<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-183728831839704546</id><updated>2024-10-12T06:31:41.907+07:00</updated><category term="Historical Computing Hardware"/><category term="LAPTOP"/><category term="computer"/><category term="free website"/><category term="making money from your blog"/><title type='text'>LEARN COMPUTING AND INTERNET</title><subtitle type='html'>learning computer and internet with easy step</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hasbie-indra.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/183728831839704546/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hasbie-indra.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>Hasbie Indra</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17331176262186335266</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaTiqWFdzswwCIve9J5mkzUI8Ryatjp__rJLOFx4eHchkMurzLeHDMMuJo0QYOM9f0YSxjv4-37Nj9D4MVouGX4GV-rOLYMGzC5bosU1pHzwGlhfzVGBrfYcTtzvR-xrM/s220/110917-121300.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>10</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-183728831839704546.post-785404981402878769</id><published>2012-03-13T13:29:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2012-03-14T13:30:08.006+07:00</updated><title type='text'>Work From Home via Affiliate and Network Marketing</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;KonaBody&quot;&gt;
Being one&#39;s own boss with a home office is not a whim or a fancy
 that can be dismissed on the grounds that opportunities are too 
limited. Or that the chance of success is nil. Small businesses and 
home-based pursuits based on or off the Internet are recognized as 
legitimate and more than adequate sources of income. Many of those who 
have chosen to be self-employed enjoy ample profit and a fulfilling 
enterprise.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;The Future Is In Affiliate Marketing&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A 
business model wherein the seller gets a percentage of the income in the
 sale of products or services is called affiliate marketing. The key to 
profit is determining the demands and knowing the needs of specific 
clusters being advertised to. With the right products and services 
promoted to the people who need those, and a website that cater to a 
target niche, the potential for a successful work from home enterprise 
is inevitable. Sales can be done on and off of the Internet. There is a 
huge array of products to offer and an endless selection of services to 
provide.&lt;br /&gt;
Perhaps internet savvy is critical for effective 
promotion of products and services. Strategies need to be explored and 
tried out. One tactic that proves helpful and guaranteed by those 
already successful in the business is search engine optimization. Web 
traffic need to be driven to where you are at. Therefore, focus on 
promoting keywords related to your products and services. In addition, 
compile and maintain an updated electronic mailing list.&lt;br /&gt;
To ensure
 that the chosen work-from-home scheme really works, also consider 
promoting the old-fashioned way. Like on print media, for example. But 
make sure the website is clear for everyone to see and all other online 
and contact information are included as well. Income from affiliating 
marketing is commission-based. Keep the percentages up by keeping a 
lively, updated, and well-connected consumer community that is satisfied
 with the products and services you provide.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Network Marketing Is Here To Stay&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Multi-level
 marketing maximizes the available talent out there, seeking associates 
having the flair to sell the company&#39;s products or services. Any 
individual with the ability to market and move merchandise is a 
potential affiliate. This salesperson distributes and offers said 
product, and in the process acts as agent, even consultant, representing
 the company to the public.&lt;br /&gt;
The reward is a reasonable percentage 
of gross monthly sales. Often called Network Marketing, this work from 
home option could work, especially if one is enterprising enough to find
 employees working under them, so to speak. It is customary that the one
 supervising the sales force gets a commission from the earnings of his 
agents while they themselves get income. For a certain number of agents a
 bonus may be given by the overseeing company. As each level expands and
 grows, monthly earnings and commissions increase. And there&#39;s still 
that income from the company that provides the products and services. 
Running one&#39;s own sales team from home can even be more lucrative than 
having an office-based job.
    &lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hasbie-indra.blogspot.com/feeds/785404981402878769/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hasbie-indra.blogspot.com/2012/03/work-from-home-via-affiliate-and.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/183728831839704546/posts/default/785404981402878769'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/183728831839704546/posts/default/785404981402878769'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hasbie-indra.blogspot.com/2012/03/work-from-home-via-affiliate-and.html' title='Work From Home via Affiliate and Network Marketing'/><author><name>Hasbie Indra</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17331176262186335266</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaTiqWFdzswwCIve9J5mkzUI8Ryatjp__rJLOFx4eHchkMurzLeHDMMuJo0QYOM9f0YSxjv4-37Nj9D4MVouGX4GV-rOLYMGzC5bosU1pHzwGlhfzVGBrfYcTtzvR-xrM/s220/110917-121300.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-183728831839704546.post-7792033244172302612</id><published>2012-03-13T12:29:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2012-03-14T13:24:53.553+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="making money from your blog"/><title type='text'>making money from your website</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;There are&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;several&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;ways&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;to make&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;money on the&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;internet&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;starting&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;from&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;the&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;capital of&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;the knee&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;or free&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;and&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;with no&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;IT&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;knowledge&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;at all&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;to&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;the&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;capital needs&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;money&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;and&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;high&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;IT&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;skills&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;PSBDDIUI&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;will not make&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;you&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;confused&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;We&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;do not&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;mind to&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;discussions&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;about&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;how to make&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;money&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;the&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;money&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;and&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;capital needs&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;of high&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;IT&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;skills&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;We&#39;re talking&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;just&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;a way&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;to make&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;money on the&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;internet&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;who&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;just need a&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;knee capital&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;and&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;with no&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;IT knowledge&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;at all&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Hasbie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;atn&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;indra.blogspot.com &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;also&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;not&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;to&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;his knowledge&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;if you want&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;to talk&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;to&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;pake&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;high&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;capital and&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;IT&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;skills&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Name only&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;idiot&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;...&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;hehehe&lt;/span&gt;!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Okay&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;then&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;what are the ways&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;to make&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;money are&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;capitalized&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;and&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;without the&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;knowledge of&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;IT&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;knee&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;high&lt;/span&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Create a&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;blog&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Create a&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;blog&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Create a&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;blog&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;3 eggs&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;why&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;make a blog&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;all&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;its contents&lt;/span&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Yes&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;because&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;it&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;is the&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;best&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;way&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;for free&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;and&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;easy&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;But&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;the&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;only&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;bikini&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;doang&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;blog&lt;/span&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Yes&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;baseball&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;After making the&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;blog&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;you&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;must&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;sign up for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;some&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;form of&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;program&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;monetasi&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;blogs&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;PPC&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps atn&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;pay &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;per&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;click)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;like&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Google&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;AdSense&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Text&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Links&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Ads&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Bidvertiser&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;etc.&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Of course there&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;are many&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;other&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;programs&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;such as&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;blogs&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;monetasi&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;PTR&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps atn&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;paid to review), &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;CPM&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Direct&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Advertising,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;etc.&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;However&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;here&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;we&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;will only&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;talk to&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;PPC&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;only.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;PPC&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;was&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;also&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;special&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;that is&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Google&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;AdSense&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hasbie-indra.blogspot.com/feeds/7792033244172302612/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hasbie-indra.blogspot.com/2012/03/making-money-from-your-website.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/183728831839704546/posts/default/7792033244172302612'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/183728831839704546/posts/default/7792033244172302612'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hasbie-indra.blogspot.com/2012/03/making-money-from-your-website.html' title='making money from your website'/><author><name>Hasbie Indra</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17331176262186335266</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaTiqWFdzswwCIve9J5mkzUI8Ryatjp__rJLOFx4eHchkMurzLeHDMMuJo0QYOM9f0YSxjv4-37Nj9D4MVouGX4GV-rOLYMGzC5bosU1pHzwGlhfzVGBrfYcTtzvR-xrM/s220/110917-121300.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-183728831839704546.post-1743018996444598771</id><published>2012-03-13T07:00:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2012-03-14T13:27:41.703+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="LAPTOP"/><title type='text'>Extend The Life of Your Laptop Batteries</title><content type='html'>There is little more frustrating than to be out and about working and
 suddenly have your laptop batteries go dead. The convenience of a 
laptop goes flying out the window as you frantically search for a power 
outlet. As it is, several hours are about all you can hope for when the 
laptop is unplugged. Until they make laptop batteries that never need 
recharging (and that probably isn&#39;t going to happen any time soon), it&#39;s
 best to try to prolong the life of the battery.&lt;br /&gt;
Defragging your 
hard drive can lower the amount of work the battery has to do. By 
keeping the computer in tip-top shape, you can also save the charge on 
your laptop batteries. Who knew? Another thing that helps the battery 
keep the charge is by limiting the usage of CDs and DVDs. These drain 
the battery faster than using the hard drive.&lt;br /&gt;
Multitasking may be 
an enviable ability, but avoid it when you&#39;re on your laptop. The more 
programs you have running, the faster the laptop batteries will run 
down. You may also want to change the power settings so that the laptop 
hibernates instead of just going to standby. It may take a couple of 
extra seconds to get the power back up, but everything you were working 
on will still be there and you will have saved the battery.&lt;br /&gt;
While 
you&#39;re at home, try to avoid working off the laptop batteries. There are
 probably plenty of outlets available and no real excuse for running the
 computer off the battery. That way, when you leave home, the battery 
should be fully charged and ready to give you several hours of 
uninterrupted power. If others in your home use the computer, stress to 
them that they must keep it plugged in while in the house. Teenagers 
hate to plug in computers. No one really knows why.&lt;br /&gt;
If at all 
possible, keep a backup battery with you when you&#39;re away from home. No 
matter how careful you are, something could always happen to make you 
need a backup. Try a test run and fully charge your battery. Unplug the 
laptop and see how long it takes before it drains the computer. This is 
just nice to know. &lt;br /&gt;
Even within the same brand of computer, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.batteries.com/laptop/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_new&quot;&gt;laptop batteries&lt;/a&gt; can have different charges. Try a few of these suggestions. They should help extend the life of your laptop batteries.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hasbie-indra.blogspot.com/feeds/1743018996444598771/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hasbie-indra.blogspot.com/2012/03/extend-life-of-your-laptop-batteries.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/183728831839704546/posts/default/1743018996444598771'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/183728831839704546/posts/default/1743018996444598771'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hasbie-indra.blogspot.com/2012/03/extend-life-of-your-laptop-batteries.html' title='Extend The Life of Your Laptop Batteries'/><author><name>Hasbie Indra</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17331176262186335266</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaTiqWFdzswwCIve9J5mkzUI8Ryatjp__rJLOFx4eHchkMurzLeHDMMuJo0QYOM9f0YSxjv4-37Nj9D4MVouGX4GV-rOLYMGzC5bosU1pHzwGlhfzVGBrfYcTtzvR-xrM/s220/110917-121300.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-183728831839704546.post-3657250614515960732</id><published>2012-03-12T12:21:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2012-03-14T13:24:13.657+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="free website"/><title type='text'>Quickly create a website it only takes 5 minutes</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class=&quot;short_text&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;you&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;can&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;make&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;the&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;web&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;faster&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;by using&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;blogspot.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;short_text&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;with this just need 5 minutes your website finish and ready to publih in the world. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hasbie-indra.blogspot.com/feeds/3657250614515960732/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hasbie-indra.blogspot.com/2012/03/quickly-create-website-it-only-takes-5.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/183728831839704546/posts/default/3657250614515960732'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/183728831839704546/posts/default/3657250614515960732'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hasbie-indra.blogspot.com/2012/03/quickly-create-website-it-only-takes-5.html' title='Quickly create a website it only takes 5 minutes'/><author><name>Hasbie Indra</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17331176262186335266</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaTiqWFdzswwCIve9J5mkzUI8Ryatjp__rJLOFx4eHchkMurzLeHDMMuJo0QYOM9f0YSxjv4-37Nj9D4MVouGX4GV-rOLYMGzC5bosU1pHzwGlhfzVGBrfYcTtzvR-xrM/s220/110917-121300.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-183728831839704546.post-5132851149289852766</id><published>2012-03-11T07:29:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2012-03-15T07:29:33.071+07:00</updated><title type='text'>Programs</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
The defining feature of modern computers which distinguishes them from all other machines is that they can be &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming&quot; title=&quot;Computer programming&quot;&gt;programmed&lt;/a&gt;. That is to say that some type of &lt;a class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_%28computer_science%29&quot; title=&quot;Instruction (computer science)&quot;&gt;instructions&lt;/a&gt; (the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_program&quot; title=&quot;Computer program&quot;&gt;program&lt;/a&gt;)
 can be given to the computer, and it will carry process them. While 
some computers may have strange concepts &quot;instructions&quot; and &quot;output&quot; 
(see &lt;a class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing&quot; title=&quot;Quantum computing&quot;&gt;quantum computing&lt;/a&gt;), modern computers based on the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture&quot; title=&quot;Von Neumann architecture&quot;&gt;von Neumann architecture&lt;/a&gt; often have machine code in the form of an &lt;a class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_programming_language&quot; title=&quot;Imperative programming language&quot;&gt;imperative programming language&lt;/a&gt;.
In practical terms, a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_program&quot; title=&quot;Computer program&quot;&gt;computer program&lt;/a&gt; may be just a few instructions or extend to many millions of instructions, as do the programs for &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_processor&quot; title=&quot;Word processor&quot;&gt;word processors&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser&quot; title=&quot;Web browser&quot;&gt;web browsers&lt;/a&gt; for example. A typical modern computer can execute billions of instructions per second (&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS&quot; title=&quot;FLOPS&quot;&gt;gigaflops&lt;/a&gt;)
 and rarely makes a mistake over many years of operation. Large computer
 programs consisting of several million instructions may take teams of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmer&quot; title=&quot;Programmer&quot;&gt;programmers&lt;/a&gt; years to write, and due to the complexity of the task almost certainly contain errors</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hasbie-indra.blogspot.com/feeds/5132851149289852766/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hasbie-indra.blogspot.com/2012/03/programs.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/183728831839704546/posts/default/5132851149289852766'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/183728831839704546/posts/default/5132851149289852766'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hasbie-indra.blogspot.com/2012/03/programs.html' title='Programs'/><author><name>Hasbie Indra</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17331176262186335266</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaTiqWFdzswwCIve9J5mkzUI8Ryatjp__rJLOFx4eHchkMurzLeHDMMuJo0QYOM9f0YSxjv4-37Nj9D4MVouGX4GV-rOLYMGzC5bosU1pHzwGlhfzVGBrfYcTtzvR-xrM/s220/110917-121300.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-183728831839704546.post-2482792011469829706</id><published>2012-03-10T11:30:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2012-03-15T07:25:19.952+07:00</updated><title type='text'>Semiconductors and microprocessors</title><content type='html'>&lt;h3&gt;
 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Semiconductors_and_microprocessors&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Computers using &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube&quot; title=&quot;Vacuum tube&quot;&gt;vacuum tubes&lt;/a&gt; as their electronic elements were in use throughout the 1950s, but by the 1960s had been largely replaced by &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor&quot; title=&quot;Semiconductor&quot;&gt;semiconductor&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor&quot; title=&quot;Transistor&quot;&gt;transistor&lt;/a&gt;-based
 machines, which were smaller, faster, cheaper to produce, required less
 power, and were more reliable. The first transistorised computer was 
demonstrated at the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Manchester&quot; title=&quot;University of Manchester&quot;&gt;University of Manchester&lt;/a&gt; in 1953.&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-LavingtonP37_30-0&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#cite_note-LavingtonP37-30&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;31&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In the 1970s, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit&quot; title=&quot;Integrated circuit&quot;&gt;integrated circuit&lt;/a&gt; technology and the subsequent creation of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor&quot; title=&quot;Microprocessor&quot;&gt;microprocessors&lt;/a&gt;, such as the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_4004&quot; title=&quot;Intel 4004&quot;&gt;Intel 4004&lt;/a&gt;,
 further decreased size and cost and further increased speed and 
reliability of computers. By the late 1970s, many products such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videocassette_recorder&quot; title=&quot;Videocassette recorder&quot;&gt;video recorders&lt;/a&gt; contained dedicated computers called &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller&quot; title=&quot;Microcontroller&quot;&gt;microcontrollers&lt;/a&gt;, and they started to appear as a replacement to mechanical controls in domestic appliances such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machine&quot; title=&quot;Washing machine&quot;&gt;washing machines&lt;/a&gt;. The 1980s witnessed &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_computer&quot; title=&quot;Home computer&quot;&gt;home computers&lt;/a&gt; and the now ubiquitous &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer&quot; title=&quot;Personal computer&quot;&gt;personal computer&lt;/a&gt;. With the evolution of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet&quot; title=&quot;Internet&quot;&gt;Internet&lt;/a&gt;, personal computers are becoming as common as the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television&quot; title=&quot;Television&quot;&gt;television&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone&quot; title=&quot;Telephone&quot;&gt;telephone&lt;/a&gt; in the household&lt;sup class=&quot;Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed&quot; title=&quot;Wikipedia:Citation needed&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources from February 2010&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/h3&gt;
Modern &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone&quot; title=&quot;Smartphone&quot;&gt;smartphones&lt;/a&gt;
 are fully programmable computers in their own right, and as of 2009 may
 well be the most common form of such computers in existence</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hasbie-indra.blogspot.com/feeds/2482792011469829706/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hasbie-indra.blogspot.com/2012/03/semiconductors-and-microprocessors.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/183728831839704546/posts/default/2482792011469829706'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/183728831839704546/posts/default/2482792011469829706'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hasbie-indra.blogspot.com/2012/03/semiconductors-and-microprocessors.html' title='Semiconductors and microprocessors'/><author><name>Hasbie Indra</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17331176262186335266</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaTiqWFdzswwCIve9J5mkzUI8Ryatjp__rJLOFx4eHchkMurzLeHDMMuJo0QYOM9f0YSxjv4-37Nj9D4MVouGX4GV-rOLYMGzC5bosU1pHzwGlhfzVGBrfYcTtzvR-xrM/s220/110917-121300.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-183728831839704546.post-4076997258688481767</id><published>2012-03-10T10:00:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2012-03-15T07:20:28.012+07:00</updated><title type='text'>Stored-program architecture</title><content type='html'>&lt;h3&gt;
 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Stored-program_architecture&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner&quot; style=&quot;width: 222px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;image&quot; href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SSEM_Manchester_museum.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; height=&quot;145&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SSEM_Manchester_museum.jpg/220px-SSEM_Manchester_museum.jpg&quot; width=&quot;220&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot;&gt;
Replica of the Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM), the world&#39;s first &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stored-program_computer&quot; title=&quot;Stored-program computer&quot;&gt;stored-program computer&lt;/a&gt;, at the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_%28Manchester%29&quot; title=&quot;Museum of Science and Industry (Manchester)&quot;&gt;Museum of Science and Industry&lt;/a&gt; in Manchester, England&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Several developers of ENIAC, recognizing its flaws, came up with a 
far more flexible and elegant design, which came to be known as the 
&quot;stored-program architecture&quot; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture&quot; title=&quot;Von Neumann architecture&quot;&gt;von Neumann architecture&lt;/a&gt;. This design was first formally described by &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_von_Neumann&quot; title=&quot;John von Neumann&quot;&gt;John von Neumann&lt;/a&gt; in the paper &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Draft_of_a_Report_on_the_EDVAC&quot; title=&quot;First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC&quot;&gt;First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;,
 distributed in 1945. A number of projects to develop computers based on
 the stored-program architecture commenced around this time, the first 
of which was completed in 1948 at the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Manchester&quot; title=&quot;Victoria University of Manchester&quot;&gt;University of Manchester&lt;/a&gt; in England, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Small-Scale_Experimental_Machine&quot; title=&quot;Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine&quot;&gt;Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine&lt;/a&gt; (SSEM or &quot;Baby&quot;). The &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Delay_Storage_Automatic_Calculator&quot; title=&quot;Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator&quot;&gt;Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator&lt;/a&gt; (EDSAC), completed a year after the SSEM at &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge&quot; title=&quot;University of Cambridge&quot;&gt;Cambridge University&lt;/a&gt;,
 was the first practical, non-experimental implementation of the 
stored-program design and was put to use immediately for research work 
at the university. Shortly thereafter, the machine originally described 
by von Neumann&#39;s paper—&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDVAC&quot; title=&quot;EDVAC&quot;&gt;EDVAC&lt;/a&gt;—was completed but did not see full-time use for an additional two years.&lt;br /&gt;

Nearly all modern computers implement some form of the stored-program
 architecture, making it the single trait by which the word &quot;computer&quot; 
is now defined. While the technologies used in computers have changed 
dramatically since the first electronic, general-purpose computers of 
the 1940s, most still use the von Neumann architecture.&lt;br /&gt;

Beginning in the 1950s, &lt;a class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet&quot; title=&quot;Soviet&quot;&gt;Soviet&lt;/a&gt; scientists &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Sobolev&quot; title=&quot;Sergei Sobolev&quot;&gt;Sergei Sobolev&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Brusentsov&quot; title=&quot;Nikolay Brusentsov&quot;&gt;Nikolay Brusentsov&lt;/a&gt; conducted research on &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternary_computer&quot; title=&quot;Ternary computer&quot;&gt;ternary computers&lt;/a&gt;, devices that operated on a base three numbering system of −1, 0, and 1 rather than the conventional &lt;a class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_number&quot; title=&quot;Binary number&quot;&gt;binary numbering&lt;/a&gt; system upon which most computers are based. They designed the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setun&quot; title=&quot;Setun&quot;&gt;Setun&lt;/a&gt;, a functional ternary computer, at &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_State_University&quot; title=&quot;Moscow State University&quot;&gt;Moscow State University&lt;/a&gt;. The device was put into limited production in the Soviet Union, but supplanted by the more common binary architecture.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hasbie-indra.blogspot.com/feeds/4076997258688481767/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hasbie-indra.blogspot.com/2012/03/stored-program-architecture.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/183728831839704546/posts/default/4076997258688481767'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/183728831839704546/posts/default/4076997258688481767'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hasbie-indra.blogspot.com/2012/03/stored-program-architecture.html' title='Stored-program architecture'/><author><name>Hasbie Indra</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17331176262186335266</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaTiqWFdzswwCIve9J5mkzUI8Ryatjp__rJLOFx4eHchkMurzLeHDMMuJo0QYOM9f0YSxjv4-37Nj9D4MVouGX4GV-rOLYMGzC5bosU1pHzwGlhfzVGBrfYcTtzvR-xrM/s220/110917-121300.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-183728831839704546.post-5442787660279677737</id><published>2012-03-10T09:00:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2012-03-14T13:34:09.106+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Historical Computing Hardware"/><title type='text'>First general-purpose computers</title><content type='html'>&lt;h3&gt;
 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;First_general-purpose_computers&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;In 1801, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Marie_Jacquard&quot; title=&quot;Joseph Marie Jacquard&quot;&gt;Joseph Marie Jacquard&lt;/a&gt; made an improvement to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loom&quot; title=&quot;Loom&quot;&gt;textile loom&lt;/a&gt; by introducing a series of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_card&quot; title=&quot;Punched card&quot;&gt;punched paper cards&lt;/a&gt;
 as a template which allowed his loom to weave intricate patterns 
automatically. The resulting Jacquard loom was an important step in the 
development of computers because the use of punched cards to define 
woven patterns can be viewed as an early, albeit limited, form of 
programmability.&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;thumb tleft&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner&quot; style=&quot;width: 222px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;image&quot; href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacquard_Joseph_Marie_woven_silk.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; height=&quot;332&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Jacquard_Joseph_Marie_woven_silk.jpg/220px-Jacquard_Joseph_Marie_woven_silk.jpg&quot; width=&quot;220&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacquard_Joseph_Marie_woven_silk.jpg&quot; title=&quot;Enlarge&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; height=&quot;11&quot; src=&quot;http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.19/common/images/magnify-clip.png&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;The Most Famous Image in the Early History of Computing&lt;/b&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-17&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#cite_note-17&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;18&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This portrait of Jacquard was woven in silk on a Jacquard loom and 
required 24,000 punched cards to create (1839). It was only produced to 
order. &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Babbage&quot; title=&quot;Charles Babbage&quot;&gt;Charles Babbage&lt;/a&gt; owned one of these portraits&amp;nbsp;; it inspired him in using perforated cards in his &lt;a class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_engine&quot; title=&quot;Analytical engine&quot;&gt;analytical engine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-18&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#cite_note-18&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;19&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
It was the fusion of automatic calculation with programmability that produced the first recognizable computers. In 1837, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Babbage&quot; title=&quot;Charles Babbage&quot;&gt;Charles Babbage&lt;/a&gt; was the first to conceptualize and design a fully programmable mechanical computer, his &lt;a class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_engine&quot; title=&quot;Analytical engine&quot;&gt;analytical engine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-19&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#cite_note-19&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;20&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
 Limited finances and Babbage&#39;s inability to resist tinkering with the 
design meant that the device was never completed&amp;nbsp;; nevertheless his son,
 Henry Babbage, completed a simplified version of the analytical 
engine&#39;s computing unit (the &lt;i&gt;mill&lt;/i&gt;) in 1888. He gave a successful demonstration of its use in computing tables in 1906. This machine was given to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Museum_%28London%29&quot; title=&quot;Science Museum (London)&quot;&gt;Science museum in South Kensington&lt;/a&gt; in 1910.&lt;br /&gt;

In the late 1880s, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Hollerith&quot; title=&quot;Herman Hollerith&quot;&gt;Herman Hollerith&lt;/a&gt;
 invented the recording of data on a machine-readable medium. Earlier 
uses of machine-readable media had been for control, not data. &quot;After 
some initial trials with &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_tape&quot; title=&quot;Punched tape&quot;&gt;paper tape&lt;/a&gt;, he settled on punched cards&amp;nbsp;...&quot;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-20&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#cite_note-20&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;21&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; To process these punched cards he invented the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabulating_machine&quot; title=&quot;Tabulating machine&quot;&gt;tabulator&lt;/a&gt;, and the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keypunch&quot; title=&quot;Keypunch&quot;&gt;keypunch&lt;/a&gt;
 machines. These three inventions were the foundation of the modern 
information processing industry. Large-scale automated data processing 
of punched cards was performed for the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890_United_States_Census&quot; title=&quot;1890 United States Census&quot;&gt;1890 United States Census&lt;/a&gt; by Hollerith&#39;s company, which later became the core of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM&quot; title=&quot;IBM&quot;&gt;IBM&lt;/a&gt;.
 By the end of the 19th century a number of ideas and technologies, that
 would later prove useful in the realization of practical computers, had
 begun to appear: &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_algebra_%28logic%29&quot; title=&quot;Boolean algebra (logic)&quot;&gt;Boolean algebra&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube&quot; title=&quot;Vacuum tube&quot;&gt;vacuum tube&lt;/a&gt; (thermionic valve), punched cards and tape, and the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleprinter&quot; title=&quot;Teleprinter&quot;&gt;teleprinter&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;

During the first half of the 20th century, many scientific &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing&quot; title=&quot;Computing&quot;&gt;computing&lt;/a&gt; needs were met by increasingly sophisticated &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_computer&quot; title=&quot;Analog computer&quot;&gt;analog computers&lt;/a&gt;, which used a direct mechanical or &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity&quot; title=&quot;Electricity&quot;&gt;electrical&lt;/a&gt; model of the problem as a basis for &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computation&quot; title=&quot;Computation&quot;&gt;computation&lt;/a&gt;. However, these were not programmable and generally lacked the versatility and accuracy of modern digital computers.&lt;br /&gt;

&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing&quot; title=&quot;Alan Turing&quot;&gt;Alan Turing&lt;/a&gt; is widely regarded as the father of modern &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science&quot; title=&quot;Computer science&quot;&gt;computer science&lt;/a&gt;. In 1936 Turing provided an influential formalisation of the concept of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm&quot; title=&quot;Algorithm&quot;&gt;algorithm&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computation&quot; title=&quot;Computation&quot;&gt;computation&lt;/a&gt; with the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_machine&quot; title=&quot;Turing machine&quot;&gt;Turing machine&lt;/a&gt;, providing a blueprint for the electronic digital computer.&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-DSW_21-0&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#cite_note-DSW-21&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;22&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Of his role in the creation of the modern computer, &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29&quot; title=&quot;Time (magazine)&quot;&gt;Time&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; magazine in naming Turing one of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century&quot; title=&quot;Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century&quot;&gt;100 most influential&lt;/a&gt;
 people of the 20th century, states: &quot;The fact remains that everyone who
 taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program,
 is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine&quot;.&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-DSW_21-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#cite_note-DSW-21&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;22&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

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The &lt;a class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuse_Z3&quot; title=&quot;Zuse Z3&quot;&gt;Zuse Z3&lt;/a&gt;, 1941, considered the world&#39;s first working programmable, fully automatic computing machine.&lt;/div&gt;
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The &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC&quot; title=&quot;ENIAC&quot;&gt;ENIAC&lt;/a&gt;, which became operational in 1946, is considered to be the first general-purpose electronic computer.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Delay_Storage_Automatic_Calculator&quot; title=&quot;Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator&quot;&gt;EDSAC&lt;/a&gt; was one of the first computers to implement the stored-program (&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture&quot; title=&quot;Von Neumann architecture&quot;&gt;von Neumann&lt;/a&gt;) architecture.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_%28integrated_circuit%29&quot; title=&quot;Die (integrated circuit)&quot;&gt;Die&lt;/a&gt; of an &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80486DX2&quot; title=&quot;Intel 80486DX2&quot;&gt;Intel 80486DX2&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor&quot; title=&quot;Microprocessor&quot;&gt;microprocessor&lt;/a&gt; (actual size: 12×6.75&amp;nbsp;mm) in its packaging.&lt;/div&gt;
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The &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanasoff%E2%80%93Berry_Computer&quot; title=&quot;Atanasoff–Berry Computer&quot;&gt;Atanasoff–Berry Computer&lt;/a&gt; (ABC) was the world&#39;s first electronic digital computer, albeit not &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming&quot; title=&quot;Computer programming&quot;&gt;programmable&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-22&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#cite_note-22&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;23&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Atanasoff is considered to be one of the fathers of the computer.&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-23&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#cite_note-23&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;24&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Conceived in 1937 by Iowa State College physics professor &lt;a class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atanasoff&quot; title=&quot;John Atanasoff&quot;&gt;John Atanasoff&lt;/a&gt;, and built with the assistance of graduate student &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Berry&quot; title=&quot;Clifford Berry&quot;&gt;Clifford Berry&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-ABC_24-0&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#cite_note-ABC-24&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;25&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
 the machine was not programmable, being designed only to solve systems 
of linear equations. The computer did employ parallel computation. A &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanasoff%E2%80%93Berry_Computer#Patent_dispute&quot; title=&quot;Atanasoff–Berry Computer&quot;&gt;1973 court ruling in a patent dispute&lt;/a&gt; found that the patent for the 1946 &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC&quot; title=&quot;ENIAC&quot;&gt;ENIAC&lt;/a&gt; computer derived from the Atanasoff–Berry Computer.&lt;br /&gt;

The first program-controlled computer was invented by &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Zuse&quot; title=&quot;Konrad Zuse&quot;&gt;Konrad Zuse&lt;/a&gt;, who built the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z3_%28computer%29&quot; title=&quot;Z3 (computer)&quot;&gt;Z3&lt;/a&gt;, an electromechanical computing machine, in 1941.&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-25&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#cite_note-25&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;26&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The first programmable electronic computer was the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colossus_computer&quot; title=&quot;Colossus computer&quot;&gt;Colossus&lt;/a&gt;, built in 1943 by &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Flowers&quot; title=&quot;Tommy Flowers&quot;&gt;Tommy Flowers&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;

&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stibitz&quot; title=&quot;George Stibitz&quot;&gt;George Stibitz&lt;/a&gt;
 is internationally recognized as a father of the modern digital 
computer. While working at Bell Labs in November 1937, Stibitz invented 
and built a relay-based calculator he dubbed the &quot;Model K&quot; (for &quot;kitchen
 table&quot;, on which he had assembled it), which was the first to use &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_numeral_system&quot; title=&quot;Binary numeral system&quot;&gt;binary&lt;/a&gt; circuits to perform &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adder_%28electronics%29&quot; title=&quot;Adder (electronics)&quot;&gt;an arithmetic operation&lt;/a&gt;. Later models added greater sophistication including complex arithmetic and programmability.&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-26&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#cite_note-26&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;27&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

A succession of steadily more powerful and flexible &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing&quot; title=&quot;Computing&quot;&gt;computing&lt;/a&gt;
 devices were constructed in the 1930s and 1940s, gradually adding the 
key features that are seen in modern computers. The use of digital 
electronics (largely invented by &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon&quot; title=&quot;Claude Shannon&quot;&gt;Claude Shannon&lt;/a&gt;
 in 1937) and more flexible programmability were vitally important 
steps, but defining one point along this road as &quot;the first digital 
electronic computer&quot; is difficult.&lt;sup class=&quot;reference plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot; id=&quot;ref_shannon1940&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#endnote_shannon1940&quot;&gt;Shannon 1940&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Notable achievements include.&lt;br /&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Zuse&quot; title=&quot;Konrad Zuse&quot;&gt;Konrad Zuse&lt;/a&gt;&#39;s &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromechanics&quot; title=&quot;Electromechanics&quot;&gt;electromechanical&lt;/a&gt; &quot;Z machines&quot;. The &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z3_%28computer%29&quot; title=&quot;Z3 (computer)&quot;&gt;Z3&lt;/a&gt; (1941) was the first working machine featuring &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_numeral_system&quot; title=&quot;Binary numeral system&quot;&gt;binary&lt;/a&gt; arithmetic, including floating point arithmetic and a measure of programmability. In 1998 the Z3 was proved to be &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_completeness&quot; title=&quot;Turing completeness&quot;&gt;Turing complete&lt;/a&gt;, therefore being the world&#39;s first operational computer.&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-27&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#cite_note-27&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;28&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;The non-programmable &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanasoff%E2%80%93Berry_Computer&quot; title=&quot;Atanasoff–Berry Computer&quot;&gt;Atanasoff–Berry Computer&lt;/a&gt; (commenced in 1937, completed in 1941) which used vacuum tube based &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computation&quot; title=&quot;Computation&quot;&gt;computation&lt;/a&gt;, binary numbers, and &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_capacitor_memory&quot; title=&quot;Regenerative capacitor memory&quot;&gt;regenerative capacitor memory&lt;/a&gt;.
 The use of regenerative memory allowed it to be much more compact than 
its peers (being approximately the size of a large desk or workbench), 
since intermediate results could be stored and then fed back into the 
same set of computation elements.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;The secret British &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colossus_computer&quot; title=&quot;Colossus computer&quot;&gt;Colossus computers&lt;/a&gt; (1943),&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-28&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#cite_note-28&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;29&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
 which had limited programmability but demonstrated that a device using 
thousands of tubes could be reasonably reliable and electronically 
reprogrammable. It was used for &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptanalysis&quot; title=&quot;Cryptanalysis&quot;&gt;breaking&lt;/a&gt; German wartime codes.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Mark_I&quot; title=&quot;Harvard Mark I&quot;&gt;Harvard Mark I&lt;/a&gt; (1944), a large-scale electromechanical computer with limited programmability.&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-29&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#cite_note-29&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;30&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;The U.S. Army&#39;s &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_Research_Laboratory&quot; title=&quot;Ballistic Research Laboratory&quot;&gt;Ballistic Research Laboratory&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC&quot; title=&quot;ENIAC&quot;&gt;ENIAC&lt;/a&gt; (1946), which used &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal&quot; title=&quot;Decimal&quot;&gt;decimal&lt;/a&gt; arithmetic and is sometimes called the first general purpose &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics&quot; title=&quot;Electronics&quot;&gt;electronic&lt;/a&gt; computer (since &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Zuse&quot; title=&quot;Konrad Zuse&quot;&gt;Konrad Zuse&lt;/a&gt;&#39;s &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z3_%28computer%29&quot; title=&quot;Z3 (computer)&quot;&gt;Z3&lt;/a&gt; of 1941 used &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnet&quot; title=&quot;Electromagnet&quot;&gt;electromagnets&lt;/a&gt; instead of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics&quot; title=&quot;Electronics&quot;&gt;electronics&lt;/a&gt;). Initially, however, ENIAC had an inflexible architecture which essentially required rewiring to change its programming.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hasbie-indra.blogspot.com/feeds/5442787660279677737/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hasbie-indra.blogspot.com/2012/03/first-general-purpose-computers.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/183728831839704546/posts/default/5442787660279677737'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/183728831839704546/posts/default/5442787660279677737'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hasbie-indra.blogspot.com/2012/03/first-general-purpose-computers.html' title='First general-purpose computers'/><author><name>Hasbie Indra</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17331176262186335266</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaTiqWFdzswwCIve9J5mkzUI8Ryatjp__rJLOFx4eHchkMurzLeHDMMuJo0QYOM9f0YSxjv4-37Nj9D4MVouGX4GV-rOLYMGzC5bosU1pHzwGlhfzVGBrfYcTtzvR-xrM/s220/110917-121300.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-183728831839704546.post-8132733577528668143</id><published>2012-03-09T10:30:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2012-03-14T13:32:28.766+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="computer"/><title type='text'>COMPUTER BASED</title><content type='html'>A &lt;b&gt;computer&lt;/b&gt; is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_program&quot; title=&quot;Computer program&quot;&gt;programmable&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine&quot; title=&quot;Machine&quot;&gt;machine&lt;/a&gt;  designed to automatically carry out a sequence of arithmetic or logical  operations. The particular sequence of operations can be changed  readily, allowing the computer to solve more than one kind of problem.  An important class of computer operations on some computing platforms is  the accepting of input from human operators and the output of results  formatted for human consumption. The interface between the computer and  the human operator is known as the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface&quot; title=&quot;User interface&quot;&gt;user interface&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
Conventionally a computer consists of some form of &lt;a class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_%28computers%29&quot; title=&quot;Memory (computers)&quot;&gt;memory&lt;/a&gt;,  at least one element that carries out arithmetic and logic operations,  and a sequencing and control unit that can change the order of  operations based on the information that is stored. Peripheral devices  allow information to be entered from an external source, and allow the  results of operations to be sent out.&lt;br /&gt;
A computer&#39;s processing unit executes series of instructions that make it read, manipulate and then store &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_%28computing%29&quot; title=&quot;Data (computing)&quot;&gt;data&lt;/a&gt;.  Conditional instructions change the sequence of instructions as a  function of the current state of the machine or its environment.&lt;br /&gt;
The first electronic &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital&quot; title=&quot;Digital&quot;&gt;digital&lt;/a&gt;  computers were developed in the mid-20th century (1940–1945).  Originally, they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power  as several hundred modern &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer&quot; title=&quot;Personal computer&quot;&gt;personal computers&lt;/a&gt; (PCs).&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-0&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#cite_note-0&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In this era mechanical &lt;a class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_computers&quot; title=&quot;Analog computers&quot;&gt;analog computers&lt;/a&gt; were used for military applications.&lt;br /&gt;
Modern computers based on &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit&quot; title=&quot;Integrated circuit&quot;&gt;integrated circuits&lt;/a&gt; are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space.&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#cite_note-1&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Simple computers are small enough to fit into &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_device&quot; title=&quot;Mobile device&quot;&gt;mobile devices&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_computing&quot; title=&quot;Mobile computing&quot;&gt;mobile computers&lt;/a&gt; can be powered by small &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_%28electricity%29&quot; title=&quot;Battery (electricity)&quot;&gt;batteries&lt;/a&gt;. Personal computers in their various forms are &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icon&quot; title=&quot;Icon&quot;&gt;icons&lt;/a&gt; of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Age&quot; title=&quot;Information Age&quot;&gt;Information Age&lt;/a&gt; and are what most people think of as &quot;computers&quot;. However, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system&quot; title=&quot;Embedded system&quot;&gt;embedded computers&lt;/a&gt; found in many devices from &lt;a class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_audio_player&quot; title=&quot;Digital audio player&quot;&gt;mp3 players&lt;/a&gt; to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_aircraft&quot; title=&quot;Fighter aircraft&quot;&gt;fighter aircraft&lt;/a&gt; and from &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy&quot; title=&quot;Toy&quot;&gt;toys&lt;/a&gt; to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_robot&quot; title=&quot;Industrial robot&quot;&gt;industrial robots&lt;/a&gt; are the most numerous.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hasbie-indra.blogspot.com/feeds/8132733577528668143/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hasbie-indra.blogspot.com/2012/03/computer-based.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/183728831839704546/posts/default/8132733577528668143'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/183728831839704546/posts/default/8132733577528668143'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hasbie-indra.blogspot.com/2012/03/computer-based.html' title='COMPUTER BASED'/><author><name>Hasbie Indra</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17331176262186335266</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaTiqWFdzswwCIve9J5mkzUI8Ryatjp__rJLOFx4eHchkMurzLeHDMMuJo0QYOM9f0YSxjv4-37Nj9D4MVouGX4GV-rOLYMGzC5bosU1pHzwGlhfzVGBrfYcTtzvR-xrM/s220/110917-121300.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-183728831839704546.post-9075200299421616639</id><published>2012-03-09T02:00:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2012-03-14T13:32:01.425+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Historical Computing Hardware"/><title type='text'>History of computing</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#External_links&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;toctext&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;



&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;History_of_computing&quot;&gt;History of computing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;rellink relarticle mainarticle&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware&quot; title=&quot;History of computing hardware&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
The first use of the word &quot;computer&quot; was recorded in 1613, referring 
to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word 
continued with the same meaning until the middle of the 20th century. 
From the end of the 19th century the word began to take on its more 
familiar meaning, a machine that carries out computations.&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-OEDComputer_2-0&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#cite_note-OEDComputer-2&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;3&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;
 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Limited-function_early_computers&quot;&gt;Limited-function early computers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner&quot; style=&quot;width: 172px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;image&quot; href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacquard.loom.full.view.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; height=&quot;227&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jacquard.loom.full.view.jpg/170px-Jacquard.loom.full.view.jpg&quot; width=&quot;170&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacquard.loom.full.view.jpg&quot; title=&quot;Enlarge&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; height=&quot;11&quot; src=&quot;http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.19/common/images/magnify-clip.png&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
The &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacquard_loom&quot; title=&quot;Jacquard loom&quot;&gt;Jacquard loom&lt;/a&gt;, on display at the &lt;a class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_in_Manchester&quot; title=&quot;Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester&quot;&gt;Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England&quot; title=&quot;England&quot;&gt;England&lt;/a&gt;, was one of the first programmable devices.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
The history of the modern computer begins with two separate 
technologies, automated calculation and programmability, but no single 
device can be identified as the earliest computer, partly because of the
 inconsistent application of that term. A few devices are worth 
mentioning though, like some mechanical aids to computing, which were 
very successful and survived for centuries until the advent of the &lt;a class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_calculator&quot; title=&quot;Electronic calculator&quot;&gt;electronic calculator&lt;/a&gt;, like the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer&quot; title=&quot;Sumer&quot;&gt;Sumerian&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacus&quot; title=&quot;Abacus&quot;&gt;abacus&lt;/a&gt;, designed around 2500 BC&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-3&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#cite_note-3&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;4&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; of which a descendant won a speed competition against a modern desk calculating machine in Japan in 1946,&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-4&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#cite_note-4&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;5&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_rule&quot; title=&quot;Slide rule&quot;&gt;slide rules&lt;/a&gt;, invented in the 1620s, which were carried on five &lt;a class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Apollo&quot; title=&quot;Project Apollo&quot;&gt;Apollo&lt;/a&gt; space missions, including to the moon&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-5&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#cite_note-5&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;6&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and arguably the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabe&quot; title=&quot;Astrolabe&quot;&gt;astrolabe&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikythera_mechanism&quot; title=&quot;Antikythera mechanism&quot;&gt;Antikythera mechanism&lt;/a&gt;, an ancient astronomical computer built by the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece&quot; title=&quot;Ancient Greece&quot;&gt;Greeks&lt;/a&gt; around 80 BC.&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-6&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#cite_note-6&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;7&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The Greek mathematician &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria&quot; title=&quot;Hero of Alexandria&quot;&gt;Hero of Alexandria&lt;/a&gt;
 (c. 10–70 AD) built a mechanical theater which performed a play lasting
 10&amp;nbsp;minutes and was operated by a complex system of ropes and drums that
 might be considered to be a means of deciding which parts of the 
mechanism performed which actions and when.&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-7&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#cite_note-7&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;8&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; This is the essence of programmability.&lt;br /&gt;

Around the end of the 10th century, the French monk &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_II&quot; title=&quot;Pope Sylvester II&quot;&gt;Gerbert d&#39;Aurillac&lt;/a&gt; brought back from Spain the drawings of a machine invented by the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moors&quot; title=&quot;Moors&quot;&gt;Moors&lt;/a&gt; that answered either Yes or No to the questions it was asked.&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-Felt-8_8-0&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#cite_note-Felt-8-8&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;9&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Again in the 13th century, the monks &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertus_Magnus&quot; title=&quot;Albertus Magnus&quot;&gt;Albertus Magnus&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon&quot; title=&quot;Roger Bacon&quot;&gt;Roger Bacon&lt;/a&gt; built talking &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28robot%29&quot; title=&quot;Android (robot)&quot;&gt;androids&lt;/a&gt; without any further development (Albertus Magnus complained that he had wasted forty years of his life when &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas&quot; title=&quot;Thomas Aquinas&quot;&gt;Thomas Aquinas&lt;/a&gt;, terrified by his machine, destroyed it).&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-9&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#cite_note-9&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;10&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

In 1642, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance&quot; title=&quot;Renaissance&quot;&gt;Renaissance&lt;/a&gt; saw &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal%27s_calculator&quot; title=&quot;Pascal&#39;s calculator&quot;&gt;the invention&lt;/a&gt; of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_calculator&quot; title=&quot;Mechanical calculator&quot;&gt;mechanical calculator&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-Felt-10_10-0&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#cite_note-Felt-10-10&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;11&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; a device that could perform all four arithmetic operations without relying on human intelligence.&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-11&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#cite_note-11&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;12&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
 The mechanical calculator was at the root of the development of 
computers in two separate ways. Initially, it was in trying to develop 
more powerful and more flexible calculators&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-12&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#cite_note-12&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;13&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; that the computer was first theorized by &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Babbage&quot; title=&quot;Charles Babbage&quot;&gt;Charles Babbage&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-13&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#cite_note-13&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;14&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-14&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#cite_note-14&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;15&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and then developed.&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-15&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#cite_note-15&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;16&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Secondly, development of a low-cost &lt;a class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_calculator&quot; title=&quot;Electronic calculator&quot;&gt;electronic calculator&lt;/a&gt;, successor to the mechanical calculator, resulted in the development by &lt;a class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Corporation&quot; title=&quot;Intel Corporation&quot;&gt;Intel&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-16&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#cite_note-16&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;17&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; of the first commercially available &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor&quot; title=&quot;Microprocessor&quot;&gt;microprocessor&lt;/a&gt; integrated circuit.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hasbie-indra.blogspot.com/feeds/9075200299421616639/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hasbie-indra.blogspot.com/2012/03/history-of-computing.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/183728831839704546/posts/default/9075200299421616639'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/183728831839704546/posts/default/9075200299421616639'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hasbie-indra.blogspot.com/2012/03/history-of-computing.html' title='History of computing'/><author><name>Hasbie Indra</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17331176262186335266</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaTiqWFdzswwCIve9J5mkzUI8Ryatjp__rJLOFx4eHchkMurzLeHDMMuJo0QYOM9f0YSxjv4-37Nj9D4MVouGX4GV-rOLYMGzC5bosU1pHzwGlhfzVGBrfYcTtzvR-xrM/s220/110917-121300.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>