Learn Civil

Effect of turbidity on health accouding to Environmental Protection Agency (United State America)

2016-05-21T20:59:00.000-07:00

Effect of turbidity on health :

Health effects from turbid water will depend upon the type of material in the water that
is causing the turbidity.

 Higher turbidity levels are often associated with disease-causing microorganisms such
as viruses, parasites and some bacteria. These organisms can cause symptoms such as

o Nausea
o Cramps
o Diarrhea
o Head aches

cause turbid water :

 A leaky or malfunctioning septic or sewer system
 Soil erosion
 Algae or weeds
 High iron concentrations which can give water a rust-red coloration

 Air bubbles or particles from a water treatment system

standard for turbidity in drinking water.

The Maximum Contaminant Level, as set by the Environmental Protection Agency, is 1

nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU).

Water samples with different levels of turbidity, measured in NTU’s

Settlement in the soil

2016-05-21T12:08:00.000-07:00

There are the three kind of settlements, occured in soil

Immediate Settilement
primery settilement (consolidation settlement)
secondry settlement

Immidiate settlement :

Immediate settlement take place during the construction or after the construction of structure. its also known a distorsion settlement.

It's computed by the elastic theory especially for cohesion soil.

Primery settlement :

this type of settlement occured due to th expulsion of water from the voides of soil called primery or comsolidation settlement.

Secondry Settlement :

this type of settlement occured due to the rearrangement of the soil particles or we can say that it is occured due the volume change in the soil particcles called secondry settlement.

Difference between Working Stress Method and Limit state Method

2016-05-20T10:37:00.000-07:00

The difference between working stress method and limit state method

In the beganning working stress method is adopted in which concrete and steel are assumed in compression due to which section big are constructed . but in actual practice it is impossible that concrete cant bear tensile stress. this was the limitation of woring stress method
For example you can see ancient building construction in which beam and column have greater thickness due to which construction is expansive or not economical and this method is rejected
After a long time limit state method is researched that is economical
Difference :

In working stress method section are constructed big while in limit state method are constructed within a limit according to load
In working stress method factor of safety did not adopted while in limit state method factor of safety is adopted about 1.5.
working stress method is not economical while limit state method is economical

Type of stones

2016-05-20T09:28:00.000-07:00

stone :

Stone is a ‘naturally available building material.
which has been used from the early age of civilization.
It has been used to construct small residential buildings to large palaces and temples all over the world. Red Fort, Taj Mahal, Vidhan Sabha at Bangalore and several palaces of medieval age all over India are the famous stone buildings.

which type of stones are used in civil engineering ?

Three kind of stone are used based on .....

• Geological
• Physical

• Chemical

Geological type stone : These are three type

Igneous Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks

physical rocks : These are of Two type

• Stratified rocks

• Unstratified rocks

Chemical : These are of three kind

• Silicious rocks
• Argillaceous rocks and
• Calcareous rocks

difference between one-way slab and two way slab

2016-05-20T05:50:00.000-07:00

One way slab :

rcc One way slab are thos supported continuously on two opposit sides so that loads are carried along the one direction only.
oneway slab are made to span in shorter direction.
The main reinforcement is provided in the span direction and also provided in traverse direction to distribute any uneveness that occure in loading and for temprature and shrinkage effect in that direction and this reinforcement also called distribution steel.

Two way Slab :

rcc Two way slab are thos that are supported continuously in all four direction.
loads are carried out to support along both direction.
these are supported on wall.

Foundation in black cotton soil (expansive soil)

2014-04-19T12:21:00.000-07:00

where we use under reamed pile :

Underreamed piles are used in espansive soil.
These pile are researched by RORKEE CBRI (central building research institute in INDIA).
These type of pile transfer the building load at a depth through the pile beyond the seasonal zone variation in moisture content.
Depth is kept about 3.65 meter for black cotten soil.
Under reamed pile are bored cast in situ piles and have a base like bulb.
The spacing of piles is kept 1.5 meter to 3.0 meter
These piles are connected by the plinth beam at the top. plinth beam is a reinforced concrete beam.
Reinforced is also provided in the uunderreamed pile to absorb the tensile forces which are developed during the swelling of soil and these forces are commonly called uplift force.
The other big advantage of providing reinforcemnt in underreamed pile is that during the hot weather soil shrinks and pile acts as column.

why we use piles in group insted of single pile.

2014-04-19T03:56:00.000-07:00

Cause of using of pile in group :

A pile is not used singulerly benearth the column because it's difficult to drive the pile absolutly verrically and to place a foundation exactly over it's center line.

If eccentrically loading acts, the connection b/w thepile and column may bereak and pile may be fail due to bending action.
for column minimum three piles are used
The super structure ais supported by the several piles as a group
the load usually transfered to pile group the rcc slab or pile cap
The load carrying capacity of group pile is not equal to the sum ofcapacity of individual piles
the estimation of load carrying capacity in group pile is a complecated problem because when the piles are spaced apart, the group capacity is sum of individual pile capacities.

Beautifull structure

2014-04-13T15:53:00.000-07:00

Type of foundation

2014-03-12T10:02:00.000-07:00

Foundation Broadly can be classified into two type :

shallow foundation
Deep foundation

Shallow Foundation :

A shallow foundation is that which transmits the load to the strata at a shallow depth
shallow foundation is laid at a depth equal to or less than it's width called shallow foundation.

Now First we will discuss completly about the shallow foundation

what is Foundation ?

2014-03-12T09:42:00.000-07:00

Foundation :

A foundation is a substructure that transmits the structure load to the earth in such a way that the soil under goes deformation called foundation.

A foundation fig is given below :

Give the Answer of diagrametic representation ?

2014-03-10T08:02:00.000-07:00

10. Directions: Among the four answer figures which one
can be formed from the cut out pieces given below?

Test your brain

2014-03-10T07:07:00.000-07:00

Solve It.........? within a 10 second if you geneous

Chemical Characterstics of water

2014-03-10T06:54:00.000-07:00

1 Total solids and Suspended solids

The total amount of solids and suspended solids can be determine by evaporating of sample of water and weighing dry residue left.
The permissible limits of solids in water is 500 ppm and for the higher amoiutn is 1000 ppm

2. Ph Value

The Ph value indicates the hydrogen ions present in the water thus its indicates the acidity and alkanity of water.
If the ph value is high, it means that lower hydrogen concentration present in water thus it indicates the alkanity of water.
If pH value is low , it means that higher hydrogen concentration present in the the water. Thus it indicates the acidity of water.
In the pure water +ve and -ve ions are equal.
and product of concentration H+ and OH- are constant and equal to (1*10^-14) moles/litre.
log10(1/H+) = Log10(1/10^-7) =Log10^10^7 = 7
If Ph value of water < 7 called acidic water
If Ph value of water > 7, called alkanile water

3. Hardness of Water

The hardness of water is caused by the calcium and megnacium salt present in the water whics form scum by the reaction with soam.
hardness of water may lead to consumption of soam, causing of corrosion and incrustation of pipes and also makin food taste less.
If bicarbonated and carbonatesof calcium, magniciun present in water the water is rendered temporary hard .The hardness can be removed by boiling of water, or by adding lime called temporary hardness or carbonate hardness
when the sulphate chloride and nitrate of calcium or magnicium are present in the water and they can't be removed by boiling and need to special treatment , called permanent hardness of water or non carbonate of water.
the water which contain 75 pp hardness , concidere safe water.
And 200 ppm and above concidered hard water
the under ground water are hardend due to the presene of minerals and contain hardness 300 ppm.
for the boile feed water,washing etc water must be contain hardness lessthan 75 ppm. because below the 75 ppm water is tastless and generally used for drinking purpose
The prescribe limit of water for public supply is 75 ppm to 115 ppm.

physical characterstics of water

2014-03-09T13:44:00.000-07:00

Turbidity

when the large suspanded matter such as clay or silt and other muddy cloudy turbits are prresent in the water,it showas the turbityof water.

turbity or raw water is measured by turbidity rod / turbidometer
The standard unit of turbidity is mg/l or ppm
the unit of turbidity 1 mg silica divided by 1 litre of distilled water
turbidity for drinking water is vary 5 to 10 units
turbity in clear lake is about 25 units
And for muddy lake is about 100 units

2. Colour

The desolve organic matter from decay and inorganic matter such as coloured soil may impart to the colour to water.
The excessive growth of algae and adequatic micro-organism also impart colour to the
however the colour of water concidered objectionable from phychological point of view
The colour or water from the health of view is not objectionable
But colour may spoil cloth being washed
The standart unit of colour is1 mg platinum cobalt dessolved in one litre distilled water
the maximum permissible colour for domestic supply is 20 ppm
for the public supply colour number on cobalt scale not exceed 20 and not lessthan 10

3. Taste and Odour

the dissolved orgenic matter and dissolved gasesimpart the taste and odour of the water
dissolved gases such as H2S,CO2,O2,CH4...etc
for the drinking purpose the water must not containany objectionable taste and odour
for the public supply the water should be free from odour and odour number should be 1 and not exceed 3

4. Temprature

for the potable water 10 degree celcius temprature highly desirable
Temprature above 25 degree celcius concidered objectionable

5.specific conductivity

specific conductivity of the water is the ability of water to conduct electricity
pure water is poor conductor of electricity
The specific conductivity is measured by potable ionic water tester called conductivity sensor
onductivity is measured in (mhos)
mhos = 1amp/1valt
or 1mhos = 1seimen this unit is renamed by ISO
In clean water it range is (micro seimen/cm = 1*10^-6 seimen/cm)
specific conductivity of water is increased with the increasing temprature so it's measured at 25 degree celcius (standatd temprature )
to convert micro (seimen./cm) into ppm we will have to multiply by conductiity facotor
conductivity factor vary from 0.54 to 0.96 and generrally it's taken 0.67

Characterstice of water

2014-03-09T13:22:00.000-07:00

The raw and treated water can be checked by studying their physical and chemical cheracterstics given below :

PHYSICAL CHERACTERSTICS :

Turbity
colour
taste and odours
temprature
specific conductvity

Chemical cheracterstice :

Total Solid
Ph value
suspended solids
hardness
chloride content
nitrogen content
iron mangnese