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&lt;h1 class=&quot;a_t | font_secondary color_gray_ultra_dark &quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #2d2d2d; fill: rgb(45, 45, 45); font-family: Majerit; font-size: 4.1rem; line-height: 4.6rem; margin: 0.8rem 0px; stroke: rgb(45, 45, 45);&quot;&gt;
‘Ninja’, el robot médico que lucha contra el coronavirus&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&quot;a_st font_secondary color_gray_dark &quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #333333; fill: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Majerit; font-size: 2rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 2.6rem; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Los hospitales de Tailandia cuentan con un androide para curar a los enfermos de la pandemia&lt;/h2&gt;
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Los robots también pueden ayudarnos a&lt;a data-link-track-dtm=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://elpais.com/sociedad/crisis-del-coronavirus/&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px dotted currentcolor; color: #016ca2; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;luchar contra el coronavirus.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;Tailandia es el primer país que despliega una flota de androides en los hospitales para tener una ayuda extra y ganarle la partida a la pandemia. Se llama&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;ninja&lt;/i&gt;, y su misión es detectar a las personas afectadas por coronavirus, cuidar de ellas y proteger al personal sanitario del contagio.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;Ninja&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;no se creó para ayudar a los enfermos de COVID-19. Fue diseñado para asistir a personas que sufren accidentes cerebrovasculares como ictus, infartos cerebrales, derrames cerebrales o apoplejías. Sin embargo, tras el brote del coronavirus y las primeras informaciones sobre su propagación, los ingenieros encargados del proyecto cambiaron los protocolos de actuación de los androides para que pudieran enfrentarse a esta nueva enfermedad&amp;nbsp;&lt;a data-link-track-dtm=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://elpais.com/tecnologia/2020/02/04/actualidad/1580799904_475757.html&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px dotted currentcolor; color: #016ca2; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;y poder ayudar a los médicos y enfermeros.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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De momento, solo cuatro hospitales de Tailandia disponen de un robot, pero en unos días, ninja estará en 10 hospitales más. Los robots, dotados de la tecnología 4G, pueden detectar la temperatura de un paciente, supervisar la evolución de los síntomas y permitir al personal sanitario y los pacientes conectarse por videoconferencia. Además, los creadores de&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;ninja&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;prometen que pronto podrán llevar comida y medicamentos a los pacientes y desinfectar las habitaciones de los hospitales. El objetivo consiste en evitar al máximo el contacto entre los enfermos y el personal sanitario. &quot;De esta manera, los médicos no tienen que entrar en la zona de riesgo, pueden mantenerse fuera de las habitaciones y comunicarse con los pacientes mediante el robot&quot;, asegura Viboon Sangveraphunsiri,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a data-link-track-dtm=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.chula.ac.th/en/&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px dotted currentcolor; color: #016ca2; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;profesor de ingeniería mecánica de Universidad Chulalongkorn de Bangkok, (Tailandia).&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Esta facultad y Advanced Info Service (la operadora de telefonía móvil más grande de Tailandia) son los precursores de esta iniciativa. “El robot ha costado entre 10.000 y 300.000 bahts (entre 3.000 y 9.000 euros), pero los estamos entregando a los hospitales de manera gratuita”, añade Sangveraphunsiri.&lt;/div&gt;
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Tailandia no es el único país que recurre a la tecnología para combatir la pandemia.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a data-link-track-dtm=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://elpais.com/sociedad/2020-03-19/primer-dia-sin-ningun-nuevo-contagio-local-de-coronavirus-en-china.html&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px dotted currentcolor; color: #016ca2; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;En Wuhan, la ciudad china donde se originó el coronavirus&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;se ha instado el primer hospital de campaña inteligente, dotado de 20.000 camas y de robots que funcionan las 24 horas del día.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 class=&quot;font_secondary color_gray_ultra_dark&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #2d2d2d; fill: rgb(45, 45, 45); font-family: Majerit; line-height: 2.4rem; margin: 0px 0px 1.8rem; stroke: rgb(45, 45, 45); text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Robots cirujanos y enfermeros&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: BentonSans; line-height: 2.8rem; margin-bottom: 3rem; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Da Vinci fue el primer robot cirujano del mundo. Se creó en el año 2000 pero en 20 años se ha perfeccionado, y hoy en día se usa en hospitales de todo el mundo. Sirve para realizar cirugías complejas de manera menos invasiva que los cirujanos. “Son brazos robóticos que se usan a través de mandos y en el futuro se añadirá un aparato de vídeo para extraer tumores que están en lugares de difícil acceso o complicada extirpación”, explica Pablo Lanillos,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a data-link-track-dtm=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.radboudumc.nl/en/donders-institute-for-brain-cognition-and-behaviour&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px dotted currentcolor; color: #016ca2; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;profesor de Inteligencia Artificial Cognitiva en el Instituto Donders de la Universidad de Radboud, (Países Bajos).&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: BentonSans; line-height: 2.8rem; margin-bottom: 3rem; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Un robot médico no tiene porqué ser del tamaño de las personas. Existen algunos minúsculos como ViRob. Mide 14 milímetros y se mueve por las venas, arterias o cualquier cavidad del organismo. Es capaz de recorrer 9 milímetros por segundo y sirve para explorar zonas del organismo donde un endoscopio o cámara normal no llegarían, además de ser capaz de llevar medicamentos o realizar pequeñas incisiones sin necesidad de realizar una cirugía. Se inserta mediante una inyección o se traga como una pastilla. “Ya existen proyectos de este tipo de microsensores que miden las constantes vitales, parámetros biométricos y biológicos y pueden hacer predicciones de las futuras enfermedades del paciente”, asegura Lanillos.&lt;/div&gt;
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También existen robots enfermeros o ayudante de los enfermeros. Robots como Tug se encargan de llevar medicamentos a las enfermeras, las zonas de urgencias o las unidades de cuidados intensivos. El androide es una especie de recadero. Puede llevar muestras al laboratorio, transportar bandejas de comida o limpiar las habitaciones.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 class=&quot;font_secondary color_gray_ultra_dark&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #2d2d2d; fill: rgb(45, 45, 45); font-family: Majerit; line-height: 2.4rem; margin: 0px 0px 1.8rem; stroke: rgb(45, 45, 45); text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Operaciones a distancia y exoesqueletos robóticos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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El robot es una herramienta más que se usa en telemedicina o medicina a distancia. Los androides están teledirigidos por médicos que controlan las máquinas desde cualquier parte del mundo usando redes de datos. Se utilizan principalmente para enviar imágenes médicas y para operar a distancia en misiones militares. “Hay proyectos en los que se usa una red de drones en una situación de batalla y se monitorizan los movimientos de las tropas. A partir de ahí, se determinar el grado de estrés de cada soldado y se pueden prever ciertas situaciones o pedir un reemplazo. Pronto estas técnicas serán una realidad”, asegura José Luis Vázquez, profesor en el departamento de arquitectura de computadoras y automática de la&amp;nbsp;&lt;a data-link-track-dtm=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ucm.es/&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px dotted currentcolor; color: #016ca2; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: BentonSans; line-height: 2.8rem; margin-bottom: 3rem; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Los exoesqueletos robóticos han devuelto la capacidad de andar a millones de personas. Llevan unos años en el mercado, pero cada día se perfeccionan más sus movimientos para que parezcan totalmente naturales. Son esqueletos artificiales que imitan el esqueleto humano o solo una zona. “Los pacientes realizan un entrenamiento especial y aprenden a que su cerebro ordene movimientos utilizando sensores en sus músculos sanos”, concluye Lanillos.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 2.8rem; margin-bottom: 3rem;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://elpais.com/tecnologia/2020-04-26/ninja-el-robot-medico-que-lucha-contra-el-coronavirus.html&quot;&gt;https://elpais.com/tecnologia/2020-04-26/ninja-el-robot-medico-que-lucha-contra-el-coronavirus.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

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La era digital ha convertido el
mundo en una aldea global. Las marcas deben desarrollarse con el horizonte de un
único mercado internacional.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Una carrera de este tipo se
despliega, en gran medida, en el terreno de la innovación, así que el talento debería
ser el verdadero motor de la transformación que vivimos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
El mundo moderno derriba cada día
más barreras, de ellas, las fronteras culturales son las que se tornan más
porosas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
La información al alcance de
quien quiera, el contacto de usuario a usuario y la inmediatez de las
comunicaciones han traído consigo una transformación de los parámetros de relación
individuales y sociales: avidez de interconexión permanente y en tiempo real,
acceso a diversas fuentes informativas, posibilidad de interactuar sin límites
espaciales, y con impactos y consecuencias de difícil precio. Y todo esto
exacerbado por la primitiva actitud humana que nos lleva a querer compartirlo todo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
El mundo del móvil, la televisión,
Facebook, Twitter, Google+, YouTube, etc., siguen extendiendo su ámbito de influencia
y alcanzando todas las estructuras básicas. El sistema educativo no debería estar
ajeno a estos cambios.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
La educación seguirá siendo el
factor diferencial de desarrollo para cualquier sociedad, Las ideas e iniciativas
de la comunidad para adaptarse al nuevo entorno y el potencial que la tecnología
pone al servicio de la educación pueden converger para desarrollar el capital
humano que tiene que forjarse, principalmente, en las aulas. Además, las nuevas
tecnologías facilitan otras vías de acercamiento y dialogo entre aquellos que
ambicionan un sistema mejor.El futuro que deseamos debería basarse
en formar jóvenes creativos, estimulados e ilusionados.Invertir en educación es caro,
per no invertir en ella resulta más caro. ( Salman)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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http://www.rpp.com.pe/&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sanchez-morillas-lidia.blogspot.com/feeds/1858877573591747285/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sanchez-morillas-lidia.blogspot.com/2016/05/era-digital.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2225056560206775363/posts/default/1858877573591747285'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2225056560206775363/posts/default/1858877573591747285'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sanchez-morillas-lidia.blogspot.com/2016/05/era-digital.html' title='ERA DIGITAL'/><author><name>Lidia Sánchez Morillas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09664337292310912230</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCgxwDnToaoQLfIlEgtWX9ujc6HXcXujDCieXhFhOe4bwwfbSEfL2R6sg1dZFfZTyjum4IUiR02VpJldcaD6THQWIPLBZVXQFwgVJ3SfZPF65zi7U7nO9_25NV-c2JoqM/s1600/*'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2225056560206775363.post-5693415791229736232</id><published>2015-10-02T21:34:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2016-05-03T21:28:59.950-07:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;img alt=&quot;BlogsPeru.com&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;http://blogsperu.com/images/boton_blogsperu10.gif&quot; /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://prezi.com/9vfybrvsnaph/?utm_campaign=share&amp;amp;utm_medium=copy&amp;amp;rc=ex0share&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;I curso de microcirugia en Trujillo -Profesor  Juha Hernesniemi  - Helsinki Combo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;http://www.essalud.gob.pe/

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&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://prezi.com/9vfybrvsnaph/?utm_campaign=share&amp;amp;utm_medium=copy&amp;amp;rc=ex0share&quot;&gt;I CURSO DE MICRONEUROCIRUGIA EN TRUJILLO - Profesor Juha Hernesniemi - Helsinki Combo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;http://www.essalud.gob.pe/

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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;FUNDAMENTACIÓN DE LA INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
La palabra ingeniería, encierra en ella misma ingenio, la capacidad de desarrollar de una manera creativa “cosas” que sean útiles. Pero si reflexionamos acerca de esto, nos damos cuenta que esas cosas útiles, son precisamente útiles en la medida que den solución a una necesidad, problema o situación particular, en cualquier área, es decir no son pensadas al azar, al contrario, con una fundamentación total para su creación.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyjm-z65lAGHzaO0cbR6wxfAHMQBajleF-qZiCOzVhquZzIY4gs05NCxTnFGweTVxmThVYEMQNUnZ4nmGRbwPdkzh-xloz4XZv2PmYP1owis2BEXjTJZZk8XSxJl9EL7qpg4Ba8E7i_vw/s1600/111111111.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;180&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyjm-z65lAGHzaO0cbR6wxfAHMQBajleF-qZiCOzVhquZzIY4gs05NCxTnFGweTVxmThVYEMQNUnZ4nmGRbwPdkzh-xloz4XZv2PmYP1owis2BEXjTJZZk8XSxJl9EL7qpg4Ba8E7i_vw/s320/111111111.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Muy interesente esta página de www.ingenieriasystems.com&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
ejmplo:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 class=&quot;post-title entry-title&quot; itemprop=&quot;name&quot;&gt;
Aprendiendo UML en 24 Horas (Autor : Joseph Schmuller)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.ingenieriasystems.com/2013/10/Aprendiendo-UML-en-24-Horas-Autor--Joseph-Schmuller.html&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.ingenieriasystems.com/2013/10/Introduccion-al-UML-Parte-1-de-3.html&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.ingenieriasystems.com/2013/10/Introduccion-al-UML-Parte-2-de-3.html&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.ingenieriasystems.com/2013/10/Introduccion-al-UML-Parte-3-de-3.html&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle41&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;academic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle41&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;journals&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle41&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 2.0pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 2.0pt 0cm 2.0pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;&quot;&gt;
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  &lt;td style=&quot;border-right: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 2.0pt 0cm 2.0pt; width: 214.1pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;285&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;Style5&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.05pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle42&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Vol.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle42&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;
  7(20),&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle42&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; pp.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle42&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;
  2011-2019, 28&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle42&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; May,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle42&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;
  2013&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle42&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle42&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;DOI: 10.5897/AJBM12.028&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle42&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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  1993-8233 © 2013&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle42&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Academic Journals&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle42&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle42&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.academicjournals.org/AJBM&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;&quot;&gt;http://www.academicjournals.org/AJBM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle42&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle43&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 15pt;&quot;&gt;African
  Journal of Business Management&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle43&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 15pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13.3333330154419px;&quot;&gt;Article&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style11&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 22.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 11.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle45&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;The
optimal pattern modeling of knowledge management
systems establishment in public sector organizations: A case study in Tavanir
organization&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle45&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;Style12&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: .25pt; margin-top: 11.75pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle46&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Ghaffari Rahman&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle46&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle46&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;* and Ghaffari Somayyeh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle46&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle46&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;Style13&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 135.1pt; margin-right: 135.85pt; margin-top: 11.05pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;University
of Tehran, Iran. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Electricity
Distribution Corporate of Mazandaran State, Iran.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;Style14&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: .5pt; margin-top: 10.3pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle61&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;Accepted16
May, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle61&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;Style15&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle54&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Today,
knowledge is seen as the main asset for major organizations and a resource to
achieve sustainable competitive advantage and in the developing business world,
the importance of knowledge management in organizations is increasing every day. The fact that many organizations neglect knowledge
management is because of their vague understanding of the concept that exists
in organizations. To overcome such a long-established challenge, it is
necessary to set forth the basic definition of
knowledge management, and an appropriate model should be presented which
includes the circumstances and characteristics of organizations. Since there
are many models which implement knowledge management in organizations. In this
paper, we try to provide an appropriate and domestic model
to exemplify the optimal pattern of knowledge management in public sector
organizations, especially those which are related to Tavanir organization. To
test this, our proposed model is measured through the distribution of a questionnaire with 89% Cronbach alpha among senior managers and
experts from Tavanir related organizations in Mozandaran province.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle54&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style4&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 24.7pt; margin-left: 18.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle54&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Key words: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Social capital, knowledge management, knowledge management models,
optimum models.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; style=&quot;mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;&quot; /&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;WordSection2&quot;&gt;

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&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle54&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;INTRODUCTION&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle54&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style2&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.3pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&quot;Lester&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;
Taro&quot;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt; the
famous economist, says: the basis for wealth foundation and economy today is
the knowledge and expertise. Taro is speaking about a revolution which has its
force roots in the brains and takes up its value from the minds. With the advent of the third industrial revolution, knowledge has changed into a
uniquely competitive advantage. Today, many fortune companies have special
projects in the area of knowledge management (KM), and in particular they try
to achieve their common goals and specific commercial objectives
(Bergern, 1386).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style8&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Now,
as for an economic investment it is essential to have a proper and modern
management, we need to have management for the optimal use and expedite
preparation, use and expansion of knowledge. Knowledge
management is a way which improves the development practices, sharing and using
knowledge in an environment and build values out of the produced knowledge. The
Aim of knowledge management is creating a system by which the proper knowledge
at a proper time and proper place is provided for
individuals.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style8&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.3pt; margin-right: .25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 8.65pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Today, knowledge management has increasingly turned into a vital stage
for three reasons. First, in many organizations mental assets along with the
physical and financial properties has gained importance. Second, while the post- World War II generations are leaving the
organization, the fact is that a huge asset of knowledge that they possess will
be lost if there is no attempt to keep them. Finally, the third point is that a
good knowledge management system reduces unnecessary duplication of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; line-height: 11.3pt;&quot;&gt;the work and increase organization efficiency (Robbins, 2009).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;WordSection4&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;Style8&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.3pt; margin-right: .25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 9.6pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Knowledge processes (knowledge activities) can be considered as a
structured coordinator for the effective management of knowledge (Gold et al.,
2001). For example, knowledge processes include activities such as creating,
sharing, storing and using the knowledge. Since the knowledge
processes indicate the main knowledge functions, competencies provide necessary
infrastructure for the organization to enhance the effectiveness of knowledge
processes (Sarvey, 1999). Organizational performance is defined as the possible degree to which the corporate business achieves their goals
of business (Elenkov, 2003). This can be determined through organizational
learning, profitability or other obtained financial benefits by knowledge
management. Employees and managers&#39; enthusiasm and interest will be lost
without assessing the success of knowledge management (McDermot and O&#39;Dell,
2001).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style8&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 8.65pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;The
type of leadership style and people management has undergone enormous changes
over time and over different periods of life and evolution
of human civilization. By the same token, we can mention the sources of power
for managers in the evolution of societies and social Darwinism. Table 1
completely illustrates the point.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style8&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: .25pt; margin-top: .25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 8.9pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;At the hunting age despite having tribal war survival efforts, the most important source of power were tribal populations and hunting
areas. It should be noted that the clubbing style has been the most appropriate
manage­ment of primitive human and hunting age culture. At agricultural era,
the land was the most important strategic source for the man, so
the whipping style as to force people to work more and train them was
considered best management style. In the industrial age, due to the emergence
of a phenomenon called the Industrial Revo­lution, the owners of capital were considered the power source. But in the era that we live in which is
called the post- industrial age or information age, the most important source
of power for organizations and managers is knowledge management, and management
style and leadership also depends on their ability to
usefully process the information. Today, if organizations are to remain
sustainable in global competitions, they use knowledge as a crucial source in
order to appear successful against their rivals (Park, 2010).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;Style8&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.3pt; margin-right: .7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: right; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Drucker (1998) believes that although, in past ages
a literate was a person who could read and write, literacy at information age
means someone who could effectively learn the provided information in an
environment and teach others. As it can be seen in the table the predictable age after the post-industrial age is the age of wisdom in which
the most skilled one is its strategic power, and the management style based on
spirituality and humanity is the top leadership of that era (Toffler, 1996).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style8&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 9.35pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Toffler
(1996) in his book &quot;the Third Wave&quot; states that in
the world today economic growth factor is not the investment, manpower or raw
materials, but rather new knowledge and ideas are causing economic prosperity
and countries property is the offspring function science and opinions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style8&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.3pt; margin-right: .25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 10.1pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;In an era where many scholars and scientists have thought of nuclear
explosions and nuclear era, the era of knowledge explosion and information
transaction has occurred. So, maybe that is why some believe that every five
years and half the volume of knowledge will be doubled (the
knowledge explosion era) (Iranzadeh, 2006).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style8&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 8.9pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Organizations
in the new era should serve as a time machine to move from the past into the
future in an uninterrupted manner (Iran born, 1384).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style8&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 9.35pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Intangibles
are the most important thing that must be managed to reach success (Sabuie
et.al., 1997).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle54&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Knowledge management&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle54&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style2&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: .5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;Style2&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: .5pt; margin-top: .25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;The
Chambers dictionary (2000) defines knowledge in this way &quot;fixed opinion,
something which is known, learned information, learning
science, practical skills, knowledge, understanding and so on&quot;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style8&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.3pt; margin-top: .25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 9.1pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Knowledge is a structured combination of data which is reached through
processes, rules, practices and expe­rience. In other words, knowledge
is a concept which is emerged through thinking.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style8&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.3pt; margin-right: .25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 9.1pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Knowledge is only born in the minds of people. Krechner (1997) who
compares the information and knowledge on &quot;what is knowledge&quot;
provides valuable explanations. He believes that the information processed by
the human brain becomes knowledge and gains values.
Therefore, knowledge includes processing, crea­ting
or using the information in the people&#39;s brain. Corbin et al. (2007) also
believe that the difference between information and knowledge is the perception
degree and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; line-height: 11.5pt;&quot;&gt;formulating the skills and experience in the two (information and
knowledge) (Corbin et al., 2007). Markuez (2001) has suggested that knowledge
itself is not considered the source of competition among organizations, but
this is the appropriate and correct &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; line-height: 11.5pt;&quot;&gt;use of them which serves as one
advantage (Sedra and Gable, 2010).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;WordSection5&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;Style8&quot; style=&quot;mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 9.1pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Some features of knowledge based on McDermot and O&#39;Del (2001) and Ali
(1997) is provided here:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;Style28&quot; style=&quot;margin: 13.7pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;1)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Knowledge
is disordered and cluttered.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;Style28&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;2)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Knowledge is self-organizing.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style28&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 12.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;3)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;The most important factor of knowledge transfer is
the language.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;Style28&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.25pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;4)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Knowledge
is slippery like a fish.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;Style28&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;5)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Knowledge is multidimensional.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;Style28&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;6)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Knowledge is a social phenomenon.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style29&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.3pt; margin-left: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 12.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle48&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;7)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle48&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Providing
and distributing knowledge help its growth.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle48&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;Style28&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.25pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;8)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Knowledge
is presented in different methods.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style2&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: .25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style2&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: .25pt; margin-top: 2.65pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Knowledge
management and related strategic concepts have been considered as the important
components and elements for the survival of the organization and maintain its
competitive position (Martensson, 2000). Knowledge management is referred to
a process of gaining experience and intelligence in an organization and using
it for nurturing innovation through continuous learning. Knowledge management
is in fact a key to gain a competitive nuclear advantage in an organization (Wang and Xiao, 2009).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style8&quot; style=&quot;mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 9.6pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Knowledge management helps organizations to be­come
more flexible and also helps them to serve as learning environments (Yahya and
Goh, 2002).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style8&quot; style=&quot;mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 9.35pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Harvey and Denton provided reasons that show that knowledge management
is regarded as a competitive advantage in an
organization (Harvey and Denton, 1999).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style28&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 13.7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 12.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;1)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;The
nature of the production factors has shifted from capital, labor force,
especially intellectual labor,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style28&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 12.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;2)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Rapid
changes have occurred in the world of business,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style28&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 12.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;3)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Wide
(overall) acceptance of the fact that knowledge has a competitive advantage,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style28&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 12.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;4)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Increasing
managers and employees dissatisfaction of the traditional management concepts,
commanding and controlling management,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;Style28&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;5)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;The highly competitive nature of global business,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;Style28&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;6)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Increased customer demand.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;Style15&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;Style15&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 10.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle54&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Knowledge management goals&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle54&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style2&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.3pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Weick
(1993) believes that knowledge management can enable organizations to improve
their usual performance to a creative performance along with consciousness. The
purpose of knowledge management is to discover new perspectives on learning,
knowledge creation and deve­lopment
of local and foreign competition through a deliberate approach in contemporary
world (Ford, 1996).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style8&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 9.85pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;In
early 2000, the knowledge management motto, creation, dissemination and use of
knowledge and information of high quality to achieve individual
and organizational learning were discussed. Knowledge management is more than a
mere thinking about how to manage an organization; it is a strategic asset for
the organization. Figure 1 shows a conceptual model of this research.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;Style15&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;Style15&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 11.5pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle54&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Knowledge management enablers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle54&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style2&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: .25pt; margin-top: 11.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;A
variety of enablers of knowledge management are shown in knowledge management
literature. Among these cases, change management, organizational culture, struc­ture, people and information technology (IT) are included in the
research model. Studies have shown that streng­thening the competence of knowledge management systems improves the
overall knowledge management system (Sedra and Gable, 2010).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style15&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style15&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 11.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle54&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;STRATEGIES&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; AND&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; APPROPRIATE CHANGE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle54&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;Style15&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0.95pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle54&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;MANAGEMENT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle54&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style2&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.5pt; margin-top: 10.8pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;From
the late 1990s, knowledge management is considered as the major force of
organization change and value creation, as it is referred to as reforming
economy leading to large body of changes in the world (Liew,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; style=&quot;mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;WordSection6&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;Style2&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.3pt; margin-right: .25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;2008).
Hubert Saint (1977) states that knowledge management
strategy provides a framework within which the organization has a goal setting
activities to leverage knowledge assets. Strategy also express the processes,
tools and infrastructure needed for knowledge to be effectively distributed (Chatzkel and Liebowitz, 2000). Knowledge management in any
organization requires the existence of a manager or an informed leader that is
influential in the organization. Organizational culture in which
&quot;innovation&quot; is seen as a dominant value of
know­ledge management is a facilitating elements.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style8&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.3pt; margin-right: .25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 9.35pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Knowledge strategies are divided into two categories of encryption and
personalization. Encryption strategy focuses on the combination of knowledge in
the organi­zation to enable us to put the knowledge
into a coherent field and make it available to organizations&#39; employee.
Such approach includes separating knowledge from its owners that is knowledge
should be effectively extracted and encoded. Personalization strategy
identifies the tacit dimensions of knowledge and assumes that knowledge
essentially is spread through informal communication in which sharing knowledge
will develop through interaction and dialogue from person to person (Desouza,
2002). Introduce knowledge management to organizations is a strategic issue; therefore, it requires infrastructure pre­paration and pre-planned strategy in the organization&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;Style2&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0.7pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;(Liew,
2008).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;Style15&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;Style15&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;Style15&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 4.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle54&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Organizational
culture&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle54&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style2&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.5pt; margin-top: 11.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Culture
is one of the most important factors for successful knowledge management.
Culture is not only defined as being &quot;knowledge is valuable and
precious&quot; but also defined as &quot;knowledge should be kept within the
organi­zation as the competitive advantage and
organizational innovation&quot; (Lewin et al., 1997). Organizations must have
an appropriate culture, so that it can encourage the people to create and share
knowledge within the organization (Holsapple, 2001).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style8&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: .25pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 9.35pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;People do not refuse to share knowledge and are not
indifferent to the organization and are not afraid to share their knowledge
(Davenport and Prusak 1998). Re­searchers have shown that the type
and style of organizational culture (especially adhocracy culture in
organizations) will be very effective in supporting the implementation of
knowledge management processes (Jones, 2009).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;Style15&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;Style15&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;Style15&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 3.85pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle54&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle54&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style2&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.5pt; margin-top: 11.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;The
structure of an organization can be both facilitative and debilitative for
knowledge management realization as Ichjio emphasizes that the company should maintain stability in their organizational structure to
protect and support their knowledge (Ichjio, 1998).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;Style15&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0.5pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle54&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Human
resources (human capital)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle54&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style2&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.3pt; margin-top: 11.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Human
capital is one of the most important type of knowledge or intellectual assets
in the organization because these assets are the sources
of creativity. This type of tacit knowledge assets exist within the staffs of
an organization which is one of the most vital factors influencing the
performance of each organization. Human resources are the top factor in organizational knowledge creation and have the most vital role in
implementing knowledge management (Pouloudi, 2006). Therefore, it is very
important to manage those who are willing to create and share knowledge
(McDermot and O&#39;Dell, 2001). Knowledge and competence
(jurisdiction) may be acquired through recruiting new people with new skills
(Stonehouse, 1999).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style8&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 9.1pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Human
capital represents the tacit learned knowledge in the minds and thoughts of
employees. Human capital is an important source of innovation and recreation in an organization and it (human capital) is defined as a
combination of employees&#39; competencies, thinking and creativity.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;Style15&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;Style15&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 6.95pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle54&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Technology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle54&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style2&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.3pt; margin-top: 9.6pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Technology
helps to manage knowledge (Gold et al., 2001). Today, new technology in the
changing global information technology environment is the
IT (Vidogah and Moreton, 2009). IT means the degree to which knowledge
management through the use of IT is supported. Many researchers have found that
IT is the most determining factor in creating knowledge. IT affects the knowledge creation in different ways. Firstly, IT facilitates the
collection, storage and exchange of information on a scale that was
unattainable in the past and will endorse the process of knowledge creation.
Secondly, the developed technology will integrate
distinc­tive knowledge processes. This
integration can eliminate the barriers of communication between different
sections of an organization. Thirdly, IT supports all knowledge creation styles
and is not only restricted to the explicit (visible) knowledge transfer. In order to achieve the desired results, organizations
should not only have an appropriate IT infrastructure, but also must integrate
computer and human systems, network technologies and other organizational
arrangements so that they can effectively acquire, store and use
knowledge (Meso,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;Style2&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0.7pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;2000).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;Style15&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;Style15&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 6.95pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle54&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Knowledge management processes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle54&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style2&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.3pt; margin-top: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;A
number of studies have focused on the knowledge management
processes. They have separated knowledge management into several processes. For
example, Alavi and Leinder have identified four processes such as: creation,
storage, transfer and application of knowledge as knowledge management
processes (Alavi and Leinder, &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; line-height: 11.5pt;&quot;&gt;2001). These processes (often but not always) are simultaneously placed
in a linear sequence (Beckman,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; line-height: 11.3pt;&quot;&gt;1999).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;WordSection7&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;Style8&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.3pt; margin-top: .25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 9.1pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Among these processes activities related to knowledge creation
(knowledge creation and construction) (Demarest, 1997) are important because
knowledge creation is a strategic weapon in the modern world; without creating
a permanent knowledge, the business will be doomed to failure. Knowledge
creation is a continuous process where individuals and groups within a company
and bet­ween companies share their explicit and
tacit knowledge (Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995). Knowledge creation is a dynamic
process of interaction between tacit and explicit
knowledge in different levels of organizations. Knowledge that has been created
can be transferred from a person to another person, or it can be stored at
individual, group, or organization level.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style8&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 8.65pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Nonaka
and Takeuchi (1995) argue that tacit and explicit knowledge
can complement each other and affect each other in the innovative activities of
individuals. Explicit knowledge refers to the employees&#39; expertise and
knowledge that is visible and can be easily learned and transferred. But tacit knowledge refers to the intangible skills and
competencies of employees who normally seek knowledge and experience. A model
of knowledge crea­tion process based on this critical
assumption is developed that human knowledge is created through social interaction between tacit and explicit knowledge in which the
interaction is referred to as conversion. It should be noted that such a
conversion does not happen inside people, but rather it occurs between them and
within an organization (Bijres, 1999). The interaction between
tacit and explicit knowledge (Nonaka and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;Style2&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0.7pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Takeuchi,
1995) (Table 2).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;Style15&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;Style15&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;Style15&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle54&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Knowledge
management models&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle54&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style2&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.3pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Different
models have been suggested for knowledge management by many researchers and
perhaps due to cultural differences and management, the model is not still
approved (Afrazeh, 2009), that is may be the biggest reason for the importance
of a domestic model which is culturally appropriate in any society. Different
models of Knowledge Management would be briefly outlined here.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style23&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style23&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 11.5pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle49&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Hessig model&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle49&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style2&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style2&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0.7pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Hessig model (2000) is composed of the following four processes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style2&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: .5pt; margin-top: 11.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Create:
That refers to ability to learn and communicate. Store: Through which an
organized storage capability that enables quick search of information, access
to information and effective sharing of knowledge is
provided. Spread: The process helps to develop a collective spirit in which
individuals work as partners to pursue common goals.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style2&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Use:
This process will develop the idea that creating new knowledge will be possible
through objective knowledge application.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style39&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style39&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 11.5pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle49&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Mark model (M. Mac Alrvy)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle49&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style2&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.3pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;MacAlrvy
(2002) defined a new intellectual framework for knowledge management which is
called &quot;knowledge life cycle &quot;. He divided his process of knowledge
creation into two large processes namely knowledge production and knowledge
continuation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style8&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 9.6pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Knowledge
production is process of creating new organizational knowledge which is
done through group learning, gaining knowledge and information and know­ledge assessment. This process is synonymous with organizational
learning 2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style8&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: .25pt; margin-top: .25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 9.85pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Knowledge continuation; this section is
accomplished through some activities that prescribe the distribution and
sharing knowledge which include special projects like knowledge distribution,
search, teaching, sharing and other social activities.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style39&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style39&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 11.5pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle49&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Seven &quot;C&quot; model&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle49&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style2&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.5pt; margin-top: 11.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;This
model is based on seven words beginning with letter &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;«&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;
which is given by the America Productivity and Quality Center. The component
along with descriptions of each model is given in Figure &quot;2&quot;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style39&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style39&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 11.75pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle49&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Nonaka and Takeuchi model&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle49&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style2&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.5pt; margin-top: 11.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;The
tacit and explicit knowledge concepts are classified by
Nonaka to design organizational learning theory. In his model, unlike previous
models, he focuses on two types of knowledge &quot;implicit or tacit&quot; and
&quot;explicit&quot; and their conversion to one another and also how they are
created on all organization levels. In this dynamic model, he expressed
how to use and convert these knowledge and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; style=&quot;mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;WordSection8&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;Style35&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 34.55pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; line-height: 11.5pt;&quot;&gt;how
knowledge management is assumed to move in spiral manner
in both field according to Figure &quot;3&quot;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;WordSection9&quot;&gt;

&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;Style15&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Knowledge management in government agencies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style2&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.3pt; margin-top: 9.35pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Perhaps
the last 15 years could be considered as the boom years of knowledge management
in the public sector. According to Fortune magazine
statistics in 2002, 90% of the world&#39;s top 500 companies have had formal
programs for knowledge management. But over the years government agencies were
lagging behind. According to the Organization Economic Cooperation and Develop­ment (OECD) report published in 2003, the organization
should implement the principles and models of knowledge management based on the
following reasons.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style28&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.35pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 12.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;1)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Knowledge as being changed to the most important source of effective
activities and measures of the organization.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style28&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 12.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;2)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Government agencies authorship instead of ownership in the new era.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;Style28&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;3)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Globalization.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;Style28&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;4)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Private sector capabilities.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;Style28&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;5)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Citizens&#39; knowledge increase.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style28&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 11.75pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;6)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;The
loss of experienced workforce in government&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;Style2&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.5pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;organizations (OECD, 2003, P, 5-12).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style2&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.3pt; margin-top: 8.15pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;But
in recent years, various researches with the title of knowledge management have
been conducted in government agencies (Abtahi and Salavati, 1385). Recent
researchers&#39; studies are represented in Table 3.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style31&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style31&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 9.85pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle57&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;METHODOLOGY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle57&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style36&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 9.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: .25pt; margin-top: 8.65pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle58&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;The
current study aims at determining the empirical relationships in
the field of interaction between knowledge management com­ponents and thus trying to develop an appropriate pattern for domestic
implementation of knowledge management in government agencies. Consider applied
objectives and data collection the research is
descriptive and correlational. In order to determine the reliability of the
test, the Cronbach&#39;s alpha method was used. This method is used to calculate
the internal coordination of the various features of measuring tools.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle58&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style17&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 9.6pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle58&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;For
this purpose, an initial sample including 30 questionnaires as pre-test was
prepared and then by using the obtained data from questionnaires and
statistical package for the social sciences&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle58&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle58&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; style=&quot;mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;WordSection10&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;Style36&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;WordSection11&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;Style27&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.5pt; margin-top: 11.05pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: lined 283.7pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle52&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Human resources&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Information
technology Strategy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle52&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;___________ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle52&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style37&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.5pt; margin-left: 20.4pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 131.5pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle53&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;0.493&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle53&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;
significant&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle53&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;0.378&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle53&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;
significant&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle53&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style37&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.5pt; margin-left: 20.4pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 131.5pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle53&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;0.320&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle53&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;
significant&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle53&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;0.032&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle53&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;
not significant&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle53&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style37&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.5pt; margin-left: 20.4pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 131.5pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle53&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;0.419&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle53&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;
significant&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle53&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;0.309&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle53&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;
significant&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle53&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style30&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.5pt; margin-bottom: 34.8pt; margin-left: 198.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle53&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;0.240 significant&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle53&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle53&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; style=&quot;mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;WordSection12&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;Style36&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style36&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 9.6pt; margin-top: 4.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle58&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;(SPSS)
statistical software, the correlation coefficient was calculated for the total
items using Cronbach alpha which was 89%.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle58&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style17&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 9.6pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 9.1pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle58&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;The
populations of this study were the managers and experts from Tavanir
organization and related companies of Mozandaran province
and because the data in the study are of quantitative type, the Pearson
correlation was used to test the correlation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle58&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;Style15&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle54&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;RESULTS
AND DATA ANALYSIS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle54&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style2&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.3pt; margin-top: 8.4pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Implementation
of knowledge management systems over several years can create specific norms of
knowledge assets (including intangible assets or
intellectual property) in the organization (Lee et al., 2004). Our findings
also show that knowledge management capabilities are consi­dered the key factor in the effectiveness of organizations. Effective
implementation of knowledge management system also
depends on the knowledge infrastructure capabilities (structure, culture and
technology) and capabilities in accurately implementing the knowledge
management processes in organizations (Anderson,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;Style2&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0.7pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;2009).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;Style15&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;Style15&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 5.75pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle54&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Conceptual model and research hypotheses&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle54&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style2&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: .7pt; margin-top: 9.85pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;In
this conceptual model, culture, structure, information technology, human
resources and strategy are the inde­pendent (exogenous) variables and
knowledge creation variable&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; is&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; endogenous&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; mediator variable and endogenous variable functions is (final variable). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle54&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Model hypotheses&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle54&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style28&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.5pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 12.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;1)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Culture has a direct, positive and significant effect on knowledge
creation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style28&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: .25pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 12.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;2)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Structure has a direct, positive and significant effect on knowledge
creation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style28&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: .25pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 12.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;3)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Human resources have a direct, positive and significant effect on
knowledge creation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style28&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: .25pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 16.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;4)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Information
technology has a direct, positive and&lt;br /&gt;
significant effect on knowledge creation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style28&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: .25pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;5)&amp;nbsp; Strategy
has a direct, positive and significant effect on&lt;br /&gt;
knowledge creation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style2&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.5pt; margin-top: 11.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;The
model in standard estimation point is as follows. Model relational indices
indicated a poor match of the structural model (path analysis) that are due to
the degree of freedom compared to chi square which equals to 4.58 and greater
than the acceptable value of 3 and the root mean square
error of approximation (RMSEA) value is 0.08 but it can be improved by applying
some changes in the software.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style8&quot; style=&quot;mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 9.35pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Regarding the obtained significant values, the hypothesis regarding the
effect of culture, information technology, strategy and knowledge
creation is confirmed because the significant value is greater than 1.96 (Table&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; style=&quot;mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;WordSection13&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;Style26&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 60.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.6pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; line-height: 11.3pt;&quot;&gt;knowledge management in power distribution organization
of Mozandaran province is the organizational structure.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style8&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 9.6pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Fortunately,
the effect of changing management styles and strategic planning in Tavanir in
providing intelligent knowledge management system has been highly
influential.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style8&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 8.65pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;As
the final suggestion, the Tavanir organization should maintain its long term
objectives and in order to achieve diversity and conservation law should
provide appropriate structure for dealing with environmental changes and responding to changes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle60&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style31&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style31&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 9.6pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle57&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;REFERENCES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle57&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style32&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.1pt; margin-right: .7pt; margin-top: 8.15pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle61&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;Afrazeh A (2009). Knowledge Management; concepts, models, measurement
and implementation. Amir Kabir University publication. second edition. Tehran.
Winter, p. B6.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle61&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle61&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;Alavi M, Leidner DE (2001). Review: Knowledge Management
and Knowledge Management Systems: Conceptual Foundations and Research Issues.
Manage. Infor. Syst. Quarter.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle61&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle61&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;Ali V (1997). The Knowledge Evolution, Expanding Organization. Boston:
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&lt;div class=&quot;Style32&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 9.6pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: -9.6pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle61&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;Anderson KK (2009). Organizational Capabilities
as Predictors of Effective Knowledge Management: An Empirical Examination. A
Dissertation for Doctoral of Business Administration. School of Business and
Entrepreneurship Nova Southeastern University.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle61&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle61&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;Chatzkel J, Liebowitz J (2000). Efficiencies from knowledge management
technologies in a military enterprise. J. Knowl. Manage.,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle61&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle61&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;6(10):
S9-49.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle61&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle61&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;Corbin R, Dunbar CB, Zhu Q (2007). A three-tier knowledge&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle61&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style33&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 9.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle61&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;management&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; scheme&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
for&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; software&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; engineering&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
support and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle61&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style33&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 9.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle61&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;innovation.
J. Syst. Software. B0(20): 1494-1S0S. Davenport&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; TH,&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Prusak&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; L&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; (199B).&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Working&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Knowledge: How&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle61&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style33&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 9.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle61&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;Organizations
Manage What they Know. 1st edition. Boston (MA).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle61&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style33&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 9.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 9.1pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle61&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;Harvard
Business School Press. Demarest M (1997). &#39;Understanding knowledge management.&#39; Long&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle61&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style33&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 9.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle61&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;range
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Harv. Bus.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle61&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle61&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;Manage. 13(6):392-409.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;FontStyle61&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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http://www.rpp.com.pe/&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sanchez-morillas-lidia.blogspot.com/feeds/441275136511780041/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sanchez-morillas-lidia.blogspot.com/2015/03/the-optimal-pattern-modeling-of.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2225056560206775363/posts/default/441275136511780041'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2225056560206775363/posts/default/441275136511780041'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sanchez-morillas-lidia.blogspot.com/2015/03/the-optimal-pattern-modeling-of.html' title='The optimal pattern modeling of knowledge management systems establishment in public sector organizations: A case study in Tavanir organization'/><author><name>Lidia Sánchez Morillas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09664337292310912230</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCgxwDnToaoQLfIlEgtWX9ujc6HXcXujDCieXhFhOe4bwwfbSEfL2R6sg1dZFfZTyjum4IUiR02VpJldcaD6THQWIPLBZVXQFwgVJ3SfZPF65zi7U7nO9_25NV-c2JoqM/s1600/*'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjElVZ_lqPWjP2uTBYkThfuwYX3m8ZXxs8RLaniVrjIl8g9pEwFrxGqM-aixufEKoq2te2n09Jcu_h4nsidnUvb1aRmrDRh0UFY9XftyG63Nu6X4kMVZt7UijOx8z-YOHR9ztOtCZWH0tg/s72-c/fig1.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2225056560206775363.post-2729579556197906465</id><published>2014-09-18T20:09:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2014-09-18T20:10:12.215-07:00</updated><title type='text'>La Atención al Cliente</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
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http://www.rpp.com.pe/&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sanchez-morillas-lidia.blogspot.com/feeds/2729579556197906465/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sanchez-morillas-lidia.blogspot.com/2014/09/blogsperucom.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2225056560206775363/posts/default/2729579556197906465'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2225056560206775363/posts/default/2729579556197906465'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sanchez-morillas-lidia.blogspot.com/2014/09/blogsperucom.html' title='La Atención al Cliente'/><author><name>Lidia Sánchez Morillas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09664337292310912230</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCgxwDnToaoQLfIlEgtWX9ujc6HXcXujDCieXhFhOe4bwwfbSEfL2R6sg1dZFfZTyjum4IUiR02VpJldcaD6THQWIPLBZVXQFwgVJ3SfZPF65zi7U7nO9_25NV-c2JoqM/s1600/*'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2225056560206775363.post-8408200580137212304</id><published>2014-05-25T21:40:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2014-05-25T21:40:19.544-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Manual RATIONAL ROSE</title><content type='html'>&lt;b&gt;Rational Rose&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1. Objetivos&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
• Aprender a manejar los fundamentos de Rational Rose&lt;br /&gt;
• Comprender la estructura de un modelo UML en Rose: vista de casos de uso, lógica, de componentes y de despliegue.&lt;br /&gt;
• Crear los elementos de los modelos y diagramas de UML.&lt;br /&gt;
• Estructurar los elementos anteriores a través de paquetes.&lt;br /&gt;
• Generar código automáticamente a partir de los modelos.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;2. Desarrollo&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Iniciar Rational Rose&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Al arrancar la herramienta no selecciones ninguno de los frameworks que aparecen, elige la opción Cancelar.&lt;br /&gt;
En el menú Tools/Options... selecciona la pestaña Notation, y establece como notación por defecto Unified y como lenguaje por defecto Analysis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Archivos de proyecto en Rose&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Un modelo en Rose se almacena como un fichero .mdl&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;Estructura de la ventana principal de Rose&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
En esta ventana destaca el explorador (browser) en la parte izquierda, desde donde se puede crear y acceder a toda la información del modelo actual, con una pequeña ventana de documentación debajo de ella, donde aparece la documentación textual asociada al elemento seleccionado en el explorador.&lt;br /&gt;
En el canvas de la derecha se abren los diagramas que sirven de representación gráfica del modelo; entre esta ventana destaca la de log, que contiene información administrativa de los modelos(fechas de creación, actualización, etc.) junto con los errores de consistencia que se vayan produciendo (por ejemplo, durante la generación de código).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;Las cuatro vistas de la arquitectura en Rose&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
En el explorador tenemos cuatro carpetas que representan cuatro vistas de la arquitectura del sistema. Cada vista muestra una proyección de la arquitectura y usa un conjunto de diagramas. Por defecto, cada una de estas vistas tiene un diagrama especial, denominado Main (fíjate como su icono cambia en cada vista), y una carpeta especial Associations. Cada vista se puede estructurar en paquetes, de manera que el diagrama&lt;br /&gt;
Main suele estar formado por paquetes y sus relaciones.&lt;br /&gt;
Las vistas de Rose son las siguientes:&lt;br /&gt;
a) La Vista de Casos de Uso, Use Case View, que es la vista en la que se presenta el comportamiento deseado del sistema: en ella se encontrarían los modelos relacionados con la captura de requisitos. Según el proceso que hemos visto en clase, en esta vista se ubicarían el modelo del negocio, el modelo conceptual, el modelo de casos de uso del sistema y los diagramas de secuencia del sistema.&lt;br /&gt;
b) La Vista Lógica, Logical View, en la que encontraríamos los modelos que muestran el vocabulario y la funcionalidad (estructura y comportamiento) del sistema, a través de un conjunto de colaboraciones que realizan los casos de uso de la vista de casos de uso (colaboraciones que se modelan mediante diagramas de clases y diagramas de interacción: secuencia y colaboración).&lt;br /&gt;
c) La Vista de Componentes, Component View, en la que se representa la implementación del sistema mediante componentes, la organización modular del software. Esta vista está relacionada con la gestión de la configuración del software. Los paquetes en esta vista se organizan en niveles. Un componente está relacionado con un archivo de software y un lenguaje de programación. Las clases de la vista lógica se&lt;br /&gt;
asignarían a los componentes de la vista de componentes.&lt;br /&gt;
d) La Vista de Despliegue, Deployment View, en la que se modela la distribución o despliegue de los componentes a los nodos de procesamiento del sistema. Muestra la topología, distribución e instalación del sistema.&lt;br /&gt;
• La Vista Lógica de Rose se corresponde con la Vista de Diseño de la Arquitectura 4+1.&lt;br /&gt;
• En Rose no existe la Vista de Procesos de la Arquitectura 4+1, que comprende los hilos y procesos que forman los mecanismos de sincronización y concurrencia del sistema. Esta vista de procesos se encontraría en la Vista Lógica de Rose.&lt;br /&gt;
En el explorador tenemos también en una carpeta especial la opción Model Properties, que coincide con Tools/Options..., y que contiene la información de configuración del proyecto actual, incluyendo&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Modelado de casos de uso&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Comenzamos el modelado de un sistema trabajando en la vista de casos de uso, introduciendo a través del explorador:&lt;br /&gt;
• los elementos del modelo de casos de uso del negocio (si consideramos conveniente realizar un modelado del negocio)&lt;br /&gt;
• los elementos del modelo de casos de uso del sistema&lt;br /&gt;
Vamos a crear el modelo de casos de uso del sistema. Para ello, primero crearemos a través del explorador los elementos del modelo de casos de uso (actores y casos de uso), y después crearemos los diagramas de casos de uso que mostrarán el modelo.&lt;br /&gt;
Comenzamos interactuando directamente con el explorador, para crear los actores y casos de uso que hay en el diagrama de casos de uso de la Figura 1. (Sólo los actores y casos de uso, no el diagrama.)&lt;br /&gt;
Para crear un actor en el explorador:&lt;br /&gt;
1. Clic con el botón derecho del ratón sobre la carpeta Use Case View.&lt;br /&gt;
2. Seleccionar New:Actor. En el explorador aparece un nuevo actor denominado NewClass.&lt;br /&gt;
3. Selecciónalo y cámbiale el nombre por defecto por el nombre apropiado.&lt;br /&gt;
4. Haz doble clic sobre el actor, y observa cómo se edita como una clase, con sus atributos y operaciones, pero con el estereotipo &amp;lt;&lt;actor&gt;&amp;gt;.&lt;/actor&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Para documentar un actor:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
1. Si la ventana de documentación no es visible, ábrela seleccionando el menú View y activando la opción Documentation.&lt;br /&gt;
2. Selecciona el actor en el explorador.&lt;br /&gt;
3. Pon el cursor en la ventana de documentación y escribe el texto que describa el actor.&lt;br /&gt;
Para crear un caso de uso a través del explorador, y añadirle una breve descripción textual:&lt;br /&gt;
Sigue los mismos pasos que para crear un actor, pero con New:Use Case.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
Figura 1. Diagrama Casos de Uso TPV.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Asocia al caso de uso Realizar Venta un fichero que lo describa utilizando una&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;plantilla.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Para ligar documentos con plantillas de casos de uso a casos de uso:&lt;br /&gt;
1. Botón derecho sobre el caso de uso, opción Open Specification/Files.&lt;br /&gt;
2. Botón derecho/Insert File...&lt;br /&gt;
3. Seleccionar el archivo correspondiente (Word, Excel, etc.).&lt;br /&gt;
Por comodidad, se puede hacer que un mismo archivo contenga las plantillas de varios casos de uso.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Crea un diagrama de casos de uso&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
Cada sistema tiene normalmente un Main Use Case Diagram, que representa los límites del sistema (actores) junto con las principales funciones del mismo (casos de uso). Por supuesto, se pueden construir otros diagramas de casos de uso con otros objetivos, por ejemplo:&lt;br /&gt;
• para mostrar todos los casos de uso de un paquete&lt;br /&gt;
• para mostrar todos los casos de uso para un actor determinado&lt;br /&gt;
• para mostrar todos los casos de uso que son implementados en una iteración&lt;br /&gt;
• para mostrar un caso de uso y todas sus relaciones&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Para crear un diagrama de casos de uso:&lt;br /&gt;
Con botón derecho sobre la carpeta correspondiente, New:Use Case Diagram.&lt;br /&gt;
Crea ahora un diagrama denominado Diagrama Casos de Uso TPV, y arrastra sobre él los actores y casos de uso de la Figura 1, los cuales has creado mediante el explorador.&lt;br /&gt;
Por supuesto, los actores y casos de uso se pueden crear también directamente en la ventana usando la barra de herramientas.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Establece relaciones entre casos de uso.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Crea un caso de uso Pago con Tarjeta y establece una relación include de Realizar&lt;br /&gt;
Venta a este nuevo caso de uso. Cambia después la relación por una extend.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Relaciones entre casos de uso.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Tenemos tres relaciones principales entre casos de uso en Rose:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;&lt;include&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/include&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;&lt;extend&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/extend&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Generalización&lt;br /&gt;
(En Rose también se proporciona el estereotipo &amp;lt;&lt;communicate&gt;&amp;gt;, que representa la comunicación entre un actor y un caso de uso, y se muestra de manera opcional. Esta relación es poco utilizada.)&lt;/communicate&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Para crear relaciones entre casos de uso:&lt;br /&gt;
1. Pinchar el icono Dependency or instantiates&lt;br /&gt;
2. Arrastrar la línea en el sentido adecuado&lt;br /&gt;
3. Doble clic sobre la línea para hacer visible Specification/General&lt;br /&gt;
4. Seleccionar el valor adecuado en el campo Stereotype&lt;br /&gt;
Puedes poner o quitar la flecha de la relación con botón derecho/Navigable sobre la relación, cerca del extremo adecuado&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Borrar (del diagrama o del modelo)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Con la tecla Supr (botón derecho/Edit/Delete)se borra un elemento del diagrama actual, pero no del modelo. (Recuerda que el diagrama no es más que una “vista” o proyección del modelo.) Para borrar dicho elemento del modelo, usa botón derecho/Edit/Delete from model.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;Crea un Diagrama de Secuencia del Sistema para el caso de uso Realizar Venta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Como sabemos, los diagramas de secuencia del sistema son diagramas de interacción de tipo diagrama de secuencia. Denominaremos a este diagrama DSS1 (ver Figura 2).&lt;br /&gt;
• Crea el diagrama desde el explorador con botón derecho sobre el caso de uso /New:Sequence Diagram.&lt;br /&gt;
• Ábrelo con doble clic.&lt;br /&gt;
• Para cada actor u objeto en el escenario:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp; o Selecciona el actor en el explorador, y arrástralo al diagrama.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp; o Selecciona el icono Object de la barra de herramientas, e introduce el objeto (Sistema en este caso).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;o Para asignar el objeto a una clase, puedes seleccionar la clase en el explorador y arrastrarla sobre el &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;objeto.&lt;/div&gt;
• Usa el icono Object Message para introducir los mensajes.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;Crea el modelo conceptual para el sistema TPV.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Dentro de la vista de casos de uso, añade el diagrama de clases de la Figura 3, que denominaremos Modelo Conceptual TPV:&lt;br /&gt;
• Introduce clases&lt;br /&gt;
o En el explorador, botón derecho/New:Class, o bien directamente a través de los iconos de la barra de herramientas.&lt;br /&gt;
• Documéntalas a través de la ventana de documentación.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Colisiones de nombres&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
El problema de la colisión de nombres aparece si quieres crear, por ejemplo, una clase Gerente en la Vista de Casos de Uso, donde ya tienes el actor Gerente. Para evitarlo, puedes poner las clases y el diagrama del modelo conceptual en un subpaquete denominado “Modelo Conceptual”.&lt;br /&gt;
También se pueden importar clases desde otras localizaciones. En particular, en ocasiones vemos ejemplos en los que en un diagrama de clases se ha importado un actor.&lt;br /&gt;
Por ejemplo, puedes arrastrar el Gerente, que hemos definido como un actor.&lt;br /&gt;
Observarás como aparece dibujado como un actor, debido a que tiene asociado el estereotipo &amp;lt;&lt;actor&gt;&amp;gt;.&lt;/actor&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Un estereotipo se puede visualizar de varias maneras, según lo indiques con botón derecho sobre el elemento deseado en el diagrama de clases en Options/Stereotype Display. Cuando importas un clasificador desde otra vista, puedes cambiar su apariencia con esta opción.&lt;br /&gt;
Por ejemplo, cuando copias un actor del modelo de casos de uso al modelo conceptual, usa esta opción para que aparezca como una clase (none) en lugar de como una figura de actor (icon)&lt;br /&gt;
Esta aproximación es cómoda, pero hay un problema: conceptualmente el actor Gerente y la clase Gerente son elementos distintos, un actor es una clase estereotipada. Por ello, recomendamos crear un actor y una clase distintas para cada actor del que se tenga que almacenar información en el modelo.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;• Establece relaciones entre clases:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;o En este ejemplo usa sólo Undirectional Association&lt;br /&gt;
• Indica el nombre y/o roles de cada asociación.&lt;br /&gt;
• Indica la cardinalidad&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;o Opción Multiplicity haciendo clic con el botón derecho cerca del extremo deseado de la relación.&lt;br /&gt;
• Recuerda que en este modelo no se indica la navegabilidad de las relaciones&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;o Para poner o quitar la flecha de navegabilidad, puedes usar la opción Navigable haciendo clic con el botón derecho cerca del extremo deseado de la relación.&lt;br /&gt;
• Examina el resto de propiedades de las asociaciones (como derived) y de los roles (como exportación: public, private, protected).&lt;br /&gt;
• Añade atributos a cada clase&lt;br /&gt;
o En el explorador, sobre la clase botón derecho/New:Attribute.&lt;br /&gt;
o Observa cómo cambia el icono asociado al atributo según sea public, protected, private o implementation (botón derecho/Open Specification/General/Export Control). Examina el resto de opciones de especificación de un atributo.&lt;br /&gt;
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• Ya que en este modelo las operaciones no son relevantes, oculta el compartimento de operaciones en cada clase o botón derecho sobre la clase en el diagrama, Options/Supress Operations.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Modelado del análisis&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
En el modelado del análisis trabajamos fundamentalmente en la vista lógica de Rose.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Modelo de clases&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Dentro de la carpeta Logical View, crea un diagrama de clases de análisis denominado Clases del Analisis&lt;br /&gt;
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• Incluye las clases TPV, Item, Venta, Pago, Tienda, LineaVenta,&lt;br /&gt;
CatalogoProducto y Producto, que ya creaste durante el modelado de los requisitos, arrastrando con el ratón desde el explorador. (Observa cómo aparecen las relaciones entre clases que se habían definido en la vista de casos de uso.)&lt;br /&gt;
• También puedes añadir clases a un diagrama a través del menú Query.&lt;br /&gt;
La visibilidad de una clase (from “vista_de_definición”) indica el paquete donde está definida la clase. En Rose se puede establecer si se muestra (o no) la visibilidad de una clase:&lt;br /&gt;
• (para todas las clases) en Tools/Options/Diagram, en Show Visibility&lt;br /&gt;
• (para sola una clase) se establece con botón derecho/Options/Show Visibility.&lt;br /&gt;
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En el modelo conceptual hemos introducido algunos atributos a las clases. Ahora vamos a introducir operaciones a una clase.&lt;br /&gt;
Sobre la clase Venta, botón derecho/Open specification.../Operations&lt;br /&gt;
Por ejemplo, define la siguiente operación en la clase Venta:&lt;br /&gt;
public void crearLineaVenta( Producto spec, int cantidad )&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Define Pago como clase abstracta con dos subclases Pago Tarjeta y Pago Efectivo.&lt;br /&gt;
• Sobre la clase Pago, botón derecho/Open specification.../Detail, activar la opción Abstract&lt;br /&gt;
• Examina el resto de opciones de la especificación de una clase: control de exportación (public, protected, private, implementation), persistencia, etc.&lt;br /&gt;
Introduce estereotipos para las clases (por ejemplo: boundary, entity, control) y observa&amp;nbsp;los resultados.&lt;br /&gt;
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• En el explorador o en el diagrama, con botón derecho/Open Specification/General/Stereotype.&lt;br /&gt;
• Cambia la forma de visualizar el estereotipo con botón derecho sobre la clase en el diagrama/Options/Stereotype Display.&lt;br /&gt;
Crea el esquema de la figura siguiente, en el que una clase implementa una interfaz.&lt;br /&gt;
• Usa el estereotipo &amp;lt;&lt;interface&gt;&amp;gt; y muéstralo como label; utiliza una relación realizes.&lt;/interface&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
• Para mostrar la interfaz mediante su icono, muestra el estereotipo mediante icon.&lt;br /&gt;
• Introduce la operación que aparece en la Figura 4 y observa las distintas opciones de especificación de una operación.&lt;br /&gt;
• Observa que Rose propaga las operaciones de la interfaz en la clase que la implementa, si bien no las muestra. (Ocurre lo mismo con la relación de generalización.)&lt;br /&gt;
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• Aggregation – usando botón derecho/Open Specification.../Role Detail/Aggregate sobre una asociación.&lt;br /&gt;
• También puedes personalizar la barra de herramientas para incluir el icono de agregación, con el botón derecho sobre la barra.&lt;br /&gt;
Realmente, la agregación anterior es más propiamente una composición:&lt;br /&gt;
• Para indicar la composición, botón derecho sobre la línea, cerca de LineaVenta, y en Containment of LineaVenta, seleccionar By Value.&lt;br /&gt;
En el modelo conceptual mostrado en la Figura 3, define ahora una asociación &lt;br /&gt;
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calificada, como la que se muestra en la Figura 6:&lt;br /&gt;
• botón derecho sobre la asociación, New Key/Qualifier&lt;br /&gt;
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• Crea la clase asociación, con sus atributos y operaciones.&lt;br /&gt;
• Usa el icono Association Class y arrástralo desde la clase asociación Empleo hasta la relación que modifica.&lt;br /&gt;
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1. Introduce una nueva clase&lt;br /&gt;
2. Sobre la nueva clase, con botón derecho/Open&lt;br /&gt;
Specification.../General, poner como Type&lt;br /&gt;
ParameterizedClass y pulsa OK&lt;br /&gt;
3. Los argumentos formales de la clase se introducen después con botón derecho/Open Specification.../Detail, usando botón derecho/insert sobre Formal Arguments&lt;br /&gt;
• Las clases instanciadas se crean con el tipo InstatiatedClass, dándole a los parámetros actuales los valores adecuados. Entre la clase parametrizada y sus instancias se pone una relación de tipo Dependency or instantiates.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Realizaciones (colaboraciones) de casos de uso&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;Crea una colaboración (realización de un caso de uso) en la vista lógica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
• Crea un diagrama de casos de uso en la vista lógica, llamado Colaboraciones.&lt;br /&gt;
• Crea, desde la barra de herramientas, un caso de uso llamado Realizar Venta.&lt;br /&gt;
o Si tecleas el nombre directamente en el caso de uso del diagrama, Rose asumirá que el nuevo caso de uso es el mismo que el que ya habías definido en la vista de casos de uso. (El resultado es igual que cuando&lt;br /&gt;
arrastras el caso de uso ya definido.)&lt;br /&gt;
o Para definir un nuevo caso de uso, independiente del anterior, como ahora queremos, debes introducir el nombre del caso de uso a través del explorador o de la opción Open Specification. Rose presenta&lt;br /&gt;
después un mensaje del estilo de “Realizar Venta” now exists in multiple name spaces.&lt;br /&gt;
• Define el nuevo caso de uso como una realización de caso de uso.&lt;br /&gt;
o estereotipo del caso de uso: &amp;lt;&lt;use case=&quot;&quot; realization=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/use&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
• Inserta en el diagrama el caso de uso Realizar Venta de la vista de casos de uso.&lt;br /&gt;
• Establece una relación de realización entre el caso de uso y su realización. De esta forma se muestra gráficamente la trazabilidad entre las colaboraciones de la vista lógica y los casos de uso de la vista de casos de uso (ver Figura 9).&lt;br /&gt;
o Si no aparece el icono de la relación de realización, puedes personalizar la barra de herramientas con botón derecho sobre la misma/Customize...&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Crea diagramas de colaboración que describan la dinámica de la realización del caso&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;de uso Realizar Venta&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
Dentro de la realización del caso de uso Realizar Venta se incluyen los diagramas de interacción que describen cada operación del diagrama de secuencia del sistema de este caso de uso (la parte dinámica de la colaboración, ver Figura 2), así como el diagrama de clases que representa la parte estática de la colaboración.&lt;br /&gt;
Vamos a crear el diagrama de colaboración mostrado en la Figura 10, para la operación del sistema introducirItem.&lt;br /&gt;
• En el explorador, con botón derecho sobre la colaboración Realizar Venta, crea&lt;br /&gt;
un diagrama de colaboración subordinado denominado IntroducirItem.&lt;br /&gt;
• Establece que las interacciones utilizarán la numeración jerárquica&lt;br /&gt;
(Tools/Options/Diagrams/Hierarchical Messages).&lt;br /&gt;
• Examina las opciones de visibilidad de los enlaces (unspecified, field, parameter, local, global), y de compartición (shared).&lt;br /&gt;
• Examina las opciones de sincronización de los mensajes (botón derecho /Open Specification/Detail).&lt;br /&gt;
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Para añadir operaciones a una clase:&lt;br /&gt;
• Pulsa con el botón derecho sobre cualquiera de los mensajes del diagrama de colaboración, y observa como aparece la opción &lt;new operation=&quot;&quot;&gt;. Con esta opción puedes crear automáticamente una operación a partir del mensaje seleccionado. La operación aparece automáticamente en la clase correspondiente.&lt;/new&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
• Pulsando el botón derecho sobre un mensaje también aparecen las operaciones que se han definido sobre la clase, para acelerar la definición de los mensajes, si se basan en métodos que ya se han definido.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Hay dos problemas con el soporte que Rose da a los diagramas de colaboración:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
• Observa la numeración de los mensajes: a pesar de que se ha seleccionado la numeración jerárquica, los mensajes se numeran automáticamente como 1, 2, 3...&lt;br /&gt;
Con esta versión de Rose, en los diagramas de colaboración no se pueden numerar los mensajes jerárquicamente.&lt;br /&gt;
• ¿Cómo podríamos introducir un nuevo mensaje entre, por ejemplo, el mensaje 3 y el 4? Tampoco podemos hacerlo en los diagramas de colaboración. La numeración es automática.&lt;br /&gt;
Como vamos a ver, si se quiere usar diagramas de colaboración, una posibilidad consiste en trabajar con los diagramas de secuencia, y transformarlos automáticamente en diagramas de colaboración.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Transforma el diagrama de colaboración anterior en un diagrama de secuencia.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
• Se puede crear automáticamente el correspondiente diagrama de secuencia mediante Browse/Create Sequence Diagram. Después tienes que reordenar los elementos del diagrama.&lt;br /&gt;
• Nótese que el icono de múltiples instancias de una clase no se muestra en los diagramas de secuencia.&lt;br /&gt;
Ahora los diagramas de secuencia y de colaboración están sincronizados, y un cambio en uno se refleja automáticamente en el otro.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;¿Diagramas de secuencia o de colaboración?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Hay varias razones a favor y en contra del uso de cada uno de estos dos diagramas [Larman 2002]. Trabajando con Rose, una razón adicional en favor de los diagramas de colaboración es que en esta versión de la herramienta los diagramas de secuencia no soportan los multiobjetos, y los de colaboración sí. Pero al mismo tiempo los diagramas de colaboración adolecen de los dos problemas comentados en el epígrafe anterior. ¿Qué hacer?&lt;br /&gt;
Una forma de trabajar con los diagramas de interacción puede ser editar con los diagramas de secuencia (con numeración jerárquica y sin problemas para insertar nuevos mensajes intermedios) y presentar los diagramas de colaboración generados automáticamente (con multiobjetos).&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Se pueden establecer hipervínculos entre diagramas, a través de las notas:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
• Inserta una nota en el diagrama de secuencia del sistema DSS1 (Figura 2).&lt;br /&gt;
• Selecciona en el explorador el diagrama de secuencia que se quiere enlazar con DSS1 (la colaboración que acabas de crear) y arrástralo sobre la nota.&lt;br /&gt;
• Haciendo doble clic sobre la nota se sigue ahora el hipervínculo.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Modelado del estado&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Vamos a crear un diagrama de estados (statechart) para un caso de uso. Este diagrama describe las posibles secuencias de eventos externos en el contexto del caso de uso. También podríamos crear el diagrama de estados para una clase que tuviera un comportamiento dinámico interesante.&lt;br /&gt;
• Para el caso de uso Realizar Venta, dentro de la vista de casos de uso, crea el diagrama de estados mostrado en la Figura 11.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp; o Sobre el caso de uso en el explorador, botón derecho/New:Statechart Diagram.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp; o La creación del diagrama es directa a partir de la barra de herramientas.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp; o Para agregar los detalles de las transiciones entre estados (acción, guarda y/o evento que es enviado), usa botón derecho/Open Specification.../Detail.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp; o Los detalles de los estados se introducen también con Open Specification.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: blue;&quot;&gt;Modelado del negocio&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Crea un diagrama de casos de uso para modelar procesos de negocio (casos de uso del negocio y actores del negocio) con el nombre Modelado del Negocio TPV (ver Figura 12).&lt;br /&gt;
Crea primero un paquete denominado Modelo del Negocio TPV, donde se almacene toda la información relativa a este modelo: usa botón derecho/New:Package sobre la carpeta Use Case View1.&lt;br /&gt;
El modelo y los diagramas de casos de uso del negocio se crean de la misma manera que los casos de uso del sistema, pero se usan los estereotipos &amp;lt;&lt;business case=&quot;&quot; use=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt; y &amp;lt;&lt;business actor=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;.&lt;/business&gt;&lt;/business&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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( 1 Si arrastras el paquete recién creado al diagrama Main en el que se muestran los distintos paquetes, y&lt;br /&gt;
haces doble clic sobre él, automáticamente se crea un diagrama Main para dicho paquete, del tipo que&lt;br /&gt;
corresponda a la vista en la que se encuentre el paquete.)&lt;br /&gt;
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• El diagrama se crea con el nombre Registrar Pedido. La creación del diagrama es directa a partir de la barra de herramientas, salvo en algunos pequeños detalles como los que siguen:&lt;br /&gt;
• La introducción de guardas asociadas a transiciones (como [SI] o [NO]) se hace con botón derecho sobre la transición/Open Specification.../Detail.&lt;br /&gt;
• Puede que en la barra de herramientas no aparezca el icono de “Objeto”. Si es así, personaliza la barra de herramientas (con botón derecho sobre ella) para añadir este icono.&lt;br /&gt;
• Para que las líneas sean rectas, usa Format/Line Style/Rectilinear.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;Organización en paquetes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Los elementos que hay que gestionar en el modelado con UML de un sistema pueden llegar a ser muy numerosos. Las cuatro vistas de Rose sirven para organizar el modelo UML, pero cada una puede contener a su vez muchos elementos.&lt;br /&gt;
Sabemos que UML proporciona paquetes para organizar el modelado. ¿Cómo usar los paquetes para estructurar el modelo? Se trata de un problema abierto. En este apartado discutimos algunas ideas para usar paquetes en las dos vistas de Rose con las que más&lt;br /&gt;
vamos a trabajar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;Vista de casos de uso&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Si has realizado un modelado del negocio, tienes dos opciones para organizar los elementos en esta vista:&lt;br /&gt;
a) Puedes crear un paquete para cada caso de uso del negocio, en el que guardar sus diagramas relacionados: su diagrama de actividades, su diagrama de secuencia y su diagrama de casos de uso del sistema.&lt;br /&gt;
b) Alternativamente, puedes asociar directamente estos diagramas al caso de uso del negocio &amp;nbsp;correspondiente. En el explorador quedará reflejada esta jerarquía.&lt;br /&gt;
Otra posibilidad consiste en poner en un mismo paquete toda la información relativa al modelo del negocio, como hemos visto en el apartado anterior. Después puedes organizar los casos de uso del sistema en paquetes dentro de la vista de casos de uso.&lt;br /&gt;
Insistimos en que el problema está abierto. Es habitual que el diagrama Main de esta vista presente la división en paquetes del sistema. Es fácil hacerse así una idea de la estructura del modelo de casos de uso y moverse con doble clic por los paquetes. Por ejemplo, se pueden crear paquetes por áreas de actividad o de interés, para contener los casos de uso que se implementan en la iteración actual, etc.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;Vista lógica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Si el modelo no es muy grande, una posibilidad es tener en un primer nivel las realizaciones de los casos de uso del sistema (definidos en la vista de casos de uso); dependiendo de cada una de ellas, tendríamos los diagramas de interacción que describirían las operaciones del sistema (que aparecen en los diagramas de secuencia del sistema del caso de uso correspondiente). En la vista lógica se ubicaría también un diagrama de clases.&lt;br /&gt;
Por supuesto, se pueden añadir paquetes según sea necesario. Por ejemplo, en una arquitectura dividida en capas (layers), podríamos tener un paquete para la vista, otro para el modelo, etc.&lt;br /&gt;
Generación de código Rose permite realizar generación de código (ingeniería directa) a partir de los modelos, e ingeniería inversa a partir del código. Rose soporta muchos lenguajes de implementación. En este seminario nos vamos a centrar en la generación de código Java a partir de componentes definidos en la vista de componentes de Rose. Esta vista denota la estructura física de archivos de código del sistema. Las clases de Rose se traducen a clases Java y los componentes de Rose a archivos .java.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
( se debe poner navegabilidades para generar atributos objeto-valuados automáticamente. Y si no se escribe el &amp;nbsp;nombre a los roles, se le asignarán automáticamente por defecto durante el proceso de generación.)&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;Los pasos que hay que seguir para generar automáticamente código Java a partir del modelo UML son los siguientes:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1. Asignar clases Java a componentes Java en el modelo. (Puedes asignar varias clases Java al mismo componente Java.)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
• Para crear una clase Java hay dos posibilidades:&lt;br /&gt;
a. Hacer que Java sea el lenguaje por defecto (para todas las clases): Tools/Options.../Notation&lt;br /&gt;
b. Hacer que una clase concreta sea considerada clase Java: basta con hacerla corresponder con un componente Java.&lt;br /&gt;
• Necesitas crear un nuevo diagrama de componentes en la vista de componentes, o usar el denotado por Main.&lt;br /&gt;
• Crea un componente en el diagrama de componentes. Para hacerlo componente Java:&lt;br /&gt;
a. Puedes hacer que Java sea el lenguaje por defecto, o bien...&lt;br /&gt;
b. Para asignar el lenguaje Java a un único componente, usa botón derecho/Open Specification.../General/Language&lt;br /&gt;
• Asigna la clase al componente Java:&lt;br /&gt;
a. Arrastra la clase desde el explorador y suéltala sobre el componente Java. (En el explorador, el nombre del componente aparece ahora entre paréntesis después del nombre de la clase.)&lt;br /&gt;
b. Alternativamente, lo puedes hacer con botón derecho sobre el componente /Open Specification/Realizes&lt;br /&gt;
• Debes tener en cuenta que:&lt;br /&gt;
a. Cada componente tiene a lo sumo una clase con visibilidad pública.&lt;br /&gt;
b. Deben coincidir el nombre del componente y el nombre de la clase con visibilidad pública del mismo.&lt;br /&gt;
c. Para cambiar la visibilidad de una clase, puedes usar sobre la misma botón derecho/Open Specification. Observa como al haber elegido Java como lenguaje en lugar de Analysis, esta opción ha cambiado. Las funcionalidades anteriores se mantienen en la opción botón derecho/Open Standard Specification.&lt;br /&gt;
• IMPORTANTE: la forma anterior de trabajar se puede simplificar. No es&lt;br /&gt;
obligatorio que tú crees el componente. Si usas botón&lt;br /&gt;
derecho/Generate Java directamente sobre la clase, Rose creará&lt;br /&gt;
automáticamente, en la vista de componentes, un componente con el&lt;br /&gt;
mismo nombre que la clase. Usualmente, esta es la forma de trabajar.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;2. Comprobar el classpath (Tools/Java/Project&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;Specification/General).&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
• Rose J necesita que la variable CLASSPATH apunte a las clases de la API JDK y a tus bibliotecas de usuario. CLASSPATH es una variable del entorno del sistema que no es propia de Rose: varias herramientas y aplicaciones de Java (como la Java Virtual Machine) dependen del CLASSPATH del sistema para resolver sus referencias.&lt;br /&gt;
• Para ingeniería inversa, Rose J requiere que CLASSPATH apunte a la biblioteca de clases JDK.&lt;br /&gt;
• Usa la sección Directories de la ventana de classpath para añadir directorios que extienden el CLASSPATH. Esta variable Directories es guardada con el modelo Rose, pero no altera el&lt;br /&gt;
CLASSPATH. Puedes usar Directories para indicar en qué directorio quieres que Rose J guarde el código generado.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;3. Especificar las propiedades del proyecto que afectan a la generación de código (opcional).&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
• Tools/Java/Project Specification/Detail&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;4. Hacer copia de respaldo del código (opcional).&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
• Ten en cuenta que cuando generas código a un archivo .java existente, Rose crea un backup del archivo actual usando la extensión .~jav.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;5. Generar código Java.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
• Selecciona una o más clases o componentes y usa Tools/Java/Generate Java o botón derecho sobre el&lt;br /&gt;
componente /Generate Java.&lt;br /&gt;
• Si es la primera vez que generas código para un elemento del modelo, aparecerá un diálogo que permite relacionar paquetes y componentes a los valores del classpath (directories).&lt;br /&gt;
• Los errores quedan reflejados en la ventana Rose Log (disponible desde el menú Window).&lt;br /&gt;
• Alternativamente, Rose J ofrece una opción de autosincronización que inicia la generación de código automáticamente cuando se crea o se modifica cualquier elemento Java en el modelo. Se activa esta opción&lt;br /&gt;
desde Tools/Java/Project Specification/Detail.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;6. Ver y extender el código generado.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Generación de informes&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Puedes publicar el modelo en HTML con la opción Tools/Web Publisher...&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;Anexo I - Comparativa de herramientas CASE de A/DOO2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Rational Rose es una de las herramientas de desarrollo orientado a objetos más populares, pero evidentemente no es la única. En el siguiente cuadro se valora un conjunto representativo de herramientas de soporte al análisis y diseño orientado a objetos. Para cada característica se establece una valoración de 1 a 4 (1: malo, 2: regular, 3: bueno y 4: muy bueno).&lt;br /&gt;
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(a): con “plugin” EclipseMetrics&lt;br /&gt;
(b): en versiones comerciales (Profesional y Enterprise)&lt;br /&gt;
(c): en versiones comerciales (Standard, Profesional y Enterprise)&lt;br /&gt;
(d): junto con Add-in ClearCase o VersionControl&lt;br /&gt;
(e): con “plugin” Eclipse-ccase&lt;br /&gt;
(f): con el Add-in “Unisys Rose XMI Add-in Version 1.3.5”&lt;br /&gt;
(g): integración con herramientas externas&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;La naturaleza dinámica e
incierta del entorno actual implica la observación en muchos niveles, de los
aspectos estructurales, de negocios, para el entorno tecnológico. Nuevos
patrones de interacción dentro de las organizaciones, como pasar de la
integración vertical para outsourcing, ahora las organizaciones virtuales,
permitirá el desarrollo de alianzas y asociaciones estratégicas que permitan a
las empresas a centrarse en sus competencias básicas. Las organizaciones están
cambiando en respuesta a estas necesidades por ser plana, rápido, flexible,
adaptativa, colaborativa y de estructuras de información intensiva, mediante el
uso de TI .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Según M.B. Mohdzain,
K.M. Ward, &amp;nbsp;en un estudio delos sistemas
de información y&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;la planificación
estratégica en las organizaciones multinacionales, publicada en el &amp;nbsp;The Journal of Strategic Information Systems
16 (December (4)), 2007, pp. 324–352, nos dice que el impacto de las TI &amp;nbsp;en la gestión estratégica ha sido la de provocar
la adopción de pensamiento total del sistema, es decir , la gestión de todo el
proceso de la estrategia y sus componentes , por lo tanto , hay claramente la
necesidad de realizar actividades de planificación estratégica preliminares y asimilar
con éxito , la Planificación del sistema de información estratégica ( PSI ) que
viene hacer &amp;nbsp;el proceso de pensamiento
estratégico que identifica el más deseable es en la que la empresa puede
cumplir y aplicar las actividades y políticas de TI a largo plazo. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Se trata de un mecanismo
para garantizar que las actividades de TI están alineadas con las necesidades y
estrategias cambiantes de la organización. Con el ingreso de las TI en la
década de 2000 y el aumento de la presión sobre las empresas para aprovechar
sus activos de TI, la importancia del PSI ha aumentado. Las organizaciones están
invirtiendo ampliamente en Si para obtener los máximos beneficios de las TI.
Pero los SI son a menudo considerado como éxito debido a la falta de alineación
entre SI y negocio planificación; gran divergencia en los enfoques adoptados
por las diferentes empresas en el tiempo, el costo y los factores ambientales y
haciendo caso omiso de las actividades de gestión de proyectos en la mayoría de
las empresas, especialmente las pymes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;El importante efecto del
contexto de la realidad sobre &amp;nbsp;la
planificación, la incorporación de los factores contextuales es general y la
categorización de los factores no se ha hecho explícita, mientras que algunos
factores sólo examinan superficialmente. Como la centralización aumenta, tiende
a controlar la planificación proceso y , en consecuencia, la planificación se
convierte en más táctico que estratégica y está dominado por la planificación
de infraestructura de TI.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Según Lederer, en su estudio
de investigación “la eficacia de los sistemas de información estratégicos publicada
en la revista, Información y Gestión 43 (4), 2006, pp 481-501, nos habla de las
metodologías y enfoques de la planificación , la planificación horizonte,
cambios en el negocio , cambiará, y su alineación y otros aspectos del proceso
de planificación empírica e investigación que investiga la influencia planeando
el éxito PSI se ha basado en una lista general de las características
organizativas o aspectos específicos , tales como la necesidad de llevar a cabo
la amplia planificación en un entorno turbulento , el externo de TI en los
negocios.&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;![endif]--&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;LAS TECNOLOGIAS DE LA INFORMACION&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Las soluciones eficaces en materia de tecnologías de la información y de la comunicación (TIC) resaltan&amp;nbsp; esenciales para una aplicación exitosa de las políticas sociales nacionales, incluyendo reformas en los sistemas de seguridad social, asi com el diseño y la gestión estratégica de programas integrados de seguridad social.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Sin embargo, la introducción de soluciones basadas en TIC que resulten adecudas, asumible y duraderas plantean retos, si bien las experiencias de buenas practicas de la administraciones de seguridad social&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
demuestran que es posible superarlos.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #20124d;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Como los aportes fundamentales de las TIC&amp;nbsp; se tiene:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Las TIC eficaces son esenciales para la aplicacion de nuevas e innovadoras medidas en materia de politicas de seguridad social.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Las TIC permiten la introducción y ejecución de programas sociales integrados de gran escala.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Las TIC mejoran el modo en que se proporcionan las prestaciones y los servicios y la manera en que los perribe la población.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Las TIC mejoran la eficiencia operativa y facilitan la mejora en los procesos de toma de decisiones. &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img src=&quot;http://www.humanodigital.com.ar/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/tic.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogsperu.com/&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;BlogsPeru.com&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;http://blogsperu.com/images/boton_blogsperu10.gif&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;http://www.essalud.gob.pe/

http://www.rpp.com.pe/&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sanchez-morillas-lidia.blogspot.com/feeds/5276858944112955627/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sanchez-morillas-lidia.blogspot.com/2013/12/normal-0-21-false-false-false-es-pe-x.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2225056560206775363/posts/default/5276858944112955627'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2225056560206775363/posts/default/5276858944112955627'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sanchez-morillas-lidia.blogspot.com/2013/12/normal-0-21-false-false-false-es-pe-x.html' title='LAS TECNOLOGIAS DE LA INFORMACION'/><author><name>Lidia Sánchez Morillas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09664337292310912230</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCgxwDnToaoQLfIlEgtWX9ujc6HXcXujDCieXhFhOe4bwwfbSEfL2R6sg1dZFfZTyjum4IUiR02VpJldcaD6THQWIPLBZVXQFwgVJ3SfZPF65zi7U7nO9_25NV-c2JoqM/s1600/*'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2225056560206775363.post-6082712240810013592</id><published>2013-09-22T14:48:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2013-09-22T14:48:40.318-07:00</updated><title type='text'>LA ÉTICA Y VALORES</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Hoy en día los jóvenes, para ser exitosos, tienen que ser personas refl exivas, capaces de desarrollar opiniones personales, interactuar en contextos plurales, asumir un papel propositivo como miembros de la sociedad a la que pertenecen, discernir sobre lo que sea relevante y lo que no, plantear objetivos de manera precisa e informada, seleccionar información en el amplio universo que existe, de acuerdo con ciertos propósitos, y además estar en posibilidad de actualizarse de manera continua.&lt;/div&gt;
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Sabemos que existe una gran diversidad entre los jóvenes que asisten al nivel bachillerato. Cada uno de ellos cuenta con intereses y capacidades diferentes, y por si fuera poco, están en la búsqueda de una identidad aún por definirse.&lt;/div&gt;
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Por este motivo, es que los jóvenes deben centrar su atención en las diversas áreas de estudio y elegir aquella que cumpla con su perfi l para desarrollarse profesional y personalmente en el ámbito laboral.&lt;/div&gt;
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Se requiere entonces que el alumno movilice una serie de conocimientos, habilidades y actitudes en contextos específi cos que le permitan construir espacios educativos complejos que responden a las exigencias del mundo actual Ética y Valores 1 promueve la refl exión como elemento básico y necesario para la toma de decisiones personales y la relación de cada individuo con la sociedad, además de ubicarte en los valores propios, los de la democracia y los derechos humanos con el fin de encontrar en nuestro país una razón de ser de su propia identidad, multiculturalidad y su papel en un mundo globalizado.&lt;/div&gt;
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http://www.rpp.com.pe/&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sanchez-morillas-lidia.blogspot.com/feeds/4664144040829949801/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sanchez-morillas-lidia.blogspot.com/2013/06/blogsperucom_14.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2225056560206775363/posts/default/4664144040829949801'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2225056560206775363/posts/default/4664144040829949801'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sanchez-morillas-lidia.blogspot.com/2013/06/blogsperucom_14.html' title='BIG DATA micro review'/><author><name>Lidia Sánchez Morillas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09664337292310912230</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCgxwDnToaoQLfIlEgtWX9ujc6HXcXujDCieXhFhOe4bwwfbSEfL2R6sg1dZFfZTyjum4IUiR02VpJldcaD6THQWIPLBZVXQFwgVJ3SfZPF65zi7U7nO9_25NV-c2JoqM/s1600/*'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4O0WP0z7E6d6Gu2J6ESCFsV4XIl8kKx2ikoz19jdVYV_0zxn5_scWJ9OCH7yhV-vwckZH-k7zL0RriWLKIDcy0VlQhsIYv26nnAGsGd6NKRMVOfdycfxQdY2C6PBimOs1rly2y_dLKSs/s72-c/big1.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2225056560206775363.post-2171005750140197099</id><published>2013-04-02T19:53:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2013-04-02T19:53:54.358-07:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;Los Sistemas de Información como campo científico en la administración y dirección de empresas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;Daniel Pérez González&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;Doctor en Administración de Empresas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;Profesor de Sistemas de Información y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;coordinador del MBA Internacional de la Universidad de Cantabria.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;Departamento de Administración de Empresas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Universidad de Cantabria.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;Email: daniel.perez@unican.es&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Resumen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Los sistemas y tecnologías de la información son elementos conceptualmente complejos y de carácter interdisciplinario que siempre han generado interés para la ciencia administrativa y la práctica empresarial, con más importancia, si cabe, en los últimos años, como consecuencia de un entorno económico y social marcado por la tecnología. En este sentido, son numerosas las reflexiones que se han realizado a lo largo del tiempo sobre los impactos que los sistemas y tecnologías de la información tienen en las organizaciones y los múltiples marcos de análisis que deben ser utilizados para investigar dichos efectos. Todo esto ha dado lugar a un campo de estudio dentro de la administración de empresas muy diverso y complejo en cuanto a temáticas, metodologías y enfoques. Ante esta situación, el objetivo del presente artículo es analizar, organizar y reflexionar sobre las principales aportaciones que, hasta el momento, se han realizado en la literatura y definir lo que pueden ser las tendencias futuras, de forma que este trabajo pueda facilitar a otros investigadores la compleja labor que supone el análisis de los sistemas y tecnologías de la información dentro de la administración de empresas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Palabras Clave: Sistemas de información, Tecnologías de la información, management&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;1.- Introducción&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;El estudio de los Sistemas de Información (en adelante designados como SI) y de las Tecnologías de la Información (en adelante designados como TI) dentro del área de conocimiento de la administración y organización de empresas ha ido adquiriendo una importancia creciente hasta conformar a partir de la década de los 80 un área de estudio con entidad propia (Culnan y Swanson, 1986; Claver, González y Llopis, 1999). Por lo tanto, un área de conocimiento relativamente nueva, en comparación con otras tradicionales de la ciencia administrativa, que pese a su juventud y dificultades propias entre las que destacan el carácter interdisciplinario, combinación de informática y administración (Boland y Hisrchheim, 1987), y su continua y acelerada evolución (Teng y Galleta, 1990) cuenta con un importante desarrollo 1, consecuencia de su importancia en el ámbito empresarial. Así, los SI-TI son reconocidos tanto por académicos como por los profesionales de empresa como elementos de infraestructura y apoyo a todos los procesos de negocio; por tanto, los efectos que los SI-TI pueden tener en las organizaciones son múltiples, desde productivos y organizativos hasta los vinculados con los recursos humanos. Esto ha dado lugar a que a lo largo del tiempo los SI-TI hayan sido tratados desde los principales enfoques y corrientes teóricas de la ciencia administrativa, generando un campo de estudio muy diverso y complejo en cuanto a temáticas, metodologías y enfoques.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;En este sentido, comprender la situación actual del estudio de los SI-TI en las investigaciones en administración de empresas pasa por un análisis histórico de las corrientes que la han llevado al presente y que a su vez permitirá identificar lo que pueden ser las líneas futuras de investigación. Así, el objetivo del presente artículo es analizar, organizar y reflexionar sobre las principales aportaciones que hasta el momento se han realizado en la literatura, de forma que este trabajo pueda facilitar a otros investigadores el profundizar en sus trabajos en un cuerpo teórico centrado en los sistemas y tecnologías de la información dentro de la administración de empresas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Con esta intención, en primer lugar se revisan las temáticas y metodologías de investigación predominantes hasta el momento, para a continuación presentar de forma ordenada y formal un estudio de las corrientes gerenciales desde las que se han analizado los SI-TI y concluir con lo que pueden ser las tendencias de investigación futuras de los sistemas y tecnologías de la información dentro de la administración de empresas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2. Temáticas y metodologías de investigación&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;En el análisis de los temas de estudio y metodologías de investigación dentro del campo de los SI-TI, es una referencia el estudio realizado por Claver, González y Llopis (1999) 2 en el que clasifican los principales ítems de investigación sobre SI-TI en treinta temas, agrupados en cinco grandes áreas (figura 1) entre los que destacan, por la importancia en el volumen de artículos, tres áreas: la primera, la de dirección de SI, y dentro de ésta el estudio del desarrollo y ciclo de vida del SI, la evaluación de los SI y el uso de los SI para la obtención de ventajas competitivas. Como segundo área de interés aparece el análisis concreto de las TI, siendo el tercer área en importancia el desarrollo de los SI. Se muestra así una tendencia creciente por los temas que vinculan los SI y TI con temas directivos y de competitividad en detrimento de los temas estrictamente técnicos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &#39;Verdana&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-language: PL;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;En cuanto a la metodología de investigación en el área de los SI-TI y siguiendo el estudio anteriormente mencionado, los autores establecen dos tipologías de estudios. Los teóricos, que incluyen las categorías de conceptuales, ilustrativos, y de conceptos aplicados; y una segunda tipología referida a los análisis empíricos, formados por estudios de casos, trabajo de campo, experimentos de campo y de laboratorio&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &#39;Verdana&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-language: PL;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Donde de forma clara predomina la investigación empírica y dentro de ésta principalmente el estudio de campo y de casos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;3. Enfoques teóricos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Para completar éste análisis del campo científico de los SI-TI en la Administración de empresas realizamos una revisión de las distintas teorías del management desde las que han sido tratados dichos sistemas y tecnologías. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Los SI-TI en el contexto de la práctica empresarial han avanzado en función del ritmo marcado por el avance tecnológico y de forma muy similar, el campo científico de los SI se ha desarrollado en función de la propia evolución de la ciencia directiva y de sus preocupaciones. Así, los primeros periodos de los SI como campo científico coinciden con el predominio del paradigma de la Teoría Económica y la Organización Industrial, cuyos supuestos de partida establecen que la estructura del sector forma el contexto en el que las organizaciones compiten y por tanto, es el factor determinante de los comportamientos empresariales y de los resultados que se obtienen (Porter, 1980). La situación competitiva queda definida por una serie de variables que se comportan de forma relativamente estable como las barreras de entrada y salida de un mercado, la intensidad de la competencia (Schmalensee, 1985) y la cuota de mercado (Ravenscraft, 1983). Desde este punto de vista no deberían existir diferencias significativas entre las empresas de una misma industria, pero la evidencia empírica ha mostrado lo contrario (Newman, 1973; Hatten y Schendel, 1977; Cool y Schendel, 1987). Como explicaciones a estas controversias destacan las aportaciones de la cadena de valor (Porter, 1980; Porter y Millar, 1986) y el modelo de las cinco fuerzas competitivas (Porter, 1985). Bajo estas influencias, surgen una serie de investigaciones centradas en estudiar los efectos de los SI-TI sobre el sector, la industria y la estructura del mercado (Parsons, 1983), la capacidad competitiva de las organizaciones y el papel de las TI en la cadena de valor (Porter y Millar, 1986) y la influencia de las TI en el apoyo a las estrategias competitivas de liderazgo en costes, diferenciación y segmentación (Cash y Konsynski, 1986; McFarlan, McKenney y Pyburn, 1983; Rackoff, Wiseman y Ullrich, 1985). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;En un segundo periodo desde el paradigma de la Economía de las organizaciones, toman auge teorías desarrolladas tiempo atrás, como la teoría de los costes de transacción (Coase, 1937; Williamson, 1975, 1986) o la teoría de la agencia (Demsetz, 1972; Jensen y Meckling, 1976; Fama, 1980). Teorías que, a diferencia de la economía industrial, consideran como fuente de resultados extraordinarios y de ventajas competitivas el interior de las organizaciones. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;La teoría de los costes de transacción establece la existencia de alternativas contrapuestas para la asignación de recursos, la jerarquía y el mercado y, entre ellas, una serie de formas híbridas (Williamson, 1975). Cada una de estas formas tiene sus propios mecanismos de coordinación. La jerarquía utiliza como medio de coordinación la autoridad y el mercado el precio. Además, estas formas de coordinación tienen riesgos y costes asociados que derivan de la identificación y realización de acuerdos y establecimiento de relaciones, la adquisición de información, la coordinación y control de las relaciones en el tiempo. Desde esta perspectiva aparecen investigaciones que se ocupan de verificar los efectos de las TI sobre: los costes de transacción e influencia de las TI sobre las estructuras de gobierno (Malone, Yates y Benajamin, 1987), la reducción de los costes de transacción inherentes al establecimiento de las relaciones en el mercado (Johnston y Lawrence, 1988; Brynjolfsson, 1993; Clemons, Reddi y Row, 1993), la disminución de los costes de coordinación y control de las relaciones (Clemons y Row, 1991; Malone, 1997) y los efectos en los costes de adquisición de la información compartida entre organizaciones (Konsynsky y McFarlan, 1990; Scott, 1992).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;La teoría de la agencia contempla las organizaciones como redes contractuales entre principales y agentes, por las que los primeros ceden a los segundos capacidad para tomar decisiones a fin de conseguir objetivos que de forma autónoma no se podrían alcanzar, lo que supone la necesidad en incurrir en costes derivados del establecimiento y mantenimiento de dichos contratos o relaciones de agencia (Jensen y Mecking, 1976; Fama y Jensen, 1983). En esta línea aparecen investigaciones que analizan el papel de los SI -TI sobre las fuentes y variables de los costes de agencia como el tamaño y grado de centralización, descentralización de los derechos de decisión y el tamaño de la organización (Gurbaxani y Whang, 1991; Attewell y Rule; 1994) y el esfuerzo tecnológico y la estructura de propiedad (Kochhar y David, 1996). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;En un tercer periodo, desde enfoques más alejados de la economía industrial y cercanos a la Teoría Organizativa, una de las cuestiones que han preocupado a los gestores y que han sido tratadas con amplitud en la literatura de SI-TI, aunque sin un enfoque teórico exclusivo, es el impacto que ejercen sistemas y tecnologías de la información y comunicaciones en la estructura organizativa (Malone, 1997; Robey y Boudreau, 1999). En este sentido, principalmente se han estudiado las implicaciones entre la inversión en sistemas y tecnologías de la información y variables que miden la forma de la empresa; el tamaño, la diversificación y las modificaciones en el puesto de trabajo y los niveles directivos (Attewell y Rule, 1994; Pinsonneault y Kraemer, 1993; Dewan, Michel y Min, 1998; Barrett y Walsham, 1999). Incluso autores como Yates y Benjamin (1991) indican la existencia de una relación bidireccional y recíproca entre innovaciones en TI y estructura organizativa, facilitando las primera nuevas estructuras y éstas a su vez favoreciendo las innovaciones. Sin embargo, no existe consenso entre los investigadores encontrándose contradicciones acerca de si las SI-TI disminuyen o no el número de mandos intermedios (Bjorn y Pedersen, 1980; Pinsonneault y Kraemer, 1993), aumentan o disminuyen el tamaño de la empresa (Gurbaxani y Whang, 1991), favorecen o perjudican la flexibilidad y generan nuevas estructuras (Miles y Show, 1986). En definitiva, la literatura no permite generalizar el impacto de Sistemas y Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicaciones sobre las dimensiones organizativas (Orero, 1995; Robey y Bondreau, 1999), e incluso se llega a afirmar que dichos impactos son impredecibles (Giddens, 1984; Markus y Robey, 1988). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;La Teoría Organizativa abandona las presunciones de estabilidad de condiciones competitivas y la homogénea adaptación dentro de la industria -propias de la economía industrial y los enfoques neoclásicos- para proponer la necesidad de analizar los procesos de adaptación de las organizaciones al contexto y la posesión y explotación de ciertos recursos empresariales como explicación de la creación de valor y éxito empresarial (Rumelt, 1984; Wernerfelt, 1984; Barney, 1986, 1991; Itami y Roehl, 1987; Dierickx y Cool, 1989; Grant, 1991; Amit y Schoemaker, 1993; Peteraf, 1993). Del influjo de estos principios surge la teoría de Recursos y Capacidades que define a la empresa como un agente responsable de la acumulación y combinación de un conjunto de recursos y capacidades heterogéneos, que cumplen, en alguna medida, ciertos requisitos tales como ser valiosos, raros, inimitables, o estar embebidos en la organización (Barney, 1991; Grant, 1991; Peteraf, 1993 Miller; Eisenstat y Foote, 2002) y cuya correcta explotación permitirá la consecución y sostenimiento de ventajas competitivas y la apropiación de rentas superiores. En esta línea son frecuentes las investigaciones que analizan los efectos de los recursos, SI-TI en la obtención de ventajas competitivas, la importancia de las capacidades tecnológicas, y la relación de los SI-TI con otros recursos y capacidades de naturaleza humana, cultural o de gestión (Keen, 1993; Benjamin y Levinsson, 1993; Powell y Dent-Micallef, 1997; Amit y Zott, 2001; Águila, Bruque y Padilla, 2002; Paños, Ruiz y Sabater, 2003; Caballer, Moncaleano, 2004). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Por último, la perspectiva más reciente desde la que se han analizado los SI-TI es una extensión del enfoque basado en recursos y capacidades (Hoskisson et al,1999) , en concreto, la Teoría de la Empresa Basada en el Conocimiento (Kogut y Zander, 1992; Nonaka y Takeuchi, 1995; Davenport, Jarvenpaa y Beers, 1996; Grant, 1996) centrada en el análisis de un activo central, el conocimiento, a partir del cual se articulan todos los procesos de la organización y cuya explotación determinará la obtención de ventajas competitivas y su mantenimiento en el tiempo. Desde este nuevo enfoque centrado en el conocimiento se estudia si los SI-TI inciden en los procesos de creación, distribución, interpretación y almacenamiento del conocimiento (Demsetz, 1991; Kogut y Zander, 1992; Grant, 1996, 2003; Junnarkar y Brown, 1997; Nonaka, 2000; Nonaka y Teece, 2001). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;4. Conclusiones &lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;La continua evolución de los SI-TI en las organizaciones ha dado lugar a una amplia literatura en cuanto a temáticas, metodologías y enfoques teóricos, que conforman un complejo campo de investigación dentro de la administración de empresas. Sin embargo, como señala Brigss et al (1999) los estudios realizados en el campo del management siguen sin dar respuesta a las preguntas ¿cómo desarrollar sistemas de información que distribuyan valor al usuario a tiempo y dentro del presupuesto?, ¿qué hacen o pueden hacer los sistemas y tecnologías de la información y comunicaciones atendiendo a las distintas funciones que desempeñan y su evolución en las organizaciones? y, ¿cómo y porqué afectan a la creación de valor de éstas? Predominando en este ámbito estudios de análisis de casos y artículos en prensa y revistas especializadas en los que se analizan los nuevos sistemas y tecnologías y de qué forma modifican la manera tradicional de hacer negocios (Simon y Davenport, 1989; Bock y Aplegate, 1995; Laudon y Laudon, 2000). Más reciente en el tiempo es la aparición de algunos trabajos descriptivos y empíricos de tipo estadístico en los que se intenta relacionar sistemas y tecnologías de la información con la productividad (Brynjolffsson y Hitt, 1996, 2000; Brynjolffsson, Hitt y Yang, 2002) y con los procesos de gestión de conocimiento, en los que aparecen los SI y TI como componentes del capital estructural (Bueno, 2000). Sin embargo, son escasas las contribuciones en cuanto a la medición de beneficios, cuantitativos y en especial cualitativos, aportados por las tecnologías de la información a las organizaciones. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;En definitiva, la literatura carece de evidencia empírica suficiente como para poder encontrar una respuesta única y sólida sobre los efectos e influencias de los SI-TI en los resultados empresariales. En esta línea, la tendencia en cuanto a los temas que centran el interés de las investigaciones es vincular los SI-TI con la competitividad de las organizaciones, utilizando metodologías de estudio de campo y casos que permiten la introducción y análisis de variables de tipo cualitativo. Respecto a los enfoques de investigación, en coincidencia con los temas de interés y las metodologías, los enfoques teóricos pasan del análisis de los efectos de los SI-TI sobre variables económicas y financieras a centrar la atención en los efectos que los SI-TI ejercen sobre aspectos cualitativos considerados críticos para el éxito empresarial, como el conocimiento y los recursos humanos, mediante la teoría de recursos y capacidades o la teoría de la empresa basada en el conocimiento. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;A modo de conclusión final, indicar que del análisis de las teorías expuestas se obtiene que cada enfoque se orienta al estudio de unas variables distintas y desde unos supuestos diferentes. Esta heterogeneidad pone de manifiesto la necesidad de continuar avanzando en el estudio de los SI-TI. Y para ello, parece necesario basar las investigaciones futuras en un paradigma integrador de los enfoques anteriores que aporte una perspectiva equilibrada, con metodologías que permitan analizar variables cualitativas y cuantitativas y la agregación de teorías o enfoques complementarios como el sistémico, estratégico y el de recursos y capacidades, que puedan ser aplicados simultáneamente para intentar analizar de forma integral los SI-TI dentro de las organizaciones. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;5. Referencias bibliográficas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;Los diez errores de comunicación más perjudiciales para su carrera&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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