LADYBUG's and Friends

NEEM AS A HERBAL FERTILIZER

2010-08-15T18:44:00.000-07:00

100% ORGANIC / NATURAL FERTILIZER

In the modern era scientists and government institutions are trying to look for environmental clean fertilizer / pesticides for enriching the nature. But resources for the same are very limited whatever sources available are not sufficient to meet the demand of the country. In the circumstances Shalimar International is introducing a neem based herbal fertilizer and pesticides to the UAE.

This is the only environmental free fertilizer, the use of which will purify the atmospheric air destroying the unwanted germs and bacteria. As the neem herbal fertilizer has insecticides effect it kills all soil insects and nematodes surrounding the root system of the plant. This fertilizer can be used as an atmospheric cleanser in crowded places, where the air polluted with germs and is a fertile media for diseases.

Neem herbal fertilizer is processed from the neem seeds. It contains major plant nutrients such as: -

Nitrogen 7 8%

Phosphorus 3 4%

Potassium 3 4%

It also acts as a soil conditioner improving aeration and moisture holding capacity of the soil. It adds organic matter content to the soil when used in the garden and lawn. Nutrients found in the neem herbal fertilizer are in the organic form and are released slowly over a long period of time. Major nutrients (NPK) available in the neem herbal fertilizer become available to the roots of the plants as need by the plant.

source: http://www.shalimarherbals.com/neem.htm

NEEM PESTICIDE EXTRACT

2010-08-13T18:47:00.000-07:00

Bioactive components PESTISIDAL neem, EXTRACTION

And its efficacy against thrips pests

BIOACTIVE COMPONENT'S OF PESTICIDES Neem, Extraction

Thrips TO INTERNATIONAL EFFICACIOUS

Sapto Priyadi *)

ABSTRACT

The objective of this research was showing to Pesticide efficacious of neem leaf from manipulation of solvent polarity and extract dilutions to thrips.

Neem leaf extraction was based on six solvent's polarity on extract, ie pure methanol, with methanol-water comparson (1:1), (2:1), (3:1), (4:1), (5:1) and combinated to extract dilutions, iethick extract, dilutions (20 times, 25 times and 30 times).

The results of this research showed: 1) the highest percentage of mortality pest (89.193%) be found on M0C0 (Pure methanol solvent and extract thick) on the first day after treatment. That treatment are significant difference to other treatments. 2) On the secound day after treatment to That showed highest percentage of pest mortality (100%) be found on M0C0 (Pure methanol solvent and extract thick), M4C1 (methanol-water - and 4:1 dilutions 20 times) and M5C0 (methanol-water - and the thick extract 5:1). On the third day after treatment to That showed highest percentage of pest mortality (100%) be found on M0C0 (Pure methanol solvent and extract thick), and percentage of mortality lowerest pest (82.77%) be found on M4C3 (methanol-water - and 4:1 dilutions 30 times). There are treatments non significant difference.

Key words: Neem, Bioactive and Thrips.

*) Lecturer Department Agroteknologi Tunas Development Faculty of Agriculture University of Surakarta.

INTRODUCTION

A. Solvent Polarity

Bio-active components are secondary metabolites, which form chemical compounds which can be either simple or complex, so that the extraction solvent selection should be done selectively, ie only solvent that can dissolve the bioactive compounds or components to be extracted or separated. The main product from the extraction in general is to extract, the solvent mixture with a soluble bioactive components. Total extract obtained can be manipulated by adjusting the equilibrium of the solvent polarity.

Neem is a plant that produces toxic metabolites in plant tissues. Toxic metabolite in question is the bioactive component (azadirachtin, salannin, nimbin and meliantriol) that can act as killer substance, repellent substances and substances inhibiting the growth of pest organisms (pests).

Extraction of bioactive components that are common pestisidal undertaken by farmers and social institutions of society in general is to use water as solvent. In the case viewed from the side of the equilibrium apabia polarity, the polarity of water is very polar, while the bioactive components, which generally represents the equilibrium alkaloids tend to non-polar polarity.Consequently the ability of water to extract bio-active components from plants are generally limited or in other words water limitations in mensuspensikan relatively low content of plant bioactives. Besides the water extract has a tendency not durable. According Redknap (1980) in Siswanto and Trisawa (1993) states that, aqueous extract of neem seed after three days the pH decreased to 4.2 and cause a stench. Results of other studies by Sapto (1999) stink on leaf extracts and neem seed water occurs at 60 hours after extraction, and extracts a lower pH is an indication of damage.

The variety of extraction depends on the texture, water content in plant material is extracted and bio-active compounds as desired. Polarity is of significant importance in the extraction, so that a molecule can be attracted by other molecules that have a certain plaritas. In the extraction rate of charge separation in the positive and negative poles determine the degree of polarity. According to Harborne (1973), alcohol solvents used in the extraction equilibria for compounds that tend to be polar polarity, while the chloroform for non-polar compounds that also tends to separate the lipids and terpenoids. Similar to say, the basic ingredients of pesticides are classified in the high solubility of alkaloids in alcohol solvent.

In piretrum seed extraction using ethanol, the active compound content of 0.935%, while the extraction using hexane 0.465%. This is because ethanol and bio-active compounds pestisidal piretrum equilibrium tends to the semi polar polarity, while hexane is not polar. On Annona fruit extraction, different materials used in the extraction solvent affect the results seen from the toxicity of bio-active compounds. Efficacy of bio-active compounds of methanol extracts of Annona Crocidolomia his binotalis LC50 at 0.057% (mean lethal concentration of the test bioesai 50% occurred in the bio-active compound concentration of 0.057%), while in his ekstrakair LC50 terjadai at 0.34%. This proves that the bio-active compounds Annona polarannya tend semi polar equilibrium which can be seen from the polarity of the solvent used, namely methanol (semi-polar), while the water is very polar polarity equilibrium.

Solvent polarity can be seen from the constant dielektrikumnya, increasingly KEIL dieektrikumnya constant value means the material is non polar solvents, whereas the greater the value means the material constants dielektrikumnya it is likely a polar solvent. 24.30 dielectricum constant ethanol is smaller when compared with the constant of methanol so that methanol kestimbangan 33.60 dielektrikumnya inclined semi-polar polarity. Hexane constant of 1.89 means dielektrikumnya lowest kestimbangan polarity solvents are not polar, in contrast to the constant water dielektrikumnya 80.40 which means the highest equilibrium water is very polar polarity.

In terms of manipulating the polarity of the solvent can be performed by mixing more than one material misibel solvent, eg methanol-water, water ethanol, chloroform-methanol and so forth.Subject was taken to approach the degree of polarization as a bio-active components that will be extracted.

B. Bio-active components Pestisidal

Neem seeds and leaves contain biologically active potential as bio-insecticides and based on research results effectively control the 200 species of insects including grasshoppers, Brown Planthopper, Colorado beetle, mosquito larva and parasitic nematodes (Shiva and Holla-Bhar, 1993).

According to Shultz, et al., (1992) stated that the main content of bio-active extract derived from neem is azadirachtin, which has the ability as a pest controller. Neem has a broad spectrum, that is as repellent insecticides, inhibition of feeding activity, prevent ovulation, causing sterility, toxicity and growth inhibition activity. In addition, bio-active neem is selective, low toxicity caused trhadap birds, fish and mammals are also relatively short persistence in the environment and low impact on natural enemies and other beneficial insects as well as the possibility of pest resistance in organisms due to the use of neem products is reatif small, that progress is slow and unstable resistance (Randen and Roitberg, 1998).

Bio-active components is believed azadirachtin affect neurosecretory cells in the brains of insects, which is causing chaos on the synthesis and distribution of neural hormones (inhibit acdysteroid, juvenile hormones, interfering with the process of setting up and development of the endocrine, anti feedant, kepridian and prevent ovulation (Chen, et al ., 1996). According to Stark and Walter, (1995) Neem can cause infertility, decreasing ability to live and to reduce the mobility of adult insects.

Efficacy of bio-active neem (azadirachtin and salannin pure) which dinyatakandalam EC50 respectively at 0.29 and 72.0 ppm against pests of young larvae of Spodoptera litura (Kumar and Parmar, 1996). According to the research Sapto (2001) stated that antifedant effect of methanol extract (the extraction storey) of neem leaf against Plutella xylostella at 42 hours after treatment, leaf consumption caisiem only equal to (0.47 grams).

RESEARCH METHOD

A. Implementation Phase

1. Making Extracts

Neem leaf material obtained from greening plants that grow in the Holy highway. Extraction of bio-active components of neem leaves is based on the polarity method Harborne (1973).

Extraction of bioactive components of neem leaves pestisidal origin as follows:

2. Testing and Observations

Research methods in the extraction and bioassay of bio-active components of the test insects using basic design is completely randomized. Research conducted at the Laboratory of Plant Protection Faculty of Agriculture, University of Surakarta, adding Tunas.

The instrument used was a plastic bowl on the base were given five pieces of damp paper suction, then the container is inserted six adult Thrips insects follows a banyan leaf blade as the host. Botanical pesticide application made in accordance with the treatment, ie, every bowl of treatment on the leaf blade drops neem leaf extract as much as 5 drops. Containers used in the test bowl on top strimin covered with smooth, with a view as ventilation and the barrier so that pests do not test out of the container. these.

Parameters observed in the bioassay test is a test insect death (Thrips), calculating the percentage of death / mortality seragga test (P) using the formula:

Modified solvent is a treatment research, in order to manipulate the polarity of the solvent in dissolving the bio-active components of neem leaves.

Material treatment solvent is composed of levels, namely:

M0 = Materials pure methanol solvent

M1 = Materials methanol-water 1:1

M2 = Materials methanol-water ratio of 2:1

M3 = Materials methanol-water ratio of 3:1

M4 = Materials methanol-water ratio of 4:1

M5 = Materials methanol-water ratio of 5:1

Bio-essay treatment neem leaf extract against the test insect Thrips, treatment consists of five levels, namely:

C0 = neem extract without dilution

C1 = neem extract diluted 20 times

C2 = neem extract diluted 25 times

C3 = neem extract diluted 30 times

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Efficacy of botanical pesticides (neem leaf extract) against pest Thrips mortality, on the first day of observation are presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Duncan's multiple range test of the efficacy of neem leaf extract (solvent material combination with dilution) of mortality (%) Thrips pests.

Treatment Purata

M0C0 89.193

9.497 a

M2C0 63.176

8.011 ab

M4C1 57.385

7.641 ab

M4C0 57.049

7.619 ab

M5C2 47.637

6.974 abc

M5C0 47.581

6.970 abc

M3C0 44.576

6.751 abc

M1C0 43.276

6.654 abc

M5C1 36.064

6.088 abcd

M5C3 33.916

5.909 abcd

M3C2 32.838

5.817 abcd

M3C1 32.640

5.800 abcd

M2C1 24.715

5.071 bcde

M2C2 20.781

4.667 cdef

M0C1 11.201

3.493 cdef

M0C2 9.195

3.193 cdef

3783 M4C2

2.187 def

M4C3 0.000

1.000 f

M3C3 0.000

1.000 f

M2C3 0.000

1.000 f

M1C3 0.000

1.000 f

M1C2 0.000

1.000 f

M1C1 0.000

1.000 f

M0C3 0.000

1.000 f

Table 2. Duncan's multiple range test of the efficacy of neem leaf extract (solvent material) to death (%) pest Thrips on 1 day after treatment.

Solvent Purata

M5 6.485 a

M3 4.842 ab

M2 4.687 b

M4 4.657 b

M0 4.313 b

M1 2.414 c

Table 3. Duncan's multiple range test of the efficacy of neem leaf extract (dilution) of mortality (%) pest Thrips on 1 day after treatment.

Dilution Purata

C0 7.584 a

C1 4.849 b

C2 3.973 b

C3 1.860 c

Based on statistical analysis of the efficacy of neem leaf extract on the first day after the treatment of death (%) pest Thrips show that the highest mortality percentage was reached at M0C0 treatment (combination of pure methanol with a solvent without extract dilutions) of 89.193%. These treatments showed significantly different with treatment (M2C0), (M4C1) and (M4C0) successive (63.176%), (57.385%) and (57.049%).

This evidence shows that the organic solvent methanol has the ability to kill insect pests Thrips, addresses can be seen in the treatment neem leaf is extracted using a combination of pure methanol with a solvent without dilution (M0C0). Another reality show that treatment neem leaf is extracted using a solvent combination of methanol - water (4: 1) by diluting 20 times (M4C1), efficacy against pests Thrips (% mortality) is at 57.049%. About the show that manipulation of solvent polarity as the polarity approach attempts pestisidal bioactive components in order pestisidal soluble bioactive components approaching the maximum. The results of this study according to Harborne (1973), which states that the polarity is of significant importance in the extraction, so that a molecule can be attracted by other molecules that have a certain plaritas.

Based on the analysis of variance (factors tungggal) showed that the interaction between a solvent with dilution, this matter indicate that the efficacy of neem leaf extracts are extracted with solvents (methanol with various manipulations polarity) was significantly influenced by the level of extract dilutions.

Efficacy of botanical pesticides (neem leaf extract) against pest Thrips mortality, on the second day of observation are presented in Table 4.

Table 4. Duncan's multiple range test of the efficacy of neem leaf extract (solvent material combination with dilution) of mortality (%) Thrips pests.

Treatment Purata

M5C0 100.00

10.050

M4C1 100.00

10.050

M0C0 100.00

10.050

M0C2 95.24

9.804

M3C0 88.89

9.442

M0C1 88.89

9.442

M4C0 88.33

9.436

M3C1 87.50

9.392

M2C0 86.67

9.303

M1C0 86.67

9.303

M1C2 80.56

8.998

M5C2 77.78

8.873

M5C1 76.79

8.809

M4C2 75.64

8.673

M0C3 72.59

8.443

M5C3 70.48

8.440

M3C2 68.89

8.226

M4C3 66.67

8.111

M3C3 72.22

8.101

M2C1 66.67

8.045

M2C2 62.22

7.949

M2C3 61.11

7.864

M1C3 61.11

7.684

M1C1 41.11

6.468

Note: Figures in a row which followed the same notation was not significant at 5% level.

Figures in bold after x +1 transformed Ö

Table 5. Duncan's multiple range test of the efficacy of neem leaf extract (solvent material) to death (%) pest Thrips in two days after treatment.

Solvent Purata

M0 9.435

M4 9.067

M5 9.043

M3 8.790

M2 8.290

M1 8.113

Table 6. Duncan's multiple range test of the efficacy of neem leaf extract (dilution) of mortality (%) pest Thrips in two days after treatment.

Dilution Purata

C0 9.597 a

C1 8.701 ab

C2 8.754 ab

C3 8.107 c

Based on statistical analysis of the efficacy of neem leaf extract on the second day after the treatment of death (%) pest Thrips show that the highest mortality percentage was reached at M0C0 treatment (combination of pure methanol solvent extract without dilution), M4C1 (a combination of methanol - water ( 4: 1) by diluting the extract 20 times) and M5C0 (a combination of methanol - water (5: 1) with no dilution of the extract) have the same ability of efficacy (100%). About the show that manipulation of solvent polarity as the polarity approach attempts pestisidal bioactive components in order pestisidal soluble bioactive components approaching the maximum. The results of this study according to Harborne (1973), which states that the polarity is of significant importance in the extraction, so that a molecule can be attracted by other molecules that have a certain plaritas. Similar to say, the basic ingredients of pesticides are classified in the high solubility of alkaloids in alcohol solvent (Shultz, 1992).

Based on the analysis of variance, between combination treatment showed the influence diversity patterns that are not real. In the analysis of variance (factors tungggal) shows that the lack of interaction between a solvent with dilution, this matter indicate that the efficacy of neem leaf extracts are extracted with solvents (methanol with different polarity manipulation) was not significantly influenced by the level of extract dilutions. Solvent polarity (ratio of methanol - water) up to 5: 1, showed no significant effect. However, the level (standard) dilution of the extract showed significant effect on mortality of insect pest Thrips.

Results of statistical analysis above shows that, the second day after treatment neem leaf extract, insect pest Thrips mortality is caused more by differences in level of extract dilutions. The highest influence on the level achieved without diluting the extract (C0 = 91.102%), followed by 20 times dilution level (C1 = 74.707%) and lowest levels achieved at 30 times dilution extract (C3 = 64.723%). Subject showed that the concentration of bioactive components pestisidal content affects the efficacy / ability in controlling the pest Thrips, which is reflected in the percentage of pest mortality.

Efficacy of botanical pesticides (neem leaf extract) against pest Thrips mortality, on the third day of observation are presented in Table 7.

Table 7. Duncan's multiple range test of the efficacy of neem leaf extract (solvent material combination with dilution) of mortality (%) Thrips pests.

Treatment Purata

M5C3 100.00

10.050

M5C0 100.00

10.050

M4C1 100.00

10.050

M3C3 100.00

10.050

M3C2 100.00

10.050

M3C1 100.00

10.050

M3C0 100.00

10.050

M2C3 100.00

10.050

M2C0 100.00

10.050

M1C3 100.00

10.050

M0C3 100.00

10.050

M0C2 100.00

10.050

M0C1 100.00

10.050

M0C0 100.00

10.050

M1C2 97.22

9.909

M2C2 93.33

9.700

M1C0 93.33

9.700

M4C0 92.50

9.666

M5C2 91.67

9.606

M4C3 91.67

9.606

M2C1 88.89

9.442

M1C1 88.89

9.442

M5C1 86.31

9.323

M4C2 80.77

8.950

Note: Figures in a row which followed the same notation indicates not significantly different at 5% level.

Figures in bold after x +1 transformed Ö

Table 8. Duncan's multiple range test of the efficacy of neem leaf extract (solvent material) to death (%) pest Thrips on the third day after treatment.

Solvent Purata

M3 10 050

M0 10 050

M2 9810

M1 9775

M5 9757

M4 9568

Table 9. Duncan's multiple range test of the efficacy of neem leaf extract (dilution) of mortality (%) pest Thrips on the third day after treatment.

Dilution Purata

C0 7.537

7.472 C1

C2 7.222

C3 7.274

Based on statistical analysis of the efficacy of neem leaf extract on the third day after treatment of death (%) pest Thrips show that the highest mortality percentage was reached at M0C0 treatment (combination of pure methanol with a solvent without extract dilutions) of 100% and achieved the lowest percentage of deaths in treatment M4C2 (a combination of methanol - water (4: 1) by diluting the extract 25 times) which is 80.77%. About the show that manipulation of solvent polarity as the polarity approach attempts pestisidal bioactive components in order pestisidal soluble bioactive components approaching the maximum. The results of this study according to Harborne (1973), which states that the polarity is of significant importance in the extraction, so that a molecule can be attracted by other molecules that have a certain plaritas.Similar to say, the basic ingredients of pesticides are classified in the high solubility of alkaloids in alcohol solvent (Shultz, 1992).

Based on the analysis of variance, between combination treatment showed the influence diversity patterns that are not real. In the analysis of variance (single factor) showed that the lack of interaction between a solvent with dilution, this matter indicate that the efficacy of neem leaf extracts are extracted with solvents (methanol with different polarity manipulation) was not significantly influenced by the level of extract dilutions.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

A. Conclusion

1. Efficacy of neem leaf bioactive components on the first day of observation, the results of extraction using methanol at different levels of polarity manipulation combined with different level of dilution of the extract significantly affect the death of the test insect (Thrips). Results showed that, purata combination treatment reached the highest point on pure methanol with a solvent without extract dilutions (M0C0 = 89.193%), whereas the lowest purata contained in the combination treatment solvent methanol - water (4: 1) the degree of dilution of the extract 30 times ( M4C3 = 0.00%).

2. Efficacy of neem leaf bioactive components on the second day of observation, the results of extraction using methanol at different levels of polarity manipulation combined with different level of dilution of the extract significantly influence the deaths of test pests (Thrips). Results showed that, purata combination treatment reached the highest point on pure methanol with a solvent without extract dilutions (M0C0 = 100.00%), whereas the lowest purata contained in the combination treatment solvent methanol - water (4: 1) the degree of dilution of the extract 30times (M1C1 = 41.11%).

3. Efficacy of neem leaf bioactive components on the third day of observation, the results of extraction using methanol at different levels of polarity manipulation combined with different level of dilution of the extract significantly affect the death of the test insect (Thrips). Results showed that, purata combination treatment reached the highest point on pure methanol with a solvent without extract dilutions (M0C0 = 100.00%), whereas the lowest purata contained in the combination treatment solvent methanol - water (4: 1) the degree of dilution of the extract 30times (M4C2 = 82.77%).

B. Suggestion

The research we are doing this new limited study conducted in the laboratory, in order to obtain the real picture in the field and the research results will be more beneficial to the farm community, we suggest that continued study in the field of production.

REFERENCES

Chen, C., Dong, D., Cheng,. and Hou, R.F., 1996. Detterent Effect of Neem Seed Kernel Extract on Oviposition of The Oriental FruitFy in Guava. J. of Econ. Entomol. 9 (2): 462-466.

Geissman, T.A. and Crout, D.H.G., 1996. Organic Chemistry of Secondary Plant Metabolism.Freeman, Cooper & Company San Francisco, California: 591p.

Harborne, 1973. Phytochemichal Methods a Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis.John Wiley and Sons. Inc. New York: 354p.

Isman, M.B., Koul, O., Luczynski, A. and kominski, J., 1990. Insecticidal and Antifeedant Bioactivities of Neem Oils and on their relationship to azadirachtin content. J. Agric. Food Chem.38: 1406-1411.

Prijono, D. and Hermanu, E., 1993. Population Supression of Plutella xylostella and Crocidolomia binotalis on Broccoli with Neem Oils. Indon. J. Tropic. Agric. 4 (2): 39-46.

Sapto, P., 1999. Natural Plant bioactive efficacy against Phaedonia Emphasis on Soybean Plant Damage (not published) Fak. Agriculture-UTP. 73p.

Sapto, P., 2001. Active components of neem leaves (Azadirachta indica), Extraction and inhibition activity against Plutella xylostella Eat. Agrosains, 14 (3): 261-272.

-Van Randen, E.J. and Roitberg, B.D., 1998. Effect of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Based on Oviposition Deterrence Insecticide, Survivel, Behavior and Reproduction of Adult Western Chery Fly (Tephritidae). J. of Econ. Entomol. 91 (1): 122-131.

Shiva, V. and holla-Bhar, R., 1993. Intellectual Piracy and the Neem Tree. The Ecologist. 23 (6): 223-227.

Shultz, Jr.BS, Bhatnager, D., Jacobson, M., Metcalf, RL, Saxena, RC and Unander, D., 1992.Neem. Report of an AD Hoc Panel of the Board on Scienceand Tech. For International Development, the National ResearchCouncil-National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 141p.

Stark. J.D. and Walter, J.F., 1995. Neem and Neem Oils Components Affect the Efficacy of the Commercial Neem Insecticides. J. Agric. Food Chem. 43: 507-512.

Natural Pesticide Recept

2010-08-09T18:58:00.000-07:00

Natural pesticides are a cheap and safer alternative to products bought in a store. Unfortunately, these recipes are being lost as advertising to use modern chemicals increases. It is not old fashioned to use natural pesticides – rather it is a smart use of the natural resources that are readily available!

Leaves, bark, seeds and wood can have toxic effects on different plant pests. Natural pesticides usually take longer to work than synthetic pesticides. Thus, it is important to apply them as soon as the plants show evidence of pests. When preparing a pesticide from plants, always let them dry in the shade, because direct sunlight could break down the active ingredients. Strain or filter any liquid with a cloth to remove any loose material. Adding a little soap will help the liquid adhere to the plants. When applying, wet both sides of the leaves. Some substances can burn young plant tissue unless they are diluted. Try first on a small patch before applying broadcast.

Many natural predators in the nursery help control pests. Insects such as spiders, dragonflies and ladybugs specialize in eating other insects. Before killing any insect or animal, first consider what it eats!

Insecticides. Insects are killed either by contact or by ingestion of the insecticides. Some insecticides only repel the insects by a strong odour.

Neem (Azadirachta indica). A tree native to India and Pakistan, but planted widely around the world for its use as a natural pesticide. In addition to being an insecticide, it has been used as a fungicide, nematicide and bactericide. Commercial products made with neem include Bioneem, Margoan-O, Biotrol and Nimex. The active ingredient in neem mimics an insect hormone and repels insects, as well as inhibiting their digestion, metamorphosis and reproduction. It has been used effectively on over 100 leaf-eating insects. To use neem, collect mature seeds, wash and remove the husk, and allow to dry completely. Take twelve handfuls of dry seeds (or use 500 grams per 10 litres water) and grind them into a fine powder. Mix the powder in 12 litres of water and soak overnight. Strain the liquid and apply.
Anona y guanábana, custard apple and soursop (Annona squamosa, A. muricata). Collect two handfuls of seeds and dry. Grind into a fine powder. Mix with 4 litres of water and soak overnight.
Chile, pepper (Capsicum frutescens). Collect two handfuls of chillies and dry. Grind into a fine powder, taking care not to inhale too much of the highly irritating dust, mix with 2 litres of water and soak overnight.
Tabaco, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Only real tobacco contains nicotine, the substance acting as an insecticide. Collect healthy, fresh leaves which are free of spots. Mix 80 grams of dry leaves and stems per litre of water and soak for two days. Best if applied in the early morning because the solution is very volatile — it escapes as a gas. CAUTION: Tobacco is toxic to people, do not breath the vapours, or allow to touch the skin.
Piretro, pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium). A widely cultivated annual flower. The active ingredient is found in the flowers. Collect only fully opened flowers. Mix 100 grams of dried flowers in 1 litre of water and soak for one day. Can be stored for up to two months, but strain it first.
Rícino, castor bean (Ricinus communis). Leaves and stems can be used, but the seeds are the most effective part. Mix 300 grams of dry plant material for every 1 litre of water and soak for one day. The active ingredients rapidly disintegrate, therefore the insecticide must be applied frequently and with fresh solution each time. Also works as a nematicide and fungicide.
Mata ratón, cacaute, gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium). Roots, seeds and leaves are poisonous to rats and other small animals. Also an insecticide against aphids.
Ajo, garlic (Allium savitum). Finely chop 3 bulbs of garlic and mix with 10 litres of water. You can store this for up to two weeks unstrained, although its effect on the plant lasts only for one to three days after applying it.

The following mixtures are said to relieve the symptoms of some virus diseases:

Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea spectabilis). Mix 200 grams of fresh leaves per litre of water. Mix at least 5 minutes in a blender. Used against several virus diseases in tomatoes and beans.
Dahlia (Dahlia pinnata). Mix 150 grams of fruit per litre of water.
Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba). A tree native to China, widely planted as an ornamental in cities because it is highly resistant to pollution. Mix 1 kg of dry leaves and roots in 1 litre of alcohol. Soak for 24–36 hours. Filter and dilute with 15 litres of water.
Espinaca, spinach (Spinacea oleracea). Mix 200 grams of fresh plant leaves per litre of water and soak for one day.

Non-plant substances used as insecticides

Chalk. Mix 3–5 grams of chalk per litre of water. Soak for 12 hours if construction grade chalk is used, 3– 4 days if natural chalk is used. Stir frequently and apply directly. Dehydrates the insect when in contact. It can burn young plant tissue and should therefore only be used on mature leaves.
Mineral oil. Use a high grade oil such as ultra fine spray oil or M-Pede. Mix 10–30 ml of mineral oil in a small amount of water, then add one litre of water, stir constantly. Cooking oil can be used instead of mineral oil, if soap is added. Dehydrates or suffocates the insects or their eggs when in contact.
Animal urine. Collect cow or goat urine and mix with a small amount of soil. Allow to ferment for two weeks. Dilute with 2–4 litres of water per litre of urine. Urine is very high in nitrogen and thus can burn tender leaves. Do not apply in full sun, and dilute further if necessary. Human urine can also be used.
Cow’s milk. Mix 1/2 cup of fresh, unpasteurized milk with 4 cups of flour and 20 litres of water. It kills insect eggs and acts against some insects which carry viruses.

Fungicides. Fungi prosper in conditions of high humidity and shade. Reducing these two factors helps control them. Fungi often appear first on the lower leaves of the plant because the spores are released from the soil. Always apply fungicides to the soil and the bottom leaves.

Papaya (Carica papaya). Finely chop 1 kg of dry leaves and mix with one litre of water; stand overnight. Dilute with four litres of water.
Ajo y cebolla, garlic and onion. (Allium sativum, A. cepa). Mix 500 grams finely chopped material in 10 litres of water. Allow to ferment for one week. Dilute with another 10 litres of water. Incorporate into the soil.
Canavalia (Canavalia sp.). Canavalia has been shown to kill the nests of leaf-cutter ants. The ants do not eat the leaves they cut, but use the leaves to grow a fungus which the ants eat. Canavalia leaves prevent the fungus from growing, and this starves the ants. It can be planted around the border of the nursery.

Pyrethrum as herbal insecticide

2010-08-09T11:49:00.001-07:00

The use of synthetic pesticides can cause continuous damage to the environment and health problems. Health disorders that can be experienced due to the use of synthetic insecticides, namely abdominal pain, disorders of the heart, kidneys, liver, eyes, digestive tract, can even lead to death. Meanwhile, environmental damage caused, the contamination of soil, water, plants, and the destruction of an ecosystem food chain.
Various ways can be done to tackle this problem, among others, to the prevention, reduction of the use of insecticides, and use of natural insecticides. Natural insecticides can be either natural predators of insects and plants. Insecticides such as natural predators include Ladybugs. Ladybugs can eat other insects such as aphids. In addition, Ladybugs can be easily packed and easy to find in the neighborhood. Another solution of this problem are botanical insecticides.
Botanical insecticides are insecticides from plants. Plants that have chemical compounds or secondary metabolites that can defend itself against a potential disruption of insects and disease organisms. Secondary metabolites can be ergastik substances, crystals, starch, and others. Regular secondary metabolites are stored in plants as a food reserve, as well as an insect deterrent.
Secondary metabolites that can be used as an insect deterrent, among others, from the group of alkaloids, and terpenoids. Metabolites from the group of alkaloids commonly found in plants that can fend off insect attacks. This metabolite was found, among others, in tobacco plants. In tobacco, nicotine is found in substances that may help ward off insect attacks. These secondary metabolites can be extracted from plants and used as natural insecticides. In addition to tobacco, there are various kinds of plants that can be used as raw materials of natural insecticides, such as Pyrethrum plants.
Pyrethrum or Chrysanthemum, is a plant of the Asteraceae family. Pyrethrum was first cultivated in China in the 15th century BCE as a herbaceous plant. This plant was brought to Europe in the seventeenth century. Linnaeus gave the name Chrysanthemum based on words from the Greek, chrysous, which means golden and anthemon, which means flower. Chrysanthemum has various uses, namely as decorative plants, food seasoning, and as a natural insecticide.
Pyrethrum was first used as a natural insecticide in the plains of China on unity century. Over time, the use of the natural insecticide Pyrethrum as an increasingly widespread. Pyrethrum is a natural insecticide that is very much in use today and quite effective. Additionally, Pyrethrum has a low toxicity level compared with synthetic insecticides so relatively safe for human health and the environment.
In Pyrethrum and pyrethrins are a mixture of compounds cinerins. Pyrethrins are a pair of natural organic compounds that have potential Insecticidal activity. Pyrethrin I and Pyrethrin II has a similar structure with a core of cyclopropane esters. Pyrethrins are unstable, easily degradable (biodegradable) and broken bonds when were exposed to light or oxygen. Therefore, Pyrethrum more environmentally friendly than synthetic insecticides.
Diekstak Pyrethrins from Chrysanthemum seed coat and oleoresin form which appears as a suspension in water or oil, or in powder form. Pyrethrins work as an insecticide by attacking the nervous systems of all insects and inhibit female mosquitoes to bite. When pyrethrins are given in doses that are not so fatal to insects, pyrethrins are still working as an insect deterrent effect. When mixed with piperonyl butoxide or piperonyl cyclonene, pyrethrins will have higher toxicity levels and produce a longer residual action and could be used extensively in spray form.
At first, Pyrethrum is extracted by grinding the dried Chrysanthemum flowers up into powder. However, this time extracted from the pyrethrum Chrysanthemum plants in solution. A process that involves the manufacture of the natural insecticide Pyrethrum is the process of extraction, purification, identification, synthesis, and bioassay, and evaluation.
Extraction process aims to obtain Pyrethrum plant secondary metabolites that function as natural insecticides, pyrethrins in this case. In the extracts obtained, there is still a mixture of other substances (contaminants), so that the purification process is required in order to obtain pure substances pyrethrins. Furthermore, substances that have been purified will be identified and then will undergo a process of synthesis. Results from the synthesis of these substances will have trials, and evaluation. If judged feasible, the synthesis of the pyrethrins had been able to be used as natural insecticides.
Use of Pyrethrum as a natural insecticide can help tackle environmental problems and minimize health problems. Because the level of low toxicity to humans Pyrethrum and easily degradable in the environment (biodegradable). Apart from the beauty of flowers, Pyrethrum is an insecticide solution in the future.

Kinds of Plant Insecticide

2010-08-08T19:33:00.000-07:00

Nowadays, the development of technology using a chemical has poisoned the environment around us. Agricultural use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has indirectly damage the environment. to reduce exposure to residues of synthetic chemicals on the environment, we can use some of the following types of biological pesticides.

Garlic (Alium sativum)

100 g garlic, 0.5 l water, 10 g of soap, two tablespoons of mineral oil (baby oil). Garlic grated / crushed and mixed with mineral oil, leave for 24 hours. Garlic mixed soap dissolved in mineral oil evenly and then filtered with a soft cloth. Its use for every one part of the mixture was dissolved into 20 parts water. These materials are effective for some types of nuisance insects.Nonetheless need also tested with different concentration levels to determine the most effective concentration.

Amethyst (Datura stramonium)

1 kg of fresh leaf amethyst bud, flower and seed, crushed, then soaked in 10 l of water and liquid soap. This marinade is left for at least 3-5 hours. Then filtered with a cloth and sprayed.Recommended for liquid laundry detergent added as a wetting agent (surfactant).

Mindi (Melia azedarach)

150 g fresh leaf Mindi blender in 200 ml of water, then mixed into 800 ml of water and left overnight. This solution is filtered with a cloth can then be directly sprayed. Mindi can also use fresh beans. 0.25 kg of finely ground seeds Mindi then mixed with one liter of water, then filtered and used as much as 5-7 liters of solution. Also added in a solution of two teaspoons of liquid soap. This extract can ward off grasshoppers.

Neem (Azedarachta indica)

Neem seed oil has a great capability in terms of killing, drive away, and poison the insects or other nuisance organisms such as nematode and fungi. Seed oil neem seed extract can be obtained by using water. Seed that has been collected, cleaned of flesh, then dried to prevent mildew during storage. At the time of use, seeds removed from the skin, 25-50 g of finely ground seeds and soaked in 1 l water, was added also with two teaspoons of soap. The results showed that 500 g of dry seeds were soaked in 400 l of water can be used for an area of 4000 m  and able to last for two weeks if not exposed to heavy rain.

Papaya (Carica papaya)

1 kg of fresh papaya leaves chopped fine and soaked into 10 liters of water and then added 2 tablespoons of oil and liquid soap. Left overnight, filtered and then sprayed with a soft cloth.

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)

1 kg of tobacco leaf (leaf remnants) finely chopped and soaked in 15 liters of water, plus 2 teaspoons of liquid soap and then left overnight. After being refined can be used for sprayed. Or they can be every 200 g of tobacco leaves in a blender and diluted to 3 l of water.

In addition to the above crops are still many plants in Indonesia that could be used as biological pesticides, such as yam bean, leaf sirsat, poison yam tubers, etc., that will someday be uploaded to the web author of this beloved. So wait and see the continued development of this web from day to day.