last-Samu1241's Blog

Tutorial Get the serial number you need

2008-10-21T18:33:00.000+08:00

Get the serial number you need ! (For Certain Things)

* Go to Google.

* In the search field type: "Product name" 94FBR

* Where, "Product Name" is the name of the item you want to find the serial number for.

* And voila - there you go - the serial number you needed.

HOW DOES THIS WORK?

Quite simple really. 94FBR is part of a Office 2000 Pro cd key that is widely distributed as it bypasses the activation requirements of Office 2K Pro. By searching for the product name and 94fbr, you guarantee two things. 1) The pages that are returned are pages dealing specifically with the product you're wanting a serial for. 2) Because 94FBR is part of a serial number, and only part of a serial number, you guarantee that any page being returned is a serial number list page.

See these example searches:

"Photoshop 7" 94FBR
"Age of Mythology" 94FBR
"Nero Burning Rom 5.5" 94FBR

Hacking Windows XP Part 3: How to Forge Email with Windows XP Telnet

2008-10-21T18:28:00.001+08:00

Want a computer you can telnet into and mess around with, and not get into trouble no matter what you do to it? I've set up my
techbroker.com (206.61.52.33) with user xyz, password guest for you to play with. Here's how to forge email to xyz@techbroker.com using
telnet. Start with the command:

C:\>telnet techbroker.com 25
Connecting To Techbroker.com

220 Service ready

Now you type in who you want the message to appear to come from:

helo santa@techbroker.com
Techbroker.com will answer:

250 host ready

Next type in your mail from address:

mail from:santa@techbroker.com

250 Requested mail action okay, completed

Your next command:

rcpt to:xyz@techbroker.com
250 Requested mail action okay, completed

Your next command:
data
354 Start main input; end with .

Newbie note: just means hit return. In case you can't see that little period between the s, what you do to end composing your email is to hit enter, type a period, then hit enter again.

Anyhow, try typing:

This is a test.
.
250 Requested mail action okay, completed
quit
221 Service closing transmission channel

Connection to host lost.

Using techbroker's mail server, even if you enable full headers, the
message we just composed looks like:

Status: R
X-status: N

This is a test.

That's a pretty pathetic forged email, huh? No "from", no date.
However, you can make your headers better by using a trick with the data command. After you give it, you can insert as many headers as you choose. The trick is easier to show than explain:

220 Service ready
helo santa@northpole.org
250 host ready
mail from:santa@northpole.com
250 Requested mail action okay, completed
rcpt to:
250 Requested mail action okay, completed
data
354 Start main input; end with .
from:santa@deer.northpole.org
Date: Mon, 21 Oct 2002 10:09:16 -0500
Subject: Rudolf
This is a Santa test.
.
250 Requested mail action okay, completed
quit
221 Service closing transmission channel

Connection to host lost.

The message then looks like:

from:santa@deer.northpole.org
Date: Mon, 21 Oct 2002 10:09:16 -0500
Subject: Rudolf
This is a Santa test.

The trick is to start each line you want in the headers with one word
followed by a colon, and the a line followed by "return". As soon as
you write a line that doesn't begin this way, the rest of what you
type goes into the body of the email.

Notice that the santa@northpole.com from the "mail from:" command didn't show up in the header. Some mail servers would show both "from" addresses.

You can forge email on techbroker.com within one strict limitation.
Your email has to go to someone at techbroker.com. If you can find any way to send email to someone outside techbroker, let us know, because you will have broken our security, muhahaha! Don't worry, you have my permission.

Next, you can read the email you forge on techbroker.com via telnet:

C:\>telnet techbroker.com 110

+OK <30961.5910984301@techbroker.com> service ready

Give this command:
user xyz
+OK user is known

Then type in this:
pass test
+OK mail drop has 2 message(s)

retr 1
+OK message follows
This is a test.

If you want to know all possible commands, give this command:

help
+OK help list follows
USER user
PASS password
STAT
LIST [message]
RETR message
DELE message
NOOP
RSET
QUIT
APOP user md5
TOP message lines
UIDL [message]
HELP

Unless you use a weird online provider like AOL, you can use these
same tricks to send and receive your own email. Or you can forge email to a friend by telnetting to his or her online provider's email
sending computer(s).

Hacking Windows XP Part 2: How to Telnet with Windows XP

2008-10-21T18:22:00.001+08:00

The queen of hacker commands is telnet. To get Windows help for
telnet, in the cmd.exe window give the command:

C:\>telnet /?

Here's what you will get:

telnet [-a][-e escape char][-f log file][-l user][-t term][host
[port]]
-a Attempt automatic logon. Same as -l option except uses
the currently logged on user's name.
-e Escape character to enter telnet client prompt.
-f File name for client side logging
-l Specifies the user name to log in with on the remote system.
Requires that the remote system support the TELNET ENVIRON
option.
-t Specifies terminal type.
Supported term types are vt100, vt52, ansi and vtnt only.
host Specifies the hostname or IP address of the remote computer
to connect to.

port Specifies a port number or service name.

****************
Newbie note: what is a port on a computer? A computer port is sort of like a seaport. It's where things can go in and/or out of a computer. Some ports are easy to understand, like keyboard, monitor, printer and modem. Other ports are virtual, meaning that they are created by software. When that modem port of yours (or LAN or ISDN or DSL) is connected to the Internet, your computer has the ability to open or close any of over 65,000 different virtual ports, and has the ability to connect to any of these on another computer - if it is running that port, and if a firewall doesn?t block it.
****************
****************
Newbie note: How do you address a computer over the Internet? There are two ways: by number or by name.
****************

The simplest use of telnet is to log into a remote computer. Give the
command:

C:/>telnet targetcomputer.com (substituting the name of the computer you want to telnet into for targetcomputer.com)

If this computer is set up to let people log into accounts, you may
get the message:

Type your user name here, making sure to be exact. You can't swap between lower case and capital letters. For example, user name Guest is not the same as guest.

****************
Newbie note: Lots of people email me asking how to learn what their user name and password are. Stop laughing, darn it, they really do. If you don't know your user name and password, that means whoever runs that computer didn't give you an account and doesn't want you to log on.
****************

Then comes the message:

Password:

Again, be exact in typing in your password.

What if this doesn't work?

Every day people write to me complaining they can't telnet. That is
usually because they try to telnet into a computer, or a port on a
computer that is set up to refuse telnet connections. Here's what it
might look like when a computer refuses a telnet connection:

C:\ >telnet 10.0.0.3
Connecting To 10.0.0.3...Could not open connection to the host, on port 23. A connection attempt failed because the connected party did not properly respond after a period of time, or established connection failed because connected host has failed to respond.

Or you might see:

C:\ >telnet techbroker.com
Connecting To techbroker.com...Could not open connection to the host, on port 23.
No connection could be made because the target machine actively
refused it.

If you just give the telnet command without giving a port number, it
will automatically try to connect on port 23, which sometimes runs a
telnet server.

**************
Newbie note: your Windows computer has a telnet client program,
meaning it will let you telnet out of it. However you have to install
a telnet server before anyone can telnet into port 23 on your
computer.
*************

If telnet failed to connect, possibly the computer you were trying to
telnet into was down or just plain no longer in existence. Maybe the
people who run that computer don't want you to telnet into it.

How to Telnet into a Shell Account

Even though you can't telnet into an account inside some computer, often you can get some information back or get that computer to do something interesting for you. Yes, you can get a telnet connection to succeed -without doing anything illegal --against almost any computer, even if you don't have permission to log in. There are many legal things you can do to many randomly chosen computers with telnet. For example:

C:/telnet freeshell.org 22

SSH-1.99-OpenSSH_3.4p1

That tells us the target computer is running an SSH server, which enables encrypted connections between computers. If you want to SSH into an account there, you can get a shell account for free at
. You can get a free SSH client program from
.

One reason most hackers have shell accounts on Internet servers is because you can meet the real hackers there. When you've logged in, give the command w or who. That gives a list of user names. You can talk to other users with tht talk command. Another fun thing, if your shell account allows it, is to give the command

ps -auxww

It might tell you what commands and processes other users are running. Ask other users what they are doing and they might teach you something. Just be careful not to be a pest!

***************
You can get punched in the nose warning: Your online provider might kick you off for making telnet probes of other computers. The solution is to get a local online provider and make friends with the people who run it, and convince them you are just doing harmless, legal explorations.
*************

Sometimes a port is running an interesting program, but a firewall won't let you in. For example, 10.0.0.3, a computer on my local area network, runs an email sending program, (sendmail working together with Postfix, and using Kmail to compose emails). I can use it from an account inside 10.0.0.3 to send emails with headers that hide from where I send things.

If I try to telnet to this email program from outside this computer,
here's what happens:

C:\>telnet 10.0.0.3 25
Connecting To 10.0.0.3...Could not open connection to the host, on
port 25.
No connection could be made because the target machine actively
refused it.

However, if I log into an account on 10.0.0.3 and then telnet from
inside to port 25, here's what I get:

Last login: Fri Oct 18 13:56:58 2002 from 10.0.0.1
Have a lot of fun...
cmeinel@test-box:~> telnet localhost 25
Trying ::1...
telnet: connect to address ::1: Connection refused
Trying 127.0.0.1... [Carolyn's note: 127.0.0.1 is the numerical
address meaning localhost, the same computer you are logged into]
Connected to localhost.
Escape character is '^]'.
220 test-box.local ESMTP Postfix

The reason I keep this port 25 hidden behind a firewall is to keep
people from using it to try to break in or to forge email. Now the
ubergeniuses reading this will start to make fun of me because no
Internet address that begins with 10. is reachable from the Internet.
However, sometimes I place this "test-box" computer online with a
static Internet address, meaning whenever it is on the Internet, it
always has the same numerical address. I'm not going to tell you what its Internet address is because I don't want anyone messing with it. I just want to mess with other people's computers with it, muhahaha. That's also why I always keep my Internet address from showing up in the headers of my emails.

***************
Newbie note: What is all this about headers? It's stuff at the
beginning of an email that may - or may not - tell you a lot about
where it came from and when. To see full headers, in Outlook click
view -> full headers. In Eudora, click the "Blah blah blah" icon.
****************

Hacking Windows XP Part 1: The Magic of DOS

2008-10-21T18:12:00.001+08:00

In this guide you will learn how to telnet , forge email, use
nslookup and netcat with Windows XP.
So you have the newest, glitziest, "Fisher Price" version of Windows: XP. How can you use XP in a way that sets you apart from the boring millions of ordinary users?
****************
Luser Alert: Anyone who thinks this GTMHH will reveal how to blow up people's TV sets and steal Sandra Bullock's email is going to find out that I won't tell them how.
****************
The key to doing amazing things with XP is as simple as D O S. Yes, that's right, DOS as in MS-DOS, as in MicroSoft Disk Operating System. Windows XP (as well as NT and 2000) comes with two versions of DOS. Command.com is an old DOS version. Various versions of command.com come with Windows 95, 98, SE, ME, Window 3, and DOS only operating systems.
The other DOS, which comes only with the XP, 2000 and NT operating systems, is cmd.exe. Usually cmd.exe is better than command.com because it is easier to use, has more commands, and in some ways resembles the bash shell in Linux and other Unix-type operating systems. For example, you can repeat a command by using the up arrow until you back up to the desired command. Unlike bash, however, your DOS command history is erased whenever you shut down cmd.exe. The reason XP has both versions of DOS is that sometimes a program that won?t run right in cmd.exe will work in command.com
****************
Flame Alert: Some readers are throwing fits because I dared to compare DOS to bash. I can compare cmd.exe to bash if I want to. Nanny nanny nah nah.
****************
DOS is your number one Windows gateway to the Internet, and the open sesame to local area networks. From DOS, without needing to download a single hacker program, you can do amazingly sophisticated explorations and even break into poorly defended computers.
****************
You can go to jail warning: Breaking into computers is against the law if you do not have permission to do so from the owner of that computer. For example, if your friend gives you permission to break into her Hotmail account, that won't protect you because Microsoft owns Hotmail and they will never give you permission.
****************
****************
You can get expelled warning: Some kids have been kicked out of school just for bringing up a DOS prompt on a computer. Be sure to get a teacher's WRITTEN permission before demonstrating that you can hack on a school computer.
****************
So how do you turn on DOS?
Click All Programs -> Accessories -> Command Prompt
That runs cmd.exe. You should see a black screen with white text on it, saying something like this:
Microsoft Windows XP [Version 5.1.2600]
(C) Copyright 1985-2001 Microsoft Corp.
C:\>
Your first step is to find out what commands you can run in DOS. If you type "help" at the DOS prompt, it gives you a long list of commands. However, this list leaves out all the commands hackers love to use. Here are some of those left out hacker commands.
TCP/IP commands:
telnet
netstat
nslookup
tracert
ping
ftp
NetBIOS commands (just some examples):
nbtstat
net use
net view
net localgroup
TCP/IP stands for transmission control protocol/Internet protocol. As you can guess by the name, TCP/IP is the protocol under which the Internet runs. along with user datagram protocol (UDP). So when you are connected to the Internet, you can try these commands against other Internet computers. Most local area networks also use TCP/IP.
NetBIOS (Net Basic Input/Output System) protocol is another way to communicate between computers. This is often used by Windows computers, and by Unix/Linux type computers running Samba. You can often use NetBIOS commands over the Internet (being carried inside of, so to speak, TCP/IP). In many cases, however, NetBIOS commands will be blocked by firewalls. Also, not many Internet computers run NetBIOS because it is so easy to break in using them. We will cover NetBIOS commands in the next Guide to XP Hacking.

Download Rapidshare Book Photoshop Fine Art Effects Cookbook

2008-09-23T15:38:00.000+08:00

Photoshop Fine Art Effects Cookbook
O’Reilly | 176 pages | February 2006 | pdf | 1 MB

Photoshop Fine Art Effects Cookbook tells you all you need to know to turn your digital photographs into images that mimic the styles of great visual artists.
From advice on how to choose appropriate subject matter to 62 step-by-step recipes that show you how to create an “original” van Gogh, Vermeer, Edward Weston, or Andy Warhol (among others), this book is an authentic guide to simulating the work of great artists-and a whole lot of fun.

Download from RapidShare

http://rapidshare.com/files/48944219/Photoshop_Fine_Art_Effects_Cookbook_curtis112.rar

Download from Depositfiles

http://depositfiles.com/en/files/1488550

Download from Easy-Share

http://w14.easy-share.com/3168631.html

Windows Vista Black Edition 2009 SP1

2008-09-23T15:36:00.000+08:00

Windows Vista Black Edition 2009 SP1

Platform: Windows
Compilation Date: 17.07.2008
Author: Benjamin
Size: 4.2GB
Activation Needed: No
CD-Key: N/A
Architecture : 32-Bit
Total Parts: 200 x 21 = 4200MB

Note: Start a Fresh installation from the DVD and install in a separate partition. Dont start the installation from your Previous windows.

Minimum System requirements:

* 1GB RAM
* 20 GB of Hard Drive space
* 128 MB Graphics Memory (To enable Aero)
* 17′inch Monitor (1024 X 76
* DVD-ROM
* Above Pentium 4 Processor
* Pixel Shader 2.0 in hardware
* 32 bits per pixel

This Operating system is purely designed from Genuine Vista Ultimate by Benjamin. It will be more comfortable, faster and reliable when compared to other vista operating systems. All the error which the user faced in vista ultimate are fixed and tweaked. New hot fixes, updates and the Vista SP1 package are integrated. All the dream scene packs are activated. The Dolby digital plugins are also integrated for more fun with musics. New windows sounds, New Gadgets, New Login screen, New Default theme and more…. You can install any hardware without any problem, all the hardware errors are fixed. Just install this Black Edition 2009 and start your work. No need of installing any 3rd party softwares by searching the CD’s or DVD’s. All the softwares which you need to run quickly after installing a OS are inside.

* New Windows Sounds
* No more BSOD error screens
* All Windows Ultimate Extras Integrated
* New Default Theme
* 310 Sidebar Gadgets
* 30 Video Dreamescene Packs
* New Logon Screensaver added
* New Login Screen
* New Look for windows media center
* Registry Tweaks are added( Copy to, Move to, Command Prompt, Take ownership, Encrypt and more)
* Maximum parallel downloads for IE to 20 (Default is 2)
* New Updated graphics card drivers are integrated.
* New Explorer View
* Patched Uxtheme files so u can use any 3rd party themes
* Classic Control Panel
* DirectX Updated
* All Chipset Drivers
* All Printers Drivers (Updated)
* All Graphics card drivers (Updated)
* All Sound Card Drivers (Updated)
* All SCSI-RAID Drivers (Updated)
* All Scanners Drivers
* Resolved some reliability issues in the USB core components
* Added hotfix for resolving some performance and reliability issues
* Improved the reliability of Windows Media Player
* Resolved an issue where messages become stuck in the Outbox and cannot be deleted when using
Windows Mail
* Resolved a set of known application compatibility issues

Drivers Which are missed in Vista by default are fixed:

* Graphics card drivers for
Intel(R) G31 Express Chipset
Intel(R) G33 Express Chipset
Intel(R) G35 Express Chipset
Intel(R) G965 Express Chipset
Intel(R) Q33 Express Chipset
Intel(R) Q35 Express Chipset
Intel(R) Q963 Express Chipset
Intel(R) Q965 Express Chipset
Intel(R) 4 Series Internal Chipset
Intel(R) Q45/Q43 Express Chipset
Intel(R) Q45/Q43 Express Chipset
Intel(R) G45/G43 Express Chipset
Intel(R) G45/G43 Express Chipset
Intel(R) G41 Express Chipset
Mobile Intel(R) 45 Express Chipset Family
Mobile Intel(R) GL960 Express Chipset
Mobile Intel(R) GLE960 Express Chipset
Mobile Intel(R) GM965 Express Chipset
Mobile Intel(R) GME965 Express Chipset

For other models which is lower than these models wil be automatically installed by default.

* Graphics card drivers for
NVIDIA GeForce 9800 GX2
NVIDIA GeForce 9800 GTX
NVIDIA GeForce 9600 GT
NVIDIA GeForce 9600 GSO
NVIDIA GeForce 9400 GT
NVIDIA GeForce 9300 GS
NVIDIA GeForce 9300 GE
NVIDIA GeForce 8800 Ultra
NVIDIA GeForce 8800 GTX
NVIDIA GeForce 8800 GTS 512
NVIDIA GeForce 8800 GTS
NVIDIA GeForce 8800 GT
NVIDIA GeForce 8800 GS
NVIDIA GeForce 8600 GTS
NVIDIA GeForce 8600 GT
NVIDIA GeForce 8600 GS
NVIDIA GeForce 8500 GT
NVIDIA GeForce 8400 GS
NVIDIA GeForce 8400 SE
NVIDIA GeForce 8400
NVIDIA GeForce 8300 GS
NVIDIA GeForce 8300
NVIDIA GeForce 8200
NVIDIA GeForce 8200/NVIDIA nForce 730a
NVIDIA GeForce 8100/NVIDIA nForce 720a
NVIDIA GeForce 7950 GX2
NVIDIA GeForce 7950 GT
NVIDIA GeForce 7900 GTX
NVIDIA GeForce 7900 GT/GTO
NVIDIA GeForce 7900 GS
NVIDIA GeForce 7800 SLI
NVIDIA GeForce 7800 GTX
NVIDIA GeForce 7800 GT
NVIDIA GeForce 7800 GS
NVIDIA GeForce 7650 GS
NVIDIA GeForce 7600 GT
NVIDIA GeForce 7600 GS
NVIDIA GeForce 7600 LE
NVIDIA GeForce 7500 LE
NVIDIA GeForce 7350 LE
NVIDIA GeForce 7300 SE
NVIDIA GeForce 7300 LE
NVIDIA GeForce 7300 GT
NVIDIA GeForce 7300 GS
NVIDIA GeForce 7200 GS
NVIDIA GeForce 7100 GS
NVIDIA GeForce 7150 / NVIDIA nForce 630i
NVIDIA GeForce 7100 / NVIDIA nForce 630i
NVIDIA GeForce 7100 / NVIDIA nForce 620i
NVIDIA GeForce 7050 / NVIDIA nForce 630i
NVIDIA GeForce 7050 / NVIDIA nForce 610i
NVIDIA GeForce 7050 PV / NVIDIA nForce 630a
NVIDIA GeForce 7025 / NVIDIA nForce 630a
NVIDIA GeForce 6800 XT
NVIDIA GeForce 6800 XE
NVIDIA GeForce 6800 Ultra
NVIDIA GeForce 6800 Series GPU
NVIDIA GeForce 6800 LE
NVIDIA GeForce 6800 GT
NVIDIA GeForce 6800 GS/XT
NVIDIA GeForce 6800 GS
NVIDIA GeForce 6800
NVIDIA GeForce 6700 XL
NVIDIA GeForce 6610 XL
NVIDIA GeForce 6600 VE
NVIDIA GeForce 6600 LE
NVIDIA GeForce 6600 GT
NVIDIA GeForce 6600
NVIDIA GeForce 6500
NVIDIA GeForce 6250
NVIDIA GeForce 6200SE TurboCache™
NVIDIA GeForce 6200 TurboCache™
NVIDIA GeForce 6200 LE
NVIDIA GeForce 6200 A-LE
NVIDIA GeForce 6200
NVIDIA GeForce 6150SE nForce 430
NVIDIA GeForce 6150 LE
NVIDIA GeForce 6150
NVIDIA GeForce 6100 nForce 420
NVIDIA GeForce 6100 nForce 405
NVIDIA GeForce 6100 nForce 400
NVIDIA GeForce 6100

Note: I did not included graphics driver for NVIDIA Geforce 200 series because the drivers is still in Beta lol.

Programs:

* 7-Zip
* Mozilla
* K-Lite Codecs 3.95 Full
* System Utilities
* Image Burn
* CCleaner
* Office 2003
* Vista Codecs
* XVID codecs
* Dolby Digital Surround Plugins
* Cyberlink Power DVD 8
* Avast Professional Edition v4.8
* Damn NFO Viewer
* Spyware Doctor v5.5
* Zoner Photo Studio 10
* Power ISO 4
* Yahoo messenger for Vista Black
* Ashampoo Music Studio
* Screen Capture
* Star Codecs
* Norton Ghost 14
* Ultra ISO 9
* Real Player 11 Gold Plus
* All Codecs for Windows Media Player 2008

Protected Message:
Code:
http://www.filefactory.com/file/777859/n/blacbe_part01_rar
http://www.filefactory.com/file/df868e/n/blacbe_part02_rar
http://www.filefactory.com/file/d6500f/n/blacbe_part03_rar
http://www.filefactory.com/file/1c9214/n/blacbe_part04_rar
http://www.filefactory.com/file/e8ae27/n/blacbe_part05_rar
http://www.filefactory.com/file/5c4c48/n/blacbe_part06_rar
http://www.filefactory.com/file/95d3c6/n/blacbe_part07_rar
http://www.filefactory.com/file/8ae292/n/blacbe_part08_rar
http://www.filefactory.com/file/ac2d5f/n/blacbe_part09_rar
http://www.filefactory.com/file/e89d71/n/blacbe_part10_rar
http://www.filefactory.com/file/eeeeba/n/blacbe_part11_rar
http://www.filefactory.com/file/8b9454/n/blacbe_part12_rar
http://www.filefactory.com/file/f9800e/n/blacbe_part13_rar
http://www.filefactory.com/file/c3c850/n/blacbe_part14_rar
http://www.filefactory.com/file/e2ae75/n/blacbe_part15_rar
http://www.filefactory.com/file/4a923e/n/blacbe_part16_rar
http://www.filefactory.com/file/03e714/n/blacbe_part17_rar
http://www.filefactory.com/file/3b95a1/n/blacbe_part18_rar
http://www.filefactory.com/file/acfa90/n/blacbe_part19_rar
http://www.filefactory.com/file/68fda9/n/blacbe_part20_rar
http://www.filefactory.com/file/ee8cfe/n/blacbe_part21_rar

Protected Message:
Code: NOT ALLOWED

Protected Message:
Code: warez_ben

Speaking Notepad

2008-09-23T15:29:00.001+08:00

Speaking Notepad is handy text editor with powerful text-to-speech capabilities. Speaking Notepad will read your TXT, DOC, PDF, HTML and RTF documents with SAPI4 and SAPI5-compliant high quality voices, different speed and pitches, read clipboard content, record texts into WAV, MP3 or WMA files and even read every word or sentence you are typing.

Platform: Windows 98/Me/2000/XP/2003
Download size: 5.00 MB

Protected Message:
Code:
http://rapidshare.com/files/142844836/speakingnotepad_downarchive.rar

Crack: (Just copy and past files to installed directory)
Protected Message:
Code:
http://www.mediafire.com/?mdhoyltimug

Adobe press free book download link

2008-09-23T15:27:00.000+08:00

Download link is given at the end of the names.
Adobe.Press,.Adobe.Acrobat.7.Tips.and.Tricks.The.150.Best.(2005).LiB.LotB.chm
Adobe.Press,.Adobe.GoLive.CS2.Official.JavaScript.Reference.(2005).BBL.LotB.chm
Adobe.Press,.Adobe.InDesign.CS2.Official.JavaScript.Reference.(2005).BBL.LotB.chm
Adobe.Press,.Adobe.Photoshop.CS2.Official.JavaScript.Reference.(2005).BBL.LotB.chm
Adobe.Press,.Adobe.Premiere.Elements.2.0.Classroom.in.a.Book.(2005).BBL.LoB.chm
Adobe.Press.25.Things.to.Make.and.Do.in.Adobe.Photoshop.Elements.4.Oct.2005.chm
Adobe.Press.Adobe.Acrobat.7.0.Classroom.in.a.Book.Feb.2005.chm
Adobe.Press.Adobe.After.Effects.6.5.Studio.Techniques.Apr.2005.chm
Adobe.Press.Adobe.After.Effects.7.0.Classroom.in.a.Book.Feb.2006.chm
Adobe.Press.Adobe.After.Effects.7.0.Studio.Techniques.May.2006.chm
Adobe.Press.Adobe.Audition.2.0.Classroom.in.a.Book.Apr.2006.chm
Adobe.Press.Adobe.Creative.Suite.2.Classroom.in.a.Book.Jul.2005.chm
Adobe.Press.Adobe.Creative.Suite.2.How.Tos.100.Essential.Techniques.Dec.2005.chm
Adobe.Press.Adobe.GoLive.CS2.Classroom.in.a.Book.Nov.2005.chm
Adobe.Press.Adobe.GoLive.CS2.Tips.and.Tricks.May.2005.chm
Adobe.Press.Adobe.Illustrator.CS2.Classroom.in.a.Book.chm
Adobe.Press.Adobe.Illustrator.CS2.Official.JavaScript.Reference.Oct.2005.chm
Adobe.Press.Adobe.InDesign.CS2.Classroom.in.a.Book.chm
Adobe.Press.Adobe.InDesign.CS2.How.Tos.100.Essential.Techniques.Mar.2006.chm
Adobe.Press.Adobe.Photoshop.CS2.Classroom.in.a.Book.May.2005.chm
Adobe.Press.Adobe.Photoshop.CS2.Studio.Techniques.Aug.2005.eBook-DDU.chm
Adobe.Press.Adobe.Premiere.Pro.2.0.Classroom.in.a.Book.Feb.2006.chm
Adobe.Press.Adobe.Premiere.Pro.2.0.Studio.Techniques.Jun.2006.chm
Adobe.Press.Adobe.Reader.7.Revealed.Working.Effectively.with.Acrobat.PDF.Files.Feb.2005.chm
Adobe.Press.InDesign.Type.Professional.Typography.with.Adobe.InDesign.CS2.Mar.2006.chm
Adobe.Press.Working.Smart.in.Adobe.Photoshop.CS2.Sep.2006.chm
http://www.chmpdf.com/archives/ebooks/adobe press/

Make frame in HTML

2008-09-23T15:24:00.001+08:00

With frames, you can display more than one Web page in the same browser window.

Examples

Vertical frameset
This example demonstrates how to make a vertical frameset with three different documents.

Horizontal frameset
This example demonstrates how to make a horizontal frameset with three different documents.

(You can find more examples at the bottom of this page)

Frames

With frames, you can display more than one HTML document in the same browser window. Each HTML document is called a frame, and each frame is independent of the others.

The disadvantages of using frames are:

The web developer must keep track of more HTML documents
It is difficult to print the entire page

The Frameset Tag

The tag defines how to divide the window into frames
Each frameset defines a set of rows or columns
The values of the rows/columns indicate the amount of screen area each row/column will occupy

The Frame Tag

The tag defines what HTML document to put into each frame

In the example below we have a frameset with two columns. The first column is set to 25% of the width of the browser window. The second column is set to 75% of the width of the browser window. The HTML document "frame_a.htm" is put into the first column, and the HTML document "frame_b.htm" is put into the second column:

Note: The frameset column size value can also be set in pixels (cols="200,500"), and one of the columns can be set to use the remaining space (cols="25%,*").

Basic Notes - Useful Tips

If a frame has visible borders, the user can resize it by dragging the border. To prevent a user from doing this, you can add noresize="noresize" to the tag.

Pinnacle Studio 10 for Windows : Visual QuickStart Guide

2008-09-23T15:22:00.001+08:00

Pinnacle Studio 10 is the latest version of the industry leading home video editing tool aimed at the Windows consumer market. In Pinnacle Studio 10 for Windows: Visual QuickStart Guide, veteran journalist and teacher Jan Ozer tackles Pinnacle Studio version 10 in classic and popular QuickStart style–with step-by-step instructions, plenty of illustrations, and straightforward language. Jan provides the skinny on all popular Studio 10 features like built-in DVD authoring with motion menus and custom navigation; Pan and Zoom, enabling users to quickly create engaging video slideshows from digital photos; SmartMovie II, a tool that let’s you create home movies in minutes; dual monitor display; key framing special effects in real-time; and the Instant DVD Recorder. He also covers key Pinnacle Studio Plus 10 features including picture in picture (PIP); Chroma Key effects (green screen); and full HD editing, particularly creating HD slide shows from digital photos.

Download Here :

http://rapidshare.de/files/25039302/Pinnacle_Studio_10_for_Windows_Visual_QuickStart_Guide_-Peachpit_Press.part1.rar
http://rapidshare.de/files/25040309/Pinnacle_Studio_10_for_Windows_Visual_QuickStart_Guide_-Peachpit_Press.part2.rar
Password: www.ebooksportal.org

Adobe Photoshop Lightroom Ebook

2008-09-23T15:20:00.000+08:00

download
High-res:
http://www.adobe.com/designcenter/lightroom/pdfs/lightroom_gettingstarted_full.pdf
Low-res:
http://www.adobe.com/designcenter/lightroom/pdfs/lightroom_gettingstarted_lo.pdf

Direct X changer

2008-09-23T15:07:00.000+08:00

Direct X changer
The program is intended for carrying out of various actions with versions DirectX. The program can change version DirectX for any another without restart of OS. For example, this program will allow starting many old games and if to establish package DirectX10 for XP, also many new games. And if suddenly OS after changes of version DirectX began to work stably always it is possible to return to DirectX 9.

system requirements :
KMDXC runs on Windows XP or Later

Minimum hardware requirements

* Intel Pentium® or AMD K5 processor with 266 MHz
* 5 MB free hard disk space

* 32 MB RAM
* Video Card with support DirectX 7 or later

Software requirements
KMDXC has been tested on the following platforms:

* Windows XP Professional SP2, SP3
* Windows Vista Home Premium/Ultimate
* Windows 7 Milestone 1 build 6519

Protected Message:
Code:
http://rapidshare.com/files/147062188/kmdxc.zip.html

Microsoft Project VBA Reference Material

2008-09-22T18:43:00.002+08:00

If you are interested in Project VBA you can now find a chapter I wrote on Project VBA for Que Publishing online here.

It goes through the basics of working with the visual basic editor, debugging, and gives several code examples. I'm a bit surprised to find it free on the internet from the publisher so go get it while it is still there.

Even though the chapter is about Project 2002, the information should apply to Project 2000 and Project 2003. There have not been many changes except to events. Just looking at this:

"When you have code with a large number of steps and you know only the initial state and the outcome, it is difficult to figure out where the root of your problem lies. The VBE provides the ability to view your code as it executes and to check the values of your variables. The main tools to do this are breakpoints, watches, and the Immediate window.

reminds me that I should put together a few posts on debugging...

Microsoft Project VBA Reference Material

2008-09-22T18:43:00.001+08:00

If you are interested in Project VBA you can now find a chapter I wrote on Project VBA for Que Publishing online here.

Even though the chapter is about Project 2002, the information should apply to Project 2000 and Project 2003. There have not been many changes except to events. Just looking at this:

"When you have code with a large number of steps and you know only the initial state and the outcome, it is difficult to figure out where the root of your problem lies. The VBE provides the ability to view your code as it executes and to check the values of your variables. The main tools to do this are breakpoints, watches, and the Immediate window.

reminds me that I should put together a few posts on debugging...

VBA - Integer Division and Mod

2008-09-22T18:35:00.001+08:00

Many Microsoft Project users are not professional programmers so they might not be aware of some of the basics of visual basic. One of them which surprised me when I first ran across it was the "integer division" operator. Now most people know the typical add + , subtract -, multiply *, and divide / operators and what results they bring. But there are really two more which are quite useful in certain situations.

The first is the integer division operator which is a backslash "\". Do not confuse this with the forward slash "/" which is used for regular division. The results of this operator are that division takes place as usual except any non-integer remainder is discarded. Here are a couple of examples to illustrate.
10/4 = 2.5 10\4 = 2

5.423/1 = 5.423
5.423\1 = 5

As you can probably guess, integer division is a handy way of dividing and rounding down in a single step.

Another related operator is the MOD operator. It is similar to integer division only it returns only the remainder. Here are a couple of examples.


6 MOD 4 = 2
12 MOD 4 = 0

By putting them together you can break numbers into their component parts. Doing date math is an easy way to see how this works. Let's let "Days" be a number of days. We want to know how many weeks and how many days it is. The following formula would return how many weeks and how many days there are in that amount of time.


Days\7 & " Weeks, " & Days MOD 7 & " Days"

If Days is 23 days, then the result would be:


3 Weeks, 2 Days

Recursion in Project VBA

2008-09-22T18:33:00.000+08:00

The Fifth in a Series of Short Notes about Using Project VBA

Recursion is a programming techique which is similar to the process of taking a video of your television when the television is displaying the video output of your video camera. The result - an endless tunnel of pictures of your television.

So how can this be useful in programming, and more specifically in programming Microsoft Project? Well, recursion is also well suited for dealing with parent/child relationships or dependencies, both of which are essential parts of Project. Recursion allows you to easily get the subtasks of the subtasks of the subtask of a task and because it continues indefinitely (or until it hits a limit) it will get to the last task in the project without you having to keep track of how many levels deep it needs to go.

It can be difficult to grasp the concept without a concrete example so let's start with one right away and explain the details as we go along. Let's say that you have a number of tasks which may be viewed individually (perhaps in project server) and they will no longer show the heirarchy which is in the file. Some may even have the same name as each other, just like you can have two John's who are unrelated and different. The solution to this confusion is to use a text field to show the entire path to the task. That path is made up of all the names of the parent tasks of the individual task.

One way to do this is brute force:

Dim mytask As Task
Dim myoutlinelevel As Integer
myoutlinelevel = 1
While myoutlinelevel < 10
For Each mytask In ActiveProject.Tasks
If Not (mytask Is Nothing) Then
If mytask.OutlineLevel = myoutlinelevel Then
mytask.Text2 = mytask.OutlineParent.Text2 & " | " & mytask.Name
End If
End If
Next mytask
myoutlinelevel = myoutlinelevel + 1
Wend
End Sub

The trouble with this approach is that it runs through the entire set of tasks one time for each level of heirarchy that you want to name. And, you have to define how many levels deep you want to go. Even if you have only one level of heirarchy this code will still read and check each task 10 times. And if you have more than 10 levels, the tasks beyond the 10th level will not get labeled correctly.

The solution is to use recursion. With recursion we ask the program to name all the children of a task and then name all the children of that task all the way down until there are no more children. We do this by having a procedure which calls itself. Here we are using a procedure called "kids" which calls the same procedure for all of the child tasks - when it runs using those child tasks it will get all their child tasks etc. etc. etc.

Sub kids(ByRef t As Task)
Dim kid As Task
t.Text2 = t.OutlineParent.Text2 & " | " & t.Name
For Each kid In t.OutlineChildren
kids kid
Next kid
End Sub

Pretty simple. Now the only question is how to get it started off. We can't put the code to start it inside the procedure or it will keep restarting itself. So we write a procedure which sets the starting task and then calls the kids procedure:

Sub recursionExample()
Dim t As Task
Set t = ActiveSelection.Tasks(1)
kids t
End Sub

Sub kids(ByRef t As Task)
Dim kid As Task
t.Text2 = t.OutlineParent.Text2 & "-" & t.Name
For Each kid In t.OutlineChildren
kids kid
Next kid
End Sub

That is all there is to it. I have an example of how recursive techniques can be used to trace dependencies on my website which adds some additional logic so it can trace forward or backward or only critical tasks, but the basic principle is the same.

One thing to be aware of before you use recursion is that whatever you are recursing through does require some limit or stopping point. In this case it stops when there are no further children. In the Trace macro it stops at the end of the chain of dependencies. However, if you are not careful you can construct something that will continue indefinitely. To avoid this, try setting a breakpoint so you can step through the code the first few times to make sure it doesn't break. And always back up your files before you start.

Working with Custom Field Formulas

2008-09-22T18:32:00.002+08:00

The Fourth in a Series of Short Notes about Using Project VBA

Technically the formulas in customized fields are not VBA, but they are quite similar. With Project 2000 Microsoft added the capability to have a field display the results of a user-defined calculation. Until then, fields would only contain the value that the user put there. Needless to say, having the ability to have formulas was a big step forward. In fact, in some cases formulas are more useful than VBA macros are. The main reason is that they calculate automatically whereas a VBA macro needs to be executed either by calling the macro or tying it to some event (and events in Project are not what I'd consider robust). Because of this the field can display real-time information about a task.

Formulas in fields can with a little work control the formatting of your schedule as well. With a formula setting the value of a flag field, and a bar style which applies to tasks with that flag field set to "Yes" you can change what the gantt chart displays. There are also indicators which can be shown in the specific cells if the formula returns a particular value.

Of course there are some limitations to these formulas. They can only work with information from the particular task they are associated with and a handful of Project-level fields (Things like Project Start). In cases where you need information from other tasks a formula is not going to be sufficient. I've put together some guidelines about choosing one over the other. You can find them here.

Working with Formulas is pretty simple, but they are hidden rather deep in the interface. To get to them, right-click on a column header, choose customize fields, then choose the field you want the formula to apply to and click on the "formula" button. This brings up a dialog box where you can enter and edit the formula. Note that the = sign which is required for formulas in Excel is NOT REQUIRED and if you enter one you will get an error. After you have written the formula choose OK and you get back to the customize fields screen. At this point you have one more decision to make, you can decide whether the Summary tasks use the formula or not. The default is to not use the formula so be careful here if you want them to use the same calculation.

The variety of formulas is huge but here are some common situations people encounter in using formulas:

My formula refers to Baseline or Deadline fields.
When there is "NA" in the baseline or deadline it gives an error:

This problem is caused by the fact that the project gives a numerical value of 4294967296 (2 to the 32nd power - 1) if the field is "NA" (blank). Why it does this rather than giving a value of 0 I do not know, however once you know that it uses this number you can write a formula which accounts for it.

The solution is to use an iif statement. The syntax for an iif statement is as follows:

iif(expression, value if true, value if false)

So if you want to know if the difference between the baseline finish and the finish of a task you would use a formula like this (in a text field):

Iif([Baseline Finish] > 50000, "There is no baseline for this task", [Baseline Finish]-[Finish])

Another alternative is to use ProjDateValue to evaluate the data stored in the baseline. Since an empty baseline shows "NA" for dates such as Baseline Finish, you can test for it directly.

iif([Baseline Finish]=projdatevalue("NA"), "Has Baseline", "No, Baseline")

I am getting unexpected values when using work or duration in my formula.

The problem is usually caused by failing to convert the units correctly.
When you use duration or work in a formula Project uses the value of either in MINUTES. This can be confusing if you are subtracting a duration of 1 day from a duration of 2 days. You would expect that 2 - 1 = 1, but in Project it equals 480 minutes.

Now you may wonder why 480 minutes? There are 24 hours in a day x 60 minutes, however by default a Project day is 8 hours or 480 minutes. One easy way to handle this is to simply divide by 480 as in this example.

([Baseline Duration]-[Duration])/480 & " days"

You will then get the difference in days (note that using the & will concatenate the text within quotations to the result of the first part of the equation).
However there are times that a different project calendar is used and in that case a day may be defined as 24 hours or 7 hours. Because of this it is safer practice to use the constant [Minutes Per Day] or [Minutes Per Week] in the formula.

([Baseline Duration]-[Duration])/[Minutes Per Day] & " days"

I want to subtract one date from another in Project.

There are a number of ways to do date subtraction. The first is to simply subtract one from the other like this:

[Finish]-[Start]

On a one day task which starts and ends the same day this will return a value of .38 which is somewhat useful, but as in the section above it takes some conversion to make
sense of it. .38 days = 8 hours.
This approach also has some problems if you are subtracting across a non-working time such as a weekend or holiday. Or if the task ends on the next day. Then the value will be quite unexpected.

So there is another method that Project provides to do date math. It is to use the ProjDateDiff function. The syntax is as follows:

ProjDateDiff( date1, date2, calendar )

Using this will give you the difference between two dates according to a specific Project calendar. If you leave the calendar blank then it uses the Standard calendar. Otherwise you can specify the calendar (put the name of the calendar in quotations).
Here is an example of a calculation which finds the difference between the start and the finish of a task:

ProjDateDiff([Start],[Finish])

Note that the field order is different than the original equation. For a positive result you put the soonest date as the first parameter and the latest date as the second.

Working with Other Applications

2008-09-22T18:31:00.002+08:00

The Third in a Series of Short Notes About Using Project VBA

Project is designed primarily for calculating schedules using the Critical Path Method (CPM). However, there are often times you need to do more advanced calculations than are available natively in Project. The easiest solution is to turn to another application to do the calculations or to work with the resulting data.

An example of this is the use of Excel. It is actually quite simple to do this. The first thing to do is to set a reference to Excel. You do this by:

Opening Project.
Hit ALT+F11 to open the Visual Basic Editor.
From the Tools menu select "References".
Scroll down until you see the Microsoft Excel Object Library (or something similar).
Make sure the box next to it is checked.

Once that is complete you simply create a new instance of Excel and add a worksheet if necessary.

If xlApp Is Nothing Then
'Start new instance
Set xlApp = CreateObject("Excel.Application")
If xlApp Is Nothing Then
MsgBox "Can't Find Excel, please try again.", vbCritical
End 'Stop, can't proceed without Excel
End If

Else
Set xlR = Nothing
Set xlApp = Nothing
Set xlBook = Nothing
Set xlApp = CreateObject("Excel.Application")
If xlApp Is Nothing Then
MsgBox "Can't Find Excel, please try again.", vbCritical
End 'Stop, can't proceed without Excel
End If

End If
xlapp.Visible = False
Set xlBook = xlapp.Workbooks.Add
Set xlSheet = xlBook.Worksheets.Add
xlSheet.Name = ActiveProject.Name

I use CreateObject here rather than GetObject based on Microsoft's recommendation in this article. If you use GetObject you may get this error:

Run-time error '429':
ActiveX component can't create object

Once that is done you can use any of the Excel VBA you need to manipulate data, format it or anything else. The following code is from a Monte Carlo simulation macro I wrote. You can find the complete thing here. What this code does is set the value of xlRow (actually a specific cell in Excel) to the value of the task finish. Then it shifts to the next cell down using the offset function.

For Each t In exportedTasks
xlRow = t.Finish
Set xlRow = xlRow.Offset(0, 1)
Next t

Once you have Excel running you can do just about anything you want with it. With a bit more code, the macro this was taken from could summarize the data and graph it. By using the two tools together you can do many things which would be difficult to do alone. I have a few other simple examples here. Be forewarned that they do not use the GetObject method. Sooner or later I'll revise them to reflect what I now know more about.

Working with the Project Object

2008-09-22T18:30:00.001+08:00

The Second in a Series of Short Notes About Using Project VBA

Using a Project object of some kind is essential to programming Project. Like the Task object, it is also a member of a collection, in this case it is part of the Projects collection. Although the Projects collection is under the Application it is what Microsoft calls a "top-level object" meaning that you can use it without needing to specify the Application. This means both of the following are equivalent within Project (though if you are controlling project from another application you will want to specify the application just to be clear):

Application.Projects
is the same as:
Projects

The Project object I use most often is the ActiveProject. ActiveProject is simply the project you are currently working on in project. If you have multiple projects open then it is the one which is in front and which has the cursor active in it. Most of the time you want your code to operate on the ActiveProject and not some other project so code typically looks like this:

Set ts as ActiveProject.Tasks

There are cases where you DO want to work on all the projects that are open. In this case you would forgo using ActiveProject and refer to them individually. You can use For..Next to go through all of the open projects:

For Each Project In Application.Projects
'run subprocedure
Next Project

The Project object can refer to any project and you can define as many as you like. This can be useful when you want to compare a project which is open with another.

Dim proj1 as Project
Dim proj2 As Project
Set proj1 = ActiveProject
Set proj2 = FileOpen("c:\myfilename.mpp")
If proj2.Tasks(5).Finish = proj1.Tasks(5).Finish Then
msgbox "Task 5 is unchanged."
End if
End Sub

You can use an index to refer to a specific project, though the index of the project is dependent on the order in which the files were opened, so there is room for some surprises here:

Set proj1 = Application.Projects(1)
Set proj2 = Application.Projects(2)

There is another interesting type of Project and that is the SubProject. Subprojects are any projects inserted in a "Master" project. Sometimes it is necessary to go through them as well. An example is setting a particular view or modifying some information which can not be done in the "Master" view.

Dim subproj As Subproject
Dim myproj As Project
'go through all the subprojects in the file
For Each subproj In ActiveProject.Subprojects
'open them all in turn
FileOpen (subproj.Path)
Set myproj = ActiveProject
'when open do something to the file
FileClose
Next subproj

The Projects collection has a small number of properties including count, parent and item. It also has a method to add a project. Project and SubProject have too many properties to describe here, but eventually I'll get around to covering some of the more interesting ones.

Working with the Tasks Collection

2008-09-22T18:18:00.001+08:00

The First in a Series of Short Notes About Using Project VBA

The tasks collection is simply a collection of all the tasks in a project. It is the starting point for most Visual Basic programming exercises so it is important to know how to use it. The first thing is in how to set it. This is done using the Set keyword.
Typically one sets a collection to all the tasks in the project, but it is possible to set it to some other task collection.

Here is an example of setting it to the tasks in the active project:
Dim ts as Tasks Set ts = ActiveProject.Tasks

Another useful trick is to filter the project first and then set the task collection to the set of filtered tasks:
SelectAll Set ts = ActiveSelection.Tasks

Once we have the task collection we can go through it in a number of ways. If we want a specific task we can ask for it by index. For example if we want the first task the code would be:
Dim t as task Set t = ts(1)

Quite often we want to do something to all tasks in the project. In that case we would set the task collection as above and then loop through it using a for..next structure:
For Each t in ts t.Text5 = "Foo" Next t

This approach works until you hit a blank line in the project. In the case of the blank line the task is what Project refers to as "Nothing". You can do nothing with Nothing, so setting the Text5 value for Nothing will give you an error. Luckily you can check to see if a task is Nothing and therefore skip doing anything that would cause an error and stop your code. To do this we add a simple If statement:
For Each t in ts If not t is Nothing then t.Text5 = "Foo" End If Next t

We can do a similar thing to ignore summary tasks. You might want to do this when altering a value like duration which is not something that you can edit directly for a summary task. I use something like this:
If not t.Summary Then 'do stuff End If

Putting it all together we have this generic structure to loop through all tasks in a project:
Dim ts as Tasks Dim t as Task Set ts = ActiveProject.Tasks For Each t in ts If Not t is Nothing Then If Not t.Summary Then 'do something End If End If Next t
By putting your code in the middle of this structure (where it says "do something" you can be sure it will be applied to all the regular tasks in the project and won't generate an error when it hits a blank line.

How to be a TOP RANK BLOG

2008-09-22T17:24:00.002+08:00

This are some tips how to raise your blog and how to become a top rank blog in top rank search engine:
1. Ping your blog
2. Give comments to other blog owner(please don't give unusual comments,give comments which are related with the posting),at the end of the comment give your blog address so the blog owner can visit your blog
3. Every time you send an email,you can publish your blog address at the end of your email.
4. Join a blog's forum,so you can introduce your blog there,and give some details what your blog talking about.
5. Join a favorite forum,like yahoo-groups,friendster,facebook,and many more.
6. Give a interesting keywords.

These are a lil bit tips how to raise your website or blog rank.

Free Download MP3

2008-09-22T17:05:00.001+08:00

I suggest you www.mp3dl.co.cc
Always free,without having an account.

Programming Language

2008-09-11T20:12:00.006+08:00

A vocabulary and set of grammatical rules for instructing a computer to perform specific tasks. The term programming language usually refers to high-level languages, such as BASIC, C, C++, COBOL, FORTRAN, Ada, and Pascal. Each language has a unique set of keywords (words that it understands) and a special syntax for organizing program instructions.

High-level programming languages, while simple compared to human languages, are more complex than the languages the computer actually understands, called machine languages. Each different type of CPU has its own unique machine language.

Lying between machine languages and high-level languages are languages called assembly languages. Assembly languages are similar to machine languages, but they are much easier to program in because they allow a programmer to substitute names for numbers. Machine languages consist of numbers only.

Lying above high-level languages are languages called fourth-generation languages (usually abbreviated 4GL). 4GLs are far removed from machine languages and represent the class of computer languages closest to human languages.

Regardless of what language you use, you eventually need to convert your program into machine language so that the computer can understand it. There are two ways to do this:

Compile the program

Interpret the program

See compile and interpreter for more information about these two methods.

The question of which language is best is one that consumes a lot of time and energy among computer professionals. Every language has its strengths and weaknesses. For example, FORTRAN is a particularly good language for processing numerical data, but it does not lend itself very well to organizing large programs. Pascal is very good for writing well-structured and readable programs, but it is not as flexible as the C programming language. C++ embodies powerful object-oriented features, but it is complex and difficult to learn.

The choice of which language to use depends on the type of computer the program is to run on, what sort of program it is, and the expertise of the programmer.

How to Become a Programmer

2008-09-11T19:31:00.003+08:00

Unlike what you might find in some books and articles, programming can not be actually learned in 7, 21 or even 365 days. It is an accumulative process that builds up your skills day after day and year after year. However, programming can also be fun and rewarding (both mentally, spiritually and financially). This guide does not promise to give a magical easy way to becoming a programmer, and the ordering of the steps is not sacred, but you'll get a general outline of how to become a programmer in one of the modern programming fields.

Step:

Prepare yourself for becoming a programmer:
1. Take at least one introductory course in Mathematics (i.e. introductory calculus as it significantly improves your experience as a programmer).
2. Take an introductory course in logic, discrete Mathematics or both.
3. Learn at least one of the following program conception techniques. As you advance in programming you'll need to learn almost all of them. The methods are listed in the most often used order.
  - Flow Charting (globally considered the easiest to learn)
  - Pseudo-Code
  - Unified Modeling Language (UML)
  - Object Relational Mapping (ORM)
4. Learn simple database concepts such as tables, views/queries and procedures. You can use any simple database package to do this, such as MS access, DB V, Fox Pro, Paradox.
5. Learn about programming paradigms (an introduction is enough for now), the most important being procedural, object oriented, functional, logic and declarative programming.

Decide what type of programmer you are/want to be. Programmers generally fall under one of the following categories:
- Web Programmer
- Desktop Application Programmer
  - Operating System (OS) Oriented (tied to a single operating system or set of operating systems)
  - Platform Independent
- Distributed Applications Programmer
- Library/Platform/Framework/Core Programmer
- System Programmer
  - Kernel Programmer
  - Driver Programmer
  - Compiler Programmer
- Programming Scientist

Learn the technologies and programming languages related to your programming field of choice. The following sections break down the tasks for different types of programming.