Learning Walkthrough

No Objection Certificate

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No Objection Certificate For School Education Department.

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Joining / Releaving Report in Urdu

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Joining / Releaving Report in Urdu For School Education Department.

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No Demand Certificate No Enquiry Certificate

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No Demand Certificate No Enquiry Certificate for School Education Department

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Service Certificate For School Education Department

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Building High Performance Teams

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 15 Nov 2017 12:15:00 +0000

What is a high-performing team?

It's a team that exceeds the goals you set by working hard and smart as a group, not individuals. It's a team that enjoys working together. Most teams do not reach the high-performing stage. That is why they are so special when you finally achieve this feat. You can help a team reach a high-performing state with a number of basic steps.

1. Plan What the Team Will Look Like

Before you bring on your first person, you need to document what it is that your team has to achieve and by when. This can be done through a project charter or another document that details what the team will achieve together.

But don't stop there. Think about the team culture you want to build, the dynamics of your team and how they should work together.

2. Add the Right People

Building the right team is harder than it looks. It's easy to recruit the wrong person, and it's even easier to build a team that doesn't perform well. Often you cannot pick and choose each team member. When you can, choose candidates that fit the job description, align with your personal vision for how the team will work together and want to work in a culture that depicts your vision.

3. Create a Team Culture

If you've hired like-minded people, get them working together on tasks. Constantly change the people you pair up, so that people get to know others in the team. Strengthen the relationship between the team and your customers. Find opportunities to get the team socializing together.

4. Motivate the Team - and Yourself

A happy motivated team will always out-perform an unhappy unmotivated one. And it starts with you. Are you happy and motivated? Your motivation will rub off on your team. If you are motivated, focus on motivating your team. Use team building and group rallying exercises to get them pumped up. Tell them how proud you are to work with them. Help them understand why the goals are important and how every team member contributes to them.

Step 5. Recognize Accomplishments

People respond positively to positive behavior. So you need to constantly recognize achievement when it's due. Tell the team about an individual's success. Make them feel proud. Spread the love—don't focus on one team or person too frequently.

If you plan for success, recruit a great team, build a positive culture, motivate the team and recognize achievement, you'll build a healthy project team and boost your chances of success!

Ten Sure Signs Your Project is in Trouble

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 11 Aug 2016 11:45:00 +0000

Many projects struggle. Sometimes the causes are subtle and complicated. Other times the causes are pretty straightforward. Here are ten reasons why projects struggle. If your project has one or more of these characteristics you can expect to struggle - maybe even fail.

1. Insufficient resources. The project manager builds a schedule assuming a certain level of resources will be available. If you don't have the level of resources or budget you need, You are going to struggle. Be sure to tell your project sponsor quickly.

2. Impossible deadlines. Sometimes a project is assigned with a fixed deadline that is impossible to achieve. Sometimes these projects are referred to as a "death march". The project manager should tell the sponsor at the start of the project and fight to have the deadline extended, the scope reduced or resources increased. You not only need to have sufficient time to deliver your project, but you also need contingency in case things take longer than expected.

3. Not managing expectations. The project manager fails to communicate the true status of the project to the team and sponsor. So everyone thinks the project is going smoothly until the deadline is missed. You need to tell people early if it’s slipping. Don't hide it. By telling people you're running late, you give them the opportunity to help get it back on track.

4. Lack of focus. The team doesn’t really know what is expected of them, so they lack focus. They are given a job to do but not told what is required and by when. Everyone in your team should have regular goals to meet, they should have deadlines and you should be monitoring their progress at every step in the journey.

5. Low morale. The project team lacks motivation, so nothing is delivered on time. If you want someone to deliver within a set timeframe, then you need to motivate them to do it through reward and recognition. And you need to be highly motivated yourself. Only by being healthy, relaxed and truly motivated can you inspire others to be.

6. Lack of sponsor support. The project manager gets very little support from their sponsor. There is no one available to help solve problems or provide further resource or money when it's needed. If you lack sponsor support, address it early. Be open and frank with them. Tell them what you need and by when.

7. Scope creep. The scope of the project keeps changing, so you never really have a fixed set of deliverables. Every time it changes, you lose time and resource, so change control is critical. The scope needs to be clearly defined and then a process put in place to ensure that change requests are formally approved.

8. The project is too long. The project timescale may simply be too long. Over time your customer's requirements will change, so you need to break your project into smaller chunks and deliver each as a project on its own.

9. Lack of tools and processes. Not having the right tools to get the job done can also be a problem. Using good quality tools such as templates, processes and a project methodology will lead to project success.

Insufficient of customer involvement. Lack of customer involvement has proved fatal on many projects. You need to involve your customer throughout the project to ensure that what you are building will meet their requirements. Remember, only if your customer is truly satisfied will your project is a success.

What is purpose of Execution Unit in a microprocessor?

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 14 May 2016 10:56:00 +0000

Execution Unit (EU) : Execution unit receives program instruction codes and data from the BIU, executes them and stores the results in the general registers. It can also store the data in a memory location or send them to an I/O device by passing the data back to the BIU. This unit, EU, has no connection with the System Buses. It receives and outputs all its data through BIU.

What is purpose of BIU?

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 14 May 2016 10:48:00 +0000

The bus interface unit is the part of the processor that interfaces with the rest of the PC. Its name comes from the fact that it deals with moving information over the processor data bus, the primary conduit for the transfer of information to and from the CPU. The bus interface unit is responsible for responding to all signals that go to the processor, and generating all signals that go from the processor to other parts of the system.

Six Coding Techniques for Agile Projects

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sun, 13 Mar 2016 00:39:00 +0000

One of the philosophies of the Agile model is the importance of building workable code in short sprints on an ongoing basis. There are a number of techniques that are ingrained in the Agile model that result in more straightforward and elegant code.

Code as simply as possible. Some programmers take pride in how sophisticated they can make the code. An Agile programmer instead takes pride in how simple the code can be to accomplish the expected result. This simplicity is the most effective over the long term.

Build for today. Your code base should focus on fulfilling the user stories and requirements that are part of your current iteration. Do not add code to solve future user stories or potential functionality. These future features will be concentrated on when they are chosen in some future iteration.

Code as flexibly as possible. At the same time that the code is simple, it also needs to be flexible. You want to be sure you don’t make decisions that are perfect for your first iterations, but then don’t allow you to easily add more and more features and functions in later iterations. Another Agile philosophy is to make decisions at the latest responsible time. This does not mean to procrastinate. It simply means to maintain options and flexibility as long as possible so that decisions can be made with as much information as possible.

Document the code. If you are trying to track down problems in code, you are not going to be able to find the problem in a programmer’s manual. The only place you are going to track it down is the code. Even if the client asks you to investigate how a feature works, you typically cannot rely on an external programmer’s manual. The only way to know for sure is to check how the code works.

Since the code is the ultimate description of the code, it is important the code be understandable. This requires the code itself have plenty of comments. These comments don’t reflect the obvious, but are there to point out creative techniques or describe major sections of code that enable certain features and functions. The code also needs to be simple to review and to understand by others who will follow you.

Share ownership of the code. In a traditional project, each programmer is responsible for certain programs and components. The programmer creates the code and unit tests it. Later, if there are bugs in the program, the initial programmer is responsible for fixing the errors. In an Agile project, the team takes collective ownership of the code. One programmer may create the code (or perhaps it was created by two people using pair programming), but anyone may be assigned later to update the code. The code may need to be updated because of new requirements in a later sprint or to fix a bug that was not uncovered earlier. Anyone – not just the original programmer – may be assigned.

Refactor the code. When a programmer is assigned to an existing component, he has the flexibility (and the obligation) to look for opportunities to simplify or refactor the prior code base. The code will hopefully be more efficient and simplified by having multiple programmers work on it at various times during the project.

If you look at the total lifecycle of an application, only about small percentage of the cost and time is spent during the development project. The larger percentage is spent in the support and maintenance phase. If you build a good application, the code might run in production for ten years or more. Simple, straightforward and optimized code allows easier understanding, easier error fixes and easier enhancements over the entire lifecycle.

Deitel C How To Program 6th Edition-Paul Deitel and Harvey Deitel

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 02 Mar 2016 01:25:00 +0000

Welcome to C and C++! C is a powerful computer programming language that is appropriate for technically oriented people with little or no programming experience and for experienced programmers to use in building substantial information systems. C How to Program, Sixth Edition, is an effective learning tool for each of these audiences.

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Oracle 9i - Introduction to SQL - Student Guide - Volume 2

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sun, 21 Feb 2016 03:21:00 +0000

PL/SQL is a combination of SQL along with the procedural features of programming languages. It was developed by Oracle Corporation in the early 90's to enhance the capabilities of SQL.

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Quantum Mechanics Concepts and Applications 2nd Edition -Nouredine Zettili

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sun, 21 Feb 2016 03:16:00 +0000

Quantum Mechanics is a physical science dealing with the behaviour of matter and energy on the scale of atoms and subatomic particles / waves.

It also forms the basis for the contemporary understanding of how very large objects such as stars and galaxies, and cosmological events such as the Big Bang, can be analyzed and explained.

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Electronic Devices 9th Edition - Thomas Floyd

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sun, 14 Feb 2016 02:35:00 +0000

This ninth edition of Electronic Devices reflects changes recommended by users and reviewers. Applications and troubleshooting coverage have been expanded to include several new topics related to renewable energy and automated test programming. As in the previous edition, Chapters 1 through 11 are essentially devoted to discrete devices and circuits. Chapters 12 through 17 primarily cover linear integrated circuits. A completely new Chapter 18 covers an introduction to programming for device testing. It can be used as
a “floating” chapter and introduced in conjunction with any of the troubleshooting sections. Chapter 19, which was Chapter 18 in the last edition, is an online chapter that covers electronic communications. Multisim® files in versions 10 and 11 are now available at the companion website, www.pearsonhighered.com/electronics.

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Oracle 9i - Introduction to SQL - Student Guide - Volume 1

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sun, 07 Feb 2016 02:51:00 +0000

Oracle 9i - Introduction to SQL - Student Guide - Volume 1

Oracle9i technically can be called an object-relational database — that's something that's new to Oracle. This term means that Oracle9i contains all the features of a relational database combined with some of the features of an object-oriented database. The program is a hybrid, which means that you have some choices about how to set up your database design.

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Digital Fundamentals Thomas L. Floyd 11th Edition

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 30 Jan 2016 02:46:00 +0000

Digital Fundamentals Thomas L. Floyd 11th Edition

This eleventh edition of Digital Fundamentals continues a long tradition of presenting a strong foundation in the core fundamentals of digital technology. This text provides basic concepts reinforced by plentiful illustrations, examples, exercises, and applications. Applied Logic features, Implementation features, troubleshooting sections, programmable logic and PLD programming, integrated circuit technologies, and the special topics of signal conversion and processing, data transmission, and data processing and control are included in addition to the core fundamentals. New topics and features have been added to this edition, and many other topics have been enhanced.
The approach used in Digital Fundamentals allows students to master the all-important fundamental concepts before getting into more advanced or optional topics. The range of topics provides the flexibility to accommodate a variety of program requirements.
For example, some of the design-oriented or application-oriented topics may not be appropriate in some courses. Some programs may not cover programmable logic and PLD programming, while others may not have time to include data transmission or data processing. Also, some programs may not cover the details of “inside-the-chip” circuitry.
These and other areas can be omitted or lightly covered without affecting the coverage of the fundamental topics. A background in transistor circuits is not a prerequisite for this textbook, and the coverage of integrated circuit technology (inside-the-chip circuits) is optionally presented.

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Basic Data Types in C++

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 18 Aug 2015 11:23:00 +0000

The variable type specifies the type of data that can be stored in it. Each variable is declared by its type.

C++ has five basic data types:

i) int Integer

ii) float Floating Point

iii) double Double Precision

iv) char Characters

v) bool Boolean

Floating Point Data Type

The float represents real or floating type data. The real type data is represented in decimal or exponential notation. The storage capacity for float type variable is four byte.

For Example:

float var_name;

Integer Data Type

The int represents the integer data. It is used to declare integer type variable. An integer is a whole number i.e. a number without a fraction or a decimal point. The storage capacity for integer type variable is two bytes.

For Example:

int var_name;

Character Data Type

The char stands for character. It is used to declare character type variable. In character type variable, alphabetic characters, numeric digits and special characters can be stored. The storage capacity for character type variable is one bytes.

For Example:

char var_name;

Standard Input/Output in C++

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 28 Jul 2015 06:46:00 +0000

The standard streams are pre-connected input or output channels between a computer program and its environment (typically a text terminal) when it begins execution.

Standard Input (stdin):

Standard input is data (often text) going into a program.

Standard Output (stdout):

Standard output is the stream where a program writes its output data.

Types of Code in C++

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 28 Jul 2015 06:43:00 +0000

There are two types of codes that are as follows:

Source Code:

A program written in a high-level language is called source code. Source code is also called source program. Computer cannot understand the statements of high-level language. The source code cannot be executed by computer directly. It is converted into object code and then executed.

Object Code:

A program in machine language is called object code. It is also called object program or machine code. Computer understands object code directly.

Errors in C++

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 13 Jul 2015 10:19:00 +0000

Debugging

An error in a computer program is known as bug. The programmer can make different errors while writing programs.

The process of finding and removing bugs is known as debugging.

Run Time Error

A type of error that occurs during the execution of program is known as run-time error. It is caused when a statement directs the computer to execute an illegal operation such as dividing a number by zero.

The run-time errors are detected and displayed by the computer during execution. Run-time errors are normally caused due to wrong input from the user. The computer stops executing the program and displays error message if a run-time error occurs.

Example:

The user may ask the program to open a file that does not exist. Similarly, the user may enter wrong type of data etc.

Logical Errors

A type of error that occurs due to poor logic of programmer is known as logical error. A logical error occurs when the program follows a faulty algorithm. A statement with logical error may produce unexpected and wrong results. For example, the programmer may have written a wrong formula to computer an answer. The formula will be executed without any error but will produce wrong results.

Program Flowchart and Compilation

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 13 Jul 2015 10:12:00 +0000

Program Flowchart

Flowchart is combination of two words flow and chart. A chart consists of different symbols to display information about any program. Flow indicates the direction of processing that takes place in the program.

Flowchart is a graphical representation of an algorithm. It is a way of visually presenting the flow of data, operations performed on data and sequence of these operations.

Program Compilation

The process of checking the program for errors in order to execute it properly is called program compilation.

C++ Program Analysis And Designing

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 08 Jun 2015 10:40:00 +0000

Program Analysis

The program first studies the problem. The study of a problem involves the study of the available data & knowledge of the required output. This step is important because to solve a problem the programmer must know the problem specification. Only then he can write or design a good program to solve a problem. The output report always depends on the programmer’s instruction.

Program Designing

A computer program is written to solve a complex problem by the computer. A programmer writes a program according to the requirements of the problem.

The steps involved in solving a problem by the computer include:

Problem Analysis or understanding the problem.
Logic Design
Coding
Testing & Debugging
Documentation

C++ IDE and Algorithm

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 03 Jun 2015 10:53:00 +0000

C++ IDE:

Turbo C++ is an integrated development environment (IDE) to write C++ programs. It is the implementation of Borland International. It is used to create, edit and save C++ programs. It also provides a powerful debugger. The debugger helps the users in detecting and removing errors in programs.

Algorithm & Pseudo Code:

An algorithm (pronounced AL-go-rith-um) is a step-by-step procedure to solve a problem. The process of solving a problem becomes simpler and easier with the help of algorithm. It is better to write algorithm before writing the actual computer program.

Examples of Algorithms

Write an algorithm to add two numbers entered by user.


Step 1: Start

Step 2: Declare variables num1, num2 and sum. 

Step 3: Read values num1 and num2. 

Step 4: Add num1 and num2 and assign the result to sum.

        sum←num1+num2 

Step 5: Display sum 

Step 6: Stop

5 Steps For Managing Project Risk

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sun, 15 Feb 2015 11:46:00 +0000

This simple 5 step process will help you manage project risk easily.

Step 1: Where are the risks?

The first step is to list everything that could have an impact on whether your project is a success. Think about all the potential problems that you could come across during the project and write them all down. It helps to do this with your team, as they will see things differently to you.

Step 2: What is the impact?

Now you have your list of risks it's time to see what impact they would have if they happened. You'll have the full spectrum: risks that won't cause big problems and risks that could potentially force your project to stop.

Prioritize the list of risks based on the impact: the ones with the largest impact are the highest priority. These are the areas you should focus on right now. Look at each individual risk, but also look at the risk profile overall—do all these risks add up to make your project really risky or is it going to be a low risk initiative? Use ProjectManager.com to present your project's risk profile as a report or dashboard, as that makes it easy for executive managers to see where potential problems lurk.

Step 3: What can you do?

Once you know the important, high priority risks, you can assign tasks to your team to deal with them. These actions are things that will stop the risk from happening or minimize the damage it will cause if it does happen. Add this work to your colleagues' task lists using the resource assignment functionality.

The actual work you do in this step depends on the risks you are facing. For example, if there is a risk that a supplier goes out of business, you might research other suppliers so you have that information just in case. If the risk is that the product won't be built in time for the launch day you could add more people to the team, revisit the plan or remove some items from scope to make it more achievable.

Step 4: Who is responsible?

With all your team's actions recorded and tasks assigned, it's an easy job to use your project management software to track who's responsible for what and whether they have done the work you asked them to. Make a note to monitor the work regularly and follow up with your team.

Step 5: What's next?

Schedule some formal review sessions to ensure that your existing risk work is on track overall. You can also use this time to check with your team about new risks: it's very likely that something new will have come to light since you started work. Finally, close any risks that are no longer relevant. There's no point reporting on things that won't happen so tidy up your risk register from time to time.

Risk management is an important part of managing a project. You are doing work to address something that might create a huge problem for your project. Good risk management is a sure-fire way to make your project more successful. Your processes and systems help you avoid problems by letting you deal with potential issues in advance!

In summary, keep on top of your project risks-it's easy to overlook risk management work in the busy times on projects but if a risk happens you'll wish you hadn't!

Use the risk management functionality built intoProjectManager.com for a smart way to manage risks and assign work to your team. Log and prioritize all your risks, track progress and create reports, all from one online system.

C++ Language Interview Questions and answers

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 12 Feb 2015 16:30:00 +0000

1) What is C++?

C++ is an object oriented programming language. It was developed by Bjame Stroustrup in 1983 at the AT & T Bell Laboratories, Now Jersey, USA. It is basically a super set of C, which provided low level features.

2) What are the basic concepts of OOP?

Objects
Classes
Data Abstraction and Encapsulation
Inheritance
Polymorphism
Dynamic Binding
Message Passing

3) What is oops?

An object oriented program is a collection of discrete objects, which are self contained collections of both data structures and functions that interact with other objects.

4) What are the characteristic of C++ language?

It has the following characteristics :
Reduces complexity while solving problems
Correctness of results is ensured
Affordable in terms of hardware and other resources
Easier and cheaper for integrating existing software facilities and libraries
Portable i.e. can be used on different types of computers with little or no change in the programs.

5) What are the types of character set?

We have two character sets in C++. These are :
Source characters
Escape sequences /Execution characters

6) What are the elements of OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING?

The main concepts of object oriented programming are :
Data Abstraction
Encapsulation
Inheritance
Polymorphism

7) What are the components of a class?

A class consists of two components data members and methods.

8) What are methods?

Methods are functions associated with the class. They are able to access even private data members.

9) What is the significance of class keyword in C++/Java?

The keyword class (in C++ and Java) specifies an Abstract Data Type (ADT). ADTs expose operations that provide a higher level functionality, and the lower level implementation details are isolated and hidden from the users of the class.

10) What is the difference between source and escape sequences?

The source text is created with the help of source characters.

These are interpreted at execution time. The values of these characters are implementation defined.

11) What are tokens?

The smallest individual units in a program are called tokens.

12) What are the types of tokens?

C++ has the following tokens are :
Keywords
Identifiers
Constants (literals)
Punctuators (Separators)
Operators

13) What is an object?

An object is an instance of a class. It can be uniquely identified by its name and it defines a state, which is represented by the values of its attributes at a particular point in time.

14) What is class?

A class is a collection of objects. A class may be defined as a group of objects with same operations and attributes. The class is a key word in C++ programming. The user deals with classes instead of dealing with various individual objects.

15) What is the difference between private and public class?

The Private access means that only associated functions can only access the data.

The Public access means that data can be accessed by other objects of the program.

16) What is a function?

A function is a subprogram that acts on data and returns a value. A function can be invoked from the other parts of the program.

17) What are the types of function?

Functions are of two types are :
Built in functions
User defined functions

18) What are class members?

A class has members which consist of data members, the constructor, function, destructor functions and member functions.

19) What are the advantages of OOPs?

Object Oriented Programming has the following advantages over conventional approaches :
OOP provides a clear modular structure for programs which makes it good for defining abstract data types where implementation details are hidden and the unit has a clearly defined interface.
OOP makes it easy to maintain and modify existing code as new objects can be created with small differences to existing ones.
OOP provides a good framework for code libraries where supplied software components can be easily adapted and modified by the programmer. This is particularly useful for developing graphical user interfaces.

20) What are the application of OOP?

Real time system
Object oriented databases
Neural network and parallel processing

21) What is the difference between class and objects?

Classes and objects are separate but related concepts. Every object belongs to a class and every class contains one or more related objects.

A Class is static. All of the attributes of a class are fixed before, during, and after the execution of a program. The attributes of a class don’t change.

22) What is static class member?

A static data member has a property that all instances of the containing class share this one data member.

23) What are methods and fields?

A class can have members. Methods and fields are two important members of classes. Member functions are known as methods and data members are known as fields.

24) What is an array?

An array is a collection of identical data objects which are stored in consecutive memory locations under a common heading or a variable name. In other words, an array is a group or a table of values referred to by the same variable name. The individual values in an array are called elements. Array elements are also variables

25) What is a character array?

The procedure for declaring character array is almost the same as for other data types such as integer or floating point. One can declare the character array by means of alphanumeric characters.

26) Define Encapsulation?

The wrapping up of data and functions into a single unit is known as data encapsulation.

Encapsulation means combining data and related functions that use that data together and providing it as a logical entity.

27) What are access specifiers?

Access specifiers determine the accessibility of a class member. In general, there are three important access specifiers :
Public
Private
Protected

28) What is inheritance?

The mechanism of deriving a new class (derived) from an old class (base class) is called inheritance. It allows the extension and reuse of existing code without having to rewrite the code from scratch. Inheritance is the process by which objects of one class acquire properties of objects of another class.

29) What is polymorphism?

Polymorphism means one name, multiple forms. It allows us to have more than one function with the same name in a program.It allows us to have overloading of operators so that an operation can exhibit different behaviours in different instances.

30) What is abstraction?

Abstraction means hiding internal implementation details.

31) What is function overloading?

Function Overloading more than one method with the same name but different type of parameters and/or number of parameters can be defined. Depending on the actual number and/or static type of the parameters used, the compiler will resolve the call to the correct method.

32) What are the types of polymorphism?

Polymorphism can be broadly classified as
Compile time polymorphism
Run time polymorphism

33) What is the difference between compile time and run time polymorphism?

Function overloading, operator overloading,and parametric types (templates in C++ or generics in Java) are done at compile time.

Dynamic binding (virtual functions) is runtime polymorphism.

34) What is the difference between an identifier and a keyword?

Identifier :
These are the fundamental building blocks of a program and are used to give names to variables, functions, arrays, objects, classes etc.
Keyword :
These words are reserved to do specific tasks and must not be used as normal identifier names.

35) What is meant by type conversion?

The process in which one pre defined type of expressions is converted into another type is called conversion.

36) What is difference between C++ and Java?

C++ has pointers Java does not
Java is the platform independent as it works on any type of operating systems
Java has no pointers where c ++ has pointers
Java has garbage collection C++ does not.

37) What is the difference between division and modulus?

Division(/) operator is used to divide the value and return the quotient value whereas Modulus(%) return the remainder value.

38) What is object composition?

In composition, one class has an instance of another class as a data member. In OOP, this relationship is also known as a object composition.

39) What are frameworks?

Frameworks provide domain specific inheritance hierarchies that are meant for rapid application development in that domain.

40) Define Message Passing?

Objects communicate between each other by sending and receiving information known as messages. A message to an object is a request for execution of a procedure. Message passing involves specifying the name of the object, the name of the function and the information to be sent.

41) What are concrete classes?

Concrete classes can be instantiated (in other words, objects can be created from concrete classes). These classes have no abstract methods. Concrete classes are a logical complement of abstract classes.

42) What is the use of scope resolution operator?

A variable declared in an inner block cannot be accessed outside the block. To resolve this problem the scope resolution operator is used. It can be used to uncover a hidden variable. This operator allows access to the global version of the variable.

43) What are adaptor class?

Adaptor classes modify the existing interface of an existing class and provide a new interface. In other words, an adapter class adapts a class for a specific purpose.

44) What are monomorphic and polymorphic classes?

Classes that do not have any virtual functions (runtime polymorphism) are known as monomorphic classes.

The classes that have virtual functions (or virtual base classes) and are designed for making use of runtime polymorphism are known as polymorphic classes.

45) What is namespace?

The C++ language provides a single global namespace.Namespaces allow to group entities like classes, objects and functions under a name.

46) What is the use of default constructor?

A constructors that accepts no parameters is called the default constructor.If no user-defined constructor exists for a class A and one is needed, the compiler implicitly declares a default parameterless constructor A::A(). This constructor is an inline public member of its class. The compiler will implicitly define A::A() when the compiler uses this constructor to create an object of type A. The constructor will have no constructor initializer and a null body.

47) What is the difference between c &c++?

c++ ia an object oriented programing but c is a procedure oriented programing.
c is super set of c++.
c can’t suport inheritance,function overloading, method overloading etc. but c++ can do this.
In c program the main function could not return a value but in the c++ the main function shuld return a value.

48) What are class libraries?

A class library is a set of reusable classes meant for providing a specific functionality (such as utility, networking, or user-interface related classes) that can be readily used by the application.

49) What is a dangling pointer?

A dangling pointer arises when we use the address of an object after its lifetime is over. This may occur in situations like returning addresses of the automatic variables from a function or using the address of the dynamically allocated memory block after it is freed.

50) What is the difference between shallow and deep copy?

Shallow copy involves bit wise copy of the contents of one object into another object of the same type. A copy constructor and assignment operator provided by the compiler by default does shallow copy. Shallow copies create a problem when there are fields of pointer or reference type. In this case, the addresses are directly copied to another object and thus two different objects have fields pointing to the same objects. When one object is destroyed, the pointers/references in the other object become dangling pointers/references, which is dangerous.

Deep copy involves using the contents of one object to create an other instance of the same class. In a deep copy, the two objects may contain the same information but the target object will have its own buffers and resources. The destruction of one object will not affect the other object. Typically, we provide our own copy constructor and assignment operator implementations for doing deep copy of objects.

51) What is a pointer?

A pointer is a variable which holds a memory address within.
Each variable is located at a particular position in the memory which is known as Address.
The address can be stored in a pointer.
A program accesses the value in the address stored in the pointer by using indirection operator.

52) What is an expression?

An expression is any statement which is composed of one or more operands and returns a value. It may be combination of operators, variables and constants.

53) What are the types of expressions?

There are three types of expressions are :
Constant Expressions
Integral Expressions
Logical Expressions

54) What are the types of conversion?

There are two types of conversion are :
Implicit (Automatic) Conversion
Explicit Conversion

55) What is the difference between implicit and explicit conversion?

When data types are mixed in an expression, the conversion is performed automatically. This process of automatic conversion is called implicit conversion.

Explicit Expressions are user defined expressions. C++ provides type casting facility. The expression can be converted into a specific type.

56) What are the advantages of pointer?

The pointer has the following advantages.
It allows to pass variables, arrays, functions, strings and structures as function arguments.
A pointer allows to return structured variables from functions.
It provides functions which can modify their calling arguments.
It supports dynamic allocation and deallocation of memory segments.
With the help of a pointer, variables can be swapped without physically moving them.
It allows to establish links between data elements or objects for some complex data structures such as linked lists, stacks, queues, binary trees and graphs.
A pointer improves the efficiency of certain routines.

57) What is pointer operator?

A pointer operator can be represented by a combination of * (asterisk) with a variable.

58) What is meant by conditional expression?

The conditional expressions are mainly used for decision making. In the subsequent sections, the various structures of the control statements and their expressions are explained. The following statements are used to perform the task of the conditional operations.
if statement
if else statement
switch case statement

59) What are the types of comments?

C++ allows us to add two types of comments are :
Single line comments
Multi line comments

60) What is the difference between single line and multiple line comments?

A single line comment starts with the character sequence ("//"), i.e. the two forward slashes and ends with a newline character.

A multi line comment starts with the character sequence ("/*"), i.e. a forward slash followed by an asterisk and ends with the character sequence ("*/"), i.e. an asterisk followed by a forward slash.

61) What is meant by two dimensional array?

A two dimensional array may be visualized as a table consisting of rows and columns. Each cell of the table will denote an array element.

62) What is meant by multi dimensional array?

Multidimensional arrays are arrays with more than one dimension. An array may consist of any number of dimensions, of course, subject to the restrictions put by a compiler implementation within the scope of language specifications.

63) What are the types of built in data types?

The built in data types available in C++ are :
Integral type
Floating type
Void

64) Define literals?

Literals are often referred to as constants. A constant is an entity with a fixed value. Literals can be divided into characters, string, integer numbers and floating point numbers.

65) What are the types of literals in c++?

C++ there are several types of literals :
Integer constants
Character constants
Floating Point constants
String constants

66) What is the use of sizeof() operator?

The sizeof () operator is used to find the size of a variable or the sizeof a data type in terms of the number of bytes.

67) What is copy constructor?

What is copy constructor?

68) What is default constructor?

A default constructor is a constructor that either has no parameters, or if it has parameters, all the parameters have default values.

69) What is static variable?

Static variables are defined within a function and they have the same scope rules of the automatic variables but in the case of static variables, the contents of the variables will be retained throughout the program.

70) What is register variable?

Automatic variables are stored in the memory. As accessing a memory location takes time (much more time than accessing one of the machine's registers), one can make the computer to keep only a limited number of variables in their registers for fast processing. Whenever some variables are to be read or repeatedly used, they can be assigned as register variables.

71) What is the use of keyword register?

The keyword register is used to declare that the storage class of the variable is a register type.

72) What is the difference between break and continue statement?

The break statement is used to terminate the control from the loop statements of the case-switch structure. The break statement is normally used in the switch case loop and in each case condition, the break statement must be used. If not, the control will be transferred to the subsequent case condition also.

The continue statement is used to repeat the same operations once again even checks the error.

73) What are the types of errors in c++?

There are four types of errors are :
Compiler errors
Linker errors
Runtime errors
Logical errors

74) What is string?

String is a series of characters. The string is enclosed within double quotes. A string is used to write or store messages.

″HELLO″

75) What is the difference between errors and debugging?

Errors may be made during program creation even by experienced programmers also. Such type of errors are detected by the Compiler.

Debugging means removing the errors.

76) What is a scope resolution operator?

The scope resolution operator permits a program to reference an identifier in the global scope that has been hidden by another identifier with the same name in the local scope.

77) What is multiple inheritance?

A class can inherit properties from more than one class which is known as multiple inheritance.

78) What is cast operator(())?

The cast operator helps to force an expression to be of a specific type by using (} cast operator.

79) What is conditional operator( ?:)?

The conditional operator evaluates an expression returning a value if that expression is true and a different one if the expression is evaluated as false.

80) What is comma operator(,)?

The comma operator (,) is used to separate two or more expressions that are included where only one expression is expected.

81) What is recursive function?

A function which calls itself directly or indirectly again and again is known as the recursive function. Recursive functions are very useful while constructing the data structures like linked lists, double linked lists and trees. There is a distinct difference between normal and recursive functions.

82) What is the difference between goto and unconditional goto?

The goto statement is used to alter the program execution sequence by transferring the control to some other part of the program.

The unconditional goto statement is used just to transfer the control from one part of the program to the other part without checking any condition. Normally, a good programmer will not prefer to use the unconditional goto statement in his program as it may lead to a very complicated problem like a never ending process.

83) What is the difference between class and structure?

By default, the members ot structures are public while that tor class is private.
Structures doesn't provide something like data hiding which is provided by the classes.
Structures contains only data while class bind both data and member functions.

84) What are design patterns?

Design patterns are reusable, extensible solutions to common design problems faced by designers of object-oriented systems. Design patterns are language neutral and are of a higher level of abstraction than code.

85) What is the difference between the terms overloading and overriding?

The term overriding refers to providing an alternative function definition of a virtual function in a derived class. Overriding is useful for runtime polymorphism. With overloading, more than one method definition with the same name (but with different types/number of arguments) are provided, whereas in overriding, the methods with the same name are provided with alternative definition in derived class.

86) What is friend function?

The function declaration should be preceded by the keyword friend.The function definitions does not use either the keyword or the scope operator ::. The functions that are declared with the keyword friend as friend function.Thus, a friend function is an ordinary function or a member of another class.

87) What is a call by reference?

A function call mechanism that passes arguments to a function by passing the addresses of the arguments.

88) What is the call by value?

A function call mechanism that passes arguments to a function by passing a copy of the value of the arguments.

89) What is inheritance?

The mechanism of deriving a new class from an old one is called inheritance. The old class is referred to as the base class and the new one is called the derived class or the sub class.

90) What are the types of inheritance?

Single inheritance
Multiple inheritance
Multi level inheritance
Hierarchical inheritance
Hybrid inheritance

91) What is method overriding?

Method overriding is a mechanism in which the sub class method overrides the base class method. If the same function name is present in both the base class and the sub class then the sub class method overrides the base class method.

92) What is inline function?

Inline function is defined as a function definition such that each call to the function is in effect, replaced by the statements that define the function. It is expanded in line when it is invoked.

93) What are concrete classes?

94) What is class cohesion?

Cohesion indicates how closely the members are related to each other or how strongly the members depend on each other in a class. Highly cohesive classes or modules indicate good design.

95) What is class coupling?

Coupling means how two (or more classes) are dependent or strongly related to each other. When two classes are tightly coupled, change in one class usually requires change in the other class. Therefore, tightly coupled classes are not recommended.

96) What is the difference between local and global variable?

Local variables Identifiers declared as label, const, type, variables and functions in a block are said to belong to a particular block or function and these identifiers arc known as the local parameters or variables. Local variables are defined inside a function block or a compound statement.

Global variables are variables defined outside the main function block. These variables are referred by the same data type and by the same name through out the program in both the calling portion of a program and in the function block. Whenever some of the variables are treated as constants in both the main and the function block, it is advisable to use global variables.

97) What are the types of type modifiers?

There are four types of type modifiers are :
Signed
Long
Unsigned
Short

98) What do you mean by pure virtual functions?

A pure virtual member function is a member function that the base class forces derived classes to provide. Any class containing any pure virtual function cannot be used to create object of its own type.

99) What is the types of storage class specifiers?

There are four storage class specifiers supported by C++. They are :
extern
static
register
auto

100) What is STL? what are the components of stl?

A collection of generic classes and functions is called as Standard Template Library (STL).The stl components are
Containers
Algorithm
Iterators

C Language Interview Questions and answers

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sun, 25 Jan 2015 15:32:00 +0000

1) Who invented C Language?

Dennis Ritchie in 1972 developed a new language by inheriting the features of both BCPL and B and adding additional features. He named the language as just C

2) Who invented B Language?

Ken Thomson at AT&T Bell Labs developed a language and named it B. Even the B language was found to have some short comings to support development of both business applications and system software.

3) Who invented BCPL Language?

Basic Combined Programming Language(BCPL) was developed by Martin Richards, Cambridge university.

4) Why C Language?

C is one of the high level languages. It is a general purpose language, which means it can be used to write programs of any sort.

5) What are the features of C Langauges?

In C one can write programs like that of high level languages as in COBOL, BASIC, FORTRAN etc. as well as it permits very close interaction with the inner workings of the computer.
It is a general purpose programming language. It is usually called system programming language but equally suited to writing a variety of applications.
It supports various data types
It follows the programming style based on fundamental control flow constructions for structured programming
Functions may be pre–defined or user defined and they may return values of basic types, structures, unions or pointers.

6)What are the advantages of c language?

Easy to write
Rich set of operators and functions that are built–in
Support for bit–wise operation
Flexible use of pointers
Direct control over the hardware
Ability to access BIOS/DOS routines
Interacting using Interrupts
Ability to write TSR programs
Ability to create .COM files
Ability to create library files (.LIB)
Ability to write interface programs
Incorporating assembly language in C program

7) What are the disadvantages of c langauge?

C is considered difficult to learn
Because of its conciseness, the code can be difficult to follow
It is not suited to applications that require a lot of report formatting and data file manipulation

8) What are the salient features of c languages?

The following are the salient features of C language are :
C is called a middle level language
C supports structured design approach
C is extensible
C is rich in data types and operators
C is portable

9) What is a header file?

Header files provide the definitions and declarations for the library functions. Thus, each header file contains the library functions along with the necessary definitions and declarations. For example, stdio.h, math.h, stdlib.h, string.h etc.

10) What is character set?

Character set is the set of characters allowed and supported in the programming language. Generally a program is a collection of instructions, which contain groups of characters. Only a limited set of characters is allowed to write instructions in the program.

11) What is C token?

The smallest individual units of a C program are known as tokens.

12) List the different types of C tokens?

Constants
Identifiers
Keywords
Operators
Special symbols
Strings

13) What is a string?

A string is a sequence of characters ending with NUL. It can be treated as a one–dimensional array of characters terminated by a NUL character.

14) What are qualifiers?

Qualifiers or modifiers are identifiers that may precede the scalar data types (except float) to specify the number of bits used for representing the respective type of data in memory. The qualifiers in C are short, long, signed, and unsigned.

15) What is a function?

A function is a set of statements to perform a specific task.

16) What is a constant?

A constant is a value that does not change during the program execution. A constant used in C does not occupy memory.

17) What are the different types of constants?

There are five types of constants. They are :
Integer constants
Floating point constants
Character constants
String literals
Enumeration constants

18) What is variable?

An identifier is used to identify and store some value. If the value of the identifier is changed during the execution of the program, then the identifier is known as variable.

19) What are the rules for the identifier?

The first character must be an alphabet or underscore (_)
Digits may be included in the variable
The maximum number of characters in a word are 32 (It may vary depending upon the platform)
No other special characters are allowed.

20) What are global variables?

Global Variables are those, which are required to be acccessed by all the functions defined after their declaration. So, the variables declared before the main () can be acccessed by all the functions, which follow their declaration.

21) What is a keyword?

Keywords are those words of C which have predefined meaning assigned by the C language. They form a part of the database required by the C compiler.

22) What are the different types of c instructions?

There are basically three types of instructions in C are :
Type Declaration Instruction
Arithmetic Instruction
Control Instruction

23) What is an expression?

Expression is defined as a combination of operands and operators to obtain some computation. Operands represent variables or values and The operator tells is what operation to be performed.

24) What are the types of data files?

There are two types of data files :
stream oriented or standard data files
system oriented or low level data files

25) Why C is called a middle level language?

C combines the features of both Assembly Level Languages (Low Level Languages) and Higher Level Languages. For this reason, C is referred to as a Middle Level Language. The feature of ALLs is that of enabling us to develop system level programs and the features of HLLs are those of higher degree of readability and machine independence.

26) How can variables be characterized?

The variables can be categorized by storage class as well as by data type. The storage class specifies the portion of the program within which the variables are recognized.

27) Give the rules for variable declaration?

The rules for variable declaration in C are given below :
A variable name consists of alphabets, digits and the underscore (_) character
The length of variable should be kept upto 8 characters though your system may allow upto 40 characters
They must begin with an alphabet
Some systems also recognize an underscore as the first character
White space and commas are not allowed
Any reserved word (keyword) cannot be used as a variable name.

28) What is the purpose of type declarations?

The type declaration allow to create a synonym for other data types. Its syntax is typedef type identifier; The declaration typedef unsigned long int INTEGER

29) What is recursion?

C language a function may call another function. When a function calls itself, it is referred to as recursive call and the process is known as recursion. C provides very good facilities for recursion.

30) What is data types?

Data types refer to the classes of data that can be manipulated by C programs. The three fundamental data types supported by C are character, integer and real type.

31) What are the types of macro formats?

There are two types of macro formats. There are
Simple
Parameterized

32) What are the different types of errors?

Compile–Time Errors
Linker Errors
Runtime Errors
Logical Errors

33) What is meant by errors and debugging?

Errors may be made during program creation even by experienced programmers. Such type of errors are detected by the compiler.
Debugging means removing the errors..

34) What is the purpose of main() function?

The function main() invokes other functions within it.It is the first function to be called when the program starts execution.
It is the starting function.
It returns an int value to the environment that called the program.
Recursive call is allowed for main( ) also.
It is a user-defined function.

35) What is meant by type casting?

It is the explicit type conversion required for a number before carrying out processing or assigning to another variable.

36) What are the primitive data types in c?

There are five different kinds of data types in C.
Char
Int
Float
Double
Void

37) What is the use of typedef?

The typedef help in easier modification when the programs are ported to another machine.A descriptive new name given to the existing data type may be easier to understand the code.

38) What is meant by type specifiers?

Type specifiers decide the amount of memory space occupied by a variable. In the ease of integral types; it also explicitly states the range of values that the object can hold..

39) What are the types of type specifiers?

The available data type specifiers are :
Short
Long
Signed
Unsigned

40) What is masking?

Masking is a process in which a given bit pattern is partly extracted into another bit pattern by means of a logical bitwise operation.

41) What is the difference between single charater constant and string constant?

A single character constant consists of only one character and it is enclosed within a pair of single quotes.
A string constant consists of one or more characters and it is enclosed within a pair of double quotes.

42) What is signed and unsigned?

A numeric value, may have a positive or a negative sign. In the memory, for a variable, one bit is used exclusively to maintain the sign of the data. If we don't have sign, the sign bit also may be used for data. If the value is negative, the sign bit is 1, and if it is positive, it will be 0.

43) What are the different categories of functions in C?

In C, the functions can be divided into the following categories :
Functions with no arguments and no return values
Functions having arguments but no return values
Functions having arguments and return values also

44) What is this pointer?

It is a pointer that points to the current object. This can be used to access the members of the current object with the help of the arrow operator

45) What is zero based addressing?

The array subscripts always start at zero. The compiler makes use of subscript values to identify the elements in the array. Since subscripts start at 0, it is said that array uses zero-based addressing.

46) What is a loop?

A loop is a process to do a job repeatedly with possibly different data each time. The statements executed each time constitute the loop body, and each pass is called iteration. A condition must be present to terminate the loop.

47) What are the types of data types and explain?

There are five basic Data types in C. These are :
void : means nothing i.e. no data involvement in an action
char : to work with all types of characters used in computer operations
int : to work with an integer type of data in any computational work
float : to work with the real type of data or scientific numbers in the exponential form
double : to work with double precision of numbers when the approximation is very crucial.

48) What is friend function?

49) What is break statement?

When a break is encountered inside a loop, the loop is terminated and the control passes to the statement following the body of the loop.

50) What is the use of getchar() function?

It returns a character just entered from the standard input unit, that is, keyboard. The entered character can be either assigned to a character variable or echoed to the computer screen.

51) What is a pointer?

A pointer is a variable that represents the location (rather than the value) of a data item, such as a variable or an array element. It is a variable that holds a memory address. This address is the location of another variable or an array element in memory.

52) How to declare pointer variables?

If a variable is going to be a pointer, it must be declared as such. A pointer declaration consists of a base type, an *, and the variable name. The general form for declaring a pointer variable is data _type * var_ name;

53) What is the difference between fread buffer() and fwrite buffer()?

Fread(), buffer is a pointer to an area of memory that will receive the data from the file. For fwrite(), buffer is a pointer to the information that will be written to the file. The value of count determines how many items are read or written, with each item being num_byte bytes in length. The size_t in both the formats is defined as some kind of unsigned integer. Finally, fp is a file pointer to a previously opened file.

54) What is macro?

The second preprocessor function is macro definition. A macro is formal syntax that can be used to generate statements for use in a program. For the C language, the macro generates C statements.

55) What are the types of I/O functions?

I/O functions are grouped into two categories :
Unformatted I/O functions
Formatted I/O functions

56) What is the difference b/w formatted&unformatted I/O functions?

The formatted I/O functions allow programmers to specify the type of data and the way in which it should be read in or written out. On the other hand, unformatted I/O functions do not specify the type of data and the way is should be read or written.

57) How to declare pointer variables?

58) What is the difference between c &c++?

c++ is an object oriented programing but c is a procedure oriented programing.c is super set of c++. c can't suport inheritance,function overloading, method overloading etc. but c++ can do this.In c-programe the main function could not return a value but in the c++ the main function shuld return a value.

59) What is the use of putchar function?

The putchar function displays one character on the display monitor. The character to be displayed is of type char. The syntax for putchar function is as given below :putchar (ch_var);
Where ch_var is a previously declared character variable.

60) What is the use of getchar functions?

The getchar function accepts a single character from the keyboard. The function does not require any arguments, though a pair of empty parentheses must follow the word getchar as a syntax. It returns a single character from a standard input device (typically a keyboard ) and it can be assigned to predeclared character variable.

61) What is character constants?

A character constant is a single character, enclosed within the pair of single quotation mark (apostrophes).

62) What is string constants?

A string constant or literal contains a sequence of zero or more characters or escape seauences enclosed in double Quotation marks.

63) What is integer constants?

An integer constant is an integer-valued number. It can represent decimal, octal, or hexadecimal values.

64) What is floating point constants?

Floating-point constants are numbers with decimal parts. A floating-point constants consists of :
An integral part
A decimal point
A fractional part
An exponent part
An optional suffix

65) What is the difference between fread and fwrite function?

The fread() function returns the number of items read. This value may be less than count if the end of the file is reached or an error occurs. The fwrite() function returns the number of items written. This value will equal count unless an error occurs.

66)What are the uses of a pointer?

Pointer is used in the following cases
It is used to access array elements
It is used for dynamic memory allocation
It is used in Call by reference
It is used in data structures like trees, graph, linked list etc.

67) What are linker error?

The Linker Errors occur during the linking process when the external symbols referred to by the program are not resolved.

68) What are runtime error?

The Runtime Errors occur while a program is being run and hence the name. They occur due to both program internal and external factors.

69) When do we get logical errors?

The Logical Errors occur if the solution procedure for the given problem itself is wrong.
In this case, the outputs produced by the programs would be incorrect.
Correcting the solution procedure itself by better understanding of the problem eliminates these errors.
The Logical Errors (if any) are to be figured out by ourselves by verifying the outputs that are produced by the program.

70) Do character constants represent numerical values?

Yes, each character constant associates an integer value with it.

71) What is the purpose of scanf() and printf() functions?

The function scanf() is used for formatted input from the standard input and provides many of the conversion facilities.
It is used for formatted output to standard output device, that is, screen. The format specification string and the data to be output, are the arguments (parameters) to the printf() function.

72) What is type qualifiers?

Type qualifier adds properties to an identifier. Type qualifiers describe the manner in which the object will be modified. The application of qualifiers to an object does not affect the range or the arithmetic properties of the object.

73) What are the types of type qualifiers in c?

The two type qualifiers provided by C are :
const
volatile

74) What is meant by inheritance?

Inheritance is the process by which objects of one class acquire properties of objects of another class..

75) Do string constants represent numerical values?

No, the string constants donot have a corresponding numerical value.

76) What is meant by operator precedence?

Operator precedence describes the order in which C evaluates different operators in a complex expression.

77) What is an Operator?

An operator is a symbol, which instructs the computer to perform the specified manipulation over some data. The rich set of operators available in C enable us to write efficient and concise programs and this fact serves to set C apart from any other programming languages.

78) What are the types of operators in c?

Assignment operator
Arithmetic operators
Relational operators
Logical operators
Increment/Decrement operators
Shorthand arithmetic assignment operators
Conditional operator
Bitwise operators
Sizeof() operator
Comma operator

79) What is a ternary operator in C?

Perhaps the most unusual operator in C language is one called the conditional expression operator. Unlike all other operators in C which are either unary or binary operators the conditional expression operator is a ternary operator; that is, it takes three operands. The two symbols that are used to denote this operator are the question mark (?) and the colon (:). The first operand is placed before the ?, the second between the ? and the and the third after the :.

80) What is assignment operator?

An operator is a symbol that operates on a certain data type.In C, the ’=’ symbol is known as the assignment operator. It sots the value of the variable on the left hand side of it to that of the right hand side of it.

81) What are the types of assignment statements?

C supports a variety of assignment statements. These are given below :
Simple assignment statement
Multiple assignment statement
Arithmetic assignment statement

82) What is the sizeof () operator?

Even though it looks like a keyword, sizeof( ) is an operator which is used to know the memory size of the data types and variables. This operator returns the number of bytes allocated for the variable (or) data type. The format of the sizeof() operator is as follows.
sizeof (v);
where v is a variable name / data type / value.

83) What is the use of bitwise operator?

The bitwise operator performs the operation on bits (i.e. bit by bit). Using the bitwise operators we can set / reset / check any bit in the value of the variable.

84) What is the Difference between = and = = Operators?

The two operators = and == are used for assignment and checking respectively. If not properly used, it causes many problems. The following program illustrates what will happen if we use = instead of = =.

85) What is unary operator?

The operators that act upon a single operand to produce a new value are known as unary operators.

86) What are the types of unary operators?

C support unary operators are :
minus operator -
increment operator + +
decrement operator –
size operator
(type) operator

87) What is the difference between break and continue?

The break statement is used to exit from all the loop constructs (while, do while and for) and switch.case statements, whereas the continue statement is used to skip all subsequent instructions and can control back to the loop control. The continue statement can be used for any loop construct.

88)What is storage class?

The storage class in C provides the complete information about the location and visibility of variables. Scope of a variable means the portion of the program within which it can be referenced and lifetime means the time of its existence in the memory.

89) What are the different storage classes in C?

There are four types of storage classes.
Automatic : Variable used as a local variable. This is the default one. Initial value of variable is garbage value without initialization.
Extern : Variable used as a local variable. Retains its value during next function call.
Regiter : Variable used as a local variable. May be stored in register if possible. Default initial value is garbage value.
Static : Variable used as a global variable.

90) What are the types of bitwise operator?

There are three types of bitwise operator.
Bitwise AND(&)
Bitwise OR(|)
Bitwise Exclusive OR(^)

91) What is difference between function overloading and operator overloading?

A function is overloaded when same name is given to different function.While overloading a function, the return type of the functions need to be the same.

92) What is getche() function?

It returns a character just entered from the standard input unit. The entered character is echoed (displayed) to the computer screen. It reads a single character the moment it is typed without waiting for the Enter key to be hit.

93) What is getch() function?

It returns a character just entered from the standard input unit. The entered character is not echoed on the screen. It reads a single character the moment it is typed without waiting for the Enter key to be hit.

94) What is putchar() function?

It prints the character constant or the character variable to the standard output device. The function putchar( ) has the following form :
putchar (var name)

95) What is an arrays?

Arrays can be defined as a collection of variables of the same type that are referred through a common name.

96) What are the advantages of the functions?

It reduces the complexity in a program by reducing the code
Function are easily understanding and reliability and execution is faster
It also reduces the time to run a program.In other way, Its directly proportional to complexity
Its easy to find-out the errors due to the blocks made as function definition outside the main function.

97)What are the characteristics of arrays in C?

An array holds elements that have the same data type
Array elements are stored in subsequent memory locations
Two–dimensional array elements are stored row by row in subsequent memory locations
Array name represents the address of the starting element
Array size should be mentioned in the declaration. Array size must be a constant expression and not a variable.

98) What is the difference between arrays and pointers?

Array is collection of similar datatype. it is a static memory allocation means we can not increment and decrement the arry size once we allocated. and we can not increment the base address, reassign address.
Pointer is a dynamic memory allocation. we can allocate the size as we want, assigning into another variable and base address incrementation is allowed.

99) What is else if ladder?

The else if ladder helps select one out of many alternative blocks of statements for execution depending on the mutually exclusive conditions.

100) What is class?

A class represents description of objects that share same attributes and actions. It defines the characteristics of the objects such as attributes and actions or behaviors. It is the blue print that describes objects.