عروقنا بضع قطرات من الدم الإفريقي (من أفريقيا إلى الجلد ربما الأصفر)، ولكن يجب أن نعترف أن ما يمكن البقاء على قيد الحياة من الصعب جدا العثور عليها. لذلك، وقد لعبت اثنين فقط من الأجناس البشرية التي تعيش في أفريقيا دورا فعالا في التاريخ العالمي: في المقام الأول، وبطريقة كبيرة المصريين ثم شعوب شمال أفريقيا &quot;إنه بهدف كسر في lucubrations من أولئك المفكرين الغربيين الذين ينكرون كل شئ لأفريقيا أن باتريس لومومبا يكتب: &quot;التاريخ في يوم من الايام يقول كلمته ... أفريقيا سوف أكتب قصة خاصة به&quot; وهكذا، فإنه يصب في مصلحة من تسليط الضوء على تاريخ المملكة تيم Temudjo، بعض الذين. وقد تم بالفعل درست جوانب من سبقونا، الذي اخترناه موضوعنا وهو: &quot;THE NEW الهيمنة المنطقة الشمالية. المملكة TEM OF TCHAOUDJO (1880-1914) ». وبالنظر إلى أن التاريخ لا يكتب مرة واحدة وإلى الأبد، وأنه يجدد نفسه على إيقاع تطور مصادر وثائقية وخصوصا من الاستجواب، أردنا أن نتعامل مع بعض الجوانب التي لا تزال غير مذكورة وتقديم بعض التفاصيل على الآخرين. في الواقع لعلاج هذا الموضوع، لقد اختار الإطار المكاني والزمني صغير جدا. وعلاوة على ذلك، فإن اختيار موضوعنا ليس من قبيل الصدفة. ويفسر من قبل الدافع لدينا للدراسات تخصصية. وبالمثل، فإن الفائدة العلمية التي نجدها في مثل هذه الدراسات هو أن للمساعدة في إعادة بناء التاريخ العالمي توغو بشكل عام وذلك من البلاد تيم على وجه الخصوص. لتوضيح معنى لعملنا، ونحن سوف نقول أن التواريخ التي تحدد موضوع بحثنا كبيرة. في الواقع، 1880 هو التاريخ الذي المملكة انطلاقتها الحقيقية في عهد أورو-Djobo دعا بخاري &quot;semôh&quot; من Kparatao. http://feeds.feedburner.com/Kotokoliblogspotcom&quot; rel=&quot;alternate&quot; type=&quot;application/rss+xml&quot;&amp;gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;//feedburner.google.com/fb/images/pub/feed-icon32x32.png&quot; style=&quot;border: 0; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://feeds.feedburner.com/Kotokoliblogspotcom&quot; rel=&quot;alternate&quot; type=&quot;application/rss+xml&quot;&gt;Subscribe in a reader&lt;/a&gt; هو أيضا التاريخ الذي تولى السلطة بعد الحرب التي كان سيعارض Yelivo. 1914 هو التاريخ الذي الألمان ترك توغو بعد هزيمتهم من &quot;الحرب العظمى&quot; يفسح المجال للفرنسيين. وبعد هذا العرض، سلسلة من الأسئلة التي تطرح: كيف مستوطنة المملكة تجري وما تطور فعلت تجربة شعبها 1880-1914؟ تحت أي ظروف أنها لا تأتي إلى حيز الوجود؟ ما تطور الذي يعرفه؟ كيف يمكن للمرء أن يفسر التوطين من السلطة الحاكمة من Tchaoudjo &lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt; Kparatao؟ من هم الفاعلون الرئيسيون تدريبه؟ ما هي الأدوار التي semassi لم تلعب في تجارة الرقيق؟ ما هي التغييرات التي حدثت في المملكة في اتصال مع الألمان؟ ما الدور الذي يلعبه في السياق الجديد؟ والواقع أن تاريخ توغو موضوعا للعديد من البحوث من قبل الباحثين الأجانب وكذلك من قبل الباحثين والطلاب من جامعة لومي الوطني. كل هذه الأعمال، ككل، تلقي ضوءا جديدا على تاريخ الشعوب المختلفة توغو. ولكن، إذا كان من المعروف في تاريخ معظم سكان جنوب توغو مثل جوين، منى والنعجة، ليست هذه هي الحال بالنسبة لتاريخ شعوب المناطق النائية (مثل Kabiyè، Losso، تيم الخ). ويفسر هذا من جهة، من حقيقة أن هذه الشعوب الجنوبية وكان الاتصال في وقت مبكر مع الرجل الأبيض وعلى البعض من خلال وفرة من الأدب التاريخي لديهم على ماضيهم. من أجل تحقيق النجاح في هذا العمل، ونحن قد غطت معظم الأعمال التي تشملها بالفعل موضوعنا. ونتيجة لذلك، كنا قادرين على تحديد الوثائق التي تعاملت مع التاريخ العام لأفريقيا وتوغو وتلك التي تعاملت على وجه التحديد مع تاريخ تيم. وعلى الرغم من وثائق لدينا متنوعة، فقد واجهتنا مع وجود ثغرات معلومات محددة عن موضوعنا. العقبات التي واجهتها ترتبط دولة هشة للغاية، واندثار الوثائق المكتوبة (وخاصة أرشيف) ندرة مصادر وثائقية تتعلق سكان الشمال وتوغو، ونقص الوسائل المالية والمادية. أما بالنسبة للتحقيقات ميدانية، كانت المهمة ليست سهلة على الإطلاق. العقبات التي واجهتها هي ذات الصلة لعدم وجود خبراء لأن معظم المخبرين لدينا هي المحتوى لتكرار الإصدارات تنتقل عن طريق الأجداد أو ببساطة محاولة للتوصل نسختهم الخاصة من الحقائق. وقد واجهنا أيضا مع عزوف المخبرين لدينا الذين رفضوا تعطينا المعلومات لأنهم يعتقدون أننا مدفوعا بدوافع سياسية. وعلى الرغم من هذا الوضع، حققنا التقليد الشفهي لدينا العمود الفقري مع كل سلبياته. ليس لدينا فرصة لقاء الشعب &quot;المثالي&quot; منذ أكثر من المخبرين لدينا لم يعش الفترة المقابلة لدراستنا (1880-1914). أنها تبقي المعلومات الخاصة بهم من والديهم. ولذلك فمن بحذر شديد التي نستخدمها الشهادة الشفوية. ومع ذلك، فإننا تمكنا من جمع ما يكفي من المعلومات التي من شأنها أن تسمح لنا لتسليط الضوء على تاريخ المملكة تيم Temudjo ل. في النهاية، دعونا نؤكد أن &lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt; هذه الصعوبات المذكورة أعلاه قد يتطلب منا اهتماما خاصا، وأفضل تحليل دقيق جدا والحس النقدي. في هذه الظروف، حاولنا الجمع بين من الانسجام ممكن من المعلومات المختلفة التي تم جمعها على تيم لجعل عملنا واضح. وبفضل هذه الطريقة أننا وصلنا الى النتائج التي تم جمعها في هذه المذكرات التي نقدمها في جزأين كبيرة: أول جزء بعنوان المنشأ وإطار دستور المملكة ويضم ثلاثة فصول: أولا، العرض العام للتيم البلاد وتاريخ التسوية، ثم دستور المملكة وأخيرا، المنظمة السياسية والاقتصادية للمملكة. الجزء الثاني بعنوان عسكرة المملكة ويشمل فصلين منها: العسكرة والصراعات المختلفة في المملكة وChaudjo تحت الحكم الألماني. ولكن قبل الوصول إلى لب الموضوع، يبدو من المهم بالنسبة لنا أن نفهم عملنا لشرح استخدام عدد معين من المفاهيم. وهكذا، فإن اختيار مفهوم &quot;المملكة&quot; لحساب &quot;مشيخات&quot; مفاهيم و &quot;كونفدرالية&quot; مهم. ووفقا للو بوتي روبرت، يتم تعريف كونفدرالية باسم &quot;اتحاد عدة ولايات التي تربط مع الحفاظ على سيادتها&quot;. عندما يشير إلى تاريخ أوروبا، تلاحظ واحد مثال الاتحاد هلفتيك، واتحاد ديلوس للأزمة القديمة. ولكن بقدر ما تشعر بالقلق دراستنا، وسبع قرى المكونة تتوافق أكثر إلى &quot;الاتحاد&quot; من أن أي &quot;السيادة&quot; لأنها كل شيء يتوقف على القرية التي في السلطة الحاكمة التي تم إرجاعها. هذا يثبت أن القرى السبع ليست مستقلة عن بعضها البعض كما كنا نؤمن. أما بالنسبة للالزعامة، لو بوتي روبرت تعرف بأنها &quot;وحدة إقليمية على الذي يمارس سلطة زعيم قبلي&quot;. يبدو هذا التعريف لنا غير كافية لشرح حالة Tchaoudjo. ومع ذلك، وفقا لاروس، المملكة هي &quot;دولة يحكمها ملك&quot;. يبدو هذا التعريف للرد على موضوعنا خصوصا أن &quot;الدولة&quot; في السياق لدينا يمكن أن تشمل العديد من الكيانات التي تتوافق بشكل أفضل مع سبع قرى المكونة للمملكة و &quot;الملك&quot; الذي يتوافق مع السيادة أو أورو-إسو. كوتوكولي أو Cotocoli: هو الاختلاف الرسوم البيانية. استخدم الألمان أول شكل والفرنسية الثانية. ويشير هذا المصطلح إلى مجموعة عرقية من تيم البلاد. بسبب السياق التاريخي لدينا، والاستفادة من النموذج من قبل الألمان المعتمدة: كوتوكولي. البلد: هذه الكلمة تفقد بعض من معناها في سياقنا. بالنسبة لنا، لأنها تمثل منطقة الاستيطان تيم بأكملها. تيم: كنا على حد سواء كاسم: تيم هي كوتوكولي، سواء كصفة: كوتوكولي هي الثقافة تيم. بلد تيم: الأراضي حيث يعيش السكان الذين يتعرفون على أنفسهم تقليديا بأنها &quot;تيمبا&quot; أي الناس الذين يتحدثون نفس اللغة تيم الاعضاء. المملكة&lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt; Tchaoudjo: وهو موضوع دراستنا لا يشمل سوى سبع قرى المكونة للمملكة حيث يمكن أن تنطبق فقط مولا إلى السلطة الحاكمة. كوتوكولي وتيم: إن فارق بسيط بين اسمين لا ينبغي أن يكون مشكلة. وتيم في رأي المخبرين لدينا هو ساكن الأصليين المعروفة باسم مزارع، مربي، صياد، حداد، والوثنية، ومتجذرة في بيئته التي كتبها له المهن وثقافته. حول اسمين، Gayibor يكتب: &quot;على أي حال، فإن اسم قومي كوتوكولي هو الأكثر استخداما اليوم ويبدو انه لتحديد أكثر مع عناصر المجموعة الذين تحضرا والأسلمة في حين أن تيم يفضلون تعيين عالم الريف وثنية، والعمر. وهكذا، تم فرض صندوق التسوية في cotocoli اسم أو كوتوكولي، والذي يبدو في البداية أن لديها سوى معنى الثقافي، وذلك على حساب تيم أو تيمبا، واسم قومي صحيح. وهذا ما يفسر تحول من تيم في كوتوكولي. الجزء أصل واحد والإطار OF THE دستور مملكة الخريطة رقم (1): نمط عرقي توجو المصدر: Gayibor، 1996، P12 الفصل 1: عرض عام للبلدان TEM وHISTORY OF THE PEOPLE مقدمة هناك القليل جدا من المعرفة عن تاريخ وتيم المملكة Temudjo قبل وصول الأوروبيين. ويفسر ذلك حقيقة أننا نفتقر التقليديين المهنية مثل griots في مالي أو في أي مكان آخر في أفريقيا. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، لا توجد وقائع جديرة بهذا الاسم الذي يمكن أن تذهب إلى أكثر من 150-200 سنة. بشكل عام، في معظم أنحاء توغو، كان الناس يعيشون على الجبال حيث شعرت أكثر أمنا. احتلال الموقع Tabalo على جبل Malfakassa يؤكد ذلك. وبالتالي، من المهم أن تصف أولا الإعداد المادي للتيم البلاد ومن ثم مراحل تسوية للمملكة. 1- عرض عام للبلد تيم 1-1. الموقع الجغرافي وتيم تشكل كيان غير متجانس بدرجات متفاوتة اعتمادا على المنطقة، وتأثير الإسلام مهم جدا. ونحن ندعو البلاد تيم، والأراضي التي يعيش السكان الذين المعترف بها تقليديا باسم &quot;تيمبا&quot; وهذا يعني ان الناس الذين يتحدثون نفس اللغة تيم الاعضاء. تمتد البلاد من Kéouda (جنوب Fazao) إلى ما وراء Bafilo. http://feeds.feedburner.com/Kotokoliblogspotcom&quot; rel=&quot;alternate&quot; type=&quot;application/rss+xml&quot;&amp;gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;//feedburner.google.com/fb/images/pub/feed-icon32x32.png&quot; style=&quot;border: 0; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://feeds.feedburner.com/Kotokoliblogspotcom&quot; rel=&quot;alternate&quot; type=&quot;application/rss+xml&quot;&gt;Subscribe in a reader&lt;/a&gt; الشرق إلى الغرب، وتمتد على مدى الجبل Malfakassa من Tabalo إلى KRI-KRI (Adjéïdè) (انظر الخريطة رقم 2، P12). أراضي وبالتالي يعرف الآن تشمل عدة محافظات. اثنين من المحافظات تسجل تماما في تيم البلاد. وهي محافظة من Tchaoudjo (رئيس مدينة سوكودي) ومحافظة من Assoli (رأس المال Bafilo). حاليا كل من المنازل تيم، Tchaoudjo ما يقرب من 2549 Km2 وAssoli 937،5Km2 تغطية أقل من 4000Km2 على 56600Km2 الذي يمثل التراب الوطني. تم العثور على كوتوكولي أيضا في ثلاث محافظات أخرى حيث أنها تشكل الأقليات: باسار في الغرب، تشامبا في الشرق وSotouboua وBlitta في الجنوب. وبصرف النظر عن هذه الحالات، وهناك تيم أماكن أخرى في قزح، Ogou. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، هناك العديد من كوتوكولي الذين يعيشون خارج توغو. هم في قرى Alédjo-الكورة، Akaradè وسمري في جمهورية بنين، في بعض المناطق من غانا: Ahamassou، Kédjébi، يندى، كوماسي وأكرا الخ 1-2. المعالم الجغرافية السائدة والإغاثة من البلاد تيم هي من مجموعة كبيرة ومتنوعة، وقدمت على النحو التالي: الخلافة -وهي من السلاسل الجبلية الموجهة الجنوب الغربي &lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt; الشرقي. هذه السلاسل تمتد من Bafilo في الشمال إلى Fazao، Boulohou إلى الجنوب عبر Koumondè، Alédjo، Tabalo وMalfakassa. أعلى ارتفاعات هي في وسط المنطقة Malfakassa والجنوب في Fazao. في الأماكن، وهذه السلسلة الجبلية لديه مظهر من الجدار الحقيقي مع تفاوت قوي. ميزة الطبوغرافية الثانية إلى تسليط الضوء على سلسلة من التلال يتخلل بين سهل مونو في الشرق وجبال Alédjo الى الشمال الشرقي من سوكودي ثم Chavadi وWassarabou إلى Kpaza. - إلى الشرق، وهي جزء صغير من السهل الهائل من مونو - إلى الغرب، وسهل الثلاثي جبل Fazao وضعت على Buem. تقريبا جدا، والمراسلات الطوبوغرافية هي كما يلي: لسهل فسيح مو، يتوافق البلاد Dahomean (بنين الحالي) وسهل مو Fazao، وBuem. وهي سلسلة من أتاكورا الذي هو في الأصل من النقوش عالية من المركزية توغو، وهي مصنوعة من quartzists أساسا مع بعض الشست وmicaschists عبرت العديد من عروق الكوارتز. في سهل مو Fazao، وتتألف سلسلة Buem محليا من الحجر الرملي quartzist متجانسة نسبيا. المناخ السوداني. ونتيجة لذلك، لدينا موسمين على التوالي: موسم جاف من نوفمبر إلى أبريل وموسم الأمطار من مايو إلى أكتوبر. خريطة: 2 خريطة الإدارية للدولة تيم المصدر: فرصة، 1987، P60 1-3. بيدولوجيا pedologies التربة هي متنوعة جدا، ومع ذلك، هناك كيانات أكثر أو أقل تجانسا تمتد على مساحات واسعة: - منطقة ذات خصوبة التربة جيدة، والمنطقة الواقعة جنوب Tchaoudjo، - منطقة فقيرة إلى حد ما على أرض الواقع شمال Tchaoudjo والقطاع Bafilo، - ثلاث مناطق معزولة ولكن خصبة (غرب Fazao، MO، بين الشرق ومونو). 1-4. الغطاء النباتي والغطاء النباتي يتكون أساسا من أعشاب، الشجيرات، والسافانا شجرة مغطاة والجزر الغابات الواقعة على سلاسل الجبال أو على طول المجاري المائية (الغابات معرض). الغابات المصنفة من Fazao، Malfakassa، Alédjo، مناطق غير مأهولة بالسكان والمزروعة تمثل أكثر من 10٪ من مساحة المنطقة. 1-5. الحياة البرية والحياة البرية، وغنية جدا. يقتصر ذلك على احتياطيات الغابات أو سرية. هناك المجترات، الحيوانات آكلة اللحوم والقوارض مثل الأسود والجاموس والغزلان والفيلة. كل هذه الأنواع المهددة بالانقراض بسبب الصيد. لكن في الوقت الحاضر، مع سياسة حماية الحياة البرية، وينظم هذا البحث أو محظورة. 1-6. الهيدروغرافيا إذا أخذنا في الاعتبار المساحة البحرية، يمكننا القول أنه مع سلسلة من أتاكورا، البلاد كوتوكولي هو برج مياه الحقيقي لتوغو. معظم روافد مونو، مثل نا، Koloware، وKpaza، لديها مصادرها. والبلد ليس لديه مشاكل المياه كما هو الحال في باسار البلاد. ولكن ليس كل تيارات دائمة. بعض تجف خلال مواسم الجفاف. خريطة 3: Temudjo تيم عالم المصدر: Gayibor، 1997، ص 346 2 - التسوية للمملكة فيما يتعلق بتسوية المملكة بشكل عام وبشكل أكثر دقة من شاغلي الأول، والإصدارات تختلف. قصص مكتوبة من قبل كل من الأوروبيين وتوغو تدعم أقدمية المجموعات لاما. وشكك هذه الأطروحة من قبل التقليد الشفهي. من هم أول شاغلي قبل وصول مولا؟ ومولاس، من هم ومن أين تأتي؟ ما هي العشائر المهاجرة؟ إن الأجوبة على هذه الأسئلة الثلاثة تتيح لنا فهم أفضل للحقائق التي تساهم في احتلال هذا الموقع. 2-1- شاغلي الأول قبل وصول مولا عن شاغلي الأول، جمعنا شهادات من مختلف المؤلفين: JC فرويلش، ويعتقد أن أقدم سكان البلاد هم الفولطي اما اللغة وتنتمي إلى مجموعة &quot;Paleonigritics&quot;.&lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt; الكابتن سيكريه الذي كان يتحدث في نفس الاتجاه، وكتب: &quot;إن سباق معظم السكان الأصليين (لاما) التي نعرفها اليوم قد اختفى تماما من دائرة سوكودي، ولكن تمت تقسيمه إلى قسمين Lambas وCabrais كسور، وعدد معين من الأسر التي تميل إلى حان لايجاد سوكودي، أرض الأجداد البعيدة منها &quot;. يكتب علي نابو ما يلي: &quot; حيث أنها تشكل نواة مهمة تلعب دورا حيويا على حد سواء في الحياة السياسية في هذه المنطقة. في الواقع، في حالة شغور السلطة، وهو واحد من أفراد هذه العشيرة الذي يفترض الأثناء. تمثل كولي كيان عشيرة قوية إلى حد ما. هم الحدادين الحقيقية، وبالتالي حذر المحاربين. ويذهب البعض إلى أبعد من ذلك، مثل Agodomou آدم، ليقول أن مولا لم يعثروا على وصولهم في Tabalo، ولا في مواقعهم الحالية. بقدر ما يعنينا الأمر، سنقول أن أطروحة أمامية للمجموعة اما يدعمها الاوروبيون وتوغو تستحق الدقة معينة. وهكذا، فإن معنى مجموعة اللاما يمكن أن يفهم إلا لغويا. وهو يشير إلى مجموعة من المجموعات العرقية التي تتحدث لغات ذات الصلة مثل Kabiyè، تيم، لامبا وLogba. كنتيجة ل، فإنه لا يشير إلى Kabiyè وLosso وحده، كما كتب علي نابو وJC فرويلش وسيكر. وهكذا، فإن أمامية من كولي وNawo دافعت عن طريق التقليد الشفهي يمكن أن يفهم جميع أكثر لأنهم على حد سواء تيم وحتى أكثر من ذلك يتكلمون نفس اللغة تيم. 2-2 أصل عشيرة مولا، مؤسس المملكة وكان أصل مولا عشيرة المهيمنة موضوعا للعديد من الإصدارات. من ناحية، من قبل مولا أنفسهم ومن ناحية أخرى، من قبل العشائر الأخرى ملء المملكة. هناك نوعان من الفرضيات حول أصلها. 2-2-1. أطروحة أصل عربي سمات هذا واحد إلى مولا أصول عربية. في الواقع، كان على حافة محلة تقع على شواطئ البحر الأحمر التي من شأنها أن تأتي باسم مولا. ان الجد من مولا مرت عبر السودان، تشاد، نيجيريا وشمال داهومي (بنين) قبل أن يستقر في Tabalo. ويبدو أن قبول هذه الفرضية من الصعب بالنسبة لنا جميعا أكثر كما نلاحظ تأثير إسلامي واضح. في الواقع، يمكن أن ينظر إليه في كل مكان في البلد الذي عشيرة مولا مرفق أساسي لممارسة الشعائر الدينية التقليدية. المملكة وبالتالي تم إنشاؤها بواسطة مولا هي المملكة مرتبط بشدة طقوس الأجداد. تحويل مولا إلى الإسلام يعود إلى الانضمام أورو-Djobo بخاري إلى Kparatao. وقد استقر الملكية مولا ولا تزال تقع اليوم على طقوس وثنية. الشعائر الجنائزية وتلك من إعلاء شأن الحاكم الجديد تؤكد ذلك بسهولة. من ناحية أخرى، فإن الإصدار الذي يبدو مصداقية لنا هو الذي ينسب إلى مولاس أصل غورما. 2-2-2. أطروحة الأصل جورما الإصدار الثالث الذي يبدو لنا مصداقية تأتي عشيرة مولا من فولتا العليا (بوركينا فاسو اليوم)، وهي من أصل غورما. ويدعم هذه النظرية من قبل بعض الكتاب مثل P. الكسندر، JC فرويلش، R. Cornevin، وكان آخرها JC باربير، MM Tchanilé، NL Gayibor، أورو-Djéri الخ في الواقع، في عملهما المشترك المخصصة لكوتوكولي، P. الكسندر وJC فرويلش التقرير ما يلي: &quot;وجورما صياد، عشيرة مولا، تقدم جنوبا، اكتشف منطقة مليئة اللعبة، التي قرر لجلب والديه تركوا فادا N&#39;Gourma، تحت قيادة Kotokoro، وانتقل لTabalo &quot;. ونعتقد أن هذه الأطروحة هي أقرب إلى الواقع. وهكذا، مولا لا تبدأ في الظهور في &lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt; تيم حتى تركيبها في Tabalo على جبل Malfakassa لكن يمكن أن أعود بين القرن السادس عشر والقرن السابع عشر. مولا يقولون انهم يأتون من البلاد غورما وأنهم في الأصل لتأسيس Tabalo. في نفس الطريق، وعلي نابو نقلا عن JC فرويلش يكتب: &quot;إن مولا يكون من الموجة الأولى من الغزاة غورما التي ظهرت في نهاية القرن ال17 هم من Dadeni، وصل على محور مانجو كانتي ويستقر في جبال أتاكورا لتأسيس قرية Tabalo حيث بعد مرور بعض الوقت البقاء، والوقت لاستيعاب لغويا مع السكان الأصليين ثم انتشرت في سهل تخلى عنها Kabyè &quot;. ومن الواضح أنهم من أصل جورما ولكنها ليست في أصل أساس Tabalo كما ادعى التقليد الشفهي وJC فرويلش. بعض العشائر تيم عاش هناك قبل وصولهم. سيطر هؤلاء في وقت لاحق من قبل مولا. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، فمن الواضح من تحليل المعلومات التي تم جمعها في الحقل الذي وجد مولا السكان الأصليين عند وصولهم في Tabalo على الرغم من أنه من الصعب بالنسبة لهم لتحديد وضعهم. 2-3. العشائر تيم أخرى بصرف النظر عن هذه العشائر الأصلية ومولا، وهناك عشائر تيم أخرى. هذا هو حال Dikeni، Tagbabia، اري، Nintche، Louwo، Sandou، Bougoum الخ - وDikéni: وهي تمثل كيان العشيرة لا يستهان به والتي هي جزء من المواطنين في المملكة. وهم من Dantcho في محافظة باسار. وهي توجد حاليا في كل مكان في البلدان تيم. هم في الأصل من الأساس من المدن مثل Kolina، Aguidagbadè، Kédjikadjo، Sabarignadè حيث عقد مشيخة. بل هي أيضا الحدادين الحقيقية. -The Nintché: هم الصيادين الحقيقي وغادروا القرية الأصلية دعا Bowouda بحثا عن الأماكن اللعبة. يقع Bowouda شمال شرق سوكودي عند سفح جبل Koronga. وهي توجد أيضا في الغيبة الثاني على الطريق المؤدي إلى تشامبا. في هذه الأيام، بل هم الذين مناصرة رؤساء في تشامبا. -The Sandou-Bougoum: هذه العشائر لهما نفس الأصل الذي هو Wassarabou تقع على الطريق Kparatao-Agoulou. وفي الوقت الحاضر تشكل عشيرتين متميزة. وSandou هي في الأصل لتأسيس Wassaradè بينما Bougoum هي في الأصل لتأسيس Koumondé، وتقع على الطريق الوطني NO1 بين خطأ من Alédjo وBafilo. ومع ذلك، أنها لا تزال تلتزم بنفس المحظورات الغذائية وبعض الاحتفالات الطقسية. -The Adjouti أو Laoumbia: الشعب (بيا) من الغابات (laou) جاء من مناطق أديل. أسسوا مشيخة Kpalada وتوجد أيضا في Alédjo- الكورة، Kambolé وباجو وغيرها. 2-4. العشائر المهاجرة في نهاية القرن ال19، قدمت المملكة ضيافتها للتجار الأجانب. ومن بين هذه، نلاحظ العشائر من أصل سوداني مثل توريه (في أصل دخول الإسلام)، وفوفانا، وتراوري، وسيسي، وكوناتي وما إلى ذلك هناك أيضا قبائل الهوسا مثل مندي والعشائر داجومبا الأصلية مثل ودارو. الخلاصة بشكل عام، فإننا سوف يقول فيما يتعلق المنشأ وتسوية الملكوت الذي من جهة، كانت مأهولة من قبل العشائر تيم قبل وصول مولا. وهكذا، مشكلة autochthony لم يعد ينشأ عندما يشير إلى المعلومات التي تم جمعها في هذا المجال. ومع ذلك، كانت مولاس في أصل تأسيس المملكة. وفي وقت لاحق، مع هجرتهم إلى سهول كارا ومو، وجدوا الأخرى والعشائر القديمة. لذلك كانوا يعيشون معا في هذه المواقع الجديدة. استقرت عشائر الأجنبية الأخرى هناك أيضا، ولكن مولا تهيمن بعد ذلك على الجميع بدون &lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt;. ومع ذلك، كانت مولا يسوا مسلمين عندما وصلوا في المنطقة. هذا يضع إلى التشكيك في فرضية الأصل العربي. حولوا فقط إلى الإسلام تحت أورو-Djobo بخاري من Kparatao. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، أطروحة جورما أصل دافع من قبل الأوروبيين، وتوغو، فضلا عن التقليد الشفهي، ويبدو موثوقا لنا جميعا أكثر لأن هناك لا يزال يمزح القرابة بين غورما وتيم. بعد هذا التحليل، سنرى في الفصل التالي ظروف دستور المملكة. الفصل 2: ​​دستور المملكة THE مقدمة دعونا نتذكر أن الجد من مولا اسمه قد Gadaou استقر في Tabalo بين القرنين السادس عشر والسابع عشر. بعد إقامة طويلة في Tabalo، وبعض من أبنائه لأسباب مختلفة هاجروا إلى سهول كارا ومو واحتلت مواقعها الحالية. سنرى الظروف من دستور المملكة وأنواع القوى التي يصادف المرء في بلد تيم في وقت ما قبل الاستعمار. 1 - من Tabalo إلى ولادة المملكة بعد أن عاش فترة طويلة في Tabalo، غادر مولا موقعهم الأصلي لأسباب مختلفة لتسوية على مواقعهم الحالية. وقد تم احتلال مواقع جديدة بطريقة تدريجية. 1-1. كان Tabalo في تسوية مولا Tabalo قرية حيث استقر Gadaou، الذي لا يزال الجد من مولا. وتقع هذه القرية على جبل في الغرب بين سوكودي وباسار. هذا هو المكان الذي اختفى في ظروف غامضة Gadaou. ووفقا لأورو-Gaffo Badassa يوم واحد، وجمعت Gadaou أبنائه، وقال لهم هذا الخبر المحزن: &quot;لقد حان الوقت بالنسبة لي للعودة إلى أجدادي&quot;. في هذه الكلمات، بدأ Gadaou لتنزل الى الأرض. هرع الأطفال خارج وأقلعت قبعة الملكي (SA) من رأسه. وقد أصبح هذا المكان نقطة المياه. وبالتالي، من تلك اللحظة، يتم غسلها كل جديد البولية إسو من هذه المياه لتتويج لها. وبنفس الطريقة، لا يسمح أي السيادة الجديدة للذهاب إلى هذا المكان باعتباره علامة على الاحترام والخضوع، لأنه، على ما يقال، والطفل لا ينظر إلى وجه والده، تحت طائلة التعرض للعقوبات باعتباره علامة على أي احترام للنظام الهرمي. في الوقت الحاضر، وتنقسم هذه القرية إلى Tabalo I، التي لا تزال في الجبال نحو ستة كيلومترات من الطريق، وTabalo II، التي تقع بالقرب من الطريق سوكودي-باسار. وقد تسببت عدة أسباب هجرة مولا دي Tabalo إلى مواقعهم الحالية. 1-2. أسباب الهجرة Tabalo ووفقا لبعض الباحثين والتقاليد الشفوية، وقد ساعدت عدة أسباب لتحريك رحيل مولا إلى السهول الخصبة كارا ومو. أول من ترك Tabalo كانت مولا تليها كولي، Nawo وLouwo. نحن نأخذ الأسباب الطبيعية والاقتصادية والديموغرافية.http://feeds.feedburner.com/Kotokoliblogspotcom&quot; rel=&quot;alternate&quot; type=&quot;application/rss+xml&quot;&amp;gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;//feedburner.google.com/fb/images/pub/feed-icon32x32.png&quot; style=&quot;border: 0; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://feeds.feedburner.com/Kotokoliblogspotcom&quot; rel=&quot;alternate&quot; type=&quot;application/rss+xml&quot;&gt;Subscribe in a reader&lt;/a&gt; 1-2-1. أسباب طبيعية كان Tabalo وهي قرية تقع على جبل Malfakassa. لهذا الغرض، مع حصاة المتكررة لها من الصخور، وأنها تشكل خطرا على السكان. بالاضافة، وفقا لمخبر لدينا، والتي تنتشر فيها الموقع مع الحيوانات الشرسة مثل الأسود والفهود وابن آوى والثعابين السامة. لتجنب أي خطر، وكان السكان إلى الهجرة نحو سهل. وبصرف النظر عن أسباب طبيعية، وهناك الأسباب الاقتصادية التي أثرت على السكان. 1-2-2. الأسباب الاقتصادية والإفراط في استغلال مساحات صغيرة من الأراضي الصالحة للزراعة، وهي متاحة في جميع أنحاء القرية، قد أدت إلى استنزاف السريع من الأراضي الصالحة للزراعة. اضطر السكان إلى السفر لمسافات طويلة جدا كل يوم للعثور على الأراضي البكر الجديدة. مشيرا إلى نفس الأسباب، Gayibor يكتب: &quot;في وقت مبكر جدا، وربما لأسباب اقتصادية واستراتيجية ومولا، تليها بعض العشائر، انتشرت عبر السهل، إلى الشرق والشمال&quot; لدواعي القرب، وأنها استمرت مغادرة المكان و الاقتراب من حقولهم. وكان النمو السريع للسكان وليس من دون عواقب. 1-2-3. الديموغرافية يسبب والنمو السكاني السريع، أدى التدفق المستمر للعشائر الخارجية على مر السنين، وخصوصا الحرفيين Louwo، في اكتظاظ الموقع، والتي سرعان ما أصبحت ضيقة. أماكن لبناء منازل جديدة أصبحت نادرة. هجر سكان الموقع بحثا عن المساحات الكبيرة حيث أنها سوف تشعر جيدا من وجود كميات كبيرة لبناء منازل جديدة. وبالتالي فإنه من غير الممكن تأكيد مع P. الكسندر وJC فرويلش أن &quot;الغارات الرقيق كانت سبب واضح لهذا الرحيل&quot;، ولا مع ليو فروبينيوس الذي حافظ على نفس أطروحة في هذه العبارات: &quot;يوم واحد من الغرب، و Tchokossi، مع Wangara على عقبيه، ودخلت البلاد ووهكذا الشعب Tabalo تفرقوا &quot;، لأننا نعلم أن Tabalo كان موقع جبل قابلة للوصول إلى الدراجين الرقيق. وعلاوة على ذلك، فإن مولا لن استقروا في سهول كارا ومو إذا كانوا قد طردوا من Tabalo من غارات الرقيق لأن سهل تقدم أي ضمانة للأمن. يمكن للمرء أن لا يعترفون إما مع الكابتن سيكريه الذي يؤكد أن: &quot;السكان قد نزلت في سهل ذلك من اليوم الذي يكون فيه الوجود الأوروبي قد ضمنت السلام في المتوسط&quot;، لأن هذه الهجرة قد حدثت قبل وقت كاف من تغلغل الأوروبي في المناطق النائية وبالتحديد في المملكة في عهد أورو-Djobo بخاري من Paratao مايو 1889. ومع ذلك، كل الأسباب التي يدافع عنها التقليد الشفهي يبدو لنا أن تكون ذات مصداقية، خاصة وأن معظم من تيم هم من المزارعين وبسبب هذه التي يحتاجونها المزيد من الأراضي الخصبة لمختلف محاصيلهم. وقد تم احتلال مواقع جديدة التدريجي وأخيرا يؤدي إلى ولادة المملكة. 1-3. الاحتلال التدريجي والولادة في المملكة أحفاد Gadaou بعد أن قضى وقتا طويلا في جانب والدهم في Tabalo، لم يهاجروا في نفس الوقت، ولم تحتل مواقعها في نفس الوقت. واحتلت بعض المواقع الخاصة بهم مباشرة والبعض الآخر جعلت يتوقف عند إخوانهم قبل الذهاب إلى احتلال المواقع الخاصة بكل منها. 1-3-1 الاحتلال الزمني للمواقع والباحثين والتقاليد الشفوية تكشف عن أن أول قرية للمملكة التي تأسست هي بالطبع Kpangalam. ومع ذلك، فإن الروايات تختلف على اسم مؤسس هذه القرية. من ناحية،&lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt; وفقا للتحقيقات التي أجراها عالم الاجتماع الفرنسي باربير، فإن مؤسس تكون بعض أغورو السد. من ناحية أخرى، وفقا للمعلومات التي تم جمعها من قبل المؤلف نفسه من السكرتير السابق للرئيس Aguda آدم، مؤسس هو صياد يدعى Agrinya الذي لا يزال تكون مرئية القبر. وعلاوة على ذلك، JC فرويلش وGayibor إعطاء هذا الاسم باعتباره أول واحد. ومن جانبنا، أورو-أغورو Bodjo، وأكد لنا أن أورو السد هو بالتأكيد مؤسس Kpangalam وأول حاكم من Tchaoudjo. فإنه لا يزال واضحا من التقليد الشفوي الذي بعد سنوات قليلة، Bang&#39;na، الشقيق الأصغر لمؤسس Kpangalam، وجاء للعيش معه. بعد فترة وجيزة من تسوية في Kpangalam، وقال انه قد وجدت موقعا مزيد من الشرق إلى تسوية هناك، مكان سماها Tchavadi. وكان بذلك الحاكم الثاني من Tchaudjo وأول رئيس Tchavadi. ووفقا لDjobo- Bivahi محمدو، أورو-Takpara هو مؤسس Kadambara، القرية الثالثة لرؤية ضوء النهار. وقال انه كان أول من استقر في Agbandè بالقرب باسار. أن أحد أبنائه قد مغوي امرأة من رئيس باسار ل. تسبب هذا الصراع الذي أدى في نهاية المطاف إلى مغادرتهم الموقع ليستقر في Kadambara. في رأي من نفس المخبر، Kadambara تأتي من كلمة تيم dabara التي تعني &quot;نحن الجذور&quot;. هذا جغرافي يلمح لصراعهم ضد باسار. وهكذا، كان Takpara أول رئيس Kadambara والحاكم الثالث من Tchaoudjo. ووفقا للمعلومات التي يتم جمعها من Ouro- Gbèlè ادريس، فإن مؤسس Birini يكون أورو Tchatikpi الذي لم يكن حاكم Tchaoudjo لكنه كان أول زعيم من Birini. وكان حاكم Tchaudjo الوحيد الذي غادر Birini أورو-كورا، الذي كان الخامس البولية إسو. ومن شأن معين البولية ايفا انتقلنا من Tchavadi الجنوب بحثا عن مجال اللعبة وتأسست قرية Komah. هذا الأخير، كما يشير اسمه، لم السيادية للChaudjo ولكن كان أول رئيس Komah. ووفقا لأورو-Akpo قاسم، مؤسس Yelivo يدعى أن أورو سد تسوية لأول مرة مع شقيقه في Birini. من هناك ذهب إلى الغرب لتأسيس Yelivo. وجاءت مجموعة أخرى إلى Kadambara واحد أو عقدين من الزمن. بعد هذا التوقف الطويل، واصلت المجموعة في طريقها لتأسيس قرية Nadjoma. وكان من هناك، وبهدف إيجاد الأرض الجيدة التي تركت بعض Djeri فاما أقرانه لتأسيس Kparatao. وكان لهذه القرى المكونة للمملكة وصلات معينة اثنين اثنين اعتمادا على القرابة من المؤسسين. وهكذا، لوحظ هذه الروابط بين Kpangalam وTchavadi، بين Birini وYelivo، بين Kadambara وKparatao وفي وقت لاحق بين Tchavadi وKomah. سوف القرى المذكورة آنفا سبعة تكون على أصل ولادة المملكة تيم من Tchaoudjo. 1-3-2. ولادة وتطور المملكة يمكن للمرء أن يتكلم حقا للمملكة تيم دو Toudoudjo فقط من لحظة عندما التقى قرى أخرى (Tchavadi، Kadambara، Birini، Komah، Yelivo وKparatao) بمبادرة من Tchavadi لمكافحة Kpangalam الذي احتكر قوة. من ناحية، وفقا لGayibor &quot;Kpangalam هو أول من تولي السلطة على رأس المملكة خلال اثنين يسود&quot;. من ناحية أخرى، يبدو وفقا لأورو-أغورو Bodjo التي جعلت Kpangalam أكثر من عقدين من العهود المتعاقبة. عندما دعا Tchavadi على قرى أخرى لمساعدته على استعادة السلطة مع الأخ الأكبر في Kpangalam، قد تعهد القرى الخمس للمشاركة في هذه المعركة، ولكن فقط إذا كانت ملك بدورها. ما خلص. ونتيجة لذلك، بعد هزيمة Kpangalam، اتخذ Chavadi السلطة. ومن هنا أن قانون دوران السلطة العليا للChaudjo يجد مصدره. ومع ذلك، يمكن أن Yelivo فقط لا يجلس كحاكم لTchaoudjo لأسباب سنتطرق في الجزء الثاني حول الصراع Kparatao -Yélivo. كما ذكرنا سابقا، وصلت المملكة ذروته في عهد أورو-Djobo بخاري من Kparatao. فهي تمتد هيمنتها على المنطقة بأسرها. بشأن تمديد للمملكة، Gayibor نقلا فون زكريا تقارير: &quot;أعتقد أن هذه المنطقة كبيرة يمكن اعتبارها كيانا، لأنه يشكل نفس المبنى، وليس لغويا فقط، ولكن أيضا المستوى السياسي والبولية Dyabo الشهيرة، وهذا يعني ان الرب أو الملك Dyabo،&lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt; تسيطر على البلد بأكمله، وترك أكثر أو أقل الحرية للقادة أجزاء مختلفة من البلاد. قوة Dyabo يتجاوز حتى تيمو البلاد ويمتد على الأراضي مثل تشامبا، الغيبة، وهي جزء من آنيانغا البلاد، حيث لا يتحدث اللغة تيمو كلغة أم &quot;مدى ملكوت الذي فون زكريا يتحدث غير قابلة للنقاش. كما سنرى لاحقا، حارب آدم Méatchi على جانب المملكة ولكن ليس ضد هذا واحد، وإذا تضمنت Tchaoudjo تشامبا والغيبة، وكيف يمكن Méatchi محاربة تشامبا لصالح KRI-KRI الذي دعا إليه؟ ما يعني أن وعلاوة على ذلك، لم تمارس قوة Djobo على تيم البلاد كلها. ومن المسلم به، نظرا للتطور نيزكي أن المملكة جاءت من الانضمام إلى عرش Djobo بخاري، فمن المعقول أن نتصور أن الهيمنة له كان من الممكن أن تمارس في وقت لاحق على مركز كامل توغو الحالية. كانت عليه في عهد حكمه أن المملكة عرفت حقا أوجها. أعطت هجرة مولا الولادة إلى نوعين من السلطة في البلاد تيم: السلطة العليا للTchaoudjo وقوة القرى. 2- القوى في البلاد تيم في وقت ما قبل الاستعمار والهجرة من مولا دي Tabalo إلى مواقعهم الحالية قد أدت إلى نوعين من القوى التي واجهتها في البلاد تيم مع، بطبيعة الحال، على رأس السلطة العليا للTchaoudjo . والواقع أن تيم المملكة Temudjo هي المملكة سياسيا ومنظمة تنظيما جيدا. وهكذا، لتقديم طلب للحصول على السلطة في البلاد تيم، يجب على المرء أن وفت عدد معين من الشروط. ولكن، تختلف هذه الشروط وفقا للصلاحيات. 2-1. السلطة العليا للTchaudjo يذكر أن السلطة العليا للTchaudjo تأسست من قبل القرى السبع من عشيرة مولا. هذه هي Kpangalam، Chavadi، Kadambara، Birini، Komah، Yelivo وKparatao. وجدت هذا الشكل من التنظيم بين تيم قبل فترة طويلة من اختراق الألماني. الذي لم يكن الحال مع جيرانهم kabiyè. في الواقع، يجب أن يكون أي طالب وظيفة لموقف أورو-إسو من عشيرة مولا ينتمون إلى واحدة أو أخرى من القرى السبع المكونة للمملكة. يجب أن يكون لائقا بدنيا. يجب أن يكون لديه الأخلاق الحميدة، يجب أن يكون الطفل الشرعي. وعلاوة على ذلك، يجب أن تتمتع شعبية معينة. وبالتالي، فإن أي طالب وظيفة الذي يستوفي جميع هذه الشروط يمكن اعتباره حامل السعادة والازدهار للمملكة. علاوة على ذلك، انقطاع التيار الكهربائي بالتناوب دون أن يتمكن من تعيين اثنين من الملوك المتعاقبة في نفس القرية أو النسب. هذا في ظل تحكيم عشيرة دارو من Tchalo. ومع ذلك، لا يوجد إجراء خلع كما كان الحال في أجزاء أخرى من أفريقيا، وخاصة في Tchagga في تنزانيا، حيث الزعيم قد أطيح به في التجمع من المحاربين، وهذا يعني من قبل الرجال الذين تتراوح أعمارهم بين الثلاثين وأربعون خمس إذا خالف العرف. وبعبارة أخرى، إذا كان زعيم لا شيء مخالف للقانون العرفي، عقوبة يواجه هو أن فقدان سلطته. هذه السلطة تنتمي إلى هذه الجمعية التي تتكون من الحكماء، من المفترض أن تكون قادرة على تحمل هذه المسؤولية الثقيلة. من ناحية أخرى، أنه هو نفسه بين بيمبا في زامبيا حيث كان Citimukulu (رئيس) أن تأخذ في الاعتبار رأي أربعين من كبار المستشارين وراثي واتهم بعض الطقوس الضرورية لممارسة السلطة، قبل اتخاذ أي قرار، تحت طائلة يجري رفعها معهم. ووقع رئيس Tchaoudjo عنوان أورو-إيسو أو ذات سيادة وكان لديه الحق في الحياة والموت على شعبه. في رأي لدينا مخبر أورو-طوح آدم، زعيم يأخذ لقب أورو-إسو ذلك لأنه يعتبر ممثل الله على الأرض، وبسبب هذا، وقال انه لا بد من الثناء من قبل شعبه كما افعل المؤمنين. فيما يتعلق الله. تلقى صاحب السيادة جديدة تنصيب له من يد رئيس Tabalo الذي يعتبر والده. اختيار رئيس للقرى يطيع أيضا قواعد أكثر تحديدا إلى القرى. 2-2- قوة القرى وهي تتعلق القرى تأسست إما عن طريق مولا أو من قبل تيم العشائر الأخرى. المعيار الأساسي في هذا النوع من الطاقة عضوية مقدم الطلب في عشيرة تأسيس القرية، وريث فقط على الزعامة. وهكذا لدينا بعض رؤساء القرى من العشائر مولا وغيرها من العشائر غير مولا. على سبيل المثال من قرية Agoulou حيث رئيس هو من عشيرة مولا والتي من قرية Kolina حيث رئيس هو من عشيرة dikeni. ويلزم نفس الصفات المادية والمعنوية لشخصية القائد كما هو اختلاف بين الأنساب. يجب اختيار الزعيم، ومع ذلك، الحصول على موافقة أورو-إسو الذين يجب أن الزعيم الجديد، قبل أن يتم استثمارها بشكل دائم، ودفع تحية ذليل (يوما سيدي &quot;خلاص العبيد&quot;) وخصوصا في عصر ما قبل الاستعمار. عموما، كان رؤساء القرى السن عموما من الحكام Chaudjo في وقت تعيينهم لأنه يزعم أن غرفتهم للمناورة كان محدودا في قراهم فيما يتعلق السيادية الذي يجب أن إدارة بالإضافة إلى شؤون المملكة، والبعض الآخر القرى ما يسمى حساسة أو معقدة. خريطة رقم (4): Chieftaincies في تيم البلد المصدر: باربييه، 1995، P20 ملاحظة: ويقوم الزعامة Kpaza من توري وليس من قبل مولا كما يشهد JC باربير. الخلاصة باختصار، كان Gadaou سلف عشيرة مولا، في الأصل من البلاد غورما. وكان قد استقر في منطقة جبلية في Tabalo. في وقت لاحق لأسباب ذات طابع الطبيعية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية والديموغرافية، هاجر السكان إلى سهول كارا وميزوري ومع ذلك، عمليات التوغل من تجار الرقيق من قبل بعض الكتاب المذكور تبدو لنا غير مبررة لأن سهل تقدم أي ضمانة من الناحية الأمنية. أخذت هذه الهجرة مكان خطوة خطوة ولادة القرى، والتي بدورها ستشكل تيم Toudoudjo المجال. بشكل عام، كان تيم البلاد نوعين من القوى. تحكمها قواعد واضحة المعالم تعيين كل سيادية جديدة. ولكن هذه القواعد قد انتهكت مرتين فيما يتعلق السلطة العليا للChaudjo: من ناحية، من خلال أورو-Djobo بخاري من Kparatao ومن ناحية أخرى، من خلال Komah. احتفظت تيم المملكة Temudjo سلامتها والتأثير على الشعوب الأخرى في المنطقة من خلال التنظيم السياسي والاقتصادي. الفصل 3: التنظيم السياسي والاقتصادي في المملكة THE مقدمة دعونا نتذكر أن القرى المكونة للمملكة والتي أسسها مولاس بدعم من السكان الأصليين. مثل أي تنظيم الدولة، وتيم المملكة Temudjo ومنظمة تنظيما جيدا اجتماعيا وسياسيا واقتصاديا. احتلت معظم المجتمعات الأصلية وغير الأصلية وظائف محددة في المملكة. 1- الهيكل الاجتماعي والسياسي للمملكة على غرار اتحاد ديلوس في العصور اليونانية القديمة، حيث أثينا قد لعبت دورا قياديا، لعبت Kparatao أيضا نفس الدور في تيم المملكة Temudjo. يمكن أن يكون ذلك إلا بفضل الكاريزما وشخصية قوية أورو-Djobo بخاري الذي كان السادس البولية إسو المملكة. 1-1. التنظيم الاجتماعي للمملكة فيما يتعلق بتنظيم الاجتماعية، علما بأن المملكة كانت تتألف من السكان غير متجانسة حيث هناك خلط بين العشائر. وكان لكل عشيرة دورها المحدد الذي تقوم به في المجتمع. وهكذا، فقط مولا يمكن الوصول إلى موقف أورو-إسو. وNawo أولا ثم لعبت دارو دورا أساسيا التحكيم. منذ أصل المملكة، عقدت حق اختيار المناصب السيادية من قبل عشيرة nawo. ولكن في عهد أورو-كورا من Birini، وNawo أن تودده واحدة من النساء السيادية. جعل هذا العمل على انقاص ودورها التحكيم لصالح عشيرة دارو. كان توريه Safara إلى جانبهم في أصل دخول الإسلام في المملكة. هذه توري Safara مع تراوري وفوفانا الحق في الإمامة. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، عيسى توريه من سوكوتو قلقون فقط مع وظيفة ملوى-أورو. ويتدخل بالاشتراك مع Tchakpindé لتسمية بفضل الإمام الدور الاجتماعي له لأنه من ناحية، وقال انه هو قائد المسلمين ومن ناحية أخرى، وهو يعتبر المرجعية الدينية الأولى. وفي هذا الصدد، ومن المفترض ملوى-أورو لإتقان صفات الإلهية التي تحكم الدين وفي هذا هو الشخص الموارد لتعيين الإمام. في نفس الطريق، وكانت Chakpindé أقدم وبالتالي، من المفترض أن تقرر بين العشائر الثلاث (توري، فوفانا وتراوري) في اختيار الإمام. تبقى Chakpindé كما عمداء Didaouré بفضل قوية جدا لمعرفتهم الشعائر التقليدية للحماية. فيما يتعلق بالدين، كان مولا الوثنيين على وصولهم إلى المملكة. الإسلام لا يفوز المملكة مع وصول الأجانب بما في ذلك توريه خلال القرن التاسع عشر. في الواقع، مع قدوم إلى السلطة أورو-Djobo بخاري وخاصة بعد تحوله إلى الإسلام، وقال انه يريد أن يفرض على أنها دين الدولة. تحويل أورو-Djobo بخاري للإسلام يمكن أن يفسر من جهة نتيجة لتدفق الأجانب المسلمين في المملكة. في ذلك الوقت، وChaudjo شهدت لأول مرة على ديانة توحيدية. من ناحية أخرى، وبعد الحرب Kparatao-Yelivo التمست السيادية من آدم Méatchi خبير في الإسلام (ألفا) للتبشير لشعبه الدين الجديد. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، نلاحظ أيضا تأثير شقيقه Abdulai البرلماني العربي تراوري. قد ساهمت هذه الأحداث بشكل كبير في تحويل أورو Djobo. شهد هذا العصر انتشار الإسلام والأوج للمملكة. الحياة السياسية في المملكة هو أمر بالغ الأهمية. 1-2. التنظيم السياسي للمملكة على رأس مملكة المملكة هي-أورو إسو (رئيس إله). ويساعده في مهامه من قبل عدد كبير من وجهاء. هذه هي لمعظم رؤساء جزءا من القرى المكونة أخرى من المملكة والشخصيات الحكيمة وثيقة للملك. وفقا لمصطلح حديث، كانت موجودة هناك شكل من أشكال إدارة &quot;deconcentrated&quot; السلطة الحاكمة. وهو ما يعني أن بعض القوى كانت قد ورثت لالزعماء المحليين تحت العين الساهرة للسيادة. هذه الزعماء المحليين مسؤولون عن إدارتها. لذلك، كان هذا يجري السلطة السيادية المطلقة. ومجعد من وقت لآخر القرى، التعامل مع الصراعات الصغيرة على الفور، وحدد المشاكل المعقدة التي سيتم التعامل معها لاحقا في القصر الملكي. لا يعمل السيادية. يتم نقلها في كل مرة من قبل سكان القرية انطلاق لجهة أخرى وهذا بدوره. سيطر اثني عشر الحكام المعروفة وعين الحياة السياسية في المملكة من البداية وحتى عام 1914. والممالك التي أكثر وضوحا في المملكة هي من بين الآخرين واحد أورو-كورا التي انضمت إلى العرش بعد وفاة أورو Akoriko من Komah. في الواقع، فإنه يسمح للفوز Tchaoudjo في الصراع Komah-Agoulou الثاني الذي سنرى لاحقا، وذلك بفضل الدور العسكري كان قد لعب. خلال فترة حكمه، كان يحيط القرية Birini بجدار كما كان الحال من Agokoli في Notsè. كان هذا بسبب الصراعات مع السكان الغيبة حول قضايا الأرض. وهكذا كانت تسمى قرية Tchoboto التي تعني &quot;قرية محصنة&quot;. سادت هذه السيادة على المملكة لثمانين عاما. هذا هو حكم الذي استمر أكثر في تاريخ تيم المملكة Temudjo. في ذلك الوقت، تتقاطع التجار الهوسا المنطقة ومنذ يعني Tchoboto في الهوسا لغة &quot;Birini&quot;، حلت مكان هذا الاسم الهوسا التي من تيم وتبقى القرية حتى اليوم اسم Birini. والذي شهد أيضا تاريخ المملكة كان أورو-Djobo بخاري من Kparatao. في الواقع، هذا واحد، من خلال استمالة المرتزقة Djerma وجود صالح الألمان، قد سيطرت على المنطقة بأسرها. استمر حكمه سنوات فقط تسعة. 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&lt;/script&gt; نتذكر أن المملكة عرفت بالضبط ذروتها في عهده. قائمة الحكام Tchaudjo من البداية وحتى 1914 (باربييه، 1995: 126) 1- أورو-أغورو سد Kpangalam (1785-1805) 2- أورو-بانجنا Tcha علي من Tchavadi (1805-1825) 3- أورو Takpara من Kadambara (1825-1845) 4- أورو Akoriko من Komah (1845- 1865) 5- أورو الكورة من Birini (1865-1880) 6- أورو -Djobo بخاري يقول semôh من Kparatao (1880-1889) 7- أورو - Djobo Tchadjobo من Kparatao (1897-1901) 8 - أورو - Djobo Tchagodomou من Kparatao ( 1901-1906) 9 - أورو - Djobo Bouraima من Kparatao (1906-1924) المؤلف مثل Gayibor، أورو-Djeri يعتقدون أن السابع والثامن أورو-إسو أسقطت من قبل الألمان دون تحديد أسباب فصلهم. ومع ذلك، وفقا لتحقيقاتنا، يبدو أن يسود من الملوك الأربعة الذين نجح بعضهم البعض في Kparatao كانت سريعة الزوال بسبب انتهاك القانون العرفي للتسمية مليكه Tchaoudjo من هذه القرية الملكية. ويفسر ذلك حقيقة أنه، من جهة، Kparatao قد اغتصب السلطة التي كان عادة للعودة إلى Yelivo و، من ناحية أخرى، من خلال التوطين من السلطة الحاكمة من Tchaoudjo في القرية المذكورة. هذان الحدثان تتنافى مع القانون العرفي الذي ينص على أن السلطة يجب أن تدور دون أن يتمكن من تعيين اثنين من الملوك في نفس القرية أو النسب. إذا حللنا مدة كتبها عهد، نجد من الواضح أنه أصبح أكثر أو أقل البيع مع انضمام الى السلطة أورو-Djobo بخاري. هذا الوجود، المعلومات التي تم جمعها من التقليد الشفهي يشرح الوضع أفضل. ويفسر ازدهار المملكة أيضا من الأنشطة الاقتصادية. 2- اقتصاد المملكة واستند الاقتصاد التقليدي للمملكة في كل من الزراعة والتجارة. واستند التجارة على العبور من العبيد للتصدير. لكن قطاع الحرف وعدم إهمالها. كان عدد السكان تيم من السكان العاملين. وكانت المملكة الكاملة من المواهب للعمل اليدوي. كان هناك المزارعين وأصحاب المزارع والحدادين والحرفيين. 2-1. الزراعة. في البيئة التقليدية في الأساس، كانت الزراعة هي النشاط الرئيسي للكوتوكولي. وكان من وظيفتها أنها تستمد معظم معيشتهم. المحاصيل الغذائية الرئيسية هي الدخن واليام. التقنيات الزراعية لا تزال بدائية. الزراعة لا يعرف الميكنة. مجرفة، القاطع، ودابا، تبقى دائما الأدوات الأكثر استخداما. وتستهلك حوالي 80٪ من المنتجات الزراعية في البيئة التقليدية من قبل السكان أنفسهم. وكانت هذه الزراعة لا كما وضعت كما هو الحال في البلاد باسار ولم تستخدم الأسمدة في البلاد kabiyè. وهكذا، ليو فروبينيوس وقد لاحظ ذلك جيدا عندما كتب في هذه الشروط: &quot;إن الزراعة مزدهرة، لكنني لا أعتقد أنني قد لاحظت المحاصيل الهامة كما هو الحال في البلاد باسار ... لم يسبق لي أن رأيت تيم البلاد حفرة الأسمدة مثل كل kabiyè المزرعة. &quot;الثروة &lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt; تلعب دورا هاما في اقتصاد المملكة. 2-2. الثروة الحيوانية والدواجن يتعلق أساسا مثل الدجاج، الطير غينيا والحيوانات الصغيرة مثل الأغنام والماعز. أما بالنسبة للماشية، كلفت بها تماما لتأسيس الفولاني في جميع المحليات تقريبا في المنطقة. للقيام بذلك، ليس هناك عقد بين المالك والفولاني. هناك، ومع ذلك، وهو نوع من &quot;اتفاقية&quot; بينهما. هذا يتمثل في إعطاء الفولاني ولي صالح العجل واحد من كل ثلاثة أو أربعة أن البقرة سيعطي. بالاضافة، يتم إرجاع الحليب التي يتم استخراج كل يوم لالفولاني. نسائية سوق الفولاني هذا الحليب لإيجاد الأموال لبعض النفقات المنزلية. وكان تيم أيضا المحاربين الشجعان بفضل تجهيزاتها والتي تتم في الغالب على الفور. 2-3. تشكيل. وهو النشاط الذي تمارسه بعض العشائر، وأشهرها هي كولي وDikeni. وقد لعبت هذه الحدادين دورا ثانويا في عسكرة Chaudjo. جعلوا البنادق التقليدية التي المحاربين في المملكة تستخدم في مختلف معارك بهم. فهي مهنة وراثية بطريقة منذ الأطفال من الآباء حداد لديها فرصة قوية لتصبح الحدادين. تم تزويد هذه الحدادين مع الحديد من Bangeli في البلاد باسار. وبصرف النظر عن دورها الحدادين، وكولي أيضا المحاربين الحقيقي، وبالتالي شعارهم: &quot;عندما تكون هناك حرب، ونحن دائما تأخذ الجبهة&quot;. هذا يفترض أن حداد كان بقدر حكرا على كولي اعتبارا من Dikeni. وكانت المملكة تشتهر منتجات الحرفية لها يطمع فيها كل من المواطنين والأجانب أيضا. 2-4. يتم تخفيض الأنشطة الحرف إلى النسيج، وصناعة السلال والفخار. السجاد: هذا النشاط على نطاق واسع في Didaouré وKparatao. حرفة النسيج هي حكرا على العشائر المهاجرة (Watara دي Didaouré). وهكذا النسيج والصباغة وصناعة الملابس تحدث في بعض القرى عن الأنشطة التكميلية التي يؤديها الرجال والنساء خلال ما يسمى موسم ميت. - سلال: أنه يؤدي إلى صناعة الحصير والسلال والحقائب وما إلى ذلك تباع بعض المنتجات المصنعة في الموقع ويتم تصدير الآخرين. -The الفخار: ليست متطورة على الإطلاق في البلاد تيم. ومع ذلك، هناك في بعض الأحيان الخزافين من موهبة كبيرة في بعض المناطق. كان كل هذا الإنتاج وجوه التجارة التي تشكل لهذا الغرض النشاط الثاني المهم للمملكة. 2-5 تجارة وكنشاط ثانوي للمملكة، والتجارة جعلت المملكة منطقة الضيافة للأجانب المتجولين. جعل الموقع الجغرافي للمملكة يجعلها مركزا تجاريا. يتم التعرف على Chaudjo من الخارج لأن التجار الأجانب جاءوا من الهوسا وبقي هناك لمدة أشهر. هناك طرق التجارة، الشركاء التجاريين والمنتجات المتداولة. طرق 2-5-1 معارض كان Chaudjo مرحلة مهمة لعبور الكولا. خدم معظم القرى في المملكة كما التوقف عن التجار الأجانب. حتى قبل القرن التاسع عشر، الهوسا والماندينغو التجار كانوا يمرون عبر القرى مثل Agoulou من Salaga (في اليوم وسط شرق غانا) نحو Djougou (في وسط غرب الوقت الحاضر بنين). واحدة من الطرق يتردد في الوقت الذي كان Chavadi في قيادة المملكة Chaudjo الذي اقره: Djougou-Aledjo-كورا-Agoulou-Kpassoua- Chavadi- Didaoure. وتجدر الإشارة إلى أن سوكودي، Bafilo وDaoudé كانت نقطة تتابع وتبادل المنتجات. في نهاية القرن التاسع عشر، والطريق يمر عبر Agoulou-Kparatao-Kadambara-Didaouré ثم يستمر نحو Fazao-Suruku-Bulohu-Djerêkpagna، ثم بعد عبور مو، Bubalêm (قرب Nakpali)، Bimbila (مركز من نانومبا) و Salaga حيث وصل المسافرين قبل &quot;الطريق Kotocolé&quot;. وكانت هذه التبادلات بين سكان المنطقة من جهة ومع التجار الأجانب من ناحية أخرى. 2-5-2. شركاء العمل وتبادل سكان Tchaoudjo منتجاتها مع جيرانهم في المنطقة ومع الأجانب القادمين من الخارج. ويتم تصدير المنتجات وبالتالي النسيج الى الدول المجاورة: البلد باسار، Kabiyè، آنيانغا. تجارتهم أيضا يصل Adjouti، وأديل وخاصة داجومبا. بالإضافة إلى تجارة الرقيق، كانت البلاد تيم مركزا للتجارة بين caravaneers في شمال نيجيريا وبنين في الوقت الحاضر. وكانت مختلف المنتجات على أساس هذه التبادلات. 2-5-3.The المنتجات المتداولة بين المنتجات التي تم تداولها، نلاحظ منتجات تزويرها كما دابا وبنادق التقليدية والسكاكين. وهناك أيضا الملح الصخري، تم تبادل أيضا والمنسوجات، والسلال والنحاس والمجوهرات من البلاد أشانتي. عرضت فولبي الحليب أنها باعت لسكان &lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt;. لكن العملة الصرف كانت كاورى &quot;lidedozè&quot; في تيم. شاركت المملكة أيضا في التجارة البينية الأفريقية من خلال منتجاتها مثل الأقمشة القطنية، حول أي بينغر يكتب: &quot;إن مئزر Kotokole، التي جلبت أيضا إلى الأسواق داجومبا، هو daycloth القطن الأبيض.&quot; الحديث عن تبادل للمملكة، Gayibor يقتبس آدم Mischlich (التبشيرية السويسري بعثة بازل في يوليو 1897) في هذه العبارات: &quot;في Didaouré، يوم الجمعة، ويقام سوق كبير (...) حتى نبيع السراويل التركية. وجميلة الحرير والمخمل الأقمشة من الساحل. ونحن أيضا بيع كافا والبطاطا والفول السوداني والفاصوليا والذرة الرفيعة، . التي جلبت أيضا إلى الأسواق داجومبا، هو daycloth القطن الأبيض &quot;في معرض حديثه عن تبادل المملكة، Gayibor يقتبس آدم Mischlich (التبشيرية السويسري بعثة بازل في يوليو 1897) في هذه العبارات:&quot; في Didaouré، يوم الجمعة، ويقام سوق كبير (...). حتى نبيع السراويل التركية وجميلة الحرير والمخمل الأقمشة من الساحل. ونحن أيضا بيع كافا والبطاطا والفول السوداني والفاصوليا والذرة الرفيعة، . التي جلبت أيضا إلى الأسواق داجومبا، هو daycloth القطن الأبيض &quot;في معرض حديثه عن تبادل المملكة، Gayibor يقتبس آدم Mischlich (التبشيرية السويسري بعثة بازل في يوليو 1897) في هذه العبارات:&quot; في Didaouré، يوم الجمعة، ويقام سوق كبير (...). حتى نبيع السراويل التركية وجميلة الحرير والمخمل الأقمشة من الساحل. ونحن أيضا بيع كافا والبطاطا والفول السوداني والفاصوليا والذرة الرفيعة،وكان لكل قرية القصر لها من تلقاء نفسها، وحيث أي حاكم جديد من القرية يمكن أن يعيش هناك. سنقوم بتحليل في الأسطر التالية الظروف التي تؤيد عسكرة Chaudjo. كان عسكرة المملكة مقدمة المملكة في ذروته قبل وصول الألمان: الجزء الثاني. في اتصال معهم، عقدت Kparatao السلطة العليا مع أورو-Djobo بخاري كحاكم. مثل أي تكوين الدولة، وقد تم تجهيز المملكة أصلا مع قوة مسلحة تتألف من السكان الأصليين. وكانت مهمة لضمان أمن المملكة والدفاع عن مصالحها. سوف Tchaoudjo تلعب دورا قياديا في غزو المناطق النائية من قبل الألمان. وسيتم تخصيص هذا الجزء لدراسة الصراعات التي شاركت فيها المملكة جزء ودور هذا الأخير في الفتح واستقرار القوة الاستعمارية الألمانية. الفصل 4: العسكرة والصراع مختلف من المملكة THE مقدمة المملكة في حاجة الى القوة المسلحة ليس فقط لحماية السكان من الهجمات الخارجية ولكن أيضا لضمان الأمن الداخلي. وهكذا بقصد توسيع هيمنتها على المنطقة بأسرها، نظمت المملكة الحملات ضد السكان المجاورة. 1- عسكرة المملكة المملكة عرفت مرحلتين من العسكرة في تاريخها: من جهة، وعسكرة قبل وصول Semassi ومن ناحية أخرى، فإن عسكرة تحت أورو-Djobo بخاري من Kparatao. في الأصل، والقوة المسلحة في التخلص من Chaudjo تتألف من الرجال القادرين على العمل الذين كانوا أكثر ملاءمة للظروف المادية التي لا غنى عنها للقتال العسكرية. تم تجنيد هؤلاء ليس فقط في القرى المالكة، ولكن أيضا في تيم قرى أخرى. والواقع أن هذا الجيش الملكي بالكاد تجاوز ألف رجل، وكان تحت التجهيز لحيازة أسلحة بيضاء فقط والبنادق التقليدية. هذا يمكن أن يبرر بعض من الهزائم إلى أن المملكة شهدت في ذلك الوقت. وبالاضافة الى هزيمة 1879 خلال الصراع الأول ضد آنيانغا تحت أورو الكورة Birini، فإننا نلاحظ أيضا هزيمة خلال الصراع الأول ضد Agoulou تحت أورو Akoriko من Komah. وهكذا، كانت مليكه Tchaoudjo تحت تصرفه قوة مسلحة التي تشكل له الحرس الملكي. وقدمت حفاظا على سلامتها ورافقها خلال أسفارها في المنطقة. ومع ذلك، عندما جاء أورو-Djobo بخاري إلى السلطة في Kparatao، كثفت هذه العسكرة في المملكة. في الواقع، أورو-Djobo كان موضعا لانتقاء المرتزقة Djerma الذين كانوا فرسان المسلحة الحقيقية. جاء هؤلاء من نهر النيجر حول 1885. أصبح Chaudjo في نهاية القرن التاسع عشر، قوة المحارب هائلة مع وصول هؤلاء المرتزقة نبتت. قبل القيام بدراسة حول أصول semassi، نجد أنه من المهم لجعل التفسيرات على لغة من هذا المصطلح نفسه. ووفقا لأورو الجري، وقد اشتق semasi من مجموعة من الكلمات &quot;wansagari semassi&quot; (wansagari وهو ما يعني كسول أو بالأحرى الشخص الذي لا يريد أن يأكل من عرق جبينه وsemassi، اللصوص، لصوص). في &lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt;، فإن عبارة &quot;wansagari semassi&quot; يدل على أنه عن المحاربين الذين بالقوة نهب الآخرين. من أين أتوا ؟ جاء Semassi من البلاد Djerma (في ما هو الآن النيجر) في نهاية القرن ال19. عبروا المناطق الغربية حاملين معهم عناصر من الناس bariba، الفولاني، وتوري. استمروا في طريقهم للوصول إلى مناطق المستوطنات تيم، Kabiyè. ومن JC باربييه الذي وصف جولاتها: &quot;في عام 1883، فهي في سمري، ثم في Alédjo-كورا، في عام 1885 إلى Adjéidè (من حيث أنها محاولة هجوم ضد تشامبا) هم موضعا لانتقاء من قبل الحاكم البولية Djobo بخاري. في Paratao ومعهم، واستقر Peuls في Kpaza وAgoulou فضلا عن العديد من كوتوكولي، تعلم فن القتال الخيل &quot;. وقاد Peuls من Kpaza، من الذي جعل JC باربير قضية هنا، آدم Méatchi. وكانت هذه مستقلة عن الدراجين من Kparatao. وعلاوة على ذلك، كان تركيبها في Kpaza بالطبع سبقت وصول المرتزقة djerma في المملكة. وفي هذا الصدد، JC فرويلش يكتب ما يلي: &quot;إن ظهور هذه الفولاني في Kpaza من سوكوتو (نيجيريا) يعود إلى 1830&quot;. ووفقا لالحجي أورو النيل الحسن، كان آدم Méatchi الذي، بناء على دعوة من Djobo بخاري من Kparatao، كان سيقاتل Yélivo ومن شأنه أن يعطي السلطة لKparatao بفضل القوة العسكرية. وفيما يتعلق أسباب وصول المرتزقة Djerma في المنطقة، وبعض الكتاب والتقليد الشفهي تشير إلى أن ذلك يرجع إلى انعدام الأمن التي كانت سائدة في المنطقة بعد انضمام إلى السلطة بالقوة أورو Djobo بخاري أن هذا الأخير سيكون له ناشد لهم. وفيما يتعلق أسباب الهجرة اللصوص &quot;، يمكننا أن نقول أنها يمكن أن تكون مرتبطة إلى الصراعات الداخلية التي كانت متكررة في منطقة غرب أفريقيا في القرن ال19. قد يكون راجعا إلى سبب التجاري. في الواقع، كانت semasi المحاربين المدربين الذين ستنجم عن الإمبراطورية سونغاي. وكما كانت الإمبراطورية في الاضمحلال، ان المحاربين قرروا طواعية إلى الهجرة إلى الغرب لتوظيف خدماتها للالزعماء المحليين. هذه هي الطريقة التي يطلق عليها أيضا المرتزقة. وكان في هذا المنظور وصل المحاربين في Tchaoudjo الثناء خدماتها للحاكم الجديد أورو-Djobo بخاري. لأنه حصل على المرتزقة، وقال انه كان يلقب ب &quot;Sémôh&quot; أما بالنسبة للاللوجستية التي هي جزء من الفن العسكري التعامل مع مشاكل النقل والإمداد بالأسلحة، لا تنشأ المشكلة. لأن النقل تم التأكيد بشكل أساسي مع وفرة من الخيول. ووفقا لأورو-Djéri، وإدخال الحصان في البيئة تيم واثنين من أصول: Djougou وبوكل نهر النيجر. أولا، سمحت هذه الدراجين العسكرية تتويج السيادية الجديدة ومن ناحية أخرى، ساعدت على فرض النظام في المملكة. في الواقع، التجار السودانيين الذين يجب أن تأخذ الطريق الكولا الذهاب إلى Salaga، مرت بالضرورة عبر تيم البلاد. سافروا على ظهور الحمير والخيول. وهكذا فإن كوتوكولي عرفت لأول مرة الخيول الصغيرة مع الشعر الطويل خلال القرنين الثامن عشر والتاسع عشر. وبالمثل التجار المطروحة ونبتت من حلقة النيجر يذهب بها نفس العملية إدخال الخيول تيم هذا الوقت من حجم كبير وشكل المتوسط ​​ويتم تكييفها للسباق. سيكون موضع تقدير هذه الخيول وتستخدم أكثر من الدراجين. كان يتألف هذا الجيش من ملكوت نوعين من المقاتلين: من جهة، الفرسان، ومن ناحية أخرى، المشاة أو الرماة. وهكذا، استخدمت فرسان الخيول وكانت جذريا أكثر المسلحة من المشاة. كان لديهم على الرماح باسم والخناجر. وغالبا ما ملابسهم في boubous بأحزمة الورك التي يمكن أن تعقد الخنجر. من جانبهم، كانوا يرتدون ملابس المشاة في نفس الطريق. ولكن ما يميزها عن الدراجين هو أنها لم يكن لديك الخيول وأنهم يملكون إلا أسلحة متواضعة: الأندية وتقطيعها. أنها لعبت دور المساعدين والناقلين. خلال الحرب، هاجمت فرسان العدو أولا، تليها المشاة. ولكن من وقت لآخر، نظم الجيش وخصوصا الدراجين الدورات التدريبية التي تشكل الترفيه &lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt; في القرية أو في الأدغال. وأعقب هذا الإعداد الفني من الاستعدادات الروحية والسحرية الأخرى. في الواقع، قبل أن يغادر للحرب، فإن السلطات المحلية استشارة الآلهة حماية لمعرفة ما اذا كان سيتم فاز الحرب أم لا. على الجانب سحرية، وارتدى الملابس Semassi التمائم، وعلامات التي لا تقهر. كل هذه الاستعدادات تحرض بنا إلى التحليل العلمي. في الواقع، نعتقد أن الملابس الحرب، والتشاور مع الآلهة لها قبل كل شيء الآثار النفسية على المحاربين، لأنه من المفترض أن المقاتل في حالة من الضمير لا يمكن أن تعطي العائد المتوقع. وهكذا، يرتدي عادة محاطة التمائم يتطور فيه روح التحمل والعزيمة. هذا هو الحال في سبارتا في العصور اليونانية القديمة حيث تلقوا تعليمهم الأطفال في التعليم العسكري حيث تزرع الفضائل في نفوسهم مثل التحمل، وتقرير للدفاع عن الوطن الأم. في هذه الحالة، المقاتل غير متأكد من نفسه أنه لم يعد يخشى الموت. وعلاوة على ذلك، فإن تقنية حرب من قبل المحاربين اعتمدت أسلوب الحصار. هذا يتكون من تطويق العدو من أجل الانتصار على هذا الأخير. وكانت الدراجين أمام عمليات المهاجمين الحقيقي. فمن هم الذين توجيهها بشكل روتيني العدو من خلال قتل الناس وإضرام النار في التجمعات العدو كما كانت المشاة مشغول استكمال هزيمة والنهب. المسروقات يمكن أن تتكون من الحبوب، من الرجال والنساء أو حتى الأطفال. وكثير من الصراعات تعيين وقت لاحق المملكة ضد الشعوب الأخرى في المنطقة. 2- الصراعات معروفة من قبل المملكة. كان الحكام Chaudjo تقريبا كل الطموح. في الواقع، لتحقيق مخططاتهم، الذي يتمثل في هيمنة الشعوب المجاورة الأخرى، ونظموا حملات عسكرية ضدهم. وأشار الصراعات الداخلية والصراعات الخارجية. عارضت 2-1 الصراعات الخارجية العديد من الصراعات المملكة إلى الشعوب المجاورة. انتهت هذه الصراعات المختلفة سواء في النصر أو في هزيمة Chaudjo. كل هذا يتوقف على حد سواء في إعداد جيدة أو سيئة، قوة من الشخصيات التي قادت حملات وخاصة أسبابها. ومن بين هذه الصراعات، ثلاثة سيعقد اهتمامنا، خصوصا أن ضد Agoulou واحد ضد آنيانغا واحدة ضد Aledjo كدارة. 2-1-1 وKomah-Agoulou الصراع هذا هو واحد من الصراعات التي ميزت أرواح الناس من Tchaoudjo حتى اليوم بسبب الكوارث تسبب في داخلها. وهكذا، فإن قرية Agoulou، على الرغم من أسسها مولا دي Tabalo، ولم يسلم رغبة Chaudjo للهيمنة. عارضت اثنين من الصراعات Tchaoudjo إلى Agoulou. في الواقع، كان يرمز إلى السلطة العليا للChaudjo من قبل بيضة النعامة. وفقا لدينا مخبر Djobo Bivahi محمدو، فإن ابنة أورو Akoriko السيادية قد ذهب إلى Agoulou ووعد لهم في وفاة والده، ان السلطة الحاكمة العودة إلى Agoulou. راض عن هذا الوعد، فإن سكان Agoulou أعطت كمية كبيرة من cowries إلى أميرة Komah. لذا، على وفاة أورو Akoriko، وفية لكلمة لها، الأميرة استغرق سرا بيضة النعامة التي وضعت في الجزء العلوي من الدهليز من إقامة السيادية، وأعطاها لرئيس Agoulou مقابل نفس المكافأة. شعب Komah بعد أن لاحظت اختفاء بيضة النعامة وبعد أن أبلغ من سوء تصرف من الأميرة، أعلنت الحرب على Agoulou من أجل استعادتها. وهكذا، تسبب الصراع الأولى التي انتهت بهزيمة من Chaudjo له خسائر فادحة في الأرواح. من لحظة عندما تم إبلاغ سكان Agoulou من هجوم محتمل من قريتهم، وذهبوا في النهر &quot;أورو Boungoulou&quot; وقدم تضحيات هناك. هؤلاء الناس تحسب على براءتهم ولذلك فهي على يقين من انتصارهم. للقتال ضد خصم كبير، فإن عدد سكان Agoulou استخدام تقنية &quot;الأرض المحروقة&quot;. أعداء وصلت بعد استغرق سكان Agoulou اللجوء في الأدغال. ونتيجة لذلك، ذبحوا عمياء الحيوانات وداهمت ممتلكات القرويين. وبالتالي، القوات Tchaoudjo ويعتقد أنفسهم منتصرين بالفعل لمجرد أن سكان Agoulou كانوا غير قادرين على مواجهتها وذلك لسبب بسيط هو أنهم لجأوا إلى الأدغال. في طريق العودة إلى Tchaoudjo، حوصر المقاتلين Komah من الطين أن &quot;نهر صنم&quot; تركت وراءها. ثم اندلعت الطين أسفل الخيول وجاء مقاتلي Agoulou للخروج من الملاجئ وجاء لقطع رؤوس الأعداء Tchaoudjo ل. تسببت هذه الخسارة فادحة في الأرواح في صفوف الأعداء. لذلك، للانتقام، أعدت Tchaoudjo نفسه وفقا لذلك مع Birini كقائد عسكري كورا الذين لم يشاركوا في النزاع الأول. من اللحظة التي أدرك سكان Agoulou أن Tchaoudjo إعداد الانتقام له، غادر بعض سكان القرية نحو بنين. وهكذا بعض منهم استقر في Kpaza تحت قيادة آدم Méatchi في حين ذهب البعض بقدر ما Toboni، Tchimbéri أو حتى بنين اليوم. ونظرا لأن معظم السكان قد فروا خوفا من الأعداء الذين، من دون أي دفاع، استولت بسهولة بيضة النعامة بهم. وهكذا، وكان هذا الصراع الثاني الذي شهد هزيمة Agoulou سمحت Tchaoudjo لاسترداد بيضة النعامة، وجوه المرموقة ورمزا للقوة الملكية Tchaoudjo. ويمكن تفسير هذا الانتصار من جهة، من تعبئة جميع قرى المملكة التي حاربت جنبا إلى جنب مع Komah ومن ناحية أخرى، من خلال تفاني سكان Tchaoudjo لاسترداد بيضة النعامة التي Agoulou لا يمكن أبدا أن ترث. وعلى الرغم من واحد من أحفاد الجد Gadaou، Agoulou ليست واحدة من سبع قرى مؤسس في المملكة. السبب وكذلك الحال في الحربين تحرض بنا إلى التحليل العلمي. أما بالنسبة للقضية، ونحن نعتقد أن بيضة النعامة يمكن أن تؤخذ كرمز لسبب آخر. لن يكون مشكلة المرأة عندما نعرف أنه في الوقت الذي كانت المرأة مصدرا للصراعات بين وقرية داخل؟ لأنه هو شيء ثمين أنه يجب علينا أن لا تقاسمها مع الآخرين، أليس من وسيلة ليست الكشف عن هذه القضية من أجل تجنب أي السخرية من جانب المرأة أو الرجل الذي زنى؟ وفيما يتعلق الحدث، ونحن نعتقد أن التشاور مع &quot;نهر صنم&quot; لا يفسر مشكلة على الإطلاق. لا الوحل، كما هو الحال في التقليد الشفوي، وتأتي من الطين الطبيعي؟ وقد يحدث أن أمطرت المنبع غزير بعد مرور المحاربين والتي من شأنها أن تسبب في فيضان النهر. فضلا عن عودة المحاربين، وسيدفن في الوحل الذي من شأنه أن يترك النهر بعد الانسحاب من الماء. هذا ويمكن أيضا أن يكون تفسيرا سحرية يحتفظ بها سكان Agoulou لتأكيد تفوقها في التصوف على أن من Tchaoudjo. 2-1-2. الصراع ضد آنيانغا. في كل شيء، وعارضت اثنين من الصراعات Tchaoudjo إلى آنيانغا. يذكر أن Chaudjo كانت ملتقى للتبادل وبسبب هذا، كان يتمتع الفوائد التي تعود على موقعه أعطاه. جعل العبور من الملح والكولا ثروة المملكة التي شعرت بأنها مهددة من قبل موقف آنيانغا الذي يشكل عقبة على طريق الملح نحو Atakpamé، ساغادا والساحل من خلال المطالبة بدفع الضرائب. وهكذا، تم ضبط أولئك الذين رفضوا دفع من قبل آنيانغا. ووفقا &lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt; والجيش وأسباب اقتصادية شرح أفضل هذا الصراع منذ أن كتب في عام 1988 ما يلي: &quot;مما لا شك فيه، إذا واحد يشير إلى الوقت، أسباب اقتصادية وعسكرية تفسر بشكل واضح فيما يتعلق طرق التجارة العديد من الكولا، والعبيد، والملح والحديد، والبنادق عبور المنطقة &quot;. ولكسر هذه العقبة التي تشكل آنيانغا، وكان Chaudjo لإعلان الحرب عليهم. أصبحت الحرب حتمية مع تزايد المطالب الشعبية. وقال إن أورو كورا السيادية لن تتردد في إعلان الحرب التي أصبحت أكثر وأكثر وشيك. بعد أورو كورا كان الحكم على المطالب الشعبية على أنها شرعية، وقال انه عقد العزم على إرسال رسول إلى رئيس Ogadja من Agbandi. فأعطاه سهم. وهو ما يعني أن &quot;بلدي السيادية تعلن لكم الحرب&quot;. للرد على هذه اللفتة أورو الكورة، رئيس Ogadja بعد استدعاء الحكمة، قررت ارسال أورو الكورة ثلاث رصاصات. اختيار عدد ثلاثة كبير. وهو ما يعني أن لتحذير رجل، ما حصل ثلاثة تحذيرات. وآنيانغا بعد أن فهم أن الحرب ضد أراضيها كانت حتمية، سحر النهر قضاء، حتى يتسنى لجميع الخيول مؤقتة في محاولة لعبوره يغرق مع كل الفرسان بهم. هذه الاستراتيجية التي تستخدمها آنيانغا آتت أكلها. ولذلك الصراع الأول الذي شهد هزيمة Tchaoudjo منذ صدت تيم من قبل آنيانغا الذي كان أكثر الأسلحة النارية. حتى فقدت تيم الكثير من الجنود في حين كان هناك أقل من عشرة قتلى على الجانب آنيانغا. استغرق هذا الصراع الأول في 1879 في عهد أورو كورا من Birini. ومع ذلك، اتخذ الصراع الثانية التي ستشهد انتصار Tchaoudjo مكان مايو 1893. فون دورينغ وعدد فون زكريا سمعت عن فوز Tchaoudjo على آنيانغا أثناء مرورهم في المنطقة في ذلك الوقت. انتهى هذا الصراع الثاني مع الاتفاق الذي وقعه الطرفان (Tchaoudjo وآنيانغا) في Aouta (Aouda اليوم) في عام 1893. وهكذا، من خلال هذا الاتفاق، قرر الجانبان لتحقيق السلام وأقسم بعدم مهاجمة جاره أي أكثر من ذلك. . سنقول انه اذا هزم Tchaoudjo من قبل آنيانغا في عام 1879 أثناء الحرب الأولى، ويرجع ذلك إلى الرداءة جيشه الذي كان تحت مجهزة ضد الخصم المسلح أفضل والذي تبنى استراتيجية ثابتة ضد فرسانه هذا. وعلاوة على ذلك، في ظل أورو كورا من Birini، ما زالت المرتزقة Djerma غائبة في المنطقة. من ناحية أخرى، أوضح انتصار Tchaoudjo خلال الصراع الثاني من حقيقة أنه خلال هذه الفترة، كان بالفعل ضمن جيشه، djerma الدراجين الذين كانوا محاربين الحقيقي. وأوضح أيضا أنه قبل الانضمام إلى قوة جديدة السيادية أورو-Djobo بخاري من Kparatao، الذي كان مفعما بالحيوية أيضا شعور الانتقام ضد هذه الأرض الصغيرة التي هزمت القوة المسلحة من Tchaoudjo. لذلك، أسباب أخلاقية واستراتيجية والإنسان تفسر أفضل هذا انتصار Tchaoudjo على آنيانغا مايو 1893. من هذا التاريخ، وChaudjo لم يعرف المزيد من هزيمة مهما كان مستوى عسكرة الخصم. 2-1-3. حملة Semesi العسكرية لAledjo كدارة (1885) وبعد عام من وصول الألمان على أراضي توغو في المستقبل، حيث كانت الهيمنة للمملكة في أوجها تحت أورو-Djobo بخاري من Kparatao، تدخل Tchaoudjo عسكريا لAledjo كدارة. كانت هناك مشكلة الخلافة على رئيس. في الواقع، ركض اثنين من المرشحين في وفاة الأخير في الانتخابات. في هذه الفترة، تم انتخاب القادة وأولئك الذين كانوا أكثر شعبية فازت في الانتخابات. وهكذا، في نهاية هذه، تم انتخاب المرشح الأكثر شعبية واحتج مرشح مؤسف وأتباعه بحجة أن تم تنظيم الانتخابات بشكل سيئ. بعد فتره وجيزه، أعلنت جماعة معارضة ربما ولدوا على جانب المرشح المؤسف الحرب على الزعيم الجديد. وكان في هذا الوضع المتأزم الذي أورو-Djobo بخاري حشد جيشه على التدخل في Alédjo كدارة لاستعادة السلام. لعبت المملكة دورا حاسما في هذه الأزمة عن طريق إرسال الدراجين إلى القرية لدعم المنتخب حديثا. وقد أدت هذه الفرسان آدم Méatchi. يمكن للمرء أن نطرح السؤال حول هذا التدخل من المملكة. لماذا أورو Djobo بخاري يدعي لنفسه الحق في تحقيق العدالة في قرية كنه لم إدارته؟ ومن الواضح أن المملكة كانت قوية وبسبب هذا، كان من المسلم به على هذا النحو في جميع الدوائر تيم. ومع ذلك، فإن مولا يكن لديك علاقة مع Alédjo كدارة. ولكن إذا كان Chaudjo تدخلت كوسيط في هذا الصراع الداخلي، وكان بالتأكيد لضمان لها &quot;دبلوماسية&quot; التفوق على غيره من القادة، وبالتالي، لتوسيع هيمنتها على مناطق أخرى من المنطقة. وباختصار، فإن تدخل المملكة Aledjo كدارة يوضح أحد مظاهر نفوذه والإمبريالية له في المنطقة. وعلاوة على ذلك، فإن طموح Tchaoudjo تجاوز حتى حدود توغو في المستقبل. &lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt; الصراعات الخارجية، مارست Chaudjo الهيمنة له أيضا على الشعبين الشقيقين. 2-2 الصراعات الصراعات الداخلية الداخلية تشير إلى الصراع بين Kparatao وYelivo واستعبدت غارات Semassi في المنطقة. 2-2-1. كان الصراع بين Kparatao وYelivo هذا الصراع موضوع الكثير من الجدل. ويرى العديد من الكتاب أن هذا الصراع قد عارض Kparatao Birini. التي لم يتأكد من التحقيقات الميدانية لدينا. في الواقع، وفقا لP. الكسندر، كان Birini الذي أعلن الحرب على Kparatao منذ كتب يقول: &quot;هذه الثورة أثارت حرب أهلية حقيقية، من خلال النسب الملكي Birini، الذي حاول عبثا زعيم للاستيلاء على لها بقيادة&quot;. ومع ذلك، وفقا لGayibor، كان Kparatao الذين هاجموا Birini منذ فكتب: &quot;Birini أيضا، على الرغم من واحد من مؤسسي المملكة، دفعت لصعود Djobo خلافا لهاتين الروايتين، يبدو من تحقيقنا أن هذا الصراع كان بالطبع يعارض Kparatao إلى Yelivo وأنه في تاريخ المملكة، لا الصراع قد عارضت Kparatao إلى Birini. وقريتين العدائية Kparatao وYelivo هي من بين سبع قرى المكونة للمملكة. ووفقا لمعايير التعيين أورو إسو، وكان المقصود أن السلطة يجب أن يكون التناوب، ولكن منذ عام 1800، عقدت Birini السلطة مع أورو الكورة كحاكم. في الواقع، عند وفاته، يجب أن تعود السلطة إلى Yelivo. لكن Kparatao، انطلاقا من الرغبة للاغتصاب، يريد الاستيلاء منه، والتي راح Birini لYelivo. وكان في هذا الجو من سوء الفهم الذي أعلن الحرب على Kparatao Yelivo. لتلبية طموحه، هاجم Kparatao Yelivo. وهكذا، أدى آدم Méatchi على التماس Kparatao هذه الحملة التي انتهت بهزيمة من Yelivo. من شأنها أن تجعل هذا الصراع رأي أورو-Akpo قاسم، سبعة قتلى بين المقاتلين Yelivo وكثير من المشردين. وهكذا، وفاز المقاتلين Kparatao النصر. في هذا المناخ من انعدام الأمن وانعدام الثقة، كانت مخبأة سا، رمز مقعد منحوتة من السلطة، في Tabalo. بعد فترة وجيزة، أحضر العرش إلى Kparatao مع شركائنا الحاكم الجديد أورو-Djobo بخاري. ونظرا لانعدام الأمن التي سادت في المنطقة أن الحاكم الجديد المشارك اختار djerma المرتزقة. السماح لهذه توطيد سلطة أورو-Djobo بخاري. زيادة حركة المرور العبودية في وقت لاحق مع وصول semassi. 2-2-2 غارات العبد قريبا جدا بعد تأسيسها، شرعت المملكة في تجارة الرقيق، والتي سوف تشهد قدرا كبيرا مع وصول Semassi. في الواقع، كانت تجارة الرقيق نشاطا اقتصاديا قبل وصول Semassi. وهكذا، وقد وجدت العبودية دائما بين تيم. وقد وقعت بين كوتوكولي أنفسهم أو بين كوتوكولي والأجانب. وكانت حصص بحيث أولئك الذين لديهم الكثير من الأطفال، ولا يمكن تغذية، يمكن أن تبيع طيب خاطر عدد قليل من شراء المواد الغذائية وتكون قادرة على البقاء على قيد الحياة. حول هذا الموضوع، فيردير يكتب: &quot;Bafilo مكان مهم من التجارة حيث أتيت على وجه الخصوص لبيع الأطفال kabiyè في حالة من المجاعة&quot;. علاوة على ذلك، أصبح أسرى الحرب عبيدا في خدمة المملكة. وبالتالي، فإنها تعمل لديه. ذهبوا بأعداد كبيرة تحمل الملح من Atakpamé إلى Kparatao. وعلاوة على ذلك، يمكن للسيادة استبدالها لتصدير المنتجات التي رفعتها الأجانب (الحصان، وتسخير، وما إلى ذلك). أصبحت أكثر وأكثر أهمية، وقد أبرزت هذه تجارة الرقيق مع ظهور semasi. يذكر أن Semassi كانت الفرسان المسلحة الذين جاءوا من بوكل دو النيجر وتم احتواؤها من أورو-Djobo بخاري من Kparatao. وفي وقت لاحق، وسوف تشرع في تجارة الرقيق التي تجتاح السكان الذين كانوا أطفالا ونساء أو حتى الرجال الأكثر عرضة للخطر. وقد جعلت هذه الدراجين البعثات على طول مسارات الحقل والمزارع وتخرجهم إلى الأسرى. تم غسلها هذا الأخير في نهر يسمى yomaboua قبل بيعها للتجار في الجنوب. وجاء معظم العبيد الذين زودوا تجارة الرقيق فيما يتعلق توغو من المناطق النائية التي كان Semassi واحدة من الجهات الفاعلة. وفي هذا الصدد، Gayibor يكتب: &quot;من جميع المصادر، يبدو أن حلب كانت تتغذى بشكل منتظم من قبل الأسرى من المناطق النائية ... ومناطق الخزان اقتصرت أساسا لتلك التي تقع على الأقل على مسافة معينة من الساحل في بلده مقابلة مع كوبادجا توريه، Tchanilé التقارير ما يلي: &quot;كانت أجدادي تجار الرقيق. استولوا الناس كانوا في طريقهم لبيعها لBlitta. &quot;وهكذا، نرى أن هذه الغارات الرقيق كان كلا المصالح السياسية والاقتصادية. وهناك مصلحة سياسية لأنها عملت على تعزيز قوة السيادية الذي أصبح أكثر وأكثر احتراما ويخشى. ومصلحة اقتصادية خاصة وأن الأسرى من عمليات الاختطاف هذه كانت تباع أساسا، وكان مصدرا للدخل للمملكة. أنها تسببت في تشريد قرى الفارين من تجار الرقيق وإيجاد نقاط ملجأ خصوصا في المواقع الجبلية. كان هذا هو الحال من قرية Bouladè، وهو ما كتب عنه ألفا في عام 2006 في هذه العبارات: &quot;تحت تهديد الصيادين الرقيق (وsemassi)، بدأ الناس من Bouladè مرحلة جديدة من الهجرة هذه المرة إلى الجنوب واستقر مرة أخرى على سفوح K&#39;gbafulu ... &quot;هذا الوجود، هذه الغارات الرقيق المعنية الشعبين شقيق والشعوب المجاورة، على أن يكون مفهوما أن قرية Bouladè بالقرب Bafilo هي أيضا أساس مولا دي Tabalo. ألغيت هذه الحركة في المملكة مع وصول الألمان. كان واحدا من الشخصيات التي من شأنها أن علامة بارزة في تاريخ المملكة مما لا شك فيه أن آدم Méatchi. 2-2-3 دور آدم Méatchi في صعود Tchaoudjo. إذا مملكة Chaudjo تمكنت من ترسيخ نفسها كقوة مهيمنة في المنطقة، وتدين بالكثير لشخصية آدم Méatchi. من اسمه الحقيقي أورو-النيل واسمه الحرب Méatchi التي تعني &quot;واحد رهيب&quot;، آدم Méatchi هو الفولاني من عشيرة بجولة من سوكوتو في نيجيريا. وكان اسم والده يضيف سليمان Djodi. كانت أسلافه نوهوم، موسى، مامان، يضيف سليمان Djodi وكان قد استقر في Kpaza حول 1830. ولكن هذه أول من استقر في Souloum بالقرب Koumondè. بعد إقامة طويلة في Souloum، اكتشفوا موقع Kpaza واستقر هناك. وكانت هذه توري شاغلي الثاني من Kpaza بعد Madja Koubouh من عشيرة Sandou. وهكذا، عن طريق الاتفاق المتبادل بين Sandou وتوريه على التوالي شاغلي الأول والثاني للموقع، وتقاسموا إدارة القرية. وبالتالي، اتخذ Madja الرعاية من الميراث بينما أخذ Toures المسؤول عن السلطة السياسية، لأنهم كانوا محاربين صحيح وبسبب هذا، وكانت قادرة على الدفاع عن القرية ضد الاعتداءات الخارجية. وهكذا أصبح آدم Méatchi مؤسس الزعامة من Kpaza. عاش قبل وأثناء وبعد الألمان. استمر حكمه أكثر من سبعين عاما. في الواقع، كان طفلا المضطرب، وقال انه كان قويا جسديا حتى انه تغلب على الشباب من عمره أو الشباب الأكبر سنا منه. درس القرآن في Djougou في الوقت الحاضر بنين. تدين أيضا قوتها إلى القرآن، الكتاب المقدس للمسلمين خصوصا حيث تم تغطية جميع الجماعات العسكرية مع التمائم التي تحتوي على آيات قرآنية (انظر المرفق الثالث، photo1). وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، يعيش آدم Méatchi من تجارة الرقيق. ونتيجة لذلك، وقال انه الحملات العسكرية ضد الشعوب المجاورة في المنطقة، وحتى تلك التي في بنين اليوم. وكان هو الذي منح حق اللجوء لبعض مولا دي Agoulou الذين فروا من الصراع الثاني التي عارضت لهم Tchaoudjo. وكان، مع ذلك، مستقلة عن semassi Kparatao، وعلى عكس ما كتب بعض الكتاب مثل P. الكسندر، JC فرويلش وJC باربير. ومع ذلك، وقال انه تعاون مع Kparatao عندما استدعي. كان هذا هو الحال من الصراع Kparatao-Yelivo حيث سعى Djobo بخاري دعمه. ما هو مساهمة آدم Méatchi في تاريخ تيم المملكة Temudjo؟ كونه محارب حقيقي ومهرب، والمستمدة آدم Méatchi معظم دخله من تجارة الرقيق. وكما أشرنا من قبل، كان له أن Kparatao جأت لتوجيه حملة ضد Yelivo. هذا قد يفضل الانضمام إلى قوة أورو-Djobo بخاري بعد هزيمة الأخير. في رأي أورو النيل عبده كريم، عهد Kparatao شاب لآدم Méatchi بعد هذا الصراع. ومن سيني Worogo الذي قال انه تعلم فن الحرب. وكان هذا الأخير في أصل أساس Kouloundè، وتقع بين Didaouré &lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt;. وعلاوة على ذلك، طلب Djobo بخاري له ألفا لتعليم الإسلام للشعب Kparatao. السبب نجد حتى اليوم تنازل في هذه القرية من اسم هذا ألفا. بعد المساعدة في استعادة النظام بعد انضمام أورو-Djobo بخاري إلى السلطة، وقال انه يقبل على دعوة من سمري (في الوقت الحاضر بنين) لمحاربة محارب هائل Biyaou Kpembi من Djougou. علاوة على ذلك، كما ساعدت Méatchi KRI-KRI (Adjéidè الحالية) من خلال القتال ضد أعدائه وذلك مرتين: أولا، ضد التهديدات المحارب Eguida تشامبا ثم ضد Djougou (بنين الحالية). كان يخشى انه من الخارج بسبب جيشه ربما، بحيث الأعداء في الداخل وخارج البلاد تيم ولم يجرؤ على اعداد لهجمات ضد Tchaoudjo. لمكافأة فوائد آدم Méatchi إلى المملكة، وقد تم اختيار ابنه أورو النيل Issifou على حساب المرشح المؤسف الحسن عشيرة مولا لخلافته Kpaza. ووفقا لالحجي ألفا Kpabia Mouhaman، وقد تم اختيار أورو النيل Issifou كرئيس الثاني من Kpaza من قبل الحاكم Tchaudjo العاشر، أورو Anyoro Tchagodomou من Kparatao. باختصار، كان آدم Méatchi لا ناضل ضد تيم المملكة Temudjo. لكنه كان قد ساعده محاربة خصومه. وقال انه سيكون بلا شك واحد من الممثلين الذي فضل التوطين من السلطة الحاكمة من Tchaoudjo في Kparatao. وفي هذا الصدد، مساهمته في توحيد المملكة Temoudjo تيم لا يمكن إنكارها. الخلاصة ومن الواضح أن المملكة كان يخشى داخليا وخارجيا بسبب القوة العسكرية لجيشها. ومع ذلك، يجب أن هذه القوة العسكرية للمملكة لا تخفي ضعفها. منذ هزم Chaudjo مرتين في الحملات العسكرية. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، آدم Méatchi هو شخصية رئيسية لعبت دورا قياديا في تاريخ المملكة تيم Temudjo ل. في هذا، وقال انه يجسد مثل أورو-Djobo بخاري من Kparatao، هيمنة Tchaoudjo. فإن المملكة تلعب دورا قياديا في الفتح واستقرار الحكم الاستعماري الألمانية. ونتيجة لذلك، كان مصير آخر مع الاستعمار. الفصل 5: دور المملكة في غزو واستقرار الدول الاستعمارية الألمانية مقدمة. الألمان، واستقر في توغو منذ عام 1884، تتلامس مع Chaudjo في وقت مبكر من 1888. هذه الفترة من الاتصال والتفاوض أدت في النهاية إلى الاحتلال الفعلي للمملكة من قبل الألمان في عام 1897. دور المملكة لا يمكن فهمها إلا من خلال دراسة تاريخ الغزو الألماني من المناطق النائية من جهة، وعن طريق فحص دور Semassi في هذا الغزو من جهة أخرى. 1- تاريخ الغزو الاستعماري الألماني من المناطق النائية بعد اتصالهم Chaudjo، تضاعفت الألمان مهماتهم في المملكة. في الواقع، كانت عزمها على بذل كل ما في وسعهم لتسبق الفرنسية في احتلال Tchaoudjo وذلك من خلال توقيع المعاهدات معها. 1-1. قصة غزو المملكة. وكان المستكشف واللغوي جوتلوب أدولف كراوس أول الألمانية للسفر في المملكة شخصيا مع التجار الهوسا في عام 1887. وعاد من Salaga من خلال تيم البلاد قبل الخوض في الساحل ب &quot;طريق الملح&quot; (Blitta، Kpessi، Atakpamé، ساغادا ، Aného). وكان قد وصل في 15 يونيو 1887 في Kparatao، التي سماها Kpara-Tagu، وهو ما يعني في الديندي لغة &quot;المدينة الجديدة&quot; وبعد عام من هذه الرحلة، كان اختراق حقيقي الألمانية في المملكة لتبدأ مع المؤسسة، في 2 حزيران ، عام 1888، من محطة Bismarckburg العلوم لودفيغ وولف. شنت هذه الأخيرة حملة لوادي النيجر ووصلت Kadambara وKparatao في 1 مايو 1889. وكان في استقباله في Kparatao التي كتبها أورو-Djobo بخاري معه وقعت معاهدة الحماية في نفس اليوم. مع نية لاحتلال المنطقة بالكامل قبل التدخل الفرنسي، ضرب الألمان إنشاء وظائف إدارية. وهكذا، تم إنشاء محطات &lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt; في 7 مايو 1890، والذي يتيح الوصول إلى وادي فولتا وكيتي-Kratchi، في 31 ديسمبر 1893، وهي مرحلة هامة على نهر فولتا في الطرف الآخر من الطريق الرئيسي. ربط لومي إلى داخل البلاد. تم إنشاء هذه الوظيفتين من قبل رئيس إقليم Puttkamer. بعد وفاة وولف يوم 26 يونيو في N&#39;dali في البلاد bariba، ولايته الثانية، والرائد كلينج استئناف مشروعه وتركت Bismarckburg 21 أكتوبر 1891 نحو Djougou. وصل إلى Kparatao على 10 نوفمبر وتسليمها إلى الهدايا أورو-Djobo Tchadjobo من الإمبراطور قيصر. بعد فشلهم في البلاد bariba، تحول الألمان الآن لSalaga والمانجو. وهكذا، ذهب فون دورينغ إلى تاتشي، Suruku وFazao في نوفمبر تشرين الثاني عام 1893، ثم إلى باسار في يونيو 1894. من جهته، ذهب فندق Grüner إلى مانجو في يناير كانون الثاني عام 1895. ومع ذلك، فإن انتصار الفرنسيين على بيهانزين في يناير 1892 يذهب تغيير البيانات. وهكذا، فإن الفرنسية التدخل في المنطقة، وعلى 24 فبراير 1895 يصل الى باسيلا، 1 أبريل و 3 لAdjéidè وBafilo، ثم إلى Daoudè، Kabou وKoumondè من العام نفسه. وأمام هذا الوضع، والألمان رد فعل من قبل التسرع في Djougou حيث توقع فون زكريا معاهدة في 10 فبراير، 1896. على طريقة للخروج، وكان فون زكريا أمضى عشرة أيام في Kparatao تجديد معاهدة الحماية وولف وإنشاء وظيفة مع جندي و &quot;الوطنية&quot; وكيل. على العودة، ويرافقه الفرسان أورو-Djobo بخاري من أجل تقديمهم إلى أورو رئيس بانيا دي Bulohu، الذين عارضوا مقاطع من كلينج وفون دورينغ. ونتيجة لذلك، كانت هناك معركة قصيرة يوم 6 مارس على النسب تاتشي. وسيتم توسيع نطاق هذه البعثات في المملكة من قبل أولئك آدم Mischlich، فون Massow، Kersting، رودولف فيش، فريدريش شرودر الخ وكان هذا الأخير الذي بدأ بناء آخر سوكودي في نهاية عام 1897. وكان في هذا الجو من المنافسة مع الفرنسيين أن الألمان اكتسبت موطئ قدم في المملكة. وكانوا في الأصل من تحقيق العديد من البنى التحتية التي يجد المرء في الوقت الحاضر في سوكودي. في الواقع، سوف تكون مدفوعة الألمان بشكل نهائي من المملكة في أغسطس 1914 بعد هزيمتهم ضد التحالف الفرنسي البريطاني. هذه هي الطريقة التي سيتم حل محل الألمان من قبل الفرنسيين. وجود الألمانية في المملكة أدت إلى التغيرات السياسية والاستراتيجية. كانت 1-2 تأثير وجود الألماني في Tchaoudjo الألمان في أصل العديد من الإنجازات في المملكة. ولكن كان لديهم حصة من المسؤولية في التوطين من السلطة الحاكمة في Kparatao. ومع ذلك، فإنها لعبت دورا قياديا في قمع تجارة العبيد أن ما دمر المنطقة. في الفصل الأول من الألمان يتمثل في فرض عقوبات على اغتصاب الذي استمر نصف قرن تقريبا. لهذا الغرض، وفقا لP. الكسندر، &quot;الكونت فون زكريا أثناء مروره في المملكة، قد وجدت السيادية أورو-Djobo قديمة جدا وانه يعتقد أن الإطاحة به&quot;. لكنه اضاف انه &quot;تم منعه من قبل ضرورة استخدام الجيش الملكي لهزيمة رئيس Kegbafilo الذي كان قد عرض فقط العلم الفرنسي&quot;. في ظل هذه الظروف، تم التوقيع على معاهدة جديدة في عام 1897. وبحلول هذه المعاهدة، نقلت السيادة سيادته إلى القيصر الذي يضمن في مقابل الحفاظ على حق السلطة العليا لأحفاد Djobo. كان يحظى باحترام هذا لخمسة ملوك ستنجح بعضها البعض في حساب Kparatao. كان وهكذا فإن جميع الملوك الذين نجح بعضهم البعض في Kparatao موافقة الألمان. وعلاوة على ذلك، كان من هذه الألمان نفس الذي سعت قيادة الحكام http://feeds.feedburner.com/Kotokoliblogspotcom&quot; rel=&quot;alternate&quot; type=&quot;application/rss+xml&quot;&amp;gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;//feedburner.google.com/fb/images/pub/feed-icon32x32.png&quot; style=&quot;border: 0; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://feeds.feedburner.com/Kotokoliblogspotcom&quot; rel=&quot;alternate&quot; type=&quot;application/rss+xml&quot;&gt;Subscribe in a reader&lt;/a&gt; من خلال منحهم لقب &quot;رئيس كوتوكولي&quot;. الذي أعطاهم مزيدا من السلطة والشرعية على تيم البلاد كلها. وبصرف النظر عن العواقب السياسية، وهناك أيضا تشريد منصب Kparatao. لأسباب استراتيجية، تم نقل آخر الإدارية Kparatao إلى سوكودي في عام 1897 من قبل الدكتور Kersting، أول قائد دائرة سوكودي (1897-1909). بعد التعلم من رحلته إلى Tchaoudjo أن مقر السلطة العليا تتغير مع كل عهد، وكان رد فعل فون زكريا من خلال النظر إلى أنه ليس ممارسة جيدة. كان يود لإنشاء عاصمة Tchaoudjo وبدا Kouloundè له مكانا مثاليا للمأوى له، لأنه قال، Kouloundè هو &quot;الواقعة في وسط البلاد&quot; في الواقع، وكما قلنا من قبل، وكانت محطة Kparatao على الضفة اليسرى لنهر نا. منذ كانت المحطة التالية إلى النهر، كان من المفترض أن هذا لم يكن مكانا جيدا بسبب البعوض. وعلاوة على ذلك، يمكن أن الأبيض تعاقد حمى قاتلة. لهذا السبب تم نقل آخر Kparatao إلى سوكودي. ولكن أبعد من هذا السبب، نعتقد من جانبنا أن سبب هذا النقل يمكن أن يكون إلا الاستراتيجي. في الواقع، فمن الممكن أن الدكتور Kersting خلال زيارته لKparatao في عام 1897 قد يكون خائفا من هيمنة أورو Djobo Chadjobo وقوة جيشه إنه يود أن استخدام. لذلك، قال انه يفضل الابتعاد عن Kparatao من أجل العثور على أفضل الطرق والوسائل للوصول إليه. ومن الممكن أيضا أن Kersting قد تؤخذ في الاعتبار مستوى تطور Didaouré مقارنة بما كان عليه من Kparatao لأنه كان في وسط Tchaoudjo وبالتالي محمية التجار الأجانب في ذلك الوقت. لذلك، لعبت Semassi دورا حيويا في الاستيلاء على أراضي المناطق النائية من توغو. كانت 2- دور Semassi في الغزو الألماني من المناطق النائية وصول الألمان في Tchaoudjo مشكلة تجارة الرقيق واحدة من الاهتمامات الرئيسية. وهكذا، قدمت الشعبين الشقيقين حرب ضد بعضها البعض في حين جاء المستعمر لاحتلال المنطقة. لمنع هذه الممارسة اللاإنسانية من أجل الفوز على حد سواء ثقة القادة ورعاياهم، والألمان بمساعدة ماليا المحاكم الملكية وتجار الرقيق. وبعبارة أخرى، كانت مكرسة لوضع الزعماء المحليين تحت المواد مقبولة إلى حد ما والشروط المالية من أجل حظر تدريجيا نظام الأسير التي أثرت رؤساء وتجار العبيد. وضعت Semassi في التخلص من الألمان. لهذا الغرض، وأنها تشكل جزءا من قوة الشرطة الاستعمارية التي تم إنشاؤها من قبل الألمان لتسهيل الاستيلاء على المناطق النائية. وهكذا، كانت Semassi للمشاركة في مختلف الحملات التي تم تنظيمها في شمال توغو خلال التهدئة مؤلمة. 2-1. الشرطة الاستعمارية &quot;يموت &lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt;&quot; هذه قوة شرطة صغيرة أنشئت في 3 سبتمبر 1885، أعيد تنظيم كتبها Jesko فون Puttkamer لجعله القوات العسكرية الحقيقية. وقالت إنها وضعت تحت إمرة ضابط وتدرب على يد ضابط صف. في الواقع، كان الدور الرئيسي هذه الشرطة الاستعمارية لضمان &quot;الأمن العسكري في محمية&quot;. وهكذا، كان يتألف هذا الفرسان العسكري لTchaoudjo وفقا لباربير &quot;المرتزقة djerma، Peuls ووجهاء كوتوكولي&quot;. كان عليه بالتالي جزءا من قوة الشرطة الاستعمارية وذلك بطريقة حاسمة. والواقع أن العلاقات الجيدة التي أنشئت من قبل الألمان وغيرها وولف، كلينج، زكريا وما إلى ذلك مع ملوك عرضت عليها تحالف مملكة أسلمة بالفعل الذي أعطى عن طيب خاطر جندي من المحاربين. في أي حال، فإن الموظفين المعينين في وظائف يعتمد على درجة من انعدام الأمن التي كانت سائدة في تلك المناطق. وهكذا، على سبيل المثال، هنا هو تكوين الرقمي لهذه القوة في آخر وفقا لTrierenberg نقلت أورو-Djéri. الجدول 1: توزيع الجنود في المشاركات POSTES عدد من الجنود لومي لاند 30 Ancho 40 Misahöhe 50 Atakpamé 60 كيتي-Kratchi 30 سوكودي-Bassari 90 مانجو يندى 100 المصدر: أورو-Djéri، 1989، P85 هؤلاء الجنود نظمت حملات لقمع الانتفاضات من المواطنين. للمسؤول الفرنسي R. Cornevin &quot;، في أربع سنوات (1897-1901)، كان هناك خمسة وثلاثين جولات الشرطة وأكثر من خمسين معارك بدءا من المناوشات إلى المعركة لعدة ساعات بدعم أحيانا مدفع رشاش وقدم العديد من القتلى والجرحى. وهكذا، مع ذلك، أن الألمان يريدون استخدام الفرسان من Tchaoudjo، تحدثوا لآدم Méatchi في Kpaza وسلامي حول Bafilo. لعبت Semassi دورا حيويا في مختلف البعثات قمع الشعوب المعادية للاحتلال الألماني. كان 2-2 البعثات العسكرية في المناطق النائية (1896-1898) دور semassi حاسمة جدا في هذا الصدد. كونها في خدمة الألمان، نظموا حملات لقمع السكان الذين كانوا معادين لوجود الألماني في المنطقة. وهكذا، في مختلف البعثات، وأنهم حصلوا على معرفة جديدة بشأن التعامل مع البنادق الحديثة. من هذه الحملات متعددة، ونحن سوف تحتفظ تلك تاسي (أو تاتشي)، Kabiyè وLosso. 2-2-1 وتاسي حادثة (6 مارس 1896) في هذا الوقت عندما كان الفرسان العسكري Chaudjo لفي التخلص من الألمان، ويمكن استخدامه في مختلف حملاتهم. في الواقع، سوف فون زكريا تنظيم رحلة استكشافية على Bulohu التالية المعارضة للزعيم أورو بانيا للسماح أسلافه كلينج وفون دورينغ تمر خلال زياراتهم في المنطقة. ونتيجة لذلك، قد فون زكريا، الذي كان قد عاد من Kparatao، يرافقه الفرسان في Tchaudjo من أجل وضع رئيس أورو بانيا للمدينة تحت السيطرة. وتلا ذلك معركة قصيرة يوم 6 مارس، 1896، على النسب إلى تاسي. هزمت القوات تاسي ل. أدت هذه الهزيمة إلى فرار الزعيم الذي هرب إلى باسار. وألقى الدكتور Kersting أول ظهور له في Kparatao في 23 يوليو 1897، ثم تولى قيادة محطة Djougou. في الواقع، أحضر معه، هزم أورو بانيا بحيث يجعل الولاء للأورو Djobo Tchadjobo. لفترة طويلة كان هناك خلاف بين Tchaoudjo وBulohu. في الواقع، كان Bulohu على طريق الكولا. تحولت هذه التجارة بعد نحو كيتي-Kratchi وبسبب هذا، لم هذه القرية لن يفيد أي أكثر من ذلك. هذا أدى بالتأكيد إلى الكساد الاقتصادي بين سكان هذه القرية. وهكذا، على Bulohu، كان Chaudjo مسؤولة جزئيا عن ما حدث لهم منذ كان يعمل بانسجام مع الألمان. قد يبدو هذا ينطبق بشكل خاص منذ الألمان قد نظرت دائما كوتوكولي كأفضل أصدقائهم. وأعرب عن قلق دولة Kabiyè أيضا هذه الحملات العسكرية. وتضمن 2-2-2 تقديم البلاد Kabiyè وKabiyè Kabiyè فحسب، بل أيضا Nawdeba، لامبا الخ في الواقع، كانت Kabiyè المقاتلين الشجعان، الذي لم تسهيل مهمة إلى المسؤول وقواته. لتقديمها إلى النظام الاستعماري، بقيادة الدكتور Kersting هناك ثلاثين حراس دائرة، مائة الفرسان كوتوكولي واثنين من مئات من مؤيدي Adjéidè في يناير كانون الثاني عام 1898. وهكذا، فإن مئات من الدراجين الذين شاركوا في هذه الحملة، تثبت مشاركة واسعة النطاق لSemassi في هذه الحملة من أجل قضية الألمان. واضطر Kabiyè لتقديم لأنهم كانوا من قبلهم معارضا للحجم الذي يستخدم أيضا الأسلحة الحديثة. كانت البلاد losso أيضا هدفا من الإدارة الألمانية. 2-2-3 الهجوم على البلاد losso اللفتنانت فون Massow، مثل Kersting، غادر البلاد باسار في 21 يناير لمهاجمة البلاد لامبا. الدراجينوتستخدم أيضا الوحدات الأوروبيين، أورقت الدراجين. الجدول رقم 2: الحصص وأعداد المعدات العسكرية الأوروبية حصص عسكرية فعلية والمواد 2 الجنود 63 جرمينال الدراجين 33 شاحنات و 80 آلة بندقية (1) المصدر: أورو-Djéri، 1989، (انظر الجدول أدناه) P83 مشاركة قوات المسلحة Chaudjo كان ذلك كاشفا عن أنه يمكن القول أن المرتزقة من Chaudjo لعبت حقا جانبهم جنبا إلى جنب مع الألمان، وخصوصا في قمع الشعوب المجاورة من الداخل توغو. ومع ذلك، كانت تستخدم Semassi من قبل الألمان لتحقيق هدفهم. هذه الفرسان تصرف فقط بناء على أوامر من &lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt;. أنها لا تنوي قمع الشعوب الشقيقة لكنهم فعلوا ذلك في الرغبة في طاعة النظام الاستعماري. الاستنتاج العام في النهاية، يمكننا أن نتذكر أن Gadaou كان الجد من مولا، وهو مواطن من البلاد جورما الذين استقروا في المنطقة الجبلية من Tabalo. في الواقع، بعد سنوات قليلة، لأسباب ذات طبيعة اقتصادية واجتماعية وديموغرافية الطبيعية، هاجر السكان إلى سهول كارا وميزوري هذه الهجرة تؤدي إلى تأسيس القرى بما في ذلك Kpangalam، Chavadi، Kadambara، Birini، Komah، Yelivo وKparatao. ستة من هذه القرى ثاروا ضد Kpangalam، بناء على مبادرة من Tchavadi، للحصول على القوة التي كان قد استولى على حده. قررت هذه القرى لكبح جماح بدوره بعد انتصارهم على Kpangalam. وكان هذا في الأصل لتأسيس المملكة تيم من Tchaoudjo. من ناحية أخرى، فإن المملكة وصلت حقا ذروتها في عام 1880 مع استيلاء المثير للجدل على السلطة من قبل أورو-Djobo بخاري، والمعروفة باسم &quot;Sémôh&quot; من Kparatao. في الواقع، لإقامة أفضل ترتيب في المملكة، وكان هذا السيادية لمناشدة Djerma الفرسان دعا Semassi الذي سمح أخيرا توليه الحكم. لذلك، كانت المملكة وجهة الدعوة للعديد من التجار الأجانب، ومعظمهم استقر هناك. وهكذا، فإن تسويق الملح، كانت الكولا وخاصة العبيد مصادر دخله. من أجل تحقيق الغرض منه، أن إنشاء هيمنتها وزيادة هيبتها على الشعوب الأخرى في المنطقة، نظمت المملكة الحملات العسكرية المختلفة. هذه أدت إلى تقديم الشعبين الأجنبية والمحلية وكذلك الشعبين الشقيقين أخرى. وهكذا تدخل الألماني في المملكة سمحت التوطين السلطة الحاكمة في http://feeds.feedburner.com/Kotokoliblogspotcom&quot; rel=&quot;alternate&quot; type=&quot;application/rss+xml&quot;&amp;gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;//feedburner.google.com/fb/images/pub/feed-icon32x32.png&quot; style=&quot;border: 0; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://feeds.feedburner.com/Kotokoliblogspotcom&quot; rel=&quot;alternate&quot; type=&quot;application/rss+xml&quot;&gt;Subscribe in a reader&lt;/a&gt; وتعزيز قوة حكام Tchaoudjo. ومع ذلك، لعبت الألمان دورا حيويا في قمع تجارة الرقيق. خلاف ذلك، لعبت Chaudjo دورا قياديا في غزو المناطق النائية توجو بجعل الفرسان جيشه متاحة للألمان. لذلك، وأخيرا، لاحظ أن عملنا ليست نهائية. لأنه، مثل كل العلوم الاجتماعية الأخرى، التاريخ لم يكتب مرة واحدة وإلى الأبد، ويتم تجديد بمعدل تطور مصادر وثائقية وخصوصا استجواب. باختصار، لقد كان عملنا للتعامل مع بعض جوانب المملكة التي لم تعالج حتى الآن، وتوفير بعض التفاصيل على الآخرين تعامل بالفعل. في هذا، ويأتي عملنا لتوسيع بالتالي فإن قائمة من الدراسات المحققة في إطار الدراسات على تيم ويشكل مساهمة في بناء التاريخ الوطني توغو الآن. أورو-سما علي Tchassama 49 ريجنت Kadambara 19 أغسطس 2006 في سوكودي 24 أييفا عبده Latifou 68 ريجنت Komah 14 أغسطس 2006 في Komah 25 Agodomou آدم 82 رئيس كانتون Wassarabou 14 أغسطس 2006 في سوكودي 26 Agodomou موموني 80 ملحوظة في Kpangalam 18 أغسطس 2006 في Kpangalam 27 درمان بخاري 77 سائق السابق 14 أغسطس 2006 في Komah 28 Djobo Bivahi محمدو 95 ملحوظ في Kadambara 16 أغسطس 2006 في Kadambara 29 ألفا عيسى Saharou 73 cutivator 17 أغسطس 2006 في سوكودي 30 Tchagodomou Alilou 67 السابق ميكانيكي TP في سوكودي 14 أغسطس 2006 في سوكودي 31 Tchagodomou Bouraïma 75 ملحوظ في Kpangalam 18 أغسطس 2006 في Kpangalam 32 Tchatikpi Issofa 36 السابق ريجنت Yélivo 16 أغسطس 2006 في Yélivo 33 Tchakpidè العزيز 57 طبيب 17 أغسطس 2006 في سوكودي 34 Tchakpidè محمدو 55 ميسون 17 أغسطس 2006 في مصادر 1-1-2 سوكودي المحفوظات A. N .T. 2APA سلسلة فرعية في ملف لومي 8: استعمار الأراضي التي Cabrais (Kabiyè وLosso) على الطريق سوكودي-Atakpamé (1927-1943). ملف 42: صحيفة الوقائع من رؤساء المقاطعات والقرى سوكودي دائرة (1946-1960). ملف 2: قائمة رؤساء كانتون والقرى في وقت احتلال الأراضي من قبل القوات الفرنسية (1914-1918). ملف 1: سوكودي دائرة دراسة من قبل القائد العام للدائرة، والنقيب سيكريه، 1918. ملف 4: تقرير جولة مصنوعة من 23 يوليو - 2 أغسطس 1926 في كانتونات كورونا-بيرغ. Agoulou، Kéméni، Koumondè، Soudou وBafilo نائب قائد سيركل، 1926. ملف 52: تقارير أمناء رؤساء كانتون Koumondè، Paratao، تشامبا، Fazao، Kéméni، KRI-كري، Sotouboua (1938-1958). 2- بيبليوغرافيا - ADU BOAHEN A. (1987) تاريخ أفريقيا العام السابع وأفريقيا تحت الحكم الاستعماري 1880-1935، واليونسكو، وكالة الطاقة النووية، 937 ص. - ALEXANDRE P. (1963) &quot;المنظمة السياسية للكوتوكولي من شمال توغو&quot;، في دفاتر للدراسات، افريكانز، رقم 14، المجلد الرابع، MCML XIII، مخرج 2ND، ص 228-275. -ALEXANDRE P. (1960) التاريخ التقليدية كوتوكولي وفرويلش JC. ثنائية Bichamba، باريس، BIFAN-ALI-NAPO P. (1995) توغو في ألمانيا العمر: 1884-1914 أطروحة الدكتوراة من الدولة في الآداب والعلوم الإنسانية، جامعة باريس الأولى السوربون، باريس، 2507 ص - ALI -NAPO P. (1997) تاريخ المناورات وجنود من الشمال وتوغو في عهد الاستعمار: 1884-1960، لومي، الصحافة من UB، 171 ص. أميدو M. (2004) دراسة للطائرة: الفخار التقليدي للAgoulou (التحقيق ethnoarchaeological) في منطقة تيم الثقافي &quot;Tchaoudjo بتوقيت شرق الولايات المتحدة&quot; في توغو، ودرجة الماجستير في التاريخ من جامعة لومي، 105P - اندر P. (1924) أسود الإسلام، والمساهمة في دراسة الأخويات الدينية الإسلامية في غرب أفريقيا، تليها دراسة عن الإسلام في داهومي، باريس P.Genther، 129 ص. - BABA NK (1981) أصل والهجرة وتركيب &quot;كوتوكولي&quot; في Tchaoudjo (توغو): جمع وتحليل ومقال من تفسير التقاليد الشفهية، في نهاية الدورة التدريبية مذكرة إلى وظيفة التفتيش التربية الوطنية، مدرسة المعلمين العليا دي ستراسبورغ، 236 ص. - BANNA IM. (1989) مساهمة لتاريخ تيمبا (كوتوكولي): تاريخ الزعامة مولا من K&#39;GBAFULU (Bafilo)، أطروحة الماجستير، لومي، 104 ص. BARBIER JC (1995) سوكودي، مدينة متعددة المراكز من الشمال وتوغو، وKLEIN B باريس، ORSTOM طبعات ،، 135 ص BARBIER JC (2001) سوكودي، قرن من الصور، لومي، وKLEIN B HAHO الطبعة، 103p - بوسكيه S. (1949) والممارسات الطقسية الإسلام العظيمة، باريس، PUF، 134 ص. - BOSSOUKOU B. (1978) &quot;التقاليد الشفهية، وقالت مصادر المميز للتاريخ دون الكتاب المقدس&quot; في الكونغو كتيب للأنثروبولوجيا والتاريخ (25) المجلد 2، العدد 3، pp33-42 - CHARLES R. (1956) الشريعة الإسلامية ، باريس، PU F، 126 ص. - CHELHOD J. (1958) مقدمة من علم اجتماع الإسلام، من الأرواحية إلى الكونية، باريس، أد. بيسان Chantemerle، 230 ص. -COZI-ADOM W. (2004) دراسة الجغرافية من بلدة صغيرة في توغو: Bafilo، أطروحة الماجستير في الجغرافيا، لومي، 122p DESCHAMPS H. (1954) أصول الطوطمية الجماعية في أفريقيا السوداء، باريس، PUF، 216 ص DESCHAMPS H. (1957) والمؤسسات السياسية في أفريقيا السوداء، QSJ؟ باريس، PUF، 128 ص. -DESCHAMPS H. (1961) التاريخ العام لأفريقيا السوداء من مدغشقر والأرخبيلات، المجلد الثاني، من عام 1800 إلى وقتنا الحاضر، باريس، PUF، 718 ص - DJOBO OB (1997) المساهمة في الدراسة الجغرافية لتيم TERROIR. حالة قرية Kparatao في وسط توغو، ماجستير في الجغرافيا، لومي، 99 ص. - فروبينوس ليو. (2002) بين الشمال وتوغو في 1908/1909، باريس، كارتالا، 520p - فرويلش JC (1947) ودائرة سوكودي، معلومات عامة، المادية والاقتصادية، دراسة الإنسان، باريس، PUF، 114 ص. - فرويلش JC (1962) المسلمون في أفريقيا السوداء، باريس، طبعة وقد orante، 406 ص. - GAYIBOR NL (1991) تجارة الرقيق في خليج بنين، لومي، مكابس DE L&#39;UB، 103 ص. -GAYIBOR NL (1996) وتسوية توغو: الوضع الحالي للSS المعرفة التاريخية دير، لومي، ومعاصر للUB، 180 ص -GAYIBOR NL، (1997) تاريخ توغو، رحلة I من SS أصول DIR إلى 1884 ، لومي، والصحافة من UB، 443p. - GAYIBOR NL (1997) توغو الواقعة تحت السيطرة الاستعمارية في دير (1884-1960)، لومي، مكابس DE L&#39;UB، 241p-GBIKPI-BENISSAN (1985) والزعامة في الأمة المعاصرة. (DF)، علم الاجتماع مقال على الزعامة في البلدان باسار، Akposso ومنى، لومي، ومعاصر UB، 465 ص. - GNON K (1974) المنظمة السياسية التقليدية في البلاد كوتوكولي، أطروحة في مدرسة المعلمين العليا دي Atakpamé، 49 ص. - HAMPATE-BA (1979) &quot;كلمة، ذكرى افريقيا يعيشون&quot; A. في اليونسكو، عام ال32، ص 17-23 - ادريس ST (1974) تأثير الإسلام على العادات والتقاليد في بلد كوتوكولي، أطروحة النهائية في المدرسة الوطنية للإدارة، لومي، 30 ص. - KI-زيربو J. (1978) تاريخ افريقيا السوداء من أمس إلى الغد، باريس، Hatier، 731 ص KPARAKI K. (1988) مساهمة لتاريخ تسوية توغو: رسم من تاريخ الشعب Agnanga والذاكرة من سيد التاريخ، لومي، 144p - LABODJA SE (1991) Monography من كانتون Dawdè، ذاكرة ماجستير في التاريخ، لومي، 87 ص - LOMBARD J. (1961) &quot;الحياة السياسية في مجتمع قديم من الاقطاعية: Bariba داهومي &quot;في دفاتر ديفوار الدراسات الأفريقية، رقم 13، المجلد الثالث، MCML، ص 5- 45 -LONGA B. (2004) من السلطة العرفية إلى الزعامة الاستعمارية (18841960): حالة Siou، أطروحة الماجستير في التاريخ، لومي، 82p - MARGUERAT (1992) الدراسات الحضرية في توغو: بيبليوغرافيا (إيف) من أصل 1991، لومي، UB مكابس، 46p -MARGUERAT (1993) ديناميات الحضرية والشباب والتاريخ في (إيف ) توغو، والمادة وثيقة (1984-1993)، لومي، مكابس DE L&#39;UB، كول. &quot;التراث&quot; رقم 1، 230 ص. -&lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt; MOROU A. (2001) رئاسة القبائل التقليدية، وتوسيع الإدارة أو ضمان السلطة العرفية؟ دراسة حالة: Agouloudè وتيم الطاقة، درجة الماجستير في علم الاجتماع، لومي، 94 ص. - NASSAM OS.T (1990) عملية الديمقراطية الإدارية للسلطات المحلية: مثال سوكودي، أطروحة الماجستير، لومي، 101 ص. - أورو-DJERI A. (1989) عناصر Polemology في البلدان تيم: حالة من &quot;Semassi&quot; من Paratao (1880-1914)، رسالة ماجستير، لومي، 112 ص. - روندو P. (1958) الإسلام والمسلمين اليوم، باريس، أد. من Orant، 60 ص. - TCHAM BK (1994) التاريخ والتقاليد من الشمال وتوغو، لومي، مكابس DE L&#39;UB، 132 ص. - TCHAM BK (2002) حوض من أوتي من القرن الثامن عشر إلى عام 1914، أطروحة الدكتوراة من الدولة في الآداب والعلوم الإنسانية، المجلد الثاني، لومي، 837p. - TCHANILE M. (1987) مساهمة لدراسة الزواج التقليدي في البلاد كوتوكوليhttp://feeds.feedburner.com/Kotokoliblogspotcom&quot; rel=&quot;alternate&quot; type=&quot;application/rss+xml&quot;&amp;gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;//feedburner.google.com/fb/images/pub/feed-icon32x32.png&quot; style=&quot;border: 0; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;Subscribe in a reader &lt;/div&gt;
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                                                       &lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://kotokoli.blogspot.com/2019/07/blog-post_30.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ouro Tchabu)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHDHe93nvDDOBSHdMoN1d6oOCrK2ktndMjfAqBftdAe43Qmm5wFVMSL_X32uwHUGWsj1H74qzsBLBEyuYala9ZGnpNF1vcOoiKSwWDSpjYqh91FardBaOeCp8csEWCJ9X30b02DClwLUY/s72-c/cameff_1552529979264.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Accra, Ghana</georss:featurename><georss:point>5.6037168 -0.18696439999996528</georss:point><georss:box>5.3508673 -0.50968789999996522 5.8565663 0.13575910000003472</georss:box></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8235409830099314451.post-6800138339519338613</guid><pubDate>Tue, 30 Jul 2019 19:27:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2023-06-25T09:57:19.637-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">(kɔtɔkɔli)(Histoire)(tem)(roauyame)(by Dr)</category><title>Les faits sur l&#39;histoire Kotokoli Tem HISTOIRE DU ROYAUME DE TEM </title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;script&gt;(function(){/*

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HISTOIRE DU ROYAUME TEM DE TCHAOUDJO
 



INTRODUCTION GENERALE

S’il est vrai comme le dit le journaliste Alain Foka que « Nul n’a le droit d’effacer une page de l’histoire d’un peuple car un peuple sans histoire est un monde sans âme » , il est aussi nécessaire voire indispensable que chaque peuple prenne conscience qu’il faut &lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt; sa propre histoire.
En effet, Eugène Pittard paraphrasant Hegel n’écrivait-il pas en 1953 que : « Les races africaines proprement dites (celle de l’Egypte et d’une partie de l’Afrique Mineure mise à part), n’ont guère participé à l’histoire telle que l’entendent les historiens…Je ne me refuse pas à accepter que nous avons dans les veines quelques gouttes d’un sang africain (d’Africain à peau vraisemblablement jaune) mais nous devons avouer que ce qu’il en peut subsister est bien difficile à retrouver. Donc deux races humaines habitant l’Afrique ont seules joué un rôle efficient dans l’histoire universelle : en premier lieu et d’une façon considérable les Egyptiens puis les peuples du nord de l’Afrique »
C’est dans le but de briser les élucubrations de ces penseurs occidentaux qui dénient toute histoire à l’Afrique que Patrice Lumumba écrit : « l’histoire dira un jour son mot…L’Afrique écrira sa propre histoire ».
Ainsi, c’est dans le souci de faire la lumière sur l’histoire du royaume tem du Tchaoudjo dont certains des aspects ont déjà fait l’objet d’étude par nos prédécesseurs, que nous avons choisi notre thème que voici :
« LES NOUVELLES HEGEMONIES DE LA REGION SEPTENTRIONALE. LE ROYAUME TEM DU TCHAOUDJO (1880-1914) ».

Etant donné que l’histoire n’est jamais écrite une fois pour toute et qu’elle se renouvelle au rythme de l’évolution des sources documentaires et surtout du questionnement, nous avons voulu traiter certains aspects restés encore sous silence et apporter quelques précisions sur d’autres.&lt;script&gt;
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     });n effet pour traiter ce thème, nous avons choisi un cadre spatial et chronologique très réduit. Par ailleurs, le choix de notre thème n’est pas le fait du hasard. Il s’explique par la motivation que nous avons pour les études monographiques. De même, l’intérêt scientifique que nous trouvons en de telles études, c’est celui de contribuer à reconstituer l’histoire globale du Togo en général et celle du pays tem en particulier.
Pour dégager le sens de notre travail, nous dirons que les dates qui délimitent notre thème de recherche sont significatives. En effet, 1880 est la date à laquelle le royaume a pris véritablement son essor pendant le règne de Ouro-Djobo Boukari dit « sémôh » de Kparatao . C’est aussi la date à laquelle il aurait pris le pouvoir suite à la guerre qui l’aurait opposé à Yélivo .
1914 est la date à laquelle les Allemands quittent le Togo après leur défaite de la « Grande guerre » cédant la place aux Français.
Après cet exposé, une série de questions se posent :
Comment se fit le peuplement du royaume et quelle évolution connurent ses peuples de 1880 à 1914 ?
Dans quelles conditions voit-il le jour ? Quelle évolution connaît-il ?
Comment s’explique la sédentarisation du pouvoir royal du Tchaoudjo à Kparatao ?
Qui furent les principaux acteurs de sa formation ? Quels rôles jouèrent les sémassi dans le trafic esclavagiste ?
Quels furent les changements provoqués au sein du royaume au contact des Allemands ? Quel rôle joue-t-il dans le nouveau contexte ?&lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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En effet, l’histoire du Togo a fait l’objet de plusieurs recherches tant par les chercheurs étrangers que par les chercheurs nationaux et les étudiants de l’Université de Lomé. Tous ces travaux, dans leur ensemble ont permis d’avoir un éclairage nouveau sur l’histoire des différents peuples du Togo. Mais, si l’histoire de la plupart des populations du sud-Togo telle que celle des Guin, des Mina et des Ewé est connue, cela n’est pas pour autant le cas en ce qui concerne l’histoire des peuples de l’hinterland (tels que les Kabiyè, les Losso, les Tem etc.). Ceci s’explique d’une part, par le fait que ces peuples du sud ont eu un contact précoce avec l’homme blanc et d’autre part, par l’abondance de la littérature historique dont ils disposent sur leur passé.
Afin de réussir ce travail, nous avons parcouru la plupart des travaux qui ont déjà abordé notre thème. De ce fait, nous avons pu recenser les documents qui ont traité de l’histoire générale de l’Afrique, du Togo et ceux qui ont traité spécifiquement de l’histoire des Tem.
En dépit de notre documentation très variée, nous nous sommes confronté à des lacunes d’informations précises sur notre thème.
Les obstacles rencontrés sont liés à l’état très précaire et de délabrement des documents écrits (surtout les archives), à la rareté des sources documentaires relatives aux populations du Nord-Togo, au manque de moyens financiers et matériels.&lt;script&gt;
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Les obstacles rencontrés sont liés au manque de personnes ressources car la plupart de nos informateurs se contentent de répéter les versions transmises par les ancêtres ou carrément tentent de forger leur propre version des faits.
Nous étions également confronté aux problèmes de réticence de nos informateurs qui refusent de nous livrer les informations car ils croyaient que nous étions mus par des mobiles politiques.
En dépit de cette situation, nous avons fait de la tradition orale notre cheval de bataille avec tout ce qu’elle comporte comme inconvénients.
Nous n’avons pas la chance de rencontrer les personnes « idéales » puisque la plupart de nos informateurs n’ont pas vécu la période qui correspond à notre étude (1880-1914). Ils tiennent leurs informations de leurs parents. C’est donc avec une grande prudence que nous utilisons les témoignages oraux.
Néanmoins, nous avons pu recueillir suffisamment d’informations qui nous permettront de faire la lumière sur l’histoire du royaume tem du Tchaoudjo.
En définitive, soulignons que toutes ces difficultés citées plus haut ont exigé de nous une attention particulière, mieux une analyse très approfondie et un sens critique.
Dans ces conditions, nous nous sommes efforcé de combiner aussi harmonieusement que possible les différentes informations recueillies sur les Tem pour pouvoir rendre intelligible notre travail. C’est grâce à cette méthode que nous sommes parvenu aux résultats réunis dans ce mémoire que nous présentons en deux grandes parties :
La première partie intitulée origine et cadre de la constitution du royaume comprend trois chapitres: d’abord, la présentation générale du pays tem et histoire du peuplement, ensuite la constitution du royaume et enfin, l’organisation politique et économique du royaume.&lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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La seconde partie intitulée la militarisation du royaume comprend deux chapitres notamment : la militarisation et les différents conflits du royaume et le Tchaoudjo sous domination allemande.
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Ainsi, le choix du concept « royaume » au détriment des concepts « chefferies » et «confédération » est significatif.
Selon le Petit Robert , la confédération se définit comme l’« union de plusieurs Etats qui s’associent tout en conservant leur souveraineté ». Quand on se réfère à l’histoire de l’Europe, on note l’exemple de la Confédération helvétique, de la Confédération de Délos pour la crise antique.
Or, pour ce qui concerne notre étude, les sept villages constitutifs correspondent plus à une « union » plutôt qu’à une quelconque « souveraineté » puisqu’ils dépendaient tous du village à qui revenait le pouvoir royal. Ce qui prouve donc que les sept villages ne sont pas indépendants les uns des autres comme on a pu le croire.
Pour ce qui est de la chefferie, le Petit Robert, la définit comme une « unité territoriale sur laquelle s’exerce l’autorité d’un chef de tribu ». Cette définition nous paraît insuffisante pour expliciter le cas du Tchaoudjo.
Cependant, selon Larousse , le royaume est un « Etat gouverné par un roi ». Cette définition semble répondre à notre sujet d’autant plus que l’ « Etat » dans notre contexte peut englober plusieurs entités qui correspondent mieux aux sept villages constitutifs du royaume et le « roi » qui correspond au souverain ou à ouro-esso.&lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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Kotokoli ou Cotocoli : c’est une variation graphique. Les Allemands utilisaient la première forme et les Français la seconde. Ce terme désigne l’ethnie du pays tem. Pour raison de notre contexte historique, nous avons fait usage de la forme adoptée par les Allemands : Kotokoli.
Pays : ce mot perd un peu de son sens premier dans notre contexte. Pour nous, il représente toute la région de peuplement tem.
Tem : nous l’avons utilisé à la fois comme nom : Les Tem sont des Kotokoli, à la fois comme adjectif : Les Kotokoli sont de culture tem.
Pays tem : le territoire sur lequel vit une population dont les membres se reconnaissent traditionnellement comme les « Temba » c’est-à-dire des gens qui parlent la même langue tem.
Royaume tem du Tchaoudjo : qui fait l’objet de notre étude ne comprend que les sept villages constitutifs du royaume où seuls les Mola peuvent postuler au pouvoir royal.
Kotokoli et Tem : La nuance entre les deux noms ne devrait pas poser des problèmes.
Le Tem de l’avis de nos informateurs est l’habitant autochtone connu comme étant un agriculteur, un éleveur, un chasseur, un forgeron, un animiste, enraciné dans son milieu par ses occupations et sa culture.
A propos des deux noms, Gayibor écrit : « Quoi qu’il en soit, l’ethnonyme kotokoli est le plus usité de nos jours. Il semble s’identifier plus aux éléments du groupe qui sont urbanisés et islamisés alors que le tem désignerait plutôt le monde rural et païen, le fonds ancien du peuplement. Ainsi donc cette appellation cotocoli ou kotokoli qui, à l’origine, ne semble avoir revêtu qu’une signification culturelle, s’est-elle imposée au détriment de tem ou temba, le véritable ethnonyme »&lt;script&gt;
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Première partie

ORIGINE ET CADRE DE LA CONSTITUTION DU ROYAUME

Carte n°1 : schéma ethnique du Togo
Source : Gayibor, 1996, p12

Chapitre1 : PRESENTATION GENERALE DU PAYS TEM ET
HISTOIRE DU PEUPLEMENT

Introduction

On a fort peu de connaissances sur l’histoire du royaume tem du Tchaoudjo avant l’arrivée des Européens. Ceci s’explique par le fait que, nous manquons de traditionnistes de métier à l’instar des griots au Mali ou ailleurs en Afrique. De plus, il n’existe aucune chronique digne de ce nom qui puisse remonter à plus de 150 à 200 ans.
D’une manière générale, dans la plupart des contrées du Togo, les populations vivaient sur les montagnes où elles se sentaient plus en sécurité.
L’occupation du site de Tabalo situant sur le mont Malfakassa le confirme.
De ce fait, il est important de décrire d’abord le cadre physique du pays tem et ensuite les stades de peuplement du royaume.

1- Présentation générale du pays tem&lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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1-1. Situation géographique
Les Tem constituent une entité hétérogène où à des degrés variables selon les régions, l’influence de l’Islam est très importante.
Nous appelons pays tem, le territoire sur lequel vit une population dont les membres se reconnaissent traditionnellement comme les « Temba » c’est-à-dire des gens qui parlent la même langue tem.
Le pays s’étend de Kéouda (sud de Fazao) jusqu’au delà de Bafilo. D’est en ouest, il s’étend sur la crête montagneuse de Malfakassa depuis Tabalo jusqu’à Kri-Kri (Adjéïdè)
(voir carte n°2, p12).

Le territoire ainsi défini englobe aujourd’hui plusieurs préfectures. Deux préfectures s’inscrivent entièrement dans le pays tem. Il s’agit de la préfecture de Tchaoudjo (chef-lieu Sokodé) et la préfecture d’Assoli (chef-lieu Bafilo).
Actuellement les deux foyers tem, Tchaoudjo d’environ 2549 Km2 et Assoli 937,5Km2 couvrent moins de 4000Km2 sur les 56600Km2 que représente le territoire national .
On rencontre aussi les Kotokoli dans trois autres préfectures où ils constituent des minorités : Bassar à l’ouest, Tchamba à l’est et Sotouboua et Blitta au sud.
En dehors de ces cas, il existe des Tem ailleurs à Kozah, Ogou.
Par ailleurs, nombreux sont les Kotokoli qui vivent hors du Togo. Ils sont dans les villages d’Alédjo-Koura, d’Akaradè et de Semere en République du Bénin, dans certaines localités du Ghana : Ahamassou, Kédjébi, Yendi, Koumassi, Accra etc.

1-2. Les traits géographiques dominants
Le relief du pays tem est d’une grande variété et se présente de la façon suivante :
-une succession de chaînes de montagnes orientées sud-ouest et nord-est. Ces chaînes s’étendent de Bafilo au nord jusqu’à Fazao, Boulohou au sud en passant par Koumondè, Alédjo, Tabalo et Malfakassa.
Les plus fortes altitudes se situent au centre de la région de Malfakassa et au sud dans le Fazao. Par endroits, cette chaîne de montagnes a l’aspect d’une véritable muraille avec de fortes dénivellations.
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     });e deuxième élément topographique à souligner est la série de collines s’intercalant entre la plaine du Mono à l’est et les montagnes d’Alédjo, juste au nord-est de Sokodé puis Tchavadi et Wassarabou jusqu’à Kpaza.
– à l’est, une petite partie de l’immense plaine du Mono
– à l’ouest, la plaine triangulaire du Mont Fazao développée sur le Buem .
Très grossièrement, les correspondances topographiques sont les suivantes : à la vaste plaine du Mô, correspond le pays dahoméen (actuel Bénin) et la plaine du Mô-Fazao, le Buem.
C’est la chaîne de l’Atakora qui est à l’origine des hauts reliefs du Togo central, il est fait de quartzistes essentiellement avec par endroits des schistes et des micaschistes traversés par de nombreux filons de quartz.
Dans la plaine du Mô-Fazao, la série du Buem est composée localement de grès quartzistes relativement homogènes.
Le climat est de type soudanais. De ce fait, on a deux saisons qui se succèdent : une saison sèche de novembre à avril et une saison de pluie de mai à octobre .
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Carte no2 : Carte administrative du pays tem
Source : Tchanilé, 1987, p60
1-3. La pédologie
Au point de vue pédologique, les sols sont assez variés, néanmoins, il existe des entités plus ou moins homogènes s’étendant sur de larges superficies :
– une région à bonne fertilité des sols, région située au sud de Tchaoudjo,
– une région au sol un peu pauvre au nord de Tchaoudjo et le secteur de Bafilo,
– trois zones enclavées mais fertiles (Ouest-Fazao, Mô, Est-Mono) .

1-4. La végétation
Le couvert végétal est constitué essentiellement de savanes herbeuses, arbustives, arborées et d’îlot forestiers localisés sur les massifs montagneux ou le long des cours d’eau (forêts-galeries). Les forêts classées de Fazao, de Malfakassa, d’Alédjo, zones non habitées ni cultivées représentent plus de 10% de la superficie régionale.

1-5. La faune
Quant à la faune, celle-ci est très riche. Elle se trouve confinée dans les réserves ou forêts classées. On y rencontre des ruminants, des carnivores, des rongeurs comme des lions, des buffles, des biches, des éléphants. Toutes ces espèces sont en voie de disparition à cause de la chasse. Mais de nos jours, avec la politique de la protection de la faune, cette chasse est réglementée, voire interdite.

1-6. L’hydrographie
Si nous considérons l’hydrographie, nous pouvons dire qu’avec la chaîne de l’Atakora, le pays kotokoli est un véritable château d’eau pour le Togo.
La plupart des affluents du Mono comme Na, Kolowaré, Kpaza y prennent leurs sources. Le pays n’a point de problèmes d’eau comme dans le pays bassar.
Cependant tous les cours d’eau ne sont pas permanents. Certains tarissent pendant les saisons sèches.

Carte no3 : Le royaume tem du Tchaoudjo

Source : Gayibor, 1997, p 346

2- Le peuplement du royaume&lt;script&gt;
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     });n ce qui concerne le peuplement du royaume en général et plus précisément des premiers occupants, les versions diffèrent. Les récits écrits tant par les Européens que par les Togolais soutiennent l’ancienneté des groupes lama. Cette thèse est remise en cause par la tradition orale.
Qui est-ce qui sont les premiers occupants avant l’arrivée des Mola ? Les Mola, qui sont-ils et d’où viennent-ils ? Quels sont les clans migrants ?
Les réponses à ces trois questions nous permettront de mieux cerner les réalités qui concourent à l’occupation de ce site.

2-1- Les premiers occupants avant l’arrivée des Mola
A propos des premiers occupants, nous avons recueillis des témoignages de divers auteurs :
JC Froelich , estime que les plus anciens des habitants du pays sont des Lama de langue voltaïque et appartiennent au groupe des « paléonigritiques ».
Capitaine Sicre abordant dans le même sens écrivait : « La race (lama) la plus autochtone que l’on connaisse a aujourd’hui totalement disparu du cercle de Sokodé, mais s’est décomposée en deux fractions Lambas et Cabrais dont un certain nombre de famille ont tendance à venir retrouver Sokodé, la terre de leurs lointains ancêtres ».&lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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Ali Napo écrit que : « le royaume tem de Tchaoudjo se partage avec les royaume Bassar, Dagomba et Tchokossi, la domination sur presque toutes les populations à l’exception de celles considérées comme autochtones kabyè et losso de tout le Nord-Togo »

Cependant, la tradition orale révèle que les véritables autochtones du pays sont les Nawo, les Koli .

-Les Nawo : ils font partie des clans autochtones du royaume. Leur ancêtre s’appelait Takam et leur origine est Lognadè, village situé actuellement sur la route Sokodé-Tchamba à côté de Kadambara. Ils détenaient le pouvoir d’électeur du souverain du Tchaoudjo. Pouvoir qu’ils ont perdu au temps de Ouro Koura de Birini .

-Les Koli : Ceux-ci sont considérés également comme des autochtones. Leur centre de gravité semble être le village d’Effolo dans la préfecture d’Assoli. Ils se retrouvent un peu partout à Bassar, à Tchamba, à Agoulou et en pays kabiyè. Ils sont en majorité à Bafilo où ils constituent un noyau important jouant à la fois un rôle capital dans la vie politique de cette localité. En effet, en cas de vacance du pouvoir, c’est l’un des membres de ce clan qui assume l’intérim.
Les Koli représentent une entité clanique assez forte. Ce sont de véritables forgerons et par conséquent des guerriers avertis.

Certains vont encore plus loin, comme Agodomou Adam , jusqu’à affirmer que les Mola n’avaient retrouvé personne à leur arrivée ni à Tabalo, ni dans leurs sites actuels.

Pour ce qui nous concerne, nous dirons que la thèse de l’antériorité du groupe lama soutenue par les Européens et les Togolais mérite une certaine précision. Ainsi, le sens du groupe lama ne peut se comprendre que sur le plan linguistique. Il désigne un ensemble de groupes ethniques qui parlent des langues apparentées comme le cas des Kabiyè, des Tem, des Lamba et des Logba. De ce fait, il ne désigne pas les seuls Kabiyè et Losso comme l’ont écrit Ali-Napo et JC Froelich et Sicre.
Ainsi, l’antériorité des Koli et des Nawo défendue par la tradition orale peut se comprendre d’autant plus qu’ils sont tous deux des Tem et à plus forte raison parlent la même langue tem.

2-2 L’origine du clan mola, fondateur du royaume
L’origine du clan dominant mola a fait l’objet de plusieurs versions. D’une part, par les Mola eux-mêmes et d’autre part, par les autres clans peuplant le royaume.

On note ainsi deux hypothèses en ce qui concerne leur origine.
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     });-2-1. La thèse de l’origine arabe
Celle-ci attribue aux Mola une origine arabe . En effet, c’est en bordure d’une localité située sur les rives de la Mer Rouge que serait venu le nom de Mola. L’ancêtre des Mola serait passé par le Soudan, le Tchad, le Nigeria et le nord du Dahomey (au Bénin) avant de s’installer à Tabalo.

L’acceptation de cette thèse nous paraît difficile d’autant plus que nous y relevons une influence islamique manifeste.
En effet, on constate partout en pays tem que le clan mola est foncièrement attaché à la pratique de la religion traditionnelle.
Le royaume ainsi créé par les Mola est un royaume solidement lié aux cultes des ancêtres.
La conversion des Mola à l’Islam remonte à l’accession au pouvoir de Ouro-Djobo Boukari de Kparatao. La royauté mola a reposé et repose encore de nos jours sur les rites animistes. Les rites funéraires et ceux de l’intronisation d’un nouveau souverain le confirment aisément.
En revanche, la version qui nous paraît crédible est celle qui attribue aux Mola une origine gourma.&lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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2-2-2. La thèse de l’origine gourma
La troisième version qui nous paraît crédible fait venir le clan mola de la Haute-Volta (Burkina Faso actuel) et serait d’origine gourma. Cette thèse est soutenue par certains auteurs comme P. Alexandre, JC Froelich, R. Cornevin, et tout récemment JC Barbier, MM Tchanilé, NL Gayibor, Ouro-Djéri etc.
En effet, dans leur ouvrage commun consacré aux Kotokoli, P. Alexandre et JC Froelich rapportent ce qui suit : « Un chasseur gourma, de clan mola, parti en avant-garde vers le sud, découvrit une région giboyeuse, qu’il décida d’y faire venir ses parents. Ceux-ci quittèrent Fada N’Gourma, sous la conduite de Kotokoro et vinrent s’installer à Tabalo »

Nous pensons que cette thèse se rapproche plus de la réalité. Ainsi, les Mola ne commencent à apparaître dans l’univers tem qu’avec leur installation à Tabalo sur le Mont Malfakassa qu’on peut toutefois remonter entre le XVIè et le XVIIè siècles .
Les Mola disent qu’ils viennent du pays gourma et qu’ils sont à l’origine de la fondation de Tabalo.
De la même manière, Ali-Napo citant JC Froelich écrit : « Les Mola seraient de la première vague des envahisseurs gourma apparue à la fin du XVIIè siècle. Ils seraient originaires de Dadéni, arrivés par l’axe Mango-Kanté et s’installant dans les montagnes de l’Atakora pour fonder le village de Tabalo d’où après quelque temps de séjour, le temps de s’assimiler linguistiquement aux autochtones se répandent ensuite dans la plaine abandonnée par les Kabyè ».
Il est bien évident qu’ils sont d’origine gourma mais ils ne sont pas à l’origine de la fondation de Tabalo comme le prétendent la tradition orale et JC Froelich. Certains clans tem y habitaient avant leur arrivée.
Ceux-ci furent dominés par la suite par les Mola. De plus, il ressort de l’analyse des informations recueillies sur le terrain que les Mola retrouvèrent les populations autochtones à leur arrivée à Tabalo même s’il leur soit difficile de les identifier.
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     });-3. Les autres clans tem
En dehors de ces clans autochtones et les Mola, on note la présence d’autres clans tem. C’est le cas des Dikéni, des Tagbabia, des Wari, des Nintché, des Louwo, des Sandou, des Bougoum etc.

– Les Dikéni : Ils représentent une entité clanique non négligeable et font partie des autochtones du royaume. Ils sont originaires de Dantcho dans la préfecture de Bassar.
On les retrouve actuellement un peu partout en pays tem. Ils sont à l’origine de la fondation des villages comme Kolina, Aguidagbadè, Kédjikadjo, Sabarignadè où ils détiennent les chefferies. Ils sont aussi de véritables forgerons.

-Les Nintché : ils sont de véritables chasseurs et ont quitté leur village d’origine appelé Bowouda à la recherche des lieux giboyeux. Bowouda est situé au nord-est de Sokodé au pied du mont Koronga.
On les trouve aussi à Alibi II sur la route de Tchamba. De nos jours, ce sont eux qui intronisent les chefs à Tchamba.
-Les Sandou-Bougoum : Ces deux clans ont une même origine qui est Wassarabou situé sur la route Kparatao-Agoulou. Actuellement ils constituent deux clans distincts.
Les Sandou sont à l’origine de la fondation de Wassaradè tandis que les Bougoum sont à l’origine de la fondation de Koumondé, sis sur la route nationale No1 entre la faille d’Alédjo et Bafilo.

Néanmoins, ils observent toujours les mêmes interdits alimentaires et quelques cérémonies rituelles.
-Les Adjouti ou Laoumbia : les gens (bia) de la forêt (laou) sont venus des régions d’Adélé. Ils ont fondé la chefferie de Kpalada et on les trouve aussi à Alédjo- Koura, à Kambolé, à Bago etc.
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2-4. Les clans migrants
Vers la fin du XIXè siècle, le royaume accordait son hospitalité à des commerçants étrangers. Parmi ceux-ci, on note les clans d’origine soudanaise comme les Touré (à l’origine de l’introduction de l’Islam), les Fofana, les Traoré, les Cissé, les Konaté etc. Il existe également les clans d’origine haoussa comme les Mendé et les clans d’origine dagomba comme les Daro.

Conclusion

D’une manière générale, nous dirons en ce qui concerne l’origine et le peuplement du royaume que d’une part, il était peuplé de clans tem avant l’arrivée des Mola. Ainsi, le problème d’autochtonie ne se pose plus quand on se réfère aux informations recueillies sur le terrain.
Néanmoins, les Mola furent à l’origine de la fondation du royaume.
Plus tard avec leur migration vers les plaines de la Kara et du Mô, ils y trouvèrent d’autres clans tem plus anciens. Aussi vécurent-ils ensemble dans ces nouveaux sites. D’autres clans étrangers s’y installèrent également, mais les Mola par la suite, les dominèrent tous sans exception.
Cependant, les Mola n’étaient pas des musulmans à leur arrivée dans la région. Ce qui remet en cause la thèse de l’origine arabe.
Ils ne se sont convertis à l’Islam que sous Ouro-Djobo Boukari de Kparatao.
En outre, la thèse de l’origine gourma défendue tant par les Européens, les Togolais que par la tradition orale, nous paraît crédible d’autant plus qu’il subsiste encore jusqu’à aujourd’hui la parenté à plaisanterie entre les Gourma et les Tem.

Après cette analyse, nous verrons dans le chapitre suivant les circonstances de la constitution du royaume.

Chapitre 2 : LA CONSTITUTION DU ROYAUME
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Rappelons que l’ancêtre des Mola du nom de Gadaou s’était installé à Tabalo entre le XVIè et le XVIIè siècles. Après un long séjour à Tabalo, certains de ses fils pour diverses raisons, migrèrent vers les plaines de la Kara et du Mô et occupèrent leurs sites actuels.

Nous verrons les circonstances de la constitution du royaume et les types de pouvoirs qu’on rencontre en pays tem au temps précolonial.

1 – De Tabalo à la naissance du royaume
Ayant vécu longtemps à Tabalo, les Mola quittèrent leur site originel pour diverses raisons pour s’installer sur leurs sites actuels. L’occupation des nouveaux sites s’est faite d’une façon progressive.

1-1. Tabalo à l’installation des Mola
Tabalo était un village où s’installa Gadaou qui reste toujours l’ancêtre des Mola. Ce village se situa sur une montagne à l’ouest entre Sokodé et Bassar. C’est là où Gadaou disparut de façon mystérieuse. Selon Ouro-Gaffo Badassa , un jour, Gadaou rassembla ses fils et leur annonça la triste nouvelle en ces termes : « il est temps que je retourne chez mes ancêtres » A ces paroles, Gadaou commença à s’enfoncer en terre. Les enfants se précipitèrent et enlevèrent le chapeau royal (sà) de sa tête. Cet endroit est devenu un point d’eau. Ainsi, tout nouveau ouro-esso est, à partir de ce moment, lavé de cette eau à son intronisation.

De même tout nouveau souverain n’est pas autorisé à aller à cet endroit en signe du respect et de la soumission, car dit-on, l’enfant ne regarde pas la face de son père sous peine d’être sanctionné en signe du non respect à l’ordre hiérarchique . De nos jours, ce village est dédoublé en Tabalo I qui reste dans les montagnes à environ six Kilomètres de la route, et Tabalo II qui est aux abords de la route Sokodé-Bassar.

Plusieurs causes ont été à l’origine de l’émigration des Mola de Tabalo vers leurs sites actuels.

1-2. Les causes de migration de Tabalo
D’après certains chercheurs et la tradition orale, plusieurs causes ont contribué à déclencher le départ des Mola vers les plaines fertiles de la Kara et du Mô. Les premiers qui auraient quitté Tabalo furent les Mola suivis par les Koli, les Nawo et les Louwo .
On retient les causes naturelles, économiques et démographiques.

1-2-1. Les causes naturelles
Tabalo était un village situé sur le mont Malfakassa. A cet effet, avec ses fréquents éboulis de roches, il constituait un danger pour la population. De plus d’après notre informatrice , le site était infesté d’animaux féroces tels que les lions, panthères, chacals et des serpents venimeux.
Pour éviter tout danger, les populations ont dû émigrer vers la plaine.
En dehors des causes naturelles, il y a les causes économiques qui ont affecté les populations.

1-2-2. Les causes économiques
Les surexploitations des petites parcelles de terres cultivables, disponibles autour du village, avaient entraîné l’épuisement rapide des surfaces cultivables. Les habitants étaient obligés de parcourir journellement de très longues distances afin de trouver de nouvelles terres vierges. Evoquant les mêmes causes, Gayibor écrit : « Très tôt, sans doute pour des raisons économiques et stratégiques les Mola, suivis de certains clans, ont essaimé à travers la plaine, vers l’est et le nord »
Pour raison de proximité, ils durent quitter le lieu et se rapprocher davantage de leurs champs.
La croissance rapide de la population n’était pas sans conséquence.

1-2-3. Les causes démographiques
La population en croissance rapide, l’afflux incessant au fil des années des clans étrangers, en particulier les artisans Louwo, eurent pour conséquence, le surpeuplement du site qui s’avéra bientôt exigu. Les places pour construire de nouvelles habitations devenaient rares. Les habitants abandonnèrent le site en quête des espaces plus vastes où ils se sentiront bien aisés en ayant de vastes portions pour se bâtir de nouvelles habitations.

Il n’est pas donc possible d’affirmer avec P. Alexandre et J.C. Froelich que : « les razzias d’esclaves étaient la cause certaine de ce départ », ni avec Léo Frobenius qui soutint la même thèse en ces termes : « Un jour, venus de l’ouest, les Tchokossi, avec les Wangara à leurs trousses, pénétrèrent dans le pays et le peuple Tabalo fut ainsi dispersé », étant donné qu’on sait que Tabalo était un site de montagnes inaccessibles aux cavaliers esclavagistes.
De plus, les Mola ne se seraient pas installés dans les plaines de la Kara et du Mô s’ils avaient été chassés de Tabalo par des raids esclavagistes, car la plaine n’offrait aucune garantie sur le plan de la sécurité.
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On ne peut pas admettre non plus avec le capitaine Sicre qui soutient que : «les populations étaient descendues dans la plaine que du jour où la présence européenne avait garanti la paix dans le milieu », car cette migration s’était produite bien avant la pénétration européenne dans l’hinterland plus précisément dans le royaume sous le règne de Ouro-Djobo Boukari de Paratao en mai 1889 .
Cependant, toutes les causes défendues par la tradition orale nous semblent crédibles d’autant plus que la plupart des Tem sont des agriculteurs et de ce fait, ils ont plus besoin des terres fertiles pour leurs diverses cultures.

L’occupation de nouveaux sites s’est faite de façon progressive et aboutit finalement à la naissance du royaume.

1-3. L’occupation progressive et naissance du royaume
Les descendants de Gadaou après avoir séjourné longtemps à côté de leur père à Tabalo, n’ont pas émigré en même temps et n’ont pas occupé non plus leurs sites au même moment. Certains ont occupé directement leurs sites tandis que d’autres ont fait des escales chez leurs frères avant d’aller occuper leurs sites respectifs.
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     });-3-1 L’occupation chronologique des sites
Les chercheurs et la tradition orale révèlent que le premier village du royaume qui fut fondé est bien évidemment Kpangalam. Cependant, les versions diffèrent sur le nom du fondateur de ce village.
D’une part, d’après les enquêtes menées par le sociologue français Barbier , le fondateur serait un certain Agoro Dam. D’autre part, selon l’information recueillie par le même auteur chez l’ancien secrétaire du chef Aguda Adam, le fondateur serait un chasseur nommé Agrinya dont la tombe serait encore visible.
Par ailleurs, JC Froelich et Gayibor donnent ce nom comme étant celui du premier chef.
Pour notre part, Ouro-Agoro Bodjo , nous a confirmé que Ouro Dam est certainement le fondateur de Kpangalam et premier souverain du Tchaoudjo.

Il ressort toujours d’après la tradition orale que quelques années plus tard, Bang’na, frère cadet du fondateur de Kpangalam, serait venu vivre avec ce dernier. Peu de temps après être installé à Kpangalam, il se serait trouvé un emplacement plus à l’est pour s’y installer, lieu qu’il nomma Tchavadi. Il fut ainsi le deuxième souverain du Tchaoudjo et le premier chef de Tchavadi.

Selon Djobo- Bivahi Mouhamadou, Ouro-Takpara serait le fondateur de Kadambara, troisième village à voir le jour. Il se serait installé d’abord à Agbandè près de Bassar.
L’un d’entre ses fils aurait séduit une femme du chef de Bassar. Ce qui provoqua un conflit qui entraîna par la suite leur départ du site pour s’installer à Kadambara.
De l’avis du même informateur, Kadambara vient du mot tem dabara qui signifie « Nous nous sommes enracinés ». Ce toponyme fait allusion à leur conflit contre Bassar. Ainsi, Takpara fut le premier chef de Kadambara et le troisième souverain du Tchaoudjo.

Selon une information recueillie auprès de Ouro- Gbèlè Idrissou , le fondateur de Birini serait Ouro Tchatikpi qui n’a pas été souverain du Tchaoudjo mais il fut le premier chef de Birini. Le seul souverain du Tchaoudjo qui soit sorti de Birini était Ouro-Koura qui en fut le cinquième ouro-esso.
Un certain nommé Uro Ifa serait parti de Tchavadi vers le sud à la recherche d’une zone giboyeuse et fonda le village Komah. Celui-ci comme son nom l’indique ne fut pas souverain du Tchaoudjo mais fut le premier chef de Komah.
Selon Ouro-Akpo Kassim , le fondateur de Yélivo du nom de Ouro Dam se serait installé d’abord auprès de son frère à Birini. De là, il alla plus à l’ouest pour fonder Yélivo.
Un autre groupe vint séjourner à Kadambara pendant une ou deux décennies. Après cette longue escale, le groupe continua son chemin pour fonder le village de Nadjoma. C’est de là et avec l’intention de trouver de bonnes terres qu’un certain Djeri Fama aurait quitté ses pairs pour fonder Kparatao .
Ces villages constitutifs du royaume avaient des liens particuliers deux à deux en fonction de la consanguinité des fondateurs.
Ainsi, ces liens s’observent entre Kpangalam et Tchavadi, entre Birini et Yélivo, entre Kadambara et Kparatao et plus tard entre Tchavadi et Komah.
Les sept villages précités vont être à l’origine de la naissance du royaume tem du Tchaoudjo.
1-3-2. Naissance et évolution du royaume
On ne peut véritablement parler du royaume tem du Tchaoudjo qu’à partir du moment où les autres villages (Tchavadi, Kadambara, Birini, Komah, Yélivo et Kparatao) se sont réunis à l’initiative de Tchavadi pour combattre Kpangalam qui avait monopolisé le pouvoir. D’une part, selon Gayibor , « Kpangalam est la première à assumer le pouvoir à la tête du royaume pendant deux règnes ». D’autre part, il semble d’après Ouro-Agoro Bodjo que Kpangalam aurait fait plus de deux règnes successifs. Quand Tchavadi fit appel aux autres villages pour l’aider à reprendre le pouvoir chez leur grand frère de Kpangalam, les cinq villages se seraient engagés de participer à ce combat mais à condition qu’ils règnent à leur tour. Ce qui fut conclu. De ce fait, après la défaite de Kpangalam, Tchavadi prit le pouvoir. C’est ici que la loi de la rotation du pouvoir suprême du Tchaoudjo trouve son origine.
Cependant seul Yélivo n’avait pas pu siéger au poste de souverain du Tchaoudjo pour des raisons que nous évoquerons dans la deuxième partie sur le conflit Kparatao -Yélivo .
Comme nous l’avons évoqué précédemment, le royaume connut son apogée sous Ouro-Djobo Boukari de Kparatao. Celui-ci étend son hégémonie sur toute la région.
A propos de l’extension du royaume, Gayibor citant von Zech rapporte : « Je crois qu’on peut considérer cette grande région comme une entité, étant donné qu’elle constitue un même édifice, non seulement sur le plan linguistique, mais aussi au niveau politique. Le très célèbre Uro Dyabo, c’est-à-dire le Seigneur ou Roi Dyabo, domine tout le pays temu, laissant plus ou moins de liberté aux chefs des diverses parties du pays.&lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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Le pouvoir de Dyabo dépasse même le pays temu et s’étend sur des territoires comme Tchamba, Alibi, une partie du pays anyanga, où la langue temu n’est pas parlée en tant que langue maternelle »

L’étendue du royaume dont parle von Zech est discutable. Comme nous le verrons plus tard, Adam Méatchi a combattu du côté du royaume mais pas contre celui-ci. Si le Tchaoudjo englobait Tchamba et Alibi, comment Méatchi pouvait-il combattre Tchamba au profit de Kri-Kri qui lui fit appel ? Ce qui signifierait que le pouvoir de Djobo ne s’est, en outre, jamais exercé sur tout le pays tem. Certes, compte tenu de l’évolution fulgurante que ce royaume connut à partir de l’accession au trône de Djobo Boukari, on peut penser raisonnablement que son hégémonie aurait pu s’exercer par la suite sur l’ensemble du centre du Togo actuel.
C’est sous son règne que le royaume connut véritablement son apogée.

La migration des Mola donna naissance à deux types de pouvoirs en pays tem : Le pouvoir suprême du Tchaoudjo et le pouvoir des villages.

2- Les pouvoirs en pays tem au temps précolonial
La migration des Mola de Tabalo vers leurs sites actuels avait donné naissance à deux types de pouvoirs qu’on rencontre en pays tem avec bien évidemment à la tête le pouvoir suprême du Tchaoudjo.

En effet, Le royaume tem du Tchaoudjo est un royaume bien organisé sur le plan politique.
Ainsi, pour postuler au pouvoir en pays tem, il faut avoir rempli un certain nombre de conditions. Mais, ces conditions varient selon les pouvoirs.

2-1. Le pouvoir suprême du Tchaoudjo
Rappelons que le pouvoir suprême du Tchaoudjo avait été instauré par les sept villages du clan mola. Il s’agit de Kpangalam, Tchavadi, Kadambara, Birini, Komah, Yélivo et Kparatao.
Cette forme d’organisation existait chez les Tem bien avant la pénétration allemande. Ce qui n’était pas le cas chez leurs voisins kabiyè.

En effet, tout postulant au poste de ouro-esso doit être du clan mola appartenant à l’un ou à l’autre des sept villages constitutifs du royaume. Le postulant doit être apte sur le plan physique. Il doit avoir une bonne moralité, doit être un enfant légitime . De plus, il doit jouir d’une certaine popularité. Ainsi, tout postulant qui remplit toutes ces conditions peut-être considéré comme porteur de bonheur et de prospérité pour le royaume.
De plus le pouvoir est rotatif sans qu’on puisse désigner deux souverains successifs dans le même village ou lignage. Ceci sous l’arbitrage du clan daro de Tchalo.
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Cependant, il n’existe pas de procédure de détrônement comme c’était le cas dans les autres contrées d’Afrique notamment chez les Tchagga en Tanzanie où le chef peut-être déposé par l’assemblée des guerriers, c’est-à-dire par des hommes âgés de trente à quarante-cinq ans s’il violait la coutume.
Autrement dit, si le chef pose un acte qui est contraire à la loi coutumière, la pénalité qu’il en court, c’est celle de perdre son pouvoir. Ce pouvoir relève de cette assemblée qui est composée des hommes sages, supposés capables d’assumer cette lourde responsabilité.
Par ailleurs, il en est de même chez les Bemba en Zambie où le Citimukulu (chef) devait tenir compte de l’avis de quarante conseillers héréditaires les plus anciens et chargés de certains rites indispensables à l’exercice du pouvoir, avant de prendre une décision sous peine d’être déposé par ces derniers .

Le chef du Tchaoudjo prenait le titre de ouro-esso ou souverain et il a droit de vie et de mort sur son peuple. De l’avis de notre informateur Ouro-Touh Adam , le chef prend le titre de ouro-esso car il est considéré comme le représentant de Dieu sur la terre et de ce fait, il doit être loué par son peuple comme les fidèles le font à l’égard de Dieu. Le nouveau souverain recevait son investiture des mains du chef de Tabalo qui est considéré comme son père.

Le choix du chef de villages obéit aussi à des règles plus particulières aux villages.

2-2- Le pouvoir des villages
Il concerne les villages fondés soit par les mola ou soit par les autres clans tem. Le critère fondamental dans ce type de pouvoir est l’appartenance du postulant au clan fondateur du village, seul héritier de la chefferie. C’est ainsi qu’on a certains chefs de villages de clans mola et d’autres de clans non mola. L’exemple du village d’Agoulou où le chef est du clan mola et celui du village de Kolina où le chef est du clan dikéni.
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     });es mêmes qualités physiques et morales de la personnalité du chef sont exigées de même que l’alternance entre les lignages. Le choix du chef doit toutefois, recevoir l’approbation de ouro-esso à qui le nouveau chef doit, avant d’être définitivement investi, rendre un hommage servile (yoma sedi « salut d’esclaves ») surtout à l’époque précoloniale.

Dans l’ensemble, les chefs de villages étaient généralement plus âgés que les souverains du Tchaoudjo au moment de leur nomination car on prétend que leur marge de manœuvre se limitait dans leurs villages par rapport au souverain qui doit gérer en plus des affaires du royaume, quelques unes des autres villages tem supposées délicates ou complexes.

Carte no4 : Les chefferies en pays tem
Source : Barbier, 1995, p20

Note : La chefferie de Kpaza est fondée par les Touré et non par les Mola comme l’atteste JC Barbier.

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En définitive, Gadaou était l’ancêtre du clan mola, originaire du pays gourma. Il s’était installé dans la zone montagneuse à Tabalo. Par la suite pour des raisons d’ordre naturel, économique et sociodémographique, les populations émigrèrent vers les plaines de la Kara et du Mô.

Cependant, les incursions des esclavagistes évoquées par certains auteurs nous paraissent injustifiables car la plaine n’offrait aucune garantie sur le plan de la sécurité. Cette migration s’était faite par étape donnant naissance à des villages, qui à leur tour allaient constituer le royaume tem du Tchaoudjo.
D’une manière générale, le pays tem comportait deux types de pouvoirs. Des règles bien définies, régissaient la désignation de tout nouveau souverain.
Mais, ces règles furent violées à deux reprises en ce qui concerne le pouvoir suprême du Tchaoudjo : d’une part, par Ouro-Djobo Boukari de Kparatao et d’autre part, par Komah .

Le royaume tem du Tchaoudjo a su garder son intégrité et son influence sur les autres peuples de la région grâce à son organisation politique et économique.

Chapitre 3 : L’ORGANISATION POLITIQUE ET ECONOMIQUE DU
ROYAUME

Introduction
Rappelons que les villages constitutifs du royaume furent fondés par les Mola avec l’appui des populations autochtones . Comme toute organisation étatique, le royaume tem du Tchaoudjo était bien organisé sur les plans social, politique et économique. La plupart des communautés qu’elles soient autochtones ou allogènes occupèrent des fonctions spécifiques dans le royaume.

1- Structure socio-politique du royaume&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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A l’instar de la Confédération de Délos dans l’antiquité grecque où Athènes avait joué un rôle pilote, Kparatao aussi va jouer le même rôle dans le royaume tem du Tchaoudjo. Ceci n’a pu être possible que grâce au charisme et à la forte personnalité de Ouro-Djobo Boukari qui fut le sixième ouro-esso du royaume.

1-1. L’organisation sociale du royaume
Pour ce qui est de l’organisation sociale, notons que le royaume était composé d’une population hétérogène où il y a le brassage entre les clans. Chaque clan avait son rôle spécifique qu’il joue dans la société. Ainsi, seuls les Mola pouvaient-ils accéder au poste de ouro-esso.
Les Nawo d’abord et ensuite les Daro jouèrent un rôle essentiel d’arbitrage. Depuis l’origine du royaume, le droit du choix du souverain fut détenu par le clan nawo. Mais au cours du règne de Ouro-Koura de Birini, un Nawo aurait fait la cour à une des femmes du souverain. Cet acte leur fit perdre leur rôle d’arbitrage au profit du clan daro .

Les Touré Safara de leur côté furent à l’origine de l’introduction de l’Islam dans le royaume . Ces Touré Safara avec les Traoré et les Fofana ont seuls droit à l’imamat.
Par ailleurs les Issa Touré originaires de Sokoto s’occupent seulement de la fonction de Malwa-ouro . Celui-ci intervient conjointement avec les Tchakpindé pour nommer l’imam grâce à son rôle social car d’une part, il est le chef des musulmans et d’autre part, il est considéré comme la première autorité religieuse. En cela, Malwa-ouro est supposé maîtriser les prescriptions divines qui régissent la religion et en cela constitue une personne ressource pour la nomination de l’imam.
De la même manière, les Tchakpindé furent les plus anciens et de ce fait, sont censés trancher entre les trois clans (Touré, Fofana et Traoré) dans le choix de l’Imam.
Les Tchakpindé en tant que doyens de Didaouré restent très puissants grâce à leurs connaissances des rites traditionnels de protection.

En ce qui concerne la religion, les mola étaient animistes à leur arrivée dans le royaume. L’Islam ne gagne le royaume qu’avec l’arrivée des étrangers notamment les Touré au cours du XIXè siècle.

En effet avec l’arrivée au pouvoir de Ouro-Djobo Boukari et surtout après sa conversion à l’Islam, il voulut l’imposer comme religion d’état .

La conversion de Ouro-Djobo Boukari à l’Islam peut s’expliquer d’une part, par l’afflux des étrangers musulmans dans le royaume. A cette époque, le Tchaoudjo connut pour la première fois une religion monothéiste.
D’autre part, après la guerre Kparatao-Yélivo, le souverain sollicita auprès de Adam Méatchi un expert en Islam (Alpha) pour prêcher à son peuple la nouvelle religion.
Par ailleurs, on note aussi l’influence de son frère Abdulai Apu Traoré . Ces évènements auraient contribué énormément à la conversion Ouro Djobo.
Cette époque marqua le rayonnement de l’Islam ainsi que l’apogée du royaume.

La vie politique du royaume est d’une importance capitale.

1-2. L’organisation politique du royaume&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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A la tête du royaume du royaume se trouve ouro-esso (Chef-dieu). Celui-ci est assisté dans ses tâches par un nombre important de notables. Ceux-ci sont pour la plupart chefs des autres villages constitutifs du royaume et des personnages sages proches du souverain. Il existait selon le terme moderne une forme de gestion « déconcentrée » du pouvoir royal. Ce qui signifie que certains pouvoirs étaient légués aux chefs locaux sous l’œil attentif du souverain. Ces chefs locaux doivent rendre compte de leur gestion à celui-ci. Ceci étant, le pouvoir du souverain était absolu. Il sillonnait de temps en temps les villages, réglait les conflits mineurs sur place et recensait les problèmes complexes qui seront traités plus tard au palais royal. Le souverain ne marche pas . Il est transporté chaque fois par les populations du village de départ pour une autre destination et ceci à tour de rôle .
Douze souverains connus et nommés ont dominé la vie politique du royaume des origines à 1914. Les règnes qui ont plus marqué le royaume sont entre autres celui de Ouro- Koura qui accéda au trône après la mort de Ouro Akoriko de Komah. En effet, celui-ci permit la victoire du Tchaoudjo dans le second conflit Komah-Agoulou que nous verrons plus tard, grâce au rôle militaire qu’il avait joué. Sous son règne, le village Birini était entouré d’une muraille comme c’était le cas d’Agokoli à Notsè. Ceci à cause des conflits qui les opposaient aux populations d’Alibi sur les problèmes fonciers. Ainsi le village s’appelait Tchoboto qui signifie « village fortifié ».

Ce souverain a régné sur le royaume durant quatre vingts ans. C’est le règne qui a le plus duré dans l’histoire du royaume tem du Tchaoudjo.
A l’époque, les commerçants haoussa sillonnaient la région et étant donné que Tchoboto signifiait en langue haoussa « Birini », cette appellation haoussa supplanta celle des tem et le village garda jusqu’à aujourd’hui le nom Birini.
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     });elui qui a aussi marqué l’histoire du royaume était Ouro-Djobo Boukari de Kparatao. En effet, celui-ci en cooptant les mercenaires djerma et en ayant la faveur des Allemands, avait dominé toute la région. Son règne ne dura que neuf ans. Il est à l’origine de la sédentarisation du pouvoir royal du Tchaoudjo à Kparatao . Rappelons que le royaume a connu justement son apogée sous son règne.

Liste des souverains du Tchaoudjo des origines à 1914
(Barbier, 1995 : 126)
1- Ouro-Agoro Dam de Kpangalam (1785-1805)
2- Ouro-Bangna Tcha-Ali de Tchavadi (1805-1825)
3- Ouro Takpara de Kadambara (1825-1845)
4- Ouro Akoriko de Komah (1845-1865)
5- Ouro Koura de Birini (1865-1880)
6- Ouro -Djobo Boukari dit sémôh de Kparatao (1880-1889)
7- Ouro – Djobo Tchadjobo de Kparatao (1897-1901)
8- Ouro – Djobo Tchagodomou de Kparatao (1901-1906)
9- Ouro – Djobo Bouraïma de kparatao (1906-1924)

Les auteurs comme Gayibor , Ouro-Djéri estiment que le septième et le huitième ouro-esso étaient destitués par les Allemands sans toutefois préciser les raisons de leur destitution.&lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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Cependant, d’après nos enquêtes, il ressort que les règnes des quatre souverains qui se sont succédé à Kparatao ont été éphémères à cause de la violation de la loi coutumière de désignation du souverain du Tchaoudjo par ce village royal. Ceci s’explique par le fait que d’une part, Kparatao avait usurpé le pouvoir qui normalement devait revenir à Yélivo et d’autre part, par la sédentarisation du pouvoir royal du Tchaoudjo dans ledit village.
Ces deux évènements sont contraires à la loi coutumière qui stipule que le pouvoir doit être rotatif sans qu’on puisse désigner deux souverains dans le même village ou lignage.

Si nous analysons la durée par règne, nous constatons évidemment qu’elle devînt plus ou moins courte avec l’accession au pouvoir de Ouro-Djobo Boukari. Ceci étant, les informations recueillies de la tradition orale nous expliquent mieux la situation.
La prospérité du royaume s’explique aussi par ses activités économiques.

2- L’économie du royaume
L’économie traditionnelle du royaume était basée à la fois sur l’agriculture et le commerce. Le commerce était fondé sur le transit des esclaves destinés à l’exportation. Mais le secteur artisanal n’était pas à négliger.

La population tem était une population de travailleurs. Le royaume regorgeait de talents en ce qui concerne les travaux manuels.
On y trouvait les agriculteurs, des éleveurs, des forgerons de même que des artisans.

2-1. L’agriculture.
En milieu foncièrement traditionnel, l’agriculture était la principale activité des Kotokoli. C’est d’elle qu’ils tiraient l’essentiel de leurs moyens de subsistance. Les cultures vivrières de premier plan sont le mil et l’igname. Les techniques agricoles restent toujours rudimentaires. L’agriculture ne connaît pas la mécanisation. La houe, le coupe-coupe, la daba, restent toujours les outils les plus utilisés.

Les 80% environ des produits &lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt; sont consommés en milieu traditionnel par la population elle-même. Cette agriculture n’était pas aussi développée qu’en pays Bassar et n’utilisait pas l’engrais comme en pays kabiyè. Ainsi, Léo Frobénius l’a si bien remarqué lorsqu’il écrit en ces termes : « L’agriculture prospère, mais je ne crois pas avoir remarqué les récoltes aussi importantes qu’en pays bassar…Je n’ai jamais vu au pays tem une fosse d’engrais comme en possède chaque ferme kabiyè.»

L’élevage joue un rôle non négligeable dans l’économie du royaume.
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     });-2. L’élevage
Il concerne surtout la volaille tels les poulets, les pintades et le petit bétail tels les moutons et les chèvres. Quant au gros bétail, celui-ci était entièrement confié au Peul qu’on retrouve dans presque toutes les localités de la région.
Pour ce faire, il n’existe aucun contrat entre le propriétaire et le Peul. Il existe cependant une sorte de « convention » entre eux. Celle-ci consiste à faire bénéficier le gardien peul d’un veau sur trois ou quatre que la vache donnera. En outre, le lait qu’on extrait tous les jours revient de plein droit au peul. Les femmes peulh commercialisent ce lait en vue de trouver des fonds pour quelques dépenses du ménage.
Les tem étaient aussi de braves guerriers grâce à leurs équipements qui sont pour la plupart fabriqués sur place.

2-3. La forge.
C’est une activité pratiquée par certains clans dont les plus connus sont les Koli et les Dikéni. Ces forgerons jouèrent un rôle de second plan dans la militarisation du Tchaoudjo. Ils fabriquaient des fusils traditionnels que les guerriers du royaume utilisaient dans leurs divers combats.
C’est une profession héréditaire en quelque sorte puisque les enfants issus des parents forgerons ont la forte chance de devenir à leur tour forgerons. Ces forgerons tem s’approvisionnaient en fer de Bangeli en pays Bassar.
Hormis leur rôle de forgerons, les Koli sont aussi de véritables guerriers d’où leur slogan: « Quand il y a la guerre, nous prenions toujours le devant » .
Ceci suppose que la forge était aussi bien l’apanage des Koli que des Dikéni.

Le royaume était réputé aussi pour ses produits artisanaux convoités tant par les autochtones que par les étrangers.

2-4. L’artisanat
Les activités artisanales se réduisent au tissage, à la vannerie et à la poterie.

-Le tissage : c’est une activité assez repandue à Didaouré et à Kparatao. Le métier de tissage est l’apanage des clans migrants (Watara de Didaouré).
Ainsi le tissage, la teinture, la fabrication des vêtements se présentent dans certains villages comme des activités complémentaires pratiquées par les hommes et les femmes pendant la saison dite morte.
-La vannerie : elle aboutit à la fabrication des nattes, des paniers, des sacs etc. Quelques produits fabriqués sont vendus sur place et d’autres sont exportés.
-La poterie : elle n’est pas du tout développée en pays tem. Cependant, on trouve parfois des potières de grands talents dans certaines localités.
Toute cette production faisait l’objet d’un commerce qui constitue à cet effet la deuxième activité importante du royaume.

2-5 Les échanges&lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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En tant qu’activité secondaire du royaume, le commerce avait fait du royaume, une région d’hospitalité pour les étrangers ambulants. La situation géographique du royaume faisait de lui un carrefour commercial.
Le Tchaoudjo est reconnu de l’extérieur car les commerçants étrangers venaient du pays haoussa et y séjournaient des mois .

On distingue les itinéraires commerciaux, les partenaires commerciaux et les produits échangés.

2-5-1 Les itinéraires commerciaux
Le Tchaoudjo constituait une étape importante pour le transit de la cola. La plupart des villages du royaume servaient de points d’escale pour les commerçants étrangers.
Déjà avant le XIXè siècle, les commerçants haoussa et mandingue passaient par les villages tem notamment Agoulou en provenance de Salaga (au centre- est du Ghana actuel) en allant vers Djougou (dans le centre-ouest du Bénin actuel).
L’un des itinéraires fréquentés au moment où Tchavadi avait le commandement du royaume du Tchaoudjo, passait par : Djougou- Alédjo-Koura- Agoulou- Kpassoua- Tchavadi- Didaouré . On note que Sokodé, Bafilo et Daoudé étaient des points de relais et d’échange de produits .
A la fin du XIXè siècle, l’itinéraire passera par Agoulou-Kparatao-Kadambara-Didaouré pour continuer ensuite vers Fazao-Suruku-Bulohu-Djérêkpagna, puis après la traversée de la Mô, Bubalêm (près de Nakpali), Bimbila ( au centre du pays nanumba) et Salaga où les voyageurs arrivaient par « la route des Kotocolé » .
Ces échanges se faisaient entre les habitants de la région d’une part et avec les commerçants étrangers d’autre part.

2-5-2. Les partenaires commerciaux
Les habitants du Tchaoudjo échangeaient leurs produits avec leurs voisins de la région et avec les étrangers venant de l’extérieur. Ainsi les produits du tissage sont exportés dans les contrées voisines : Bassar, pays kabiyè, Anyanga. Leur commerce atteint aussi l’Adjouti, l’Adélé et surtout le dagomba .
De plus avec la traite négrière, le pays tem a été une plaque tournante du commerce entre les caravaniers du nord du Nigeria et du Bénin actuel .
Divers produits étaient à la base de ces échanges.&lt;script&gt;
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2-5-3.Les produits échangés
Parmi les produits qui faisaient l’objet des échanges, on note les produits de la forge comme les daba, les fusils traditionnels et les couteaux. Il y a aussi le sel gemme, les textiles, les vanneries, les bijoux en cuivre du pays ashanti étaient aussi échangés. Les Foulbé proposaient du lait qu’ils vendaient aux habitants de Tchaoudjo . Mais la monnaie d’échange était le cauris « lidedozè » en tem.

Le royaume participait aussi au commerce interafricain par ses produits comme les tissus de cotonnade au sujet desquels Binger écrit : « Le pagne des Kotokolé qu’on apporte également sur les marchés du Dagomba, est une étoffe à jours en cotonnade blanche ». Parlant des échanges du royaume, Gayibor cite Adam Mischlich (missionnaire suisse de la Mission de Bâle en juillet 1897) en ces termes: « A Didaouré, le vendredi, un grand marché se tient (…). On voit même vendre des pantalons turcs et de belles étoffes en soie et en velours provenant de la côte.
On vend aussi du kaffa, des ignames, des arachides, des haricots, du sorgho, du maïs, du piment, du karité, du sel, de la viande, du bois, du fil à broder, des allumettes, des perles, des verroteries, des pommades, des huiles parfumées et bien d’autres choses ».&lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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Les captifs de guerre et les esclaves faisaient aussi l’objet d’échange d’où le royaume tirait l’essentiel de ses revenus.

CONCLUSION

Nous pouvons retenir en définitive, que le royaume tem du Tchaoudjo était bien organisé sur les plans socio-politique et économique.
En effet, le royaume était constitué d’une population diversifiée où il y a le brassage entre les différents clans. Ainsi, chaque entité de la population avait son rôle spécifique à jouer dans la société.
De ce fait, le Tchaoudjo tirait l’essentiel de ses revenus de l’agriculture et surtout du commerce. Celui-ci était fructueux grâce à la participation des populations étrangères.

En réalité, il n’existait pas une capitale du royaume comme l’a écrit P. Alexandre, car il n’existait pas un palais royal unique pour tout le royaume. Chaque village avait son palais qui lui est propre et où tout nouveau souverain issu du village pouvait y habiter.

Nous analyserons dans les lignes qui vont suivre les conditions qui ont favorisé la militarisation du Tchaoudjo.

Deuxième partie :

LA MILITARISATION DU ROYAUME

Introduction

Le royaume était à son apogée avant l’arrivée des Allemands. Au contact de ceux-ci, Kparatao détenait le pouvoir suprême avec comme souverain, Ouro-Djobo Boukari. A l’instar de toute formation étatique, le royaume se dota à l’origine, d’une force armée composée des autochtones. Celle-ci avait pour mission d’assurer la sécurité du royaume et de défendre ses intérêts. Tchaoudjo va ainsi jouer un rôle prépondérant dans la conquête de l’hinterland par les Allemands.

Cette partie sera consacrée à l’étude des conflits auxquels le royaume avait participé et le rôle ce dernier dans la conquête et la stabilisation du pouvoir colonial allemand.

Chapitre 4 : MILITARISATION ET LES DIFFERENTS CONFLITS DU
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Introduction
Le royaume avait besoin d’une force armée non seulement pour protéger les populations contre les attaques extérieures mais également pour assurer sa sécurité intérieure. Ainsi dans l’intention d’étendre son hégémonie sur toute la région, le royaume organisa des expéditions contre les populations avoisinantes.

1- Militarisation du royaume
Le royaume connut deux stades de militarisation dans son histoire : d’une part, la militarisation avant l’arrivée des sémassi et d’autre part, la militarisation sous Ouro-Djobo Boukari de Kparatao.

A l’origine, la force armée dont disposait le Tchaoudjo se composait des hommes valides qui répondaient mieux aux conditions physiques indispensables pour les combats militaires. Ceux-ci étaient recrutés non seulement dans les villages royaux, mais également dans les autres villages tem. En effet, cette armée royale ne dépassait guère un millier d’hommes et était sous-équipée car ne possédant que des armes blanches et des fusils traditionnels.
Ce qui pouvait justifier certaines des défaites qu’a connues le royaume à l’époque.
Outre la défaite de 1879 lors du premier conflit contre les Anyanga sous Ouro Koura de Birini, on note aussi la défaite lors du premier conflit contre Agoulou sous Ouro Akoriko de Komah .&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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Ainsi, le souverain du Tchaoudjo avait à sa disposition une force armée qui constituait sa garde royale. Elle assurait sa propre sécurité et l’accompagnait au cours de ses déplacements dans la région.

Cependant, avec l’arrivée au pouvoir de Ouro-Djobo Boukari de Kparatao, cette militarisation du royaume s’accentua.
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     });n effet, Ouro-Djobo avait coopté les mercenaires djerma qui furent de véritables cavaliers armés . Ceux-ci provinrent de la Boucle du Niger vers 1885 .

Le Tchaoudjo devint à la fin du XIXè siècle, une puissance guerrière redoutable avec l’arrivée de ces mercenaires germa.
Avant de faire une étude sur les origines de sémassi, nous trouvons important de faire des interprétations sur l’étymologie du terme lui-même. Selon Ouro-Djéri , sémassi a été tiré du groupe de mots « wansagari sémassi ( wansagari qui veut dire paresseux ou plutôt celui qui ne veut pas manger à la sueur de son front et sémassi, pilleurs, razzieurs).
Au total, l’expression «wansagari sémassi » indique qu’il est question des guerriers qui par force pillent les autres. D’où viennent-ils ?
Les sémassi étaient venus du pays djerma (dans l’actuel Niger) vers la fin du XIXè siècle. Ils traversèrent les régions occidentales emportant avec eux des éléments du peuple bariba, des peulhs, des Touré. Ils poursuivent leur chemin pour atteindre les régions de peuplement tem, kabiyè.

C’est JC Barbier qui a décrit leurs itinéraires : « En 1883, ils sont à Seméré, puis à Alédjo-Kura, en 1885 à Adjéidè (d’où ils tentent une attaque contre Tchamba). Ils sont cooptés par le souverain Uro Djobo Bukari à Paratao. Avec eux, des Peuls installés à Kpaza et à Agoulou ainsi que de nombreux Kotokoli, apprennent l’art du combat à cheval ».
Les Peuls de Kpaza dont JC Barbier a fait cas ici étaient conduits par Adam Méatchi. Ceux-ci étaient indépendants des cavaliers de Kparatao.
Par ailleurs, leur installation à Kpaza avait bien évidemment précédé l’arrivée des mercenaires djerma dans le royaume. A ce propos, JC Froelich écrit que : « l’apparition de ces Peuls à Kpaza provenant de Sokoto (Nigeria) remonte à 1830 ».&lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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Selon El Hadji Ouro-Nilé Alassane , c’était Adam Méatchi qui, à l’appel de Djobo Boukari de Kparatao, aurait combattu Yélivo et aurait donné le pouvoir à Kparatao grâce à sa puissance militaire.
S’agissant des causes de l’arrivée des mercenaires djerma dans la région, certains auteurs ainsi que la tradition orale soulignent que c’est suite à l’insécurité qui régnait dans la région après l’accession au pouvoir par la force de Ouro-Djobo Boukari que ce dernier leur aurait fait appel.
En ce qui concerne les causes de la migration des pilleurs, nous pouvons dire qu’elles peuvent être liées aux conflits internes qui étaient fréquents dans la sous-région ouest africaine au XIXè siècle. Elle peut être due à une cause commerciale. En effet, les sémassi étaient des guerriers de formation qui résulteraient de l’empire songhaï.

Et comme l’empire était en décadence, les guerriers auraient décidé volontiers de migrer vers l’ouest pour louer leurs services aux chefs locaux. C’est ainsi qu’on les appelle aussi des mercenaires.
C’est dans cette perspective que les guerriers arrivèrent à Tchaoudjo pour louer leurs services au nouveau souverain Ouro-Djobo Boukari. Du fait que celui-ci ait reçu les mercenaires, on le surnomma « Sémôh »

Quant à la logistique qui est une partie de l’art militaire ayant trait aux problèmes de transport et de ravitaillement en armes, le problème ne se pose pas. Car le transport était essentiellement assuré avec l’abondance des chevaux. Selon Ouro-Djéri , l’introduction du cheval dans le milieu tem a deux origines : Djougou et la Boucle du Niger.
D’une part, ces cavaliers militaires permirent l’intronisation du nouveau souverain et d’autre part, contribuèrent à mettre de l’ordre dans le royaume.
En effet, les commerçants soudanais qui devraient emprunter la route de la cola pour se rendre à Salaga, passaient nécessairement par le pays tem. Ils voyageaient à dos d’ânes, de chevaux. C’est ainsi que les kotokoli connurent d’abord les chevaux de petite taille à poils longs pendant les XVIIIè et XIXè siècles.
De même les commerçants haussa et germa en provenance de la Boucle du Niger vont par le même procédé introduire chez les Tem les chevaux cette fois-ci d’une grande taille et d’une forme moyenne et qui sont adaptés à la course. Ces chevaux seront appréciés et plus utilisés par les cavaliers.
Cette armée du royaume était composée de deux sortes de combattants : d’une part, les cavaliers et d’autre part, les fantassins ou archers.
Ainsi, les cavaliers utilisaient les chevaux et étaient radicalement plus armés que les fantassins. Ils avaient pour leur compte des lances et des poignards. Ils sont souvent vêtus de boubous avec des ceintures aux hanches pouvant retenir le poignard.
De leur côté, les fantassins étaient habillés de la même façon. Mais ce qui les distinguait des cavaliers est qu’ils n’ont pas de chevaux et qu’ils ne possèdent que des armes modestes : gourdins, coupe-coupe. Ils jouaient le rôle d’auxiliaires et de transporteurs.
Pendant la guerre, les cavaliers attaquaient les premiers les ennemis, ensuite venaient les fantassins. Mais de temps en temps, l’armée et surtout les cavaliers organisaient des séances d’entraînement qui constituaient des divertissements équestres dans le village ou en brousse.
Cette préparation technique était suivie d’autres préparations d’ordre spirituel et magique.
En effet, avant de partir pour la guerre, les autorités locales allaient consulter les divinités protectrices pour savoir si la guerre serait remportée ou non.
Sur le plan magique, les vêtements des sémassi portaient des amulettes, signes d’invincibilité.&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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Toutes ces préparations nous incitent à une analyse scientifique.
En effet, nous pensons que les habits de guerre, la consultation des dieux ont avant tout des effets psychologiques sur les guerriers car, on suppose que le combattant en état de conscience claire ne pourrait pas donner le rendement escompté. Ainsi, le fait de porter un habit entouré d’amulettes développe en lui l’esprit d’endurance et de détermination.

C’est le cas à Sparte dans l’antiquité grecque où les enfants étaient instruits à l’éducation militaire où on cultive en eux les vertus comme l’endurance, la détermination pour la défense de la Patrie.
Dans cette situation, le combattant est sûr de lui-même qu’il ne craint plus la mort.

Par ailleurs, la technique de guerre adoptée par les guerriers était la technique d’encerclement.
Celle-ci consiste à encercler l’ennemi afin de triompher de ce dernier. Les cavaliers au devant des opérations étaient les vrais attaquants. Ce sont eux qui mettaient souvent l’ennemi en déroute en tuant les gens et en incendiant les agglomérations des adversaires au moment où les fantassins s’occupaient à compléter la mise en déroute et à piller. Le butin peut être composé de céréales, d’hommes, de femmes voire des enfants.

De nombreux conflits vont par la suite opposer le royaume aux autres peuples de la région.

2- Les conflits connus par le royaume.
Les souverains du Tchaoudjo étaient presque tous ambitieux.
En effet, pour réaliser leurs desseins qui consistaient en la domination des autres peuples voisins, ils organisèrent des expéditions militaires contre ces derniers.

On note les conflits internes et les conflits externes.

2-1 Les conflits externes
Plusieurs conflits opposèrent le royaume aux peuples voisins. Ces divers conflits se soldaient soit par la victoire, soit par la défaite du Tchaoudjo. Tout ceci dépendait à la fois de la bonne ou de la mauvaise préparation, de la puissance des personnages qui conduisaient les expéditions et surtout des motifs de celles-ci.
Parmi ces conflits, trois retiendront notre attention, notamment celui contre Agoulou, celui contre les Anyanga et celui contre Alédjo Kadara.

2-1-1 Le conflit Komah-Agoulou
C’est l’un des conflits qui marqua les esprits de la population de Tchaoudjo jusqu’à aujourd’hui à cause des désastres qu’il occasionna au sein de celle-ci.
Ainsi, le village Agoulou quoique fondé par les Mola de Tabalo n’échappa pas à la volonté d’hégémonie du Tchaoudjo.

Deux conflits opposèrent le Tchaoudjo à Agoulou.

En effet, le pouvoir suprême du Tchaoudjo était symbolisé par l’œuf d’autruche. Selon notre informateur Djobo Bivahi Mouhamadou , une fille du souverain Ouro Akoriko serait partie à Agoulou et leur aurait promis qu’à la mort de son père, le pouvoir royal reviendrait à Agoulou. Satisfaits de cette promesse, les habitants d’Agoulou auraient donné une grande quantité de cauris à la princesse de Komah. Ainsi, à la mort de Ouro Akoriko, fidèle à sa parole, la princesse prit secrètement l’œuf d’autruche qui était mis au faîte du vestibule de la résidence du souverain et l’aurait remis au chef d’Agoulou contre la même récompense.
Les populations de Komah après avoir constaté la disparition de l’œuf d’autruche et après avoir été informées de la mauvaise conduite de la princesse, déclarèrent la guerre à Agoulou en vue de le récupérer.

Ainsi, le premier conflit qui se termina par la défaite du Tchaoudjo lui causa d’énormes pertes en vies humaines.
Du moment où les populations d’Agoulou étaient informées d’une éventuelle attaque de leur village, elles allèrent dans la rivière « Ouro Boungoulou » et y firent des sacrifices. Ces populations comptaient sur leur innocence et de ce fait étaient sûres de leur victoire.
Pour lutter contre un adversaire de taille, la population d’Agoulou utilisa la technique de la «terre brûlée» . Les ennemis arrivèrent après que la population d’Agoulou se réfugiât dans la brousse. De ce fait, ils se mirent aveuglement à massacrer les bêtes et à razzier les biens des habitants du village.
Ainsi, les troupes de Tchaoudjo se crurent déjà victorieuses du seul fait que les habitants d’Agoulou se montrèrent incapables de les affronter pour la simple raison qu’ils se sont réfugiés dans la brousse. Au chemin de retour à Tchaoudjo, les combattants de Komah furent piégés par la boue que la « rivière-fétiche » laissât sur leur passage. Alors, la boue enfonça les chevaux et les combattants d’Agoulou sortirent de leurs refuges et vinrent couper les têtes des ennemis de Tchaoudjo.
Ce qui provoqua d’énormes pertes en vies humaines dans le rang des ennemis.
Ainsi, pour se venger, le Tchaoudjo se prépara en conséquence avec comme chef militaire Koura de Birini qui n’avait pas participé au premier conflit.
Du moment où les habitants d’Agoulou se rendirent compte que le Tchaoudjo prépara sa revanche, certains habitants quittèrent le village en direction du Bénin.

C’est ainsi que certains d’entre eux s’installèrent à Kpaza sous l’ordre de Adam Méatchi tandis que d’autres allèrent jusqu’à Toboni, Tchimbéri voire au Bénin actuel.
Etant donné que la plupart des habitants s’étaient enfuis par crainte des ennemis qui, sans subir aucune défensive, s’emparèrent facilement de leur œuf d’autruche.
Ainsi, ce second conflit qui vit la défaite d’Agoulou avait permis à Tchaoudjo de récupérer l’œuf d’autruche, objet prestigieux et symbole du pouvoir royal du Tchaoudjo.
Cette victoire s’explique d’une part, par la mobilisation de tous les villages du royaume qui combattirent au côté de Komah et d’autre part, par le dévouement des habitants du Tchaoudjo pour récupérer l’œuf d’autruche que Agoulou ne peut jamais hériter. Bien que faisant partie des groupes de descendants de l’ancêtre Gadaou, Agoulou ne compte pas parmi les sept villages fondateurs du royaume.
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     });a cause ainsi que le déroulement des deux conflits nous incitent à une analyse scientifique.
S’agissant de la cause, nous pensons pour notre part que l’œuf d’autruche est peut-être pris comme un symbole pour désigner une autre cause. Est-ce qu’il ne s’agirait pas d’un problème de femme quand on sait qu’à l’époque la femme constituait une source de conflits inter et intra-villages ? Etant donné qu’elle constitue quelque chose de précieux qu’on ne doit pas partager avec autrui, n’est-ce pas un moyen pour ne pas divulguer l’affaire en vue d’éviter tout cynisme de la part de la femme ou de l’homme qui ayant commis l’adultère ?
Pour ce qui concerne leur manifestation, nous pensons que la consultation de la « rivière-fétiche » ne nous explique en rien le problème.

La boue dont fait cas la tradition orale ne relève-t-elle pas de la boue naturelle ? Il peut arriver qu’il ait plu abondamment en amont après le passage des guerriers et qui aurait causé le débordement de la rivière. Ainsi qu’au retour des guerriers, ceux-ci se seraient enfoncés dans la boue qu’aurait laissée la rivière après le retrait de l’eau.
Ceci peut être aussi une explication magique retenue par la population d’Agoulou pour confirmer leur suprématie dans le mysticisme sur celle de Tchaoudjo.

2-1-2. Le conflit contre les Anyanga.
En tout, deux conflits opposèrent le Tchaoudjo aux Anyanga.

Rappelons que le Tchaoudjo était un carrefour d’échanges et de ce fait, il jouissait des avantages que lui procurait sa situation géographique. Les transits du sel et de la cola faisaient la richesse du royaume qui se sentait menacer par l’attitude des Anyanga qui constituaient un obstacle sur la route du sel vers Atakpamé, Sagada et la côte en exigeant le payement de taxes .
Ainsi, ceux qui refusaient de payer se voyaient arracher leurs charges par les Anyanga. Selon Kparaki , les raisons militaires et économiques expliquent mieux ce conflit puisqu’il écrit en 1988 que : « sans doute, si on se réfère à l’époque, des raisons économiques et militaires expliquent clairement eu égard aux nombreuses routes commerciales de la kola, des esclaves, du sel, du fer, des fusils qui traversaient la région ».
Pour briser cet obstacle que constituaient les Anyanga, le Tchaoudjo dut leur déclarer la guerre.

La guerre devint inévitable du moment où les revendications populaires s’accentuèrent. Le souverain Ouro Koura n’hésita pas à déclarer la guerre qui devenait de plus en plus imminente.
Après que Ouro Koura eût jugé légitimes les revendications populaires, il se résolut à envoyer au chef Ogadja d’Agbandi, un messager.&lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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Celui-ci lui remit une flèche. Ce qui signifie que « mon souverain vous déclare la guerre ». Pour répliquer à ce geste de Ouro Koura, le chef Ogadja après avoir convoqué les sages, décida d’envoyer à Ouro Koura trois balles. Le choix du chiffre trois est significatif. Ce qui veut dire que pour prévenir un homme, on lui adresse trois avertissements.
Les Anyanga ayant compris que la guerre contre leur territoire était inévitable, ensorcelèrent la rivière Kaza de sorte que tous les chevaux tem en voulant la traverser se noient avec toute leur cavalerie.
Cette stratégie utilisée par les Anyanga fut payante. Ce fut donc le premier conflit qui vit la défaite du Tchaoudjo puisque les Tem furent repoussés par les Anyanga qui disposaient en plus d’armes à feu.

Aussi les Tem perdirent-ils beaucoup de soldats alors qu’on dénombrait moins de dix morts du côté Anyanga .
Ce premier conflit se déroula en 1879 sous le règne du souverain Ouro Koura de Birini.&lt;script&gt;
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     });ependant, le second conflit qui verra la victoire du Tchaoudjo eut lieu en mai 1893. Von Doering et le comte von Zech entendirent parler de cette victoire du Tchaoudjo sur les Anyanga lors de leurs passages dans la région à l’époque.

Ce second conflit se termina par un pacte signé par les deux parties (Tchaoudjo et Anyanga) à Aouta (Aouda actuel) en 1893. Ainsi, par ce pacte, chacun des deux camps décide de faire la paix et jure de ne plus agresser son prochain.

Nous dirons que si le Tchaoudjo fut défait par les Anyanga en 1879 lors du premier conflit, cela s’explique par la médiocrité de son armée qui était sous équipée face à un adversaire mieux armé et qui a su adopter une stratégie conséquente contre sa cavalerie.
De plus sous Ouro Koura de Birini, les mercenaires djerma étaient encore absents dans la région.
En revanche, la victoire du Tchaoudjo lors du second conflit s’explique par le fait que durant cette période, il eut déjà au sein de son armée, des cavaliers djerma qui furent de véritables guerriers.
Elle s’explique aussi par l’accession au pouvoir du nouveau souverain Ouro-Djobo Boukari de Kparatao, qui aussi fut animé d’un sentiment de revanche contre ce petit territoire qui défit la force armée du Tchaoudjo.
Donc, les raisons d’ordre moral, stratégique et humain expliquent mieux cette victoire du Tchaoudjo sur les Anyanga en mai 1893.
A partir de cette date, le Tchaoudjo ne connut plus de défaite quel que soit le niveau de militarisation de l’adversaire.

2-1-3. Expédition militaire des sémassi à Alédjo Kadara (1885)
Une année après l’arrivée des Allemands sur le territoire du futur Togo, période au cours de laquelle l’hégémonie du royaume était à son paroxysme sous Ouro-Djobo Boukari de Kparatao, le Tchaoudjo intervint militairement à Alédjo Kadara.

Il se posait un problème de succession au chef. En effet, à la mort de ce dernier, deux candidats s’étaient présentés aux élections. En cette période, les chefs étaient élus et ceux qui avaient plus de popularité remportaient les élections.

Ainsi, à la fin de celles-ci, le candidat le plus populaire fut élu et le candidat malheureux et ses acolytes protestèrent sous prétexte que les élections ont été mal organisées .&lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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Peu après, un groupe d’opposition né probablement du côté du candidat malheureux déclara la guerre au nouveau chef. C’est dans cette situation de crise que Ouro-Djobo Boukari mobilisa son armée pour intervenir à Alédjo Kadara pour rétablir la paix.
Le royaume joua un rôle déterminant dans cette crise en envoyant des cavaliers dans ce village pour soutenir le nouvel élu. Ces cavaliers furent conduits par Adam Méatchi.
On peut se poser la question sur cette intervention du royaume. Pourquoi Ouro Djobo Boukari s’était-il arrogé le droit de faire justice dans un village qu’il n’administrait pas ?
Il est évident que le royaume était puissant et de ce fait, il était reconnu comme tel dans tous les milieux tem.

Toutefois, les Mola n’avaient pourtant pas de relation de parenté avec Alédjo Kadara. Mais si le Tchaoudjo était intervenu comme médiateur dans ce conflit interne, c’était sûrement pour assurer sa suprématie « diplomatique » sur les autres chefs et par voie de conséquence, à étendre son hégémonie sur les autres contrées de la région.
Bref, l’intervention du royaume à Alédjo Kadara illustre l’une des manifestations de son rayonnement et de son impérialisme dans la région.
Par ailleurs, l’ambition du Tchaoudjo dépassait même les frontières du futur Togo.

En dehors des conflits externes, le Tchaoudjo exerça son hégémonie aussi sur les peuples frères.

2-2 Les conflits internes
Les conflits internes font référence au conflit entre Kparatao et Yélivo et les raids esclavagistes des sémassi dans la région.

2-2-1. Le conflit entre Kparatao et Yélivo
Ce conflit avait fait l’objet de nombreuses controverses. Nombreux sont les auteurs qui soutiennent que ce conflit aurait opposé Kparatao à Birini. Ce qui n’est pas confirmé d’après nos enquêtes sur le terrain.
En effet, selon P. Alexandre , c’était Birini qui déclara la guerre à Kparatao puisqu’il écrit : « Cette révolution provoqua une véritable guerre civile, menée par le lignage royal de Birini, dont le chef tenta vainement de s’emparer du sà ».

Cependant, selon Gayibor , c’était Kparatao qui attaqua Birini puisqu’il écrit : « Birini également, quoique comptant au nombre des fondateurs du royaume, fit les frais de la montée en puissance de Djobo ».
Contrairement à ces deux versions, il ressort de notre enquête que ce conflit avait opposé bien évidemment Kparatao à Yélivo et que dans l’histoire du royaume, aucun conflit n’avait opposé Kparatao à Birini.

Les deux villages antagonistes Kparatao et Yélivo font partie des sept villages constitutifs du royaume. Selon les critères de désignation de Ouro Esso, il était prévu que le pouvoir devait être rotatif. Or, depuis 1800, Birini détenait le pouvoir avec comme souverain, Ouro Koura.
En effet, à sa mort, le pouvoir devait revenir à Yélivo. Mais Kparatao par volonté d’usurpation voulait s’emparer de celui-ci que Birini revendiquait pour Yélivo.
Ce fut dans cette atmosphère d’incompréhension que Kparatao déclara la guerre à Yélivo.

Pour satisfaire son ambition, Kparatao attaqua Yélivo. Ainsi, Adam Méatchi sur sollicitation de Kparatao conduisit cette expédition qui se solda par la défaite de Yélivo.
Ce conflit aurait fait de l’avis de Ouro-Akpo Kassim , sept morts au rang des combattants de Yélivo et de nombreux déplacés.
Ainsi, les combattants de Kparatao remportèrent la victoire. Dans ce climat d’insécurité et de méfiance, le sà, le siège sculpté symbole du pouvoir, fut caché à Tabalo.
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Compte tenu de l’insécurité qui régnait dans la région que le nouveau souverain coopta les mercenaires djerma. Ceux-ci permirent la consolidation de l’autorité de Ouro-Djobo Boukari .
Le trafic esclavagiste s’accentua plus tard avec l’arrivée des sémassi.

2-2-2 Les raids esclavagistes
Très tôt après sa fondation, le royaume se lança dans le trafic des esclaves qui connaîtra une grande ampleur avec l’arrivée des sémassi.

En effet, le trafic des esclaves constituait une activité économique avant l’arrivée des sémassi. Ainsi, l’esclavage a de tous les temps existé chez les Tem. Il s’effectuait entre les Kotokoli eux- mêmes ou entre les Kotokoli et les étrangers. L’enjeu était tel que ceux qui avaient de nombreux enfants et qu’ils n’arrivaient pas à nourrir, pouvaient volontiers vendre quelques uns pour s’approvisionner en vivres et pouvoir assurer leur survie. A ce sujet, Verdier écrit : « Bafilo est un lieu important de commerce où l’on vient notamment vendre les enfants kabiyè en cas de famine ».
Par ailleurs, les prisonniers de guerre devenaient des esclaves au service du royaume. De ce fait, ils travaillaient pour ce dernier.
Ils allaient en nombre important transporter du sel depuis Atakpamé jusqu’à Kparatao . De plus, le souverain pouvait les échanger contre les produits d’exportation qu’apportaient les étrangers (cheval, harnachement, etc.)

Devenant de plus en plus important, ce commerce des esclaves s’accentua avec l’entrée en scène des sémassi.

Rappelons que les sémassi furent des cavaliers armés qui vinrent de la Boucle du Niger et qui furent cooptés par Ouro-Djobo Boukari de Kparatao. Par la suite, ils vont se lancer dans le trafic esclavagiste en raflant les populations dont les plus vulnérables furent les enfants, les femmes voire les hommes.
Ces cavaliers razzieurs firent des expéditions en longeant les pistes de champs et fermes et enlevèrent ceux-ci pour en faire des captifs. Ces derniers étaient lavés dans une rivière appelée yomaboua avant de les vendre aux trafiquants du sud . La plupart des esclaves qui alimentaient le commerce négrier en ce qui concerne le Togo provenaient de l’hinterland dont les sémassi constituèrent l’un des acteurs.
A ce sujet, Gayibor écrit : « De toutes les sources confondues, il ressort que la traite était régulièrement alimentée par des captifs provenant de l’hinterland…Les régions réservoirs se limitaient essentiellement à celles qui sont situées à au moins une certaine de kilomètres de la côte ».
Dans son entretien avec Coubadja Touré, Tchanilé rapporte ce qui suit : « Mes ancêtres étaient des esclavagistes. Ils capturaient des gens qu’ils allaient vendre à Blitta »
Ainsi, on constate que ces raids esclavagistes avaient aussi bien un intérêt politique qu’économique.
Un intérêt politique parce qu’ils servaient à renforcer le pouvoir du souverain qui devint de plus en plus respecté et craint.
Et un intérêt économique d’autant plus que les captifs provenant de ces rapts furent essentiellement vendus puis constituèrent une source de revenus pour le royaume.
Il occasionna le déplacement des villages qui fuyaient les esclavagistes et qui trouvaient des points de refuge surtout dans les sites montagneux. Ce fut le cas du village Bouladè à propos duquel Alpha écrit en 2006 en ces termes : « Sous la menace des chasseurs d’esclaves (les sémassi), les populations de Bouladè entamèrent une nouvelle phase de migration cette fois-ci vers le sud et s’installèrent de nouveau sur le piémont de K’gbafulu… ».&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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Ceci étant, ces raids esclavagistes ont concerné aussi bien les peuples frères que les peuples voisins étant entendu que le village de Bouladè près de Bafilo est aussi une fondation des Mola de Tabalo.
Ce trafic fut aboli dans le royaume avec l’arrivée des Allemands .

L’une des figures qui auraient marqué l’histoire du royaume fut sans doute celle de Adam Méatchi.

2-2-3 Le rôle de Adam Méatchi dans la montée en puissance de Tchaoudjo.
Si le royaume du Tchaoudjo avait pu s’imposer comme une puissance dominante dans la région, il le doit en grande partie à la personnalité de Adam Méatchi.

De son vrai nom Ouro-Nilé et de son nom de guerre Méatchi qui signifie « le terrible », Adam Méatchi est un peulh du clan touré originaire de Sokoto au Nigeria. Son père s’appelait Soulémane Djodi. Ses ancêtres étaient respectivement Nouhoum, Moussa, Maman, Soulémane Djodi et se seraient installés à Kpaza vers 1830 .
Mais, ceux-ci s’installèrent d’abord à Souloum près de Koumondè.
Après un long séjour à Souloum, ils découvrirent le site de Kpaza et s’y installèrent. Ces Touré furent les deuxièmes occupants de Kpaza après Madja Koubouh du clan sandou.
Ainsi, par un commun accord entre les Sandou et les Touré respectivement premiers et seconds occupants du site, ils se partagèrent la gestion du village.
Ainsi, les Madja s’occupèrent de l’héritage tandis que les Touré s’en chargèrent du pouvoir politique, car ceux-ci furent de véritables guerriers et de ce fait, furent capables de défendre le village contre les agressions extérieures.
C’est ainsi que Adam Méatchi devint le fondateur de la chefferie de Kpaza ; Il a vécu avant, pendant et après les Allemands. Son règne dura plus de soixante dix ans.
En effet, il fut un enfant turbulent, il était physiquement fort si bien qu’il battait les jeunes de son âge voire les jeunes plus âgés que lui. Il fit ses études coraniques à Djougou au Bénin actuel. Il doit aussi sa puissance au Coran, Livre Saint des musulmans d’autant plus que toutes ses tenues militaires étaient bardées d’amulettes contenant des versets coraniques (cf. Annexe III, photo1).

En outre, Adam Méatchi vit du commerce des esclaves. De ce fait, il fit des expéditions militaires contre les peuples voisins de la région voire contre ceux du Bénin actuel.
C’est lui qui accorda asile à certains des Mola d’Agoulou qui fuyaient le second conflit qui les opposa à Tchaoudjo. Il était cependant indépendant des sémassi de Kparatao contrairement à ce qu’ont écrit certains auteurs à l’instar de P. Alexandre, JC Froelich et JC Barbier .

Toutefois, il collaborait avec Kparatao lorsqu’on lui fit appel. Ce fut le cas du conflit Kparatao-Yélivo où Djobo Boukari sollicita son appui.

Quel fut alors l’apport de Adam Méatchi dans l’histoire du royaume tem du Tchaoudjo ?

Etant un véritable guerrier et trafiquant, Adam Méatchi tirait l’essentiel de ses revenus du commerce des esclaves.
Comme nous l’avons souligné précédemment, c’était à lui que Kparatao recourut pour diriger l’expédition contre Yélivo. Ce qui aurait favorisé l’accession au pouvoir de Ouro-Djobo Boukari après la défaite de ce dernier. De l’avis de Ouro-Nilé Abdou Karim , Kparatao confia un jeune à Adam Méatchi après ce conflit. Il s’agit de Séni Worogo à qui, il apprit l’art de la guerre. Ce dernier fut à l’origine de la fondation de Kouloundè, situé entre Didaouré et Kadambara. De plus, Djobo Boukari lui sollicita un Alpha pour enseigner l’Islam aux populations de Kparatao. Raison pour laquelle on trouve jusqu’à aujourd’hui une concession dans ce village du nom de cet Alpha.

Après avoir contribué à rétablir l’ordre suite à l’accession par usurpation au pouvoir de Ouro-Djobo Boukari, il accepta l’invitation de Séméré (au Bénin actuel) de combattre le redoutable guerrier Biyaou Kpembi de Djougou .
Par ailleurs, Méatchi aida aussi Kri-Kri (Adjéidè actuel) en luttant contre ses ennemis et ceci à deux reprises : d’abord, contre les menaces du guerrier Eguida de Tchamba et ensuite contre Djougou (au Bénin actuel) .
Il était craint de l’extérieur à cause de sa puissance militaire si bien que les ennemis qu’ils soient de l’intérieur ou de l’extérieur du pays tem, n’osèrent pas préparer des attaques contre Tchaoudjo.
Pour récompenser les bienfaits de Adam Méatchi au royaume, son fils Ouro-Nilé Issifou fut choisi au détriment du candidat malheureux Alassane du clan mola pour lui succéder à Kpaza.
Selon El-Hadji Alpha Kpabia Mouhaman , Ouro-Nilé Issifou avait été choisi comme deuxième chef de Kpaza par le dixième souverain du Tchaoudjo, Ouro Anyoro Tchagodomou de Kparatao.&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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En somme, Adam Méatchi n’avait pas lutté contre le royaume tem du Tchaoudjo. Mais il l’avait aidé à combattre ses adversaires.
Il serait sans doute l’un des acteurs qui favorisèrent la sédentarisation du pouvoir royal du Tchaoudjo à Kparatao.
En cela, son apport à la consolidation du royaume tem du Tchaoudjo est indéniable.

Conclusion

Il est évident que le royaume était craint tant à l’intérieur qu’à l’extérieur à cause de la puissance militaire de son armée.
Cependant, cette puissance militaire du royaume ne doit pas masquer sa vulnérabilité. Puisque le Tchaoudjo a été défait à deux reprises dans ses expéditions militaires.

Par ailleurs, Adam Méatchi est une personnalité incontournable qui joua un rôle prépondérant dans l’histoire du royaume tem du Tchaoudjo. En cela, il incarne à l’instar de Ouro-Djobo Boukari de Kparatao, l’hégémonie du Tchaoudjo.

Le royaume va jouer un rôle de premier plan dans la conquête et la stabilisation du pouvoir colonial allemand. De ce fait, il connut dès lors un autre destin avec la colonisation.

Chapitre 5 : RÔLE DU ROYAUME DANS LA CONQUÊTE ET LA
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Introduction.
Les Allemands, installés au Togo depuis 1884, entrent en contact avec le Tchaoudjo dès 1888 ; Cette période de contact et de tractation finit par aboutir à l’occupation effective du royaume par les Allemands dès 1897 .
Le rôle du royaume ne peut se comprendre qu’en étudiant l’histoire de la conquête allemande de l’hinterland d’une part, et qu’en examinant le rôle des sémassi dans cette conquête d’autre part.

1- Histoire de la conquête coloniale allemande de l’hinterland
Suite à leur contact avec le Tchaoudjo, les Allemands multiplièrent leurs missions dans le royaume. En effet, leur intention était de faire tout ce qui était en leur pouvoir pour précéder les Français dans l’occupation du Tchaoudjo et ceci en signant des traités avec celui-ci.

1-1.L’histoire de la conquête du royaume.
L’explorateur et linguiste Gottlob Adolf Krause fut le premier allemand qui voyagea dans le royaume à titre personnel en compagnie de commerçants haoussa en 1887 .
Il revenait ainsi de Salaga en traversant le pays tem avant de redescendre sur la côte par « la route du sel » (Blitta, Kpessi, Atakpamé, Sagada, Aného).
Il arriva le 15 juin 1887 à Kparatao qu’il nomma Kpara-Tagu, qui signifie en langue dendi « la nouvelle ville »
Un an après ce voyage, la véritable pénétration allemande dans le royaume devait commencer avec la fondation, le 2 juin 1888, de la station scientifique de Bismarckburg par Ludwig Wolf.
Celui-ci monta une expédition vers la vallée du Niger et arriva à Kadambara et à Kparatao le 1er mai 1889. Il fut reçu à Kparatao par Ouro-Djobo Boukari avec qui il signa un traité de protectorat le même jour .
Dans l’intention d’occuper toute la région avant l’intervention française, les Allemands multiplièrent la création des postes administratifs. Ainsi, furent créés respectivement les postes de Misahöhe, le 7 mai 1890 qui donne accès à la vallée de la Volta et Kete-Kratchi, le 31 décembre 1893 qui est une étape importante sur le fleuve Volta à l’autre extrémité de la grande voie commerciale reliant Lomé à l’intérieur du pays. Ces deux postes furent créés par le chef de territoire Puttkamer .
Après la mort de Wolf le 26 juin à N’dali en pays bariba, son second, le major Kling reprit son projet et quitta Bismarckburg le 21 octobre 1891 en direction de Djougou. Il arriva à Kparatao le 10 novembre et remit à Ouro-Djobo Tchadjobo, des cadeaux de la part de l’empereur Kaiser.
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Cependant, la victoire des Français sur Béhanzin en janvier 1892 va changer les données.
Ainsi, les Français interviennent dans la région et le 24 février 1895 arrivent à Bassila, les 1er et 3 avril à Adjéidè et Bafilo, puis à Daoudè, Kabou et Koumondè de la même année.
Face à cette situation, les Allemands réagissent en se précipitant à Djougou où von Zech signe un traité le 10 février 1896 . A l’aller, von Zech avait séjourné dix jours à Kparatao pour renouveler le traité de protectorat signé par Wolf et y fonda un poste avec un soldat et un agent « indigène ». Au retour, il se fait accompagner par la cavalerie de Ouro-Djobo Boukari afin de mettre au pas le chef Ouro Banya de Bulohu, qui s’était opposé aux passages de Kling et de von Doering. Il s’ensuivit à cet effet, une brève bataille, le 6 mars à la descente sur Tachi .
Ces missions dans le royaume seront prolongées par celles de Adam Mischlich, de von Massow, de kersting, de Rudolf Fisch, de Friedrich Schroeder etc. C’est ce dernier qui commença la construction du poste de Sokodé à la fin de l’année 1897.
C’est dans cette atmosphère de compétitions avec les Français que les Allemands prennent pied dans le royaume. Ils furent à l’origine de la réalisation de nombreuses infrastructures qu’on retrouve actuellement à Sokodé.
En effet, les Allemands ne seront chassés définitivement du royaume qu’en août 1914 après leur défaite face à la coalition franco-anglaise. C’est ainsi que les Allemands seront supplantés par les Français.
La présence allemande dans le royaume entraîna des changements sur les plans politique et stratégique.

1-2 L’impact de la présence allemande à Tchaoudjo
Les Allemands furent à l’origine de nombreuses réalisations dans le royaume. Mais ils avaient une part de responsabilité dans la sédentarisation du pouvoir royal à Kparatao.
Néanmoins, ils jouèrent un rôle de premier ordre dans la suppression de la traite des esclaves qui a tant ruiné la région.&lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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Le premier acte des Allemands avait consisté à entériner une usurpation qui dura presque un demi-siècle. A cet effet, selon P. Alexandre , « le Comte von Zech lors de son passage dans le royaume, avait trouvé le souverain Ouro- Djobo très vieux et il pensait à le détrôner».
Cependant, ajoute-t-il qu’ « il fut empêché par la nécessité d’utiliser l’armée royale pour venir à bout du chef de Kegbafilo qui venait d’arborer le pavillon français ». Dans ces conditions, un nouveau traité fut signé en 1897.
Par ce traité, le souverain transféra sa souveraineté au Kaiser qui garantit en échange de préserver le droit au pouvoir suprême aux descendants de Djobo . Ce qui fut respecté car cinq souverains vont se succéder dans le compte de Kparatao.
C’est ainsi que tous les souverains qui se sont succédé à Kparatao eurent l’aval des Allemands.
Par ailleurs, ce sont ces mêmes Allemands qui élargirent le commandement des souverains du Tchaoudjo en leur donnant le titre de « chef supérieur des Kotokoli ».
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Hormis les conséquences politiques, on note également le déplacement du poste de Kparatao.

Pour des raisons stratégiques, le poste administratif de Kparatao fut transféré en 1897 à Sokodé par le Dr Kersting, premier commandant de cercle de Sokodé (1897-1909) .
Après avoir appris dès son voyage à Tchaoudjo que le siège du pouvoir suprême changeait à chaque règne, von Zech réagissait en considérant que ce n’était pas une bonne pratique. Il aurait voulu qu’on établisse une capitale du Tchaoudjo et que Kouloundè lui apparaissait une localité idéale pour l’abriter car, disait-il, Kouloundè est « située au centre du pays »

En effet, comme nous l’avons dit précédemment, le poste de Kparatao se trouvait sur la rive gauche de la rivière Na. Etant donné que le poste se trouvait à côté de la rivière, on supposait que ce n’était pas un endroit idéal à cause des moustiques. De plus, le Blanc pouvait contracter une fièvre meurtrière.
Voilà pourquoi le poste de Kparatao fut transféré vers Sokodé .

Mais au-delà de cette raison, nous pensons pour notre part que la raison de ce transfert ne peut être que stratégique.

En effet, il se pourrait que le Docteur Kersting lors de son passage à Kparatao en 1897 ait eu peut-être peur de l’hégémonie du Ouro Djobo Tchadjobo et de la force de son armée qu’il souhaitait utiliser. Pour cela, il préférait s’éloigner de Kparatao en vue de mieux trouver les voies et moyens pour y parvenir.
Il se pourrait aussi que Kersting aurait tenu compte du niveau de développement de Didaouré par rapport à celui de Kparatao car il était au centre du Tchaoudjo et de ce fait abritait des commerçants étrangers à l’époque.

Ainsi, les sémassi jouèrent un rôle capital dans la conquête des territoires de l’hinterland du Togo.

2- Rôle des sémassi dans la conquête allemande de l’hinterland
A l’arrivée des Allemands à Tchaoudjo, le problème du trafic des esclaves fut l’une de leurs préoccupations majeures. Ainsi, les peuples frères se faisaient la guerre alors que le colonisateur vint pour occuper la région. Pour supprimer cette pratique inhumaine en vue de gagner à la fois la confiance des dirigeants et de leurs sujets, les Allemands assistaient financièrement les cours royales et les trafiquants d’esclaves. Autrement dit, ils étaient dévoués pour mettre les chefs locaux dans des conditions matérielles et financières assez acceptables afin de bannir progressivement le système de captivité qui enrichissait les chefs et les commerçants d’esclaves.
Les sémassi furent placés à la disposition des Allemands. A cet effet, ils firent partie de la force de police coloniale créée par les Allemands en vue de faciliter la conquête de l’hinterland.

Ainsi, les sémassi devaient participer aux diverses expéditions qui furent organisées dans le nord-Togo au cours de la douloureuse pacification.

2-1. La police coloniale « die Polizeitruppe »
Cette petite force de police créée le 3 septembre 1885, fut réorganisée par Jesko von Puttkamer pour en faire une véritable troupe militaire. Elle fut placée sous les ordres d’un officier et entraînée par un sous-officier .
En effet, cette police coloniale avait pour rôle principal d’assurer la « sécurité militaire du protectorat» . Ainsi, cette cavalerie militaire du Tchaoudjo fut composée selon Barbier « de mercenaires djerma, de Peuls et des notables Kotokoli ». Elle fit ainsi partie de la force de police coloniale et ceci d’une façon déterminante.

En effet, les bonnes relations établies par les Allemands entre autres Wolf, Kling, Zech etc. avec les souverains, leur offraient l’alliance d’un royaume déjà islamisé qui donna volontiers des contingents de guerriers.
En tout état de cause, les effectifs affectés aux postes dépendaient donc du degré d’insécurité qui régnait dans ces régions.
Ainsi, à titre d’exemple, voici la composition numérique de cette force par poste selon Trierenberg cité par Ouro-Djéri.

Tableau No1 : Répartition des soldats dans les postes

POSTES
NOMBRE DE SOLDATS
Lomé-Land
30
Anécho
40
Misahöhe
50
Atakpamé
60
Kete-Kratchi
30
Sokodé-Bassari
90
Mango-Yendi&lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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100
Source : Ouro-Djéri, 1989, p85

Ces soldats organisèrent des expéditions pour réprimer les soulèvements des autochtones. Pour l’administrateur français R. Cornevin , « on compte en quatre années (1897-1901), trente-cinq tournées de police et plus de cinquante combats allant de l’escarmouche à la bataille de plusieurs heures parfois appuyée par une mitrailleuse et faisait plusieurs morts et blessés ».
Ainsi, toutefois que les Allemands voulaient se servir des cavaliers du Tchaoudjo, ils s’adressaient à Adam Méatchi à Kpaza et à Salami des alentours de Bafilo .
Les sémassi jouèrent un rôle capital dans les diverses expéditions de répression des peuples hostiles à l’occupation allemande.&lt;script&gt;
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2-2 Les expéditions militaires dans l’hinterland (1896-1898)
Le rôle des sémassi a été très déterminant sur ce plan. Etant au service des Allemands, ils organisèrent des expéditions pour réprimer les populations qui sont hostiles à la présence allemande dans la région. Ainsi, dans leurs diverses expéditions, ils avaient acquis de nouvelles connaissances en ce qui concerne la manipulation des fusils modernes.

De ces multiples expéditions, nous retiendrons celles de Tassi (ou Tachi), des Kabiyè et des Losso.

2-2-1 L’incident de Tassi (6 mars 1896)
A cette époque où la cavalerie militaire du Tchaoudjo était à la disposition des Allemands, ceux-ci pouvaient s’en servir dans leurs diverses expéditions. En effet, von Zech organisera une expédition sur Bulohu suite à l’opposition du chef Ouro Banya de laisser passer ses prédécesseurs Kling et von Doering au cours de leurs passages dans la région.
De ce fait, von Zech de retour de Kparatao, s’était fait accompagner de la cavalerie du Tchaoudjo afin de mettre au pas le chef Ouro Banya de la localité.
Il s’ensuivit une brève bataille le 6 mars 1896 à la descente sur Tassi . La troupe de Tassi fut défaite. Cette défaite entraîna la fuite du chef qui se réfugia à Bassar .
Le Docteur Kersting fit sa première apparition à Kparatao le 23 juillet 1897 et alla ensuite prendre le commandement du poste de Djougou. En effet, il amena avec lui, Ouro Banya vaincu pour que ce dernier fasse acte d’allégeance à Ouro Djobo Tchadjobo .
Il existait depuis fort longtemps une discorde entre Tchaoudjo et Bulohu. En effet, Bulohu se situait sur la route de la cola. Ce commerce se tourna plus tard vers Kete-Kratchi et de ce fait, ce village n’en profitait plus. Ce qui entraîna certainement une dépression économique chez les populations de ce village. Ainsi, pour Bulohu, le Tchaoudjo était en partie responsable de ce qui leur était arrivé puisque celui-ci collaborait harmonieusement avec les Allemands.
Ceci peut paraître vrai d’autant plus que les Allemands ont toujours considéré les Kotokoli comme leurs meilleurs amis.

Le pays kabiyè était aussi concerné par ces expéditions militaires.

2-2-2 Soumission des peuples kabiyè
Le pays kabiyè comprenait non seulement les Kabiyè mais également les Nawdeba, les Lamba etc.
En effet, les Kabiyè étaient de braves combattants, ce qui n’avait pas facilité la tâche à l’administrateur et ses troupes. Pour les soumettre à l’ordre colonial, le Dr Kersting y mène trente gardes de Cercle, cent cavaliers kotokoli et deux cents partisans d’Adjéidè en janvier 1898 .
Ainsi, la centaine de cavaliers qui avaient pris part à cette expédition, prouve la participation massive des sémassi dans cette expédition pour la cause des Allemands.
Les Kabiyè étaient obligés de se soumettre car ils avaient devant eux un adversaire de taille qui utilisait aussi les armes modernes.

Le pays losso était aussi la cible de l’administration allemande.

2-2-3 L’attaque du pays losso
Le Lieutenant von Massow à l’instar de Kersting, était parti du pays Bassar le 21 janvier pour attaquer le pays des Lamba. Il utilisa aussi comme contingents des Européens, des cavaliers germa.
(cf. les données du tableau ci-dessous)

Tableau No2 : Effectifs des contingents et matériels militaires

CONTINGENTS ET MATERIELS MILITAIRES EFFECTIFS
Européens 2
Soldats 63
Cavaliers germa 33
Porteurs et 80
Mitrailleuse 1&lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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Source : Ouro-Djéri, 1989, p83

La participation de la force armée du Tchaoudjo était si révélatrice qu’on pouvait affirmer que les mercenaires du Tchaoudjo jouèrent véritablement leur rôle au côté des Allemands, notamment dans la répression des peuples voisins de l’intérieur du Togo.
Cependant, les sémassi furent utilisés par les Allemands pour atteindre leur objectif.
Ces cavaliers n’agirent que sous les ordres des colons. Ils n’avaient pas l’intention de réprimer les peuples frères mais ils le firent dans la volonté d’obéir à l’ordre colonial.

CONCLUSION GENERALE

En définitive, nous pouvons retenir que Gadaou était l’ancêtre des Mola, originaire du pays gourma qui s’était installé dans la zone montagneuse à Tabalo. En effet, quelques années plus tard, pour des raisons d’ordre naturel économique et sociodémographique, les populations émigrèrent vers les plaines de la Kara et du Mô. Cette émigration aboutit à la fondation des villages notamment Kpangalam, Tchavadi, Kadambara, Birini, Komah, Yélivo et Kparatao. Six d’entre ces villages se soulevèrent contre Kpangalam, à l’initiative de Tchavadi, pour ravir le pouvoir que celui-ci s’était emparé seul. Ces villages décidèrent de régner à tour de rôle après leur victoire sur Kpangalam.
Ce qui fut à l’origine de la fondation du royaume tem du Tchaoudjo.&lt;script&gt;
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Par ailleurs, le royaume a pris véritablement son apogée en 1880 avec la prise controversée du pouvoir par Ouro-Djobo Boukari dit « Sémôh » de Kparatao.
En effet, pour mieux établir l’ordre dans le royaume, ce souverain dut faire appel aux cavaliers djerma appelés sémassi qui permirent enfin son intronisation.

Ainsi, le royaume constituait le point d’escale de nombreux commerçants étrangers dont la plupart s’y installèrent.
Ainsi, la commercialisation du sel, de la cola et surtout des esclaves constituait ses sources de revenus.

Pour réaliser son dessein, celui d’asseoir son hégémonie et d’accroître son prestige sur les autres peuples de la région, le royaume organisa diverses expéditions militaires.
Celles-ci aboutirent à la soumission des peuples tant étrangers qu’autochtones ainsi que des autres peuples frères .
Aussi l’intervention allemande dans le royaume permit-il la sédentarisation du pouvoir royal à Kparatao et le renforcement du pouvoir des souverains du Tchaoudjo.

Cependant, les Allemands jouèrent un rôle capital dans la suppression du trafic esclavagiste.
Par ailleurs, le Tchaoudjo joua un rôle prépondérant dans la conquête de l’hinterland du Togo en mettant sa cavalerie militaire à la disposition des Allemands.

Ainsi, pour finir, signalons que notre travail n’est pas définitif. Car, comme toutes les autres sciences sociales, l’histoire n’est jamais écrite une fois pour toute et qu’elle se renouvelle au rythme de l’évolution des sources documentaires et surtout du questionnement.
Bref, notre travail a consisté à traiter certains aspects du royaume qui ne sont pas encore abordés et à apporter certaines précisions sur d’autres déjà traités.
En cela, notre travail vient élargir donc la liste des monographies réalisées dans le cadre des études sur les Tem et constitue de ce fait, une contribution à la construction de l’histoire nationale togolaise.

1- SOURCES ET BIBLIOGRAPHIE
1-1 Sources de premières mains
1-1-1 Sources orales
N° d’ordre Noms et Prénoms Age (années) Fonction Date et lieu d’entretien
1 ALI-Kibanda Safiétou&lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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105
Ménagère 29 décembre 2005 à Kpaza
2 Ayéva Mérigua Doumoussé
64 Institutrice en retraite 2 avril 2006 à Lomé
3 El-Hadji Alpha Kpabia Mouhaman 100 Cultivateur 19 décembre 2005 à Kpaza
4 El- Hadji Agouda Soulé 112 Ex-Garde du corps de Ouro Issifou Ayéva 11 Août 2006 à Sokodé
5 El- Hadji Batakpali Alkamatou Touré
76
Imam de la région centrale 17 Août 2006 à Sokodé
6 El- Hadji Ouro-Nilé Alassane dit Tchalé
76
Cultivateur 26 décembre 2005 à Sokodé
7 El- Hadji Ouro-Nilé Yaya 65 Cultivateur 27 décembre 2005 à Kpaza
8 El-Hadji Mêmen Arouna 79 Cultivateur 2 janvier 2006 à Sokodé
9 Ouro-Gbèlè Filératou 102
Ménagère 31 décembre 2005 à Sokodé
10 Ouro-Nilé Abdou Karim 90
Cultivateur 27 décembre 2005 à Kpaza

11
Ouro-Nilé Abdoudermane

64

Cultivateur
28 décembre 2005 à Aléhéridè
12
Ouro-Nilé Ayouba 62
Tailleur 28 décembre 2005 à Aléhéridè
13 Ouro-Gaffo Badassa 62 Ex-secrétaire de OURO Issifou Ayéva
11 août à Sokodé 2006
14 Ouro-Touh Adam 55 Chef de Tchavadi 14 août 2006 à Sokodé
15 Ouro-Sama Mouhamed 65 Notable du chef à Komah 14 août 2006 à Sokodé
16 Ouro-Akpo Kassim 54 Chef de Yélivo 16 août 2006 à Yélivo
17 Ouro-Doni Fousséni 57 Notable à Doubouyidè 16 août 2006 à Doubouyidè
18 Ouro-Gbèlè Idrissou 75 Chef de Birini 16 août 2006 à Birini
19 Ouro-Alidou Adam 85 Notable à Birirni 16 août 2006 à Birini
20 Ouro-Agouda Oumorou 87 Notable à Kparatao 17 août 2006 à Kparatao
21 Ouro-Agoro Bodjo 58 Chef du canton de Kpangalam 18 août 2006 à Kpangalam
22 Ouro-Koura Botchou 70 Notable à Kpangalam 18 août à kpangalam
23 Ouro-Sama Ali Tchassama 49 Régent de Kadambara 19 août 2006 à Sokodé
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Ayéva Abdou Latifou
68
Régent de Komah
14 août 2006 à Komah
25 Agodomou Adam 82 Chef du canton de Wassarabou 14 août 2006 à Sokodé
26 Agodomou Moumouni 80 Notable à Kpangalam 18 août 2006 à Kpangalam
27 Dermane Boukari 77 Ancien chauffeur 14 août 2006 à Komah
28 Djobo Bivahi Mouhamadou
95 Notable à Kadambara 16 août 2006 à Kadambara
29 Alpha Issa Saharou 73 cutivateur 17 août 2006 à Sokodé
30 Tchagodomou Alilou 67 Ex-mécanicien des TP à Sokodé 14 août 2006 à Sokodé
31
Tchagodomou Bouraïma 75 Notable à Kpangalam 18 août 2006 à Kpangalam
32 Tchatikpi Issofa 36 Ex-Régent de Yélivo 16 août 2006 à Yélivo
33 Tchakpidè Aziz 57 médecin 17 août 2006 à Sokodé
34 Tchakpidè Mouhamadou 55 maçon 17 août 2006 à Sokodé

1-1-2 Sources d’archives
A. N .T. sous-série 2APA à Lomé

Dossier 8 : Colonisation des terres par les Cabrais (Kabiyè et les Losso) sur la route Sokodé-Atakpamé (1927-1943).

Dossier 42 : Fiche de renseignements des chefs de cantons et villages du
cercle de Sokodé (1946-1960).
Dossier 2 : Liste des chefs de cantons et de villages du cercle au moment de l’occupation du territoire par les troupes françaises (1914-1918).
Dossier 1 : Monographie du cercle de Sokodé par le commandant de cercle, le capitaine Sicre, 1918.
Dossier 4 : Rapport de tournée effectuée du 23 juillet au 2 Août 1926 dans les cantons de Korona-Berg ; Agoulou, Kéméni, Koumondè, Soudou et Bafilo par l’Adjoint au Commandant de Cercle, 1926.
Dossier 52 : Rapports memnsuels des secrétaires de chefs de cantons de Koumondè, Paratao, Tchamba, Fazao, Kéméni, Kri-Kri, Sotouboua (1938 à 1958).

2- BIBLIOGRAPHIE&lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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Privilégiées de l’histoire des sans
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D’Anthropologie et d’Histoire (25)
tome2, no 3, pp33-42
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DESCHAMPS H. (1954) Les origines du totémisme collectif en Afrique Noire, Paris, PUF, 216 p
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– DJOBO O.B (1997) Contribution à l’étude géographique d’un terroir tem. Le cas du village de Kparatao au centre du Togo, Maîtrise en Géographie, Lomé, 99 p.
– FROBENIUS Léo. (2002) Le Nord-Togo en 1908/1909, Paris, Karthala, 520p
– FROELICH J.C (1947) Le Cercle de Sokodé, renseignements généraux, étude physique, économique, humaine, Paris, PUF, 114 p.
– FROELICH JC (1962) Les Musulmans d’Afrique Noire, Paris, édition de l’ORANTE, 406 p.
– GAYIBOR N.L (1991) La Traite négrière dans le Golfe du Bénin, Lomé, Presses de l’UB, 103 p.
-GAYIBOR NL (1996) Le peuplement du Togo : Etat actuel des
ss la dir connaissances historiques, Lomé, presses de l’UB, 180 p
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ss la dir origines à 1884, Lomé, Presse de l’UB,
443p.
– GAYIBOR NL (1997) Le Togo sous domination coloniale
ss la dir (1884- 1960), Lomé, Presses de l’UB, 241p
-GBIKPI-BENISSAN (1985) La chefferie dans la Nation contemporaine ;
(DF), essai de sociologie sur la chefferie en pays Bassar, Akposso et Mina, Lomé, presses de l’UB, 465 p.
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– HAMPATE- BA (1979) « La parole, mémoire vivante de l’Afrique »
A. in Courrier de l’UNESCO, 32ème année,
pp 17-23
– IDRISSOU S.T (1974) Influence de l’Islam sur les coutumes et traditions en pays Kotokoli, Mémoire de fin d’étude à l’Ecole Nationale d’Administration, Lomé, 30 p.
– KI-ZERBO J. (1978) Histoire de l’Afrique Noire d’Hier à Demain, Paris, Hatier, 731 p
KPARAKI K. (1988) Contribution à l’histoire du peuplement du Togo : Esquisse d’une histoire du peuple Agnanga, mémoire de maîtrise d’histoire, Lomé, 144p
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(Yves) des origines à 1991, Lomé, Presses de l’UB,
46p
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TABLE DES MATIERES
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Sommaire———————————————————– I
Dédicace——————————————————- II
Remerciements———————————————- III
INTRODUCTION GENERALE————————– 1
Première partie : ORIGINE ET CADRE DE LA CONSTITUTION DU ROYAUME————————
7
Chapitre 1 : PRESENTATION GENERALE DU PAYS TEM ET HISTOIRE DU PEUPLEMENT————————–
9
Introduction—————————————————- 9
1 Présentation générale du pays tem——————- 9
1-1 Situation géographique—————————- 9
1-2 Les traits géographiques dominants———————— 10
1-3 La pédologie——————————————— 13
1-4 La végétation————————————————– 13
1-5 La faune——————————————————– 13
1-6 L’hydrographie———————————————— 13
2 Le peuplement du royaume——————————– 15
2-1 Les premiers occupants avant l’arrivée des Mola— 15
2-2 L’origine du clan mola, fondateur du royaume —— 17
2-2-1 La thèse de l’origine arabe——————————– 17
2-2-2 La thèse de l’origine gourma—————————— 18
2-3 Les autres clans tem———————————– 19
2-4 Les clans migrants- —————————————– 20
Conclusion—————————————————– 21
Chapitre 2 : LA CONSTITUTION DU ROYAUME————- 22
Introduction—————————————— 22
1 De Tabalo à la naissance du royaume——————- 22
1-1 à l’installation des Mola————————————– 22
1-2 Les causes de migration de Tabalo————————- 23
1-2-1 Les causes naturelles——————————————- 23
1-2-2 Les causes économiques————————————– 24
1-2-3 Les causes démographiques———————————- 24
1-3 L’occupation progressive et naissance du royaume—– 25
1-3-1 L’occupation chronologique des sites———————– 26
1-3-2 Naissance et évolution du royaume————————- 28
2 Les pouvoirs en pays tem au temps précolonial———- 29
2-1 Le pouvoir suprême du Tchaoudjo————————— 30
2-2 Le pouvoir des villages—————————————— 31
Conclusion——————————————————— 34
Chapitre 3 : L’ORGANISATION SOCIO-POLITIQUE ET
ECONOMIQUE DU ROYAUME ——————————
35
Introduction——————————————————— 35
1 Structure socio-politique du royaume———————— 35
1-1 L’organisation sociale du royaume————————— 35
1-2 L’organisation politique du royaume———————- 37
2 L’économie du royaume—————————————– 39
2-1 L’agriculture——————————————————— 39
2-2 L’élevage————————————————– 40
2-3 La forge————————————————— 40
2-4 L’artisanat———————————————————– 42
2-5 Les échanges ———————————————– 42
2-5-1 Les itinéraires commerciaux—————————– 43
2-5-2 Les partenaires commerciaux———————— 44
2-5-3 Les produits échangés—————————— 44
Conclusion——————————————————- 45
Deuxième partie : LE TCHAOUDJO DE LA VEILLE
DE LA CONQUETE AU CONTACT DES ALLEMANDS—————————————————–

46
Introduction——————————————————— 47
Chapitre 4 : MILITARISATION ET LES DIFFERENTS
CONFLITS DU ROYAUME ———————————–
48
Introduction——————————————————— 48
1 Militarisation du royaume—————————————- 48
2 Les différents conflits du royaume—————————- 53
2-1 Les conflits externes——————————————— 53
2-1-1 Le conflit Komah-Agoulou————————————– 54
2-1-2 Le conflit contre les Anyanga———————————- 56
2-1-3 Expédition militaire des sémassi à Alédjo Kadara——- 59
2-2 Les conflits internes———————————————- 61
2-2-1 Le conflit entre Kparatao et Yélivo————————— 61
2-2-2 Les raids esclavagistes—————————————– 62
2-2-3 Le rôle de Adam Méatchi dans la montée en puissance du Tchaoudjo—————————————-
64
Conclusion——————————————————— 68
Chapitre 5 : ROLE DU ROYAUME DANS LA CONQUÊTE ET LA STABILISATION DU POUVOIR COLONIAL ALLEMAND—————————————

69
Introduction——————————————————— 69
1 Histoire de la conquête allemande de l’hinterland——— 69
1-1 L’histoire de la conquête du royaume ——————- 69
1-2 L’impact de la présence allemande à Tchaoudjo——– 71
2 Rôle des sémassi dans la conquête allemande de
l’hinterland——-
74
2-1 La police coloniale « Die Polizeitruppe »——————- 74
2-2 Les expéditions militaires dans l’hinterland (1896-1898) —————————————————————-
76
2-2-1 L’incident de Tassi (6 mars 1896) ————————— 76
2-2-2 Soumission des peuples kabiyè—————————— 77
2-2-3 L’attaque du pays losso—————————————– 78
CONCLUSION GENERALE———————————– 80
SOURCES ET BIBLIOGRAPHIE—————————- 82
TABLE DES MATIERES————————————— 91
ANNEXES———————————————————- 95

ANNEXES

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                                                       &lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://kotokoli.blogspot.com/2019/07/ktkli-tm-videos-and-audios_25.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ouro Tchabu)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU6BZ5osUbPRXaYot7Yw-kJUmyed87UZSKJ6AgvkshwshgWwzDP7ditqx_Cb1KrI8e8ioaHBHOsWCWVlRmzuZ-iOs77uqrgaw0eXi8yDYl4CxTh2Kq_iI5fqMMqQujfn6XC77LGOxkA9Q/s72-c/IntroText_20190714_244956.gif" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Accra Ghana</georss:featurename><georss:point>5.7755866158346576 -0.19156267392281734</georss:point><georss:box>3.7554126158346577 -2.7733496739228172 7.7957606158346575 2.3902243260771825</georss:box></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8235409830099314451.post-8074889029218454443</guid><pubDate>Sun, 02 Jun 2019 05:19:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2020-08-04T17:05:55.988-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">(Kotokoli) (tem)language) (bowaa) (Ouro) (tchabu)</category><title>Kotokoli tem kunum bowaa dictionary by ouro tchabu</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://kotokolibudeebusiness.blogspot.com/&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;A B C D E
1
Timestamp
2
25/01/2019 21:33:15   Option 1 Yes
3
Alamariwa Baawe   
4
Alawa Bazu   
5
Alariba Baazu   
6
Almisi Bawe   
7
Albo Bazuma   
8
Albao Balaa   
9
Albu Badaa   
10
Alibi Bada   
11
Alphawa Barara   
12
Alkachi Bagara   
13
Azaara Badu   
14
Almuma Baadu   
15
Aveera Bade   
16
Adura Baade   
17
ALIDJODE Badei   
18
Alhiridee Baguru   
19
Aguzaa Baaguru   
20
Aduza Bagna cika  
21
aluma Bago &lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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we re here given you some powerful of our great language we give you 60 words in in exmpale of A B C D to z soon we ll bring you more in our google doc .com
22
Abalo Bauw   
23
Alewa Baw   
24
Alaa Bawele   
25
Abonaa Bawula   
26
Abuu Bazura   
27
Abuwe Bavara   
28
Agaara Baba   
29
Akpa Baawu
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                                                       &lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://kotokoli.blogspot.com/2019/06/kotokoli-tem-kunum-bowaa-dictionary-by.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ouro Tchabu)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgi4jDlV12jLtf6a7mdzjq_EG_x2kGqN9lUEY0oQZsv-Ct656gq-HQ3sUfYXVUkePvGp1Y2qoJH6ooCfPq0f3w45DcJ8n-Qi5dSI5ZxyufA0NZMBAxNQDjdw60hp_8cRSRXXBpf0gust9Q/s72-c/cameff_1552529219502.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8235409830099314451.post-3592704402555326093</guid><pubDate>Fri, 17 May 2019 01:01:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2019-06-13T20:41:33.890-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">(Kotokoli) (related)(tem)</category><title>Related Channels Deprecation, Missing Data Bug, and New Studio Beta Feat...</title><description>&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;270&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/V63XkvOp43k&quot; width=&quot;480&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt; &lt;script&gt;
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                                                       &lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://kotokoli.blogspot.com/2019/05/related-channels-deprecation-missing.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ouro Tchabu)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://img.youtube.com/vi/V63XkvOp43k/default.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Accra, Ghana</georss:featurename><georss:point>5.6037168 -0.18696439999996528</georss:point><georss:box>5.3508673 -0.50968789999996522 5.8565663 0.13575910000003472</georss:box></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8235409830099314451.post-3332892870509672063</guid><pubDate>Wed, 15 May 2019 03:15:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2023-06-25T09:59:36.091-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">(Kotokoli) (tem)(Ourotchabu)</category><title>kue was named as koueda before changing it name to kue the same to bukaride was bukari</title><description>&lt;!--Google Tag Manager--&gt;
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kue was named as koueda before changing it name to kue the same to bukaride was bukari &lt;a href=&quot;http://kotokolibudeebusiness.blogspot.com&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;script&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt; Tableau 1. Liste des villages de la Plaine avec leur chiffre de
population pour les années 1960 et 1964 (2)
1 964 1960 +
BOULO
Kpankpa!&quot;a
Kaliada
Boukaride
957
50
6
3 1 016
KADIAHBARA
FOLO
BANDE
BOLO
30
80
26
98 234 1250 1 1 217 33
3!
!
73
190 60
168
63
508 508 511
11 Il- 114
136 i 136
250 250
490
2
16
104
10
136
200
50
880
1l.j·
17
24
SOUROUKOU
Atakorabonou
Kakada
TASSI
AGBAYlASSOilllIOU
ADAMDE
, KOUEDA
Garekopé
DJARAPA?YGA
Adjondo Peul
Adjondo Konkomba
Adjondo Nanamalde
1 Akalake Sakouda 2~
..!.-!Eankpama Nond,a______ 54 1.018 1018 1 341~ 326! ! --y~- ..- ,-_._--.-,-&quot;&quot;&#39;; i - .~--:---:.--&#39;~ ,
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------_._----
(1) Population du Canton de Fazao moins la population du village de Fazao.
(2) En lettres capitales sont indiqués les villages ; en petits caractères,
leurs hameaux Le fait le plus significatif est la diminution de 20 %de la popu￾lation de Djarapanga. Quant aux variations, en plus, présentées par les
autres villages, elles sont à première vue insignifiantes en ce qui con￾cerne Boulo j par contre, relativement importantes pour Adamde (116 %) ,
Koueda (32 %). La diminution de 32 %de Tassi correspond au déclin du vil￾lage d&#39;Agbamassoumou au profit d&#39;Adamde.
Une première constatation peut être faite : les villages du secteur
Nord sont restés stables j ceux du secteur Sud se sont manifestés par
leur accroissement j seul le secteur de Djarapanga de l&#39;Ouest accuserait
une réduction de population assez importante. Si nous anticipons, nous&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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remarquons que le premier ensemble de villages est celui que l&#39;on peut
considérer comme étant le plus conservateur quant à son organisation poli￾tique ; le second, à la tête duquel est Souroukou, le plus riche économi￾quement parlant, est celui qui manifeste certaines initiatives, entre
autres l&#39;introduction de cultures pérennes destinées à l&#39;exportation; le
dernier se caractérise par sa position frontalière et, partant, par la mo￾bilité de sa population. Rappelons que ces divisions de la plaine corres￾pondent en partie à celles qu&#39;il nous semble possible d&#39;opérer du point
de vue du géographe. Une étude plus poussée révélerait vraisemblablement
l&#39;existence de zones régionales spécifiques individualisées tant par le
milieu, piedmont et plaine proprement dite, que par l&#39;origine des popula￾tions.
Cependant, ces quelques changements démographiques, d&#39;intensité
différente suivant les villages n&#39;ont en aucune manière bouleversé l&#39;or￾ganisation territoriale des communautés, organisation en rapport étroit
avec l&#39;effectif de population. Trois catégories de villages selon leur
taille peuvent être distinguées très facilement, et en regard de chacune
d&#39;elles, décrites des organisations villageoises allant de la plus simple
à la plus complexe j néanmoins toutes participent du même modèle de struc￾ture territoriale. Ainsi nous avons dans la première catégorie les villa￾ges à population inférieure ou égale à peu près à 500 habitants. Leur
structure est simple : on n&#39;y constate aucune division interne en quartiers
(farendi ou baure). C&#39;est le cas de Souroukou et de toutes les localités
dont l&#39;effectif ne dépasse pas ce chiffre. Dans la seconde catégorie en la￾quelle nous rangeons les villages comportant entre 500 et 1 000 habitants,
Boulo par exemple, nous avons des agglomérations divisées en quartierE •&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt; Au-delà de 1 000 habitants (c&#39;était le cas de Djarapanga en 1960, et l&#39;est
toujours malgré la forte diminution de population) nous découvrons à l&#39;in￾térieur d&#39;un quartier, des subdivisions bien établies portant chacune un
nOfl qui lui est propre. A Boulo existent trois quartiers: Agbende, Kous￾sountou, Malouada ; à Djarapanga, il en existent trois aussi: Adjondo,
Batamba, Akalake ; mais ce dernier est lui-même divisé en sous-quartiers
Waragny, Parakou, Halouada.
Cette classification des quelques villages de la Plaine serait inu￾tile si l&#39;organisation territoriale ne s&#39;y trouvait impliquée et de ce fait
si le passage d&#39;un village d&#39;une catégorie à une autre n&#39;entraînait pas
quelques conséquences sociales intéressantes à cette échelle. Pour l&#39;ins￾tant, retenons que le tiers de la population vit dans des villages à or￾ganisation simple dont l&#39;un est en passe de se compliquer Souroukou,
qu&#39;un autre tiers réside dans un village complexe, et que le reste conna1t
une organisation villageoise complexe et élaborée (Djarapanga). En outre
toute augmentation ou diminution dans les années à venir ne manquera pas
de jouer sur les structures foncières et politiques.
Il convient également de considerer les harlleaux et les llconcessions&quot;
isolées. Très souvent autour des villages, et quelle que soit leur impor￾tance, se sont implantés des cultivateurs avec leur famille. Les hameaux
q~&#39;ils forment alors portent parfois le nom du paysan le plus anciennement
établi: Boukaride, hameau de Boulo, qui signifie chez (de) Boukari, ou
bien le nom de la rivière qui passe à proxinuté : Kalia (da), ou bien en￾core le nom du qu~rtier dont dépendent les hameaux ; la série des Adjon￾do du secteur de Djarapanga, avec comme qualificatif un nom d&#39;ethnie peul,
konkomba ••• Autour des villages de la première catégorie où sont groupées
les localités dont le chiffre de population est inférieur ou égal à 500
habitants les hameaux sont peu nombreux i Souroukou en possède deux&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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Atakorabonou, et Kakada. Près du village de la seconde catégorie Boulo,
en gravitent trois : Konkomba, Boukaride et Kalide. I~ais c&#39;est dans le
secteur de Djarapanga, village de la dernière catégorie, qu&#39;un certain
habitat dispersé s&#39;est développé à côté de l&#39;habitat groupé qui reste
dominant. Djarapanga comporte cinq hameaux ; Adjondo peul, Adjondo kon￾komba, Adjondo Nanamalde, Alaka Sakonda et Kpankpama Monda. Ainsi la par￾tie sud du piedmont, caractérisée par une certaine vocation agricole pour
les produits d&#39;exportation, présente uniquement un :~abitat groupé; celle
du Nord, dans la mesure ou quelques hameaux supplémentaires sont significatifs, voit se créer des localités excentriques; aux environs de Djara￾panga est la zone de la plaine où la dispersion de l&#39;habitat manifeste￾rait une tendanoe à se développer.
Cependant. il ne faudrait pas surestimer ce phénomène de disper￾sion, comme le montrent les pourcentages de population résidant respec￾tivement dans les villages et dans les hameaux.
TABLZB.U N°2
Tableau 2. - Répartition de la population par type d&#39;habitat pour les
années 1960 et 1964.
; Village 1 : Village 2 : Village 3 Hameaux
1
1964 t
i1960 i1960 1964 1960 196+1960 1964
1 1
11182 1224 1 942 957 1082 8801 316 215
1
33 % 1 27 % 31 % 1
1 1 9 %
37 %! 29 %. 27 %! 7 %
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Il ne faudrait pas non plus le négliger : très souvent les étrangers im￾migrants, car ce sont eux qui ont créé ces hameaux avec l&#39;accord des vil￾lageois autochtones, n&#39;ont pas la possibilité de s&#39;installer dans les vil￾lages. Notons qu&#39;ils tendraient même à la longue et si le mouvement d&#39;im￾migration se prolongeait, (ce qui n&#39;est pas le cas actuellement étant don￾né la position marginale de la région), à gonfler ces hameaux au point
d&#39;en faire de nouveaux villages. Cette transformation serait d&#39;autant plus
facile et nécessaire que dans la plupart des cas, les cellules qu&#39;ils for￾ment sont fort éloignées des localités desquelles ils dépendent •published by ouro tchabu 
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                                                       &lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://kotokoli.blogspot.com/2019/05/kue-was-named-as-koueda-before-changing.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ouro Tchabu)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZyojBi5m6nQMNpIToXb3qMxb8r6Nhvc0lY0nQnVdifrNoPjc_DSbD88lD5FgOoXLutoKToYDVjtQqgAso3GPV4E7-tm42vO-jH1rlDAsUsLNrrMjdDQbDCOf26Ai3QFzMdNiTfP4dzKqeUgyAE-DnjRCA-4u5TjZhOKNBN9eEFbhf9VNYOl1sxfdEKdU/s72-c/IMG-20200823-WA0037.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Accra, Ghana</georss:featurename><georss:point>5.6037168 -0.18696439999996528</georss:point><georss:box>5.3508673 -0.50968789999996522 5.8565663 0.13575910000003472</georss:box></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8235409830099314451.post-7384728392480761574</guid><pubDate>Thu, 02 May 2019 03:37:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2020-08-04T17:07:37.859-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">(Kotokoli) (tem)language) (bowaa) (Ouro) (tchabu)</category><title>  CONTRIBUTION A L&#39;ETUDE SOCIOLOGIQUE DES KOTOKOLI DE LA PLAINE DU MO-FAZAO</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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CONTRIBUTION A L&#39;ETUDE SOCIOLOGIQUE
DES KOTOKOLI DE LA PLAINE DU MO-FAZAO
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La présente étude a fait l&#39;objet d&#39;une convention passée entre le
Gouvernement de la République du Togo et l&#39;Office de la Recherche Scien￾tifique et Technique Outre-Mer. Il était prévu dans la convention qu&#39;il
serait procédé à un &quot;inventaire&quot; humain d&#39;une région en marge et de sur￾cro1t mal connue: la Plaine du Mô-Fazao. Pour des raisons d&#39;ordre fi￾nancier, un mois de travail sur le terrain était accordé ce qui est&lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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évidemment très insuffisant quand il s&#39;agit de conna1tre d&#39;une popula￾tion : sa langue (car il est inconcevable de l&#39;ignorer si l&#39;on veut en￾gager un authentique dialogue avec autrui afin d&#39;en rendre compte dans
le langage de la sociologie), ses structures, et, dans le meilleur des
cas, le système qui la maintient et l&#39;anime. Disons dès l&#39;abord qu&#39;il ne
nous a pas été possible de connaître en si peu de temps la langue et qu&#39;
il serait bien imprudent de notre part de présenter la &quot;synthèse&quot; que
l&#39;on attend peut-être de nous Les Kotokoli forment une population de plus de 70.000 habitants lo￾calisée dans la circonscription de Sokodé, située au centre du Togo. Se￾lon P. Alexandre, I~e terme Kotokoli (serait) rejeté par les Allemands au
profit de Tem. Cette exclusion n&#39;est pas justifiée. Non seulement en ef￾fèt le terme de Kotokoli est ancien, mais encore il est utilisé par les
Kotokoli eux-mêmes avec une acception autre que celle de Tem: ••• il est
des Kotokoli non-Tem&quot; (1). Suit un tableau de l&#39;auteur très explicite
quand à la stratification ethnique de la population que nous préférons
rapporter comme tel.
Non-Kotokoli 1
étrangers urbains surtout depuis la péné-
ordinaires ruraux tration coloniale.
étrangers &quot;chasseurs&quot; c. 1870
privilégiés Peul c. 1830
1
non-Tem égom fin XVIIIe siècle
l
clans nobles c. XVIIe siècle
Kotokoli
Tem clans aborigènes ?
Les Kotokoli-Tem, représenteraient le vieux &quot;fond de population pa￾léonigritique, les Lamba ou Lama, culturellement apparentée aux actuels
Kabrè, d&#39;où sont issus les clans aborigènes (60 à 65 %de la population
totale)&quot;. Quand aux Kotokoli des clans nobles, ils seraient &quot;des envahis￾seurs d&#39;origines diverses, surtout voltaïque (Gurma, accessoirement Bari￾ba, Dagomba, &quot;Bassari&quot;, ••• mais aussi akan (ashanti) kabre et peut-être
même guang et hausa&quot;.
Les Kotokoli non-Tem, les &quot;égom&quot; ou les étrangers seraient arrivés
en dernier. Ce sont des &quot;commerçants islamisés, d&#39;origine mande, hausa
et songhaï surtout installés dans le courant du XIIIe siècle&quot;. Ils re￾présenteraient toujours selon même auteur près de 5 %de la population.
Quant aux autres les non-Kotokoli proprement dits, ils sont pas￾teurs d&#39;origine peul et chasseurs d&#39;origine bassari. En dernier, viennent
les immigrants récents venus s&#39;installer dans la région à la faveur de la
colonisation. Dans le canton de Fazao nous retrouvons la même stratifica￾tion, toutefois n&#39;y figurent pas les derniers immigrants. &lt;script&gt;
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(1) - P. Alexandre - Organisation politique des Kotokoli du Nord-Togo -
in cahiers d&#39;Etudes africaines, n014,00 1963. MOUTON et Co. 


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                                                       &lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://kotokoli.blogspot.com/2019/05/contribution-letude-sociologique-des.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ouro Tchabu)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://img.youtube.com/vi/ZJU6gv5FAbM/default.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Accra, Ghana</georss:featurename><georss:point>5.6037168 -0.18696439999996528</georss:point><georss:box>5.3508673 -0.50968789999996522 5.8565663 0.13575910000003472</georss:box></item></channel></rss>