learning grammer

LEARNING TO CHANGE NARRATION/SPEECH

2011-09-23T17:09:00.000+06:00

Narration/Speech

Imperative sentence

Read the following sentence:

Direct: He said to me," Let me go out."

Indirect: He told me that he might go out.

Direct: Hasan said to her, "Let him say whatever he likes."

Indirect: Hasan told her that he maight say whatever he liked.

Structure:

Direct: subj. +reporting verb (say) +obj."Let +subj.+verb+ext."

Indirect: subj.+tell/ask+obj. +subj.+might +verb+ext.

Read the bellow sentence:

Direct: He said to me, "Let us go out."

Indirect: He proposed to me that we should go out

Or He proposed to/suggested me going out.

Direct: She said to him, "Let us play."

Indirect: She proposed to/suggested her that they should play.

Or She proposed to/suggested her playing.

Structure:

Direct: subj.+reporting verb (say) +obj., "Let +us +verb +ext."

Indirect: subj.+propose to/suggest +obj. +that +we/they +should+verb +ext.

Or subj.+propose to /suggest +obj. +verb-ing +ext.

Read the bellow sentence:

Direct: He said to them," Friends,help me."

Indirect: Addressing them as friend ,he requested/told them to help him.

Direct: The old lady said to us, "Fathers,show me the way."

Indirect: Addressing us as father,the old lady requested/told us to show her the way.

Structure:

Direct: subj. +reporting verb (say) +obj., "Vocative case, verb+ext."

Indirect: Addressing +obj. +as +vocative case , subj.+tell/request +obj. +to +verb +ext.

LEARNING TO CHANGE NARRATION/SPEECH

2011-09-23T16:15:00.000+06:00

Narration/Speech

Imperative sentence

Read the following speeches:

Direct: He said to me,"Please, help me".

Indirect: He requested/asked me to help him.

Direct: The teacher said to the students,"Always speak the truth."

Indirect: The teacher advised/told the students to speak the truth always.

Direct: The officer said to the soldiers,"Fire on."

Indirect: The officer commanded/told the soldiers to fire on.

Direct: The teacher said to the students,"Go out of the class."

Indirect: The teacher ordered/told the students to go out of the class.

Structure:

Direct: subj. +reporting verb(say) +obj. ,"verb +ext."

Indirect: subj+order/ask/request/command/ tell/ask+obj.+to +verb +ext.

Read the bellow sentence:

Direct: He said to me, "Do not make a noise."

Indirect: He forbade me to make a noise.

Or He tole me not to make a noise.

Direct: The teacher said to the students ,"Do not tell a lie."

Indirect: The teacher forbade the students to tell a lie.

Or The teacher advised/told the students not to tell a lie.

Structure

Direct: subj. +reporting verb +obj. "Do not/never +verb +ext."

Indirect: subj. +forbid +obj. +to +verb +ext.

Or subj. *advise/ask/tell *obj. *not to *verb *ext.

2011-09-21T22:55:00.000+06:00

Narration/Speech

Interrogative sentence

Read the bellow sentence:

Direct: He said to her,who are you?

Indirect: He asked her who she was.

Direct: They said to me whom do you want?

Indirect: They asked me whom I wanted.

Direct: You said to him ..what is your father?

Indirect: You asked him what his father was.

Direct: I said to them ,how did you go there?

Indirect: I asked them how they had gone there.

Direct: She said to me,why are you making late,?

Indirect: She asked me why I was making.

Direct: He said to us,when were you going?

Indirect: He asked us when we had been going.

Direct: You said to her,where have you gone?

Indirect: You asked her where she had gone.

Structure:

Direct: subj.+say/say to +obj. ,"Wh-word +aux.verb +subj.+verb+obj.+ext?"

Indirect: subj.+ask+obj+wh-word+changing person of subj. of reported speech +changing tense of (aux.verb+verb)/verb of reported speech+changing person of obj. of reported speech+ext.

Here wh- word (who,whom,where,when,why,how,what) will be the conjunction and the question should be turned into an assertive sentence.person ,tense and adverb will be changed according to person,tense and adverb changing rules.

LEARNING TO CHANGE NARRATION/SPEECH

2011-09-21T22:29:00.000+06:00

Narration/Speech

Interrogative sentence

Read the following sentence

Direct: He said to me,"Will you help you?"

Indirect: He asked me if I would help him.

Direct: She said to you, "Can you do it for me?"

Indirect: She asked you if you could do it for her.

Direct: Mother said her son,,"'Are you well now?"

Indirect: Mother asked her son if he was well then.

Direct: He said to me, " Do you love me?"

Indirect: He asked me if I loved her.

Direct: You said to me, "Have you done this sum?"

Indirect: You asked me if I had done the sum.

Direct: They said to us , "Are you laughing?"

Indirect: They asked us if we were laughing.

Direct: He said to his father, "Did you help me?"

Indirect: He asked his father if he had helped him.

Direct: You said to me, "Were you making a noise?"

Indirect: You asked me if I had been making a noise.

Structure:

Direct: subj. +say/say to +obj., "Aux.verb+ subj. +verb +obj. +ext?"

Indirect: Subj. +ask +obj.+if +changing person of subj. of reported speech + changing tense of reported speech (aux. verb+verb)/verb+ +changing person of obj. of reported speech +ext.

If the reporting verb is in present or future tense,the tense of verb of reported speech remain unchanged.On the otherhand,if the reporting verb is in past tense,the tense of verb of reported speech will be in past tense also.

While changing an interrogative sentence of direct speech ,aux.verb will be used after subj.in indirect speech.if the question starts with to do verb in direct speech,this to do verb in indirect speech will be deleted and the main verb will be used according to the tense changing rules.Other aux.verb will not be deleted but will be used according to the tense changing rules and this changed aux. Verb will be used after subj.in indirect speech.

LEARNING TO CHANGE NARRATION/SPEECH

2011-09-21T22:12:00.000+06:00

Narration/Speech

Assertive sentence

Read the following sentence

Direct: He said,''I am honest.''

Indirect:He said that he was honest.

Direct:You said to me,''I am driving a car.''

Indirect: You told me that you were driving a car.

Direct: He said,''I have passed in the exam.''

Indirect: He said that he had passed in the exam.

Direct: They said,''It has been raining for two hours.''

Indirect: They said that it had been raining for two hours.

Direct: You said to her,''You made this.''

Indirect: You told her that she had made it.

Direct: The boy said to me ,''I was playing.''

Indirect: The boy told me that he had been playing.

Direct: He said,''I had gone .''

Indirect: He said that he had gone.

Direct: They said,''We had been sleeping.''

Indirect: They said that they had been sleeping.

Direct: He said,''I shall go.''

Indirect: He said that he would go.

Direct: She said,''I shall be reading.''

Indirect: She said that she would be reading.

Direct: I said," I can swim."

Indirect: I said that I could swim.

Direct: They said ,"It may rain today."

Indirect: They said that it might rain thatday.

Direct:You said to her,"We should do our duty."

Indirect:You told her that you should do your duty.

Structure:

Direct: subj. +said/said to +obj," subj.+verb+obj. +ext."

Indirect: subj.+said/told+obj.+that +changing person of subj.in reported speech +verb(past) of reported speech+changing person of obj. of reported speech+ext.

When there is an obj. after reporting verb,tell wil be used for reporting verb ( say to) and told for reporting verb (said to).otherwise reporting verb ( say or said) remain unchanged.

Again when reporting verb is in present or future tense,the tense of verb of reported speech remains unchanged but when the reporting verb is in past tense,the tense of verb of reported speech will be the similar past tense that means in direct speech if the verb of reported speech was in present or future tense,in indirect speech it would be in the same past tense.i.e.

Am/ is /are would be was /were

have/ has would be had

was /were would be had been

verb(present) would be verb(past)

verb(past) would be had +verb(past participle)

shall /will would be would

may would be might

can would be could

must would be had to

had,would,should,could,might,used to,ought to remain unchanged in indirect speech.

LEARNING TO CHANGE NARRATION/SPEECH

2011-09-19T21:43:00.000+06:00

Narration/speech

Assertive sentence

Read the following sentence:

Direct: He says,''I am unwell.''

Indirect: He says that he is unwell.

Direct : I will say ,''I can help Rana.''

Indirect :I will say that I can help Rana.

Direct : You have said,''I did this.''

Indirect :You have said that you did it .

Direct :I say to him,''You are honest.''

Indirect: I tell him that he is honest.

Direct :He says to me,''you are intelligent''

Indirect :He tells me that I am intelligent.

Direct :They will say to you,''You were clever.''

Indirect:They will tell you that you were clever.

Structure:

1.Direct :subj.+say/says/will say,''subj.+verb+ext.''

Indirect : subj.+say/says/will say +that +changing person of the subj. +verb +ext.

2.Direct:subj.+say/says/will say +to +obj.,''subj.+verb+ext.''

Indirect:subj.+tell/tells/will tell +obj. +that+changing person of subj.+verb +ext.

Note when the reporting verb is in present or future tense ,the tense of verb in reported speech will be unchanged.only the person of subject and object in reported will be changed according to the person changing rules.Here we can recollect the rules again

a.first person word of reported speech will be changed according to the subj.of reporting verb.

b.second person word of reported speech will be changed according to the obj.of reporting verb.

c.third person word will remain unchanged.

Read the bellow sentence:

Direct:He said,''Man is mortal''

Indirect:He said that man is mortal.

Direct :The teacher said,''The earth moves round the sun''

Indirect :The teacher said that the earth moves round the sun.

Here the reported speech is a universal truth or habitual fact.Therefore,instead of the reporting verb in past tense,the tense of verb in reported speech will remain unchanged.Only a conjunction (that) is used here deleting comma and inverted comma.

LEARNING TO CHANGE NARRATION/SPEECH

2011-09-19T21:21:00.005+06:00

Narration/Speech

In order to convert a dirrect speech into an indirect speech,when the reporting verb is in past tense,the tense of verb of reported speech will be changed also.

How to change tense of verb

direct indirect

am/is/are.....................................................................................................................was,were

have/has .....................................................................................................................had

verb (present) ............................................................................................................verb(past)

do/does .....................................................................................................................did

shall/will ....................................................................................................................would

can ..........................................................................................................................could

may ..........................................................................................................................might

How to change adverb

direct indirect

now ...............................................................................................................................then

today .............................................................................................................................that day

tomorrow.......................................................................................................................the next day or

the following day

here ...............................................................................................................................there

thus ...............................................................................................................................so

ago.................................................................................................................................before

this .................................................................................................................................that

these ..............................................................................................................................those

yesterday .................................................................................................................... the previous day

last month/night ................................................................................................the previous month/night

next day/week ...........................................................................................................the following week

If there is time after this ,that will be used for this.when this or these is used adjective,the will be used for them.when here indicates any place clearly,there will be used for it.otherwise; here will be changed according to meaning.

When we indicate human being ,both speaker and person spoken to(listener),we remain unchanged.

For editorial we,it should be used for we then.

Usually had to is used for must.For a future obligation,'would have to' is used for must.if must is used.

For a universal obligation,must remain unchanged.

LEARNING TO CHANGE NARRATION/SPEECH

2011-09-19T21:09:00.000+06:00

Narration/Speech

In order to turn a direct speech into an indirect speech,the following things of reported speech will have to change also:

a.person of subject , object and possessive adjective.

b.tense of verb

c.some adjective and adverb

How to change person

1.If there is first person word (I,We,me,us,my,our) in reported speech,the word will be changed according to the person and number and gender of the subject of reporting verb.

2.If there is second person word (you,your) in reported speech ,the word will be changed according to the person and number and gender of the object of reporting verb.

3.If there is third person word( he,him,his,she,her,they,them,their,it,its,noun etc) in reported speech,the word will not be changed.

How to change tense of verb

1.If the reporting verb is in present tense or future tense,the tense of the verb of reported speech will be unchanged.

2.If the reported speech express any habitual fact or univesal truth in present tense,despite the reporting verb is in past tense,the tense of verb of reported speech will be unchanged.

3.If the reporting verb is in past tense ,the tense of the verb of reported speech will be changea in the following way:

a.present/future simple will be past simple

b.present/future continuous will be past continuous

c.present/future perfect will be past perfect

d.present/future perfect continuous will be past perfect continuous

e.past simple will be past perfect

f.past continuous will be past perfect continuous

past perfect and past perfect continuous will be unchanged.

Modals will be changed in the bellow way

can...................................................................................................... could,

shall.....................................................................................................should,

may....................................................................................................might,

will ................................................................................................... would,

must .................................................................................................had to

(could,should .would,might,used to ,ought to ,had to remain unchanged.)

LEARNING TO CHANGE NARRATION/SPEECH

2011-09-19T20:52:00.000+06:00

Narration/Speech

In order to convert a direct speech into an indirect speech,there are some other things to consider(using conjunction,changing person and adverb of reported speech,tense of verb )

Comma after reporting verb and inverted comma of reported speech will be deleted and a conjunction should be placed in the following way:

1.If the reported speech is an assertive sentence/an optative sentence/an exclamatory sentence/an imperative sentence started with let,that is used as a conjunction after deleting comma and inverted comma.

2.If the reported speech is an interrogative sentence ,a conjunction is used there in the following way:

a.If the reported speech is a wh-question,wh-word will be used as a conjunction.

b.If the reported speech is a yes-no question or aux. Verb question,if or whether will be used as a conjunction.

3.If the reported speech is an imperative sentence,comma and inverted comma will be deleted in the following way:

a.If the reported speech is an imperative sentence started with a verb,no conjunction is used and preposition 'to' is used there for deleting comma and inverted comma.

b.If the reported speech is an imperative sentence started with do not+verb+ext.,'not to ' will be used there for deleting comma and inverted comma.

LEARNING TO CHANGE NARRATION/SPEECH

2011-09-17T20:10:00.000+06:00

"Narration/Speech"

In order to convert a direct speech into an indirect speech,the following things are considered:

The reporting verb will be changed according to the type of reported speech:

a.If the reported speech is an assertive sentence ,say or tell will be used instead of reporting verb (say).In this case tell will be used if there is an object of the reporting verb.otherwise say will not be changed.and the tense of say/tell will be according to the tense of reporting verb.

b. If the reported speech is an interrogative sentence,ask will be used instead of reporting verb say and the tense for ask will be according to the tense of reporting verb.

c.If the reported speech is an imperative sentence,the reporting verb will be changed in the following way:

1.If there is seen verb+ext, in reported speech ,say will be changed by order ,command,request,advice,ask,tell etc. according to the tense of reporting verb(say).

2.If there is seen do not +verb+ext in reported speech,say will be changed by forbid,ask,tell according to the tense of reporting verb (say).

3.If there is seen let+ me/her/them/him+ext. in reported speech, say will be replaced by ask or tell according to the tense of reporting verb (say).

4. If there is seen let+us+ext. in reported speech,say will be replaced by propose or suggest according to the tense of reporting verb (say).

d.if there is seen an optative sentence in reported speech,reporting verb 'say ' will be replaced by wish or pray according to the tense of reporting verb (say).

e.if there is seen an exclamatory sentence in reported speech, say will be replaced by exclaim or cry out according to the tense of reporting verb (say).

(In the above mentioned cases,the tense of replaced verbs will be according to the tense of reporting verb of direct speech)

Exceptions:

a.If there is seen thank you in reported speech,say will be replaced by thank according to the tense of reporting verb (say).
b.If there is seen good bye/bye-bye in reported speech,say will be replaced by bid/bade according to the tense of reporting verb (say).
c.If there is seen good morning/good night/good afternoon in reported speech,say will be replaced by wish according to the tense of reporting verb(say).
d.If there is seen no verb,no subject/object in direct speech for a reported speech,(The speaker said to the person spoken to) will be used there before the reported speech in indirect speech.

LEARNING TO CHANGE NARRATION/SPEECH

2011-09-17T19:19:00.000+06:00

"Narration/Speech"

In order to convert a direct speech into an indirect speech ,we firstly find out what kind of sentence the reported speech is.Then we have to find out the bellow things:

a.person of the subject and object of reporting verb

b.person of the subject and object of the reported speech

c.tense both reporting verb and verb of reported speech

d.some adverb.

We can find out easily what kind of sentence the reported speech is if we remember the bellow structure:

a.if there is seen subj.+verb+ext. In the reported speech,it is an assertive sentence.

b.if there is a question mark (?) at the end of the reported speech,it is an interrogative sentence.

c.if the reported speech starts with a verb or there is seen verb+ext or do not +verb +ext or let +noun/pron.+verb+ext. It is an imperative sentence

d.if there is seen may +subj.+verb +adj. Or adj. +verb +noun orpronoun,it is an optative sentence

e.if there is seen a sign of exclamation (!) at the end of the reported speech ,it is an exclamatory sentence.

Read the bellow sentence:

He said , "I am reading."

Here the reported speech " I am reading" is an assertive sentence.

He said to me ,"How are you?"

Here the reported speech " How are you?" is an interrogative sentence.

He said to me,"Do not cry."

Here the reported speech "Do not cry." is an imperative sentence.

He said to me,"May you live long."

Here the reported speech "May you live long." is an optative sentence.

He said,"How nice he sings!"

Here the reported speech "How nice he sings!" is an exclamatory sentence.

LEARNING TO CHANGE NARRATION/SPEECH

2011-09-17T18:51:00.000+06:00

"Narration/Speech"

What the speaker says,is called narration or speech.Speeches are of two kinds.a.direct speech and b.indirect speech.When the speech is expressed according to the speaker's language,it is a direct speech.When the speech is expressed in other people(listener) language,it is an indirect speech.For example

He says,''I am honest.''

He says that he is honest.

From the above sentences;the first one is a direct speech and the later one is an indirect speech.

The sentence or clause within the inverted comma is called a reported speech.The verb outside the reported speech is called reporting verb and the noun or pronoun which performs the reporting verb is the subject of reporting verb and the noun or pronoun after reporting verb is the object of the reporting verb.

In first sentence''He'' is a subj. "says" is reporting verb and " I am honest" is a reported speech.

Read the bellow direct speeches:

He said,"I am reading my lesson."

They said to you,"How are you?"

Mother said to her son,"Do as I want."

I said to him,"May God bless you."

She said,"How sweet the girl is!"

Read the bellow indirect speech:

He said that he was reading his lesson.

They asked you how you were.

Mother told her son to do as she wanted.

I wished that God might bless him.

She exclaimed that the girl was very sweet.

LEARNING TO MAKE WH-QUESTION

2011-09-13T23:18:00.000+06:00

MAKING WH-QUESTION

Read the following sentence:

The subarna express will arrive at 5 p.m.

Which train will arrive at 5 p.m.

Ripe mangoes taste sweet.

Which mangoes taste sweet?

To know any animal or goods or thing,which is used.it helps to separate or like anything.when which is used as a subj.then no personal word can be used as subj.The structure is

which +noun +verb +ext?

When which is used for an obj,a personal subj.must be present in that sentence and the structure is

which +noun +aux. verb+subj. +verb +ext? For example

He will buy a grammer book.

Which book will he buy?

They like this blue pen.

Which pen do they like?

For indicating a person,who and which are used for same meaning.

He is talking to Rana.

Who is he talking to?

Which man is he talking to?

Sometimes what and which are used before a noun for the same meaning.

He reads in class ten.

Which/what class does he read?

You like folk song.

What/which song do you like?

LEARNING TO MAKE WH-QUESTION

2011-09-13T23:10:00.000+06:00

MAKING WH-QUESTION

To know the age,depth,height,length,wideth,time etc,How+adjective is used.The bellow

structure is used,

How +adj. +to be +subject? For example

He is 20.

How old is he?

The pond is 12 feet deep.

How deep the pond is?

To know about quantity ,how much is used and to know about the number,how many is used. The structure is

How much/many +noun +aux. verb+subj.+verb+ext?

He ate as much as rice he could.

How much did he eat?

He will buy ten eggs.

How many eggs will he buy?

To know the adverb of frequency or degree,how +adv. is used.

He can run very fast.

How fast can he run?

He comes here twice a week.

How often does he come here.

Structure

How +adv. +aux. verb+subj. +verb +ext?

To know the cost or price of anything,how is used.

The pen cost me 15 taka.

How much did the pen cost me?

Della sold her hair at 50 dollars.

How much did della sell her hair?

Structure:

How much +aux. verb+subj. +verb +ext?

Besides we can use the bellow structure,

what is the price/cost of+ noun or noun phrase? For example

What is the cost of the pen?

What is the price Della's hair?

In order toknow someone physically ,one can use the structure

How +to be +noun or pronoun?

How are you?

How is your mother?

But for expressing greetings or to introduce with anyone ,then we can use

How do you do?

Read the bellow question:

He failed for his laziness.

Why did he fail?

They came home to chop wood.

Why did they come home?

To know the reason of any occurance ,why is used.the structure is

why+aux. verb+subj.+verb+ext?

LEARNING TO MAKE WH-QUESTION

2011-09-13T22:57:00.000+06:00

MAKING WH-QUESTION

Read the following sentence:

He came home yesterday.

When did he come home?

He will get up at 5p.m.

When will he get up?

They lived in the house

Where did he live?

It is from chittagong.

Where is it from?

To know the time of occuring a verb,when is used and to know the place of a verb,where is used.To make wh- question with when and where ,the bellow structures is used.

When/where +aux.verb+subj+verb +ext?

Read the bellow sentences:

He went there by bus.

How did he go there?

He will succeed by working hard.

How will he succeed?

To know the process or in what way any verb happens, how is used.

Besides to know the kind or the quality of a person or anything the question starts with

How +adjective.The structure is

How +adjective +to be +subject? For example

He is very rich.

How rich is he?

The book is interesting.

How interesting the book is?

LEARNING TO MAKE WH-QUESTION

2011-09-13T22:34:00.000+06:00

MAKING WH-QUESTION

Read the bellow sentence

His name is Arif.

What is his name?

The news makes him laugh.

What makes him laugh?

He reads a book.

What does he read?

They will buy a car.

What will they buy?

If the subj. is an impersonal word or thing ,what is used there and the structure is

what +verb +ext?

If the object of a sentence is direct obj.or thing ,what can be used there using the following structure

what +aux.verb+subj. +verb +ext?

Besides what is used to know one's name,age,occupation,depth,height,length,width ,reason,appearance also.To know the reason of something, what is used in the following way,

what +aux.verb+subj. +verb +ext +for? For example,

He reads the book for pleasure

What does he read the book for?

He will go to buy a shirt.

What will he go for?

To know the feelings about sth,what can be used in the following way,

what + to be+sub +like?

The ground is spacious.

What is the ground like?

The poem is interesting.

What is the poem like?

To know the appearance of a person,

what +aux.verb+subj. +look like?

He looks like his fatther.

What does he look like?

It looks like a chain.

What does it look like?

To know someone occupation,

what +to be +subj?

He is a doctor.

What is he?

To know age,depth,height,width,lenth etc,

what +age/height,length,width,depth + to be + subj.? Or

what +to be +possessive adj. +age/height/.........?

He is 12.

What age is he?

What is his age?

LEARNING TO MAKE WH-QUESTION

2011-09-13T22:18:00.000+06:00

MAKING WH-QUESTION

Wh- questions are used to get any information.In speaking one can only provide the information what he is asked.But in order to write the answer..one must provide full information in one or more sentences.Interrogative pronoun :who,which,what,whom and Interrogative adverb:when,where,why,how and interrogative adjective:what,which,whose are use to make wh-question.

Read the bellow sentences:

Rana draw a picture

Who draw a picture?

Asad can swim.

Who can swim?

Who is used for a person and replaced instead of a subjective word in any sentence. One should not use to do verb after who as an auxiliary verb.

Structure:

Who +verb+ext.?

2.Read the bellow sentence:

I met Asad.

Whom did you meet?

He writes to karim.

Whom does he write to?

To whom does he write?

She lives with his parents.

Whom/who does she live with? or

With whom does she live?

The boy went to the manager.

Whom/who did the boy go to? or

To whom/who did the boy go?

The letter has written by Runa.

By whom has the letter been written ?

Whom is used for a person and replaced for an objective word of a sentence.In this case,who can also be used.If there is any preposition before the indirect object,the prep. can be used before whom or it may be kept its own place.

Structure

Whom/Who +aux.verb +subj. +verb+ext?

Prep. +whom/who +aux.verb+subj. +verb +ext?

Whom/who +aux.verb +subj. +verb +ext +prep. ?

Here aux.verb means auxiliary verb.If there is no aux.verb in a sentence ,To do verb is used to make a

question.

Read the following sentence:

Rana's mother is a widower.

Whose mother is a widower?

I Know Rina's mother.

Whose mother do you know?

When there is a possessive adj. used before a noun in the subj.of a sentence and if it refers to a person,whose is used there to make a wh- question.

Structure:

Whose +noun+verb +ext?

Read the bellow sentence:

She knows Jamal's father.

Whose father does she know?

If there is a possessive adj.used before a noun in obj.of a sentence and refers to a person,whose is also used there .and then the following structure is used.

whose +noun +aux.verb+subj. +verb +ext.?

LEARNING TO INTERCHANGE OF TENSE

2011-09-10T21:46:00.003+06:00

Changing of Tense of Verbs

In order to learn for changing tense, one should learn the structure of tense,strong verb and weak verb very well.In this lesson,we'll learn some useful and short form for changing verb from one kind of tense to another kind.

Present Past Future

1.verb/v-s/es................................... ... v-past....................................................... shall/will+verb.

2. am.is,are ....................................... was,were ....................................................shall/will +be.

3. Have/has .............................................had ........................................................shall/will +have.

4.models:

can...................................................could

may................................................. might

shall .................................................should

will ...................................................would

For example,read the bellow sentence:

We go home(past continuous.
We were going home(future ind.)
We shall go home.
He is honest.
He was honest.
He will be honest.
You have a car.
You had a car.
You will have a car.
I can swim.
I could swim.

Change the tense of verb according to direction:

Rana reads a book.pastandfuture.
She made anoise present and future.
I shall meet her.presentandfuture

LEARNING TO COMPLETE SENTENCE

2011-09-08T16:34:00.000+06:00

Completing sentences

Read the bellow sentence

Though he is poor,he is honest.
Though she played well,she didn't win the game.

Structure:

1.Though +subj. +to be +adj. ,+subj. +to be +adj.(opposite)
2.Though +subj. +verb + ext., +subj. +verb+ext.

Complete the following sentence:

Though/Although they were clever,..............................................................................
Though/Although he is rich,..........................................................................................
Though/Although you studied,......................................................................................
Though /Although Bangladesh has limited natural resources,.................................

Read the bellow sentence:

Since he was ill,he was not present.
As you misbehaved with me,you were punished.
Because they are poor,they cannot buy a car.

Structure:

Since/As/Because +subj. +verb +ext.subj. +verb. +ext.

Complete the bellow sentence:

As/Since the weather was rough,.............................................................................
Because we were busy,.............................................................................................
As it didn't rain in time................................................................................................

LEARNING TO COMPLETE SENTENCE

2011-09-08T16:22:00.000+06:00

Completing sentence

Read the following sentence:

Wait here untill the rain stops.
He will leave the hospital till he comes round.

Structure:

1.subj. +verb (present/future) + till /untill + subj. +verb (present). +ext.
2.subj. +verb.(past) +till/untill ,subj. +verb(past) +ext.

Complete the bellow sentence:

Untill the rain stopped.....................................
He will read till.................................................
She takes care of me untill............................

Readthe following sentences:

He wait for me as long as it rains.
He worked as long as he could finish .

Structure:

1.subj. +verb (pres.)+as long as +subj.+ Verb(pres.)/can.
2.subj.+verb(past) +as long as +subj. +verb(past)/could.

Complete the bellow sentence:

Work as long as.......................................................
They waited as long as...........................................
Allah will help us as long as...................................

LEARNING TO COMPLETE SENTENCE

2011-09-05T13:58:00.000+06:00

Completing Sentences

Read the bellow sentence:

I shall comeback incase you want.

He carried an umbrella incase it rained.

Incase of want of money,phone me.

Structure:

subj. +verb (future)+in case +subj. +verb(present)+ext.

Subj.+verb(past)+in case +subj,+verb(past)+ext.

Incase of +noun ,subj. +verb +ext.

Complete the bellow sentences:

He will go in case................................

They would study in case...................

In case of his illness,...........................

Read the bellow sentence:

I wish I were rich.

He wishes he sang a song.

Wouldthat I could play chess.

Structure:

subj. +wish+subj.+were/verb(past)+ext.

Would that +subj.+could+verb(present)+ext.

Compete the bellow sentences

She wishes..............................................

I wish.........................................................

Would that................................................

Read the bellow sentence

Would you mind having a cup of tea.

Would youmind going there.

Structure:

Would you mind +verb-ing +ext.

Complete the bellow sentences:

Would you mind......................................

Would you mind visiting..........................

Read the bellow sentence:

I know him to be honest.

We consider him honest.

He treats me as honest.

You took me as your well wisher.

Structure:

Feel/,suppose/,imagine/,report/,discover/,know/.judge/,assume +to be +adjective.

Consider/,find/,think,/believe,/declare,/prove +adj.(Here tobe may be hidden).

Regard,treat,acknowledge,condemn *as *adj.

Accept/,consider/,know,/define/,describe/,interpret/,regard,treat/,use,/ recognize .+as +noun but

take +for+noun.

LEARNING TO COMPLETE SENTENCE

2011-09-05T13:41:00.000+06:00

Completing Sentences

Read the bellow sentence

A house is the place where we live.

11 p.m is the time when we sleep.

Structure:

The place +where +subj. +verb +ext.

The time +when +subj.+verb +ext.

Complete the following sentence:

Dhaka is the place where..............................................

A mosque is the place where.......................................

Saturday is the day when..............................................

1952 was the year when................................................

Read the bellow sentence:

She has much intelligence that she can pass or cannot fail.

There are so many stars in the sky that we can not count .

Structure:

so +much/many +noun +that +subj. +(can +verb )or( cannot +verb) or verb +ext.

Complete the bellow sentence:

I have not so much time...........................................

You plucked so many flowers.................................

Read the bellow sentence:

you can go when you have done your duty.

She will swim after she has gone to take a bath.

We went there after the rain had stopped

Mother had cooked before she reached home.

Structure:

subj. +verb(present/future)+ext +when/after +subj. +has/have +verb -p.p +ext.

Subj.+verb(past) +when/after +subj. +had +verb-p.p +ext.

Subj. +had +verb -p.p +ext +before +subj.+verb (past) +ext.

Complete the following sentence:

we shall play after.........................................

He rises when...............................................

we played after.............................................

you had punished him before......................

LEARNING TO COMPLETE SENTENCE

2011-09-05T13:29:00.000+06:00

Completing Sentences

Read the bellow sentence:

If you read ,you will pass.

If he had a car, he could drive.

If I had bought the book,I would have given you that.

Had You met her,she would have pleased much.

Were I a king,I would help her.

Had they an unbrella,they would give you that.

Structure:

If +subj. +verb (past) +ext,subj. +'ll +verb (present) +ext.

If+subj. +verb(past) +ext,subj. +would /could/might +verb (present) +ext.

Had/were +subj. +obj. ,subj. +would/could/might +verb (present) +verb+ ext.

If +subj. +had +verb-p.p +ext,subj. +would/could/might +have +verb-p.p +ext.

Had +subj. +verb-p.p+ext,subj.+would/could/might +have +verb-p.p +ext.

Complete the following sentence:

If she starts early,...................................

If they run in the sun,...............................

If we met her,...........................................

Were a child again,..............................

Had we a house,....................................

If he had learnt his lessons,..................

Had you gone there,..............................

LEARNING TO COMPLETE SENTENCE

2011-09-05T13:20:00.000+06:00

Completing Sentences

Read the following sentences:

I saw the boy who came here.

This is the man whom you met last night.

This is the boy whose brother is an M.B.B.S.

The book that you gave me was lost.

I bought the book which you had.

Structure:

N/P +who /whose-noun/that +verb +ext.

N/P +whom/which/that +subj. +verb +ext.

Complete the bellow sentence:

You are the boy whom.......................................

Titu was the man whose......................................

The machines which you sold..............................

The cattle that are grazing in the field.....................

The girl who is my friend......................................

Read the bellow sentence:

Without reading, you cannot pass.

By taking less food,we can remain fit.

Structure:

Without+verb -ing +ext,subj. + can not +verb +ext.

By +verb -ing +ext,subj. +can +verb+ext.

Complete the bellow sentence:

Without running fast.........................................

By taking regular physical exercise..................

Without walking much....................................

By eating fruits and vegetables,

LEARNING TO COMPLETE SENTENCE

2011-09-05T13:09:00.000+06:00

Completing sentences

Read the bellow sentence:

He talks asif/asthough he knew nothing.

They denoted as if we had been poor.

Structure:

subj.+verb (present)+as if /as though +subj. +verb(past) +ext.

Subj. +verb(past) +as if/as though +subj. +had +verb-p.p +ext.

Complete the following sentence:

you behave as if......................................................

she tells the matter as though..............................

we ran fast as if.....................................................

the boy proceeded as though..............................

Read the bellow sentence:

I didnot take fish let alone meat.

Structure:

subj. +verb +obj. +let alone +obj.

Complete the bellow sentence

He cannot pass in the third division let alone....................................................

I can not swim a killometter let alone...................................................................

note -a same word/phrase is used before and after let alone...........................