AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY

HOW CARS WORK

2011-03-29T08:57:00.000-07:00

Explosions! Thousands of explosions every minute of operation power internal combustion engines. Squirt one part of fuel and 15 parts of air into a closed cylinder, add an electric spark, and there will be an explosion.

Explosions are rapid chemical reactions that release tremendous amounts of energy, mostly as heat. The gases created in the explosion expand rapidly, increasing the pressure inside the cylinder and driving a moveable piston down the cylinder.

A crankshaft converts the up and down motion of several pistons into rotary motion that powers the wheels. But to get to the wheels, the kinetic energy must transfer through a transmission that trades engine speed for torque, or turning power, through a series of gears. Moving torque from the transmission to the wheels requires complex mechanical systems that have great variety in design.

Is this all? Not at all. There is much more to how a car works. But this is a start. Now go look at your car—ask yourself what each part does, and if you don’t know the answer look it up in the following pages.

Published by Chicago Review Press, Incorporated

814 North Franklin Street

Chicago, Illinois 60610

ISBN: 978-1-55652-812-5

Printed in the United States of America

5 4 3 2 1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Sobey, Edwin J. C., 1948–

A field guide to automotive technology / Ed Sobey.

p. cm.

Includes index.

ISBN 978-1-55652-812-5

1. Automobiles—Popular works. 2. Mechanics—Popular works. I. Title.

TL146.5.S63 2008

629.2—dc22

2008046620

electric engines

2011-03-25T17:50:00.000-07:00

Today, as electric engines are resurging amid the green revolution and fuel-cost consciousness, it’s hard to imagine how electric cars lost market share to gasoline. But internal combustion proponents worked

steadily to reduce their engines’ drawbacks.

Gasoline engines operate in a relatively narrow range of rotational speeds. While this is not a problem for a lawn mower that chomps away at a steady rate, it is a big problem in powering a car from zero to 60 miles per hour. The invention of the transmission (and much later the automatic transmission) made gasoline and diesel engines competitive.

Starting a gasoline engine was a difficult and dangerous job until Charles Kettering’s invention of the automatic starter removed that

liability. Kettering also invented the electric ignition system, leaded gasoline (now outlawed due to concerns of lead in the environment), four-wheel brakes, and safety glass.

While gasoline-powered cars became easier to operate, steam remained complex. Although a well-run steam car could keep up with both electric and gasoline cars, steam became increasingly more impractical by comparison.

Initially, engine-powered vehicles were toys for the wealthy. Electric and steam-powered cars never broke out of that mold. Electrics were especially expensive to purchase, although they were cheaper to operate

than gasoline—the same as today. The companies that made steam and electric cars focused on serving the limited customer base of the rich. Utility took a backseat to class appeal.

When Henry Ford’s grand experiment with mass production took shape, the cost of gasoline cars plummeted. He succeeded in his goal to make cars affordable for the working class. Now people could use cars as practical transportation and not just for weekend picnics. By 1917 the race for dominance had been won by gasoline proponents. Although there were some 50,000 electric-powered cars in the United States that year, there were 70 times more gasoline-powered cars.

Ford succeeded because his engineers were successful in solving the problem of production. The 1908 Model T was so successful that Ford had trouble keeping up with demand in his traditional assembly

plants. The Model T ran well on the unpaved roads of America and it ran with little need for expert maintenance—which is good, because little was available. Since Ford was selling every car they could manufacture, they focused on increasing production. It took Ford six years to develop the moving assembly line, which was launched in 1914.

The combination of technological innovations and the economic rise of the middle class ushered in the age of the internal combustion machine. Steam and electric vehicles were soon forgotten. Trucks followed cars by a few years. The Winton Motor Carriage Company made the first in 1898. Unlike cars, trucks caught on slowly.There wasn’t a ready market for them. Horse-drawn wagons were far less costly and were more efficient in some industries. In the home delivery of milk, for example, the horse would move down the street

independent of the driver who was walking to leave bottles on the front porches of customers. No gasoline-powered truck could operate unattended like a horse-drawn wagon. And although gasoline-powered

trucks could travel farther faster, most deliveries were local and horses worked well for those. Also, the largest businesses had the most money invested in the existing technology—horses and the tack they required—and were protective of that investment and resistant to new technology.

The need to haul more heavy goods farther coupled with the addition of the trailer lead to increased sales of trucks. But it was during World War I that trucks proved reliable. Following the war the road systems in the United States and Europe were improved, making trucks even more practical. And each new innovation in engine technology, suspension, and steering made trucks the practical choice. Today we take gasoline-powered cars and trucks for granted. Some 45 million are built worldwide every year. But is the end in sight? Will other more environmentally friendly engines take its place?

© 2009 by Ed Sobey
All rights reserved
Published by Chicago Review Press, Incorporated
814 North Franklin Street
Chicago, Illinois 60610
ISBN: 978-1-55652-812-5
Printed in the United States of America
5 4 3 2 1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Sobey, Edwin J. C., 1948–
A field guide to automotive technology / Ed Sobey.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-1-55652-812-5
1. Automobiles—Popular works. 2. Mechanics—Popular works. I. Title.
TL146.5.S63 2008
629.2—dc22
2008046620

A BRIEF HISTORY OF WHEELED VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY

2011-03-18T16:11:00.000-07:00

Why gas-guzzling cars? Why is our transportation dominated by four wheels powered by a gasoline-snorting engine? People have been using wheels for nearly 6,000 years. The invention of the wheel probably occurred many times in many places and no event of inception was recorded. At first wheels were powered by the

people who made them. Hitching animals to move carts started around 4,000 years ago.

Animals work well pulling people and cargo, but have some serious drawbacks. By the 1880s, New York City had to dispose of 15,000 dead horses that had been left in the streets each year. The city was also

engaged in the business of collecting and disposing of 20 tons of horse manure every day. Watching a car belch its exhaust may annoy us, but picture following a team of horses clopping down the street soon after

they had eaten their oats. There were serious health concerns about the piles of rotting manure left scattered throughout the city and the accompanying flies. People also complained of the din of iron horseshoes

hitting the paving; the noise was so loud that people had trouble talking to one another on the streets. Life for the horses wasn’t so great either. Life expectancy of a working horse was about four years, and many were mistreated.

The steam engine changed everything. The concept for steam power had been around since the first century—Hero’s Engine, called an aeolipile, was a working steam engine but an impractical one. In the 18th century tinkers started applying new technologies of metallurgy to containing and controlling the power of steam. James Watt made a huge contribution by building an improved steam engine with an external condenser. This innovation thrust steam power into the realm of practicable technology.

The first steam vehicle in the United States was a strange device made by inventor Oliver Evans. Evans’s contraption, named the Orukter Amphibolos, could run on land or water. It was designed as a motorized river dredge that could travel over land to get to the dredge site.

The dredge was probably never used but inspired generations of early American inventors to try steam power. Steam power for vehicles was popular well into the 20th century. In 1906 driver Fred Marriott set a land speed record of 121 mph in the Rocket, a steam-powered race car. The Rocket set a new record of 132 mph the following year before crashing. But steam wasn’t alone as a power source for vehicles. Scientific

discoveries had led to practical applications for electricity, including the electric motor. By the end of the 19th century, car companies were making both steam and electric vehicles. And a few companies were

starting to use the newly invented internal combustion engines.

At the start of the 20th century, internal combustion automobiles ran a distant third behind those powered by steam or electric engines. Electric cars especially were safer to use, provided a smoother and quieter ride, and were easier to operate. Industry experts predicted the demise of the gasoline engine as it was noisy and unreliable, and it delivered an uncomfortable ride. The only certainty in the future of vehicle engines seemed to be that people would be driving cars powered by either steam or electricity.

if untreated windshield

2011-02-24T14:26:00.000-08:00

Because of frosted glass, moldy or even been scratched, making rain water droplets that touch the surface indirectly to flow down.

Glass window of the car is sometimes a part that is often overlooked in maintenance. This is because car owners are usually more concerned about the appearance of the body, wheels, and interior cleanliness. Glass extent washed out, so it is enough looks clean.

Often left to accumulate dust windshield. In fact, if too long ignored, dust will accumulate and harden, and finally crystallized. In such circumstances, when would use the wipers, dust would be scratching the surface of the crystal outside the glass.

Continue dusty glass, when exposed to pollutants such as diesel fuel, if not immediately cleaned properly, will accelerate the glass becomes opaque. In the polluted condition of pollutant gases, cleaning with water alone does not make jendala back windshield clean and clear.

Therefore, before entering the rainy period, especially after a long dry dry, special care against the windshield needs to be done. Can be done independently or handed over to the car salon services that are now not set a high price for that purpose.

Activity is important, because it frosted glass, moldy or even been scratched, making rain water droplets that touch the surface indirectly to flow down. Because the dirt has formed a layer of soft and porous and has fused with the glass in question. Therefore, although the glass had been swept or wiped dry wipers though, not going to make it really clean and clear.

As a result of these circumstances can be very dangerous. This occurs when an experience blurry or scratches are the windshield of a car. If that's the case then when it came to the front headlights, the light will glow and glare that could not be sighted eye

observing the road ahead.

Faced with this, do not be too worried. Now there are ways to maintain and clean the glass with independent, among others, using special chemicals that a lot of trading and not a few car salon specializing services for the benefit of windshield care.

''But they need to be careful. Because there are a number of specificity for automobile glass. Glass Japanese cars will be another with Europe or America,''said Hans, salon operators one special car glass treatment on Jl Radio Dalam, South Jakarta.

He said there are types of glass cars that should not be cleaned in the normal way. Even for cars made in Europe and the United States he suggested cleaning using cleaning fluids that contain no chemicals. And, how its use can directly diusapkan on the glass or at least mixed with fresh water before use.

Quality of work salon car, became the first part that must be considered when trying to do maintenance glass. That's if you want practical without having to select and search for specific compounds to clean the car in question independently.

If you want to perform maintenance on their own glass, according to Hans windshield should be cleaned with water and wipe until completely free from dust. Then rinse the glass with soap or shampoo car.

After that start mongosok by rotating and not static in one direction by using a special liquid glass cleaner.

Try not to clean the glass under the hot sun. Similarly, when washing the glass with the shampoo on routine maintenance activities. Because the car shampoo or soap contains additives, then this compound would be rapidly absorbed into the glass so tersinari sun. Finally, the spots will quickly emerge.

Especially for crystal glass damaged by dust or scratches exposed rubber wiper, most salons have special equipment that is able to polish the glass to return nodes. There are two types of polishing tools.

When required to clean the glass of regular or limited because of scratches due to piles of dust crust layers can be used a tool made of similar material asbestos. As for scratches rather in a kind used pengosok gurinda glass.

At the salon car, consider these tools work. For polishing, as well as trimming a layer of glass to remove scratches can not be done in one place. When this happens the surface of the glass would appear distorted or wavy. Wavy glass that would be very harmful to the eye nerve

14 Item "Tune-Up" Car

2011-02-19T17:16:00.000-08:00

TUNE-UP is a routine maintenance or servicing work carried out periodically light or when the car suffered minor disturbances. Tune-ups are usually done after the vehicle reaches the mileage from 10,000 to 15,000 km. Intention to restore engine power as before.

Inspection, cleaning, replacement, and adjustment of components or parts of the machine becomes part of tune-ups with various procedures to be taken from the platinum ignition system which consists of several items, which can be grouped into 14 items of work.

First, check / replace the water cooler and radiator cap. Check the cooling water in the reservoir tank and radiator add water if less, but if the water is very turbid or dirty water should be drained and replaced.

Check the radiator cap, or rubber check valve on the radiator cap and spring force / work. When the rubber was hard and cracked and the spring is too hard or too weak, replace the radiator cap

2. Check / replace / adjust the fan belt. Check the fan belt of the possibility of wear and crack. This can cause the fan belt broke and the engine heat or increased temperature. Check the violence but the fan. If too loose or too tight should be set back. Violence rope fan = when pressed with a strong (10 kg) 7-11 mm curvature of the fan belt.

3.Periksa engine oil with how to pull his stick. When the oil is black and thin, the oil must be replaced. Oil change done every 3,000 km or a particular type of oil reaches 5,000 km, but if oil is often lacking or exhausted must be carried out repairs on sistiom lubrication oil.

4. Check / clean / replace fuel filter and air filter. Check the fuel filter. If dirty fuel filter can cause the supply of gasoline was too late to halting the machine. Clean the fuel filter with a lean air exhaled from the outside (out) to the entrance (in).

Check the air filter. When dirty air filter can block air flow into the carburetor, so the spin machine unstable. Clean the air filter by blowing pressurized air from the inside out. If it is too dirty and damaged, the filter should be replaced.

5. Checking the battery (batteries). Check the terminals and clamps fastening. When dirty and loose, causing the current supply is less, must be cleaned by sanding and hardened fastening clamps.

Accu Check the amount of water. Add water batteries (batteries not sur) if less. Check the water density batteries by using a hydrometer, suck water into the batteries until the hydrometer and read the measurement results. Water density batteries are good = 1.26 to 1.28. If less than the current provisions cause stater less powerful, the battery should be electrocuted (charger).

6. Check / replace spark plug wires. The size of spark plug wires by using AVO meters. Prisoners were measured at the spark plug wire ends. Terms of prisoners = 25 kilo ohm / meter. When the spark plug wires are hard or cracked and the prisoner was not in accordance with cause leakage currents and the pull of the machine less, spark plug wires should be replaced.

7. Checking / cleaning the distributor cap and rotor distributor. Check the terminals on the distributor cap and rotor distributor. If dirty can cause current flow or voltage is the maximum so that the machine gerejet or unstable, should be cleaned with sandpaper (fine sandpaper).

8. Check / clean / replace / adjust spark plugs. Check the spark plug of the possibility of dirty, spark plug gap is too distant or too narrow and the half-dead condition of spark plugs can cause a small spark of fire and combustion engines are not perfect so difficult to live or live, but not normal.

A half-dead spark plugs should be replaced, while dirty spark plugs cleaned by sanding using fine sandpaper and set the spark plug gap, spark plug gap is measured using a feeler gauge. A good spark plug gap = 0.70 mm - 0.80 mm. A good spark plug sparking a large fire bluish and perpendicular direction, otherwise a bad spark plugs fire small, red, and stepping toward the fire in different directions.

9. Check / clean / replace / adjust platinum. Check platinum, if dirty, thin (out), broken (bumps), and the gap is too big or too small. When this happens, will cause the current flow and voltage ignition is not good / no maximum so as to produce a small spark plugs. As a result,

the engine life if life is difficult but not normal.
For that, check if still thick platinum. Platinum with fine emery sandpaper until clean and flat, then set the gap platinum, 0.45 mm, measured with a feeler gauge. When the platinum thin or replace exhausted all at once with kondensornya then do penyetelah = 0.45 mm platinum crack, crack platinum was measured with feeler auge.
10. Checking centrifugal and vacuum advancer advancer. Check centrifugal advancer by moving the distributor rotor to the left. When the spring and again, meaning good centrifugal advancer. However, if no means a bad move. Make repairs by doing overhoul distributors.
Check the vacuum advancer by means of vacuum hose to suck the advancer. When the plunger moves advancder, meaning good and if they do not mean bad move, should it be replaced vacuum advancer. Damage to the gas pull advancer is not slow and jerk pull less, will also produce the sound of explosions in the exhaust gas when the pedal is released after gassed.
11. Check / adjust the valve gap. Check the valve gap of possibilities is too tenuous / narrow, slit valve when the engine is too tenuous kuragn heat and power. Conversely, if too narrow fuel (gasoline), wasteful and out black smoke. Therefore, if the gap is incorrect valve must be set again, by:
a. Topkan number one cylinder on the compression position, check the valve gap on the valves are free. If the gap is not in accordance with the provisions must be set. b. Rotate pulley 360 degrees, then slit valve that is free (which had not yet checked). When the slit valve is not in accordance with the provisions, must be set.
Note: Each type / brand vehicles have provisions slit valve size alone, can be seen in the user guide for car maintenance. Toyota Kijang example, enter = 0.20 mm valve, relief valve = 0.30 mm. Daihatsu, intake valve and exhaust valve at = 0.20 mm.
12. Checking compression pressure. Check the compression pressure using a compression tester gauge. Attach the instruments on the spark plug hole and press firmly, open the handle or the accelerator pedal fully, and do penyetateran to get 4-5 times the compression and needle gauge does not move anymore.
Read the measurement results and match with the requirements or standards. Perform measurements on all cylinders (standard compression pressure for the vehicle secondary = 12 kg/cm2). If the measurement is not appropriate or standard measurement result of compression between the cylinders to each other is not the same, with differences of more than 1-2 kg / cm 2, the machine is not possible in-tune-up because the engine will vibrate / limp and machinery must be dismantled ( overhoul).
13. Check / set the precision when the ignition. Checking the accuracy when the ignition is done after all the components installed in good condition. Before the moment of ignition was measured by first positioned as follows, position accuracy of the signs when the ignition (on the pulley or fly wheel).
Put the coil wire leading to the distributor to the period of approximately 1 cm. On the ignition distributor and slide to the right or left to get a spark, and then harden the distributor. Next turn the machine on and attach the timing light measuring instruments.
Check accuracy by shifting ignition distributor slowly until the timing mark pas. If the timing is too fast / advanced, heavy distaternya machine can cause detonation. Conversely, if too slowly when distater long life and jerk / acceleration is not good, also the engine power is weak. Therefore, when the ignition should be appropriate provisions. Standard ignition time between 5-10 degrees before TDC.
14. Checking / setting idle rounds (langsam). Couple tachometer on a machine that already live and read the results of its size, adjust / set the idle screw to adjust the mixture djusting gasoline with air until the lap top, and set / set screw the gas regulator valve / valve throtle to get round a fine / good.
The number of rotation is adjusted by default, to 4-cylinder engine, 700 to 750 rpm, air-conditioning turned off, and 1,000 rpm, when the AC is turned on. Or adjusted with a manual lap.

(bid / multiple sources)

Changing Hands with gear Brake Function

2011-02-06T14:23:00.000-08:00

Including the hand brake that is often overlooked. But, when I have to park the car on ramp or a derivative, just remembered how important this one stopper device.

Hand brake function could be replaced with tooth gears. However, you should really consider in the gears. When in the incline, the gears that enabled the reverse gear. However, when in derivatives, the most appropriate use 1st gear.

When you use reverse gear when the car was in a derivative, then this can cause tooth timing belt slack. If the chance after the timing belt of your car a little loose, it can also tooth timing belt was jumping and the car can not be turned on again. In addition, if the car had rolled a few inches, there might exist some dirt from the exhaust into the engine. Of course this is fatal. The same result can occur if a tooth one you use to prop up the car on the uphill position.
Therefore, careful heart. To guard against these risks, it is better you still get jammed the wheels of the car as safe as possible when functioning as a substitute for hand brake gear.

About Transmission

2011-01-28T07:34:00.000-08:00

The most powerful engine would not have to drive a vehicle without assistance transmission system. Engine provides power to drive the vehicle, but the transmission was the one who then drives the wheels to be able to move.

There are three transmission system that we know and are often used by people of Indonesia, namely manual, automatic, and 4-wheel drive. However, all these have the same concept is to move the vehicle.

Transmission system is also moving to change the vehicle speed according to engine speed, thus allowing the engine to get the momentum moving the vehicle.

The type of transmission system, its basic components are always the same, consisting of a series of gears that form the basic physical structure of a transmission system. Each tooth function in a vehicle moving at a specified speed. Transmission system is connected to the gear box or a cable system with a combination of stalk consisting of several rods. If one of these components are worn or damaged, the driver will find it hard to move the teeth. Besides that, the clutch plates should also be in good condition, otherwise the driver will also experience similar difficulties

When iron collided with the iron, of course, will happen will cause friction and heat.

It lists different types of reasons why the transmission component requires a lubricant to reduce friction and heat. because, the lubricant in the gear box must always be sufficient. Unlike engine oil, transmission oil is not contaminated with the fast. But long service will eliminate the effectiveness of the lubricant. Reduced transmission lubricant will result in heat and accelerate the wear and damage to transmission components. As a guideline, transmission lubricant must be replaced at least 6 months or every 40,000 km.

For most car owners, the problem with the replacement tooth or unusual noise on the machine will encourage them to visit the garage to repair vehicles. Unfortunately not all mechanics are honest notify vehicle owners that they are adequately addressed the problem by just replacing the transmission lubricant. Some of them say that there is a problem with the gear box.

As a result, vehicle owners must pay a replacement gear box is expensive and unnecessary driving you nevertheless contribute to the age of transmission. Currently doing shift the transmission, make sure you push clutch fully to release the transmission from the engine. Also, keep your foot from the clutch while moving because it will reduce unnecessary wear on the clutch plate and damage. [ERF / Auto]

8 ways to save operational cost car

2011-01-26T14:38:00.000-08:00

The car is no longer a matter of prestige. For some people, cars are an important means of transportation are included in the daily necessities. Just like the others in the group, transportation needs must be made seirit and as effective as possible so as not to disturb the stability of the financial balance of households.

This condition is especially felt in major cities. In Jakarta, nearly 40% of expenditure in this post. More than 50% of trips are commuting to work. About 20% to commute to school.

Savings can be started when buying a car. Choosing a used car can save several million dollars compared to new cars of the same model (of course that is still feasible and viable. See tricks to choose a used car in tip mobilku.com before). Similarly, the tax must be paid, is also more efficient.

Configuration inline four-cylinder engine is more efficient than the V6 or V8 peformanya much better. (Anyways, why look for a car that could drag in Jakarta when the average cruising speed of only 8 km / h, much smaller than the international average, 12 km / h). The car is lighter, smaller is also more friendly about gasoline.

Even if it's been a car, you can still make savings with the simple steps that match common sense.

+ Do not heat the engine for too long

Machine heats the habit is good, but not for too long. Because gasoline is burned it does not take you anywhere. Moreover, faster car "hot" when driving. Moreover, the car technology is now no heating takes many minutes. So why waste gasoline by 'ritual' heating linger?

+ Treat Gently car

Run a car with a soft and smooth. Bring the car to the ideal speed / cruising fast but do not be rude. Try to stable at that speed. This will save gasoline. Avoid the habit of speeding and brake repeatedly. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, USA, the most economical speed range from 40 km / h to 100 km / hour. Running a car with a soft, not only saves fuel but also extend the life of the engine, transmission and brakes.

+ Be careful with the roof rack

It may not have thought that putting the goods in the roof rack will cause the gasoline becoming more extravagant. In fact the disruption of air flow due to the placement of goods that cause the engine must work harder and this means more gasoline. When equipped with air conditioning, make it a habit to close all the windows, because open windows would disrupt the airflow and create new barriers.

+ Use the manufacturer's recommendation fuel

If your car is designed to use premium, yes buy premium. Buying gasoline is more expensive does not give a significant advantage. However, be careful with leaded premium is still only sold Pertamina. Gasoline tends to produce deposits in the engine's crust in the long term.

+ Maintain regular

Car care habits including regular oil change will ultimately reduce operating costs, because the car operating in peak condition and are rarely damaged. Machines that are not in tune up gasoline absorb 10-20 percent more than the diligent care. Modern machines are computer controlled do not require tune ups as often as the old machine, but still should be treated. Make sure the car is maintained according to schedule in the manual. Act swiftly when they hear or feel the sound, vibration and smell different, will help reduce the risk of dry bags.

+ It does not have formal workshop

Authorized dealer of course equipped with modern equipment and experienced production car repair. But the official workshop is usually more expensive than ordinary workshop. So it's good looking for regular workshops with experienced and professional mechanic to perform routine maintenance of your car. While in certain cases classified as difficult and rare, better take advantage of the formal workshop. Get used to keeping track of car maintenance every time the car into the garage. Note this will be very useful later when the car will be sold again.

+ Check your tires

Often the rider fails to check the tires. And tires that are less wind pressure requires more energy to menggulirkannya, in addition to faster wear. Check the tire at least once a month in cold conditions. The recommended pressure is usually listed in the manual or on the inside of the car. This habit will prolong the life of the tires that are now expensive.

+ Seat belt not decoration

Take advantage of a seat belt, because the device has proven to provide optimum protection in the event of collision. Risk of injury can be reduced, so the cost of hospital care.

(bid / multiple sources)

Washing your own car with easy & effective

2011-01-22T14:30:00.000-08:00

Cleaning the car regularly will keep the car from the 'decay' before his time. It is comfortable utilizing the services of Automated car washes. However, if one choose, we risk stripping the wax and scratch the finish layer of paint. Risks can be minimized if the activity is done alone at home.

Finish is a combination of paint and coating materials transparent plate covering the car body. In the new car paint finish consists of layers stacked by the clear glossy coating. Above are usually coated with wax protective finish (protective wax). Finish should be kept intact because it is the main patron of the car body damage. Once the finish layer is damaged or torn, the body will be easy corrosion.

Always use a clean cotton cloth and soft. It could also wear gloves made specifically for washing cars. Using cloth carelessly when washing or drying the car will scratch the surface. Car park shady place, preferably where ramps for wash water to flow faster and faster car dry.

start by washing Velg:

The liquid cleaners work better on a dry surface. Spray cleaning fluid such as usage guidelines. When the dirt is still stick use a soft brush, do not scrub too hard. When using Velg alloy, make sure the cleaning fluid does not damage the protective layer.

Washing the body:

Flush the entire body of the car from top to bottom. Better when using a pistol-shaped water spray that can be arranged power. By adjusting the power level bursts, dry dirt can be removed. Do not be too tight because it will push dirt into the finish layer. Do not forget the pit and Velg sidelines. If there's dirt left over use pre-cleaning solution. Pour the liquid on the rag and rubbing in the dirt. Stubborn dirt can be scrubbed a little harder. Be careful, if scratched too hard at risk. Use special detergent to the car to the finish unprotected. Using dishwashing detergent will peel wax layer.

Pour the detergent into the cleaning bucket containing cold water (hot water will melt the wax layer). Follow the instructions usage and comparison of detergent and water. Do not over, because it will remove more wax. The experience of many people, mixing 75% of the recommended detergent actually produce cleaner cars shiny. Try to find the most appropriate composition of your own

translate fr:
Membersihkan mobil secara teratur akan menjaga mobil dari ‘pembusukan’ sebelum waktunya. Memang nyaman memanfaatkan jasa Automated car washes. Namun kalau salah memilih, akan beresiko melucuti lapisan wax dan menggores finish cat. Resiko itu dapat diminimalkan bila kegiatan itu dilakukan sendiri di rumah.

Finish adalah kombinasi cat dan bahan pelapis tembus pandang yang menutupi plat body mobil. Pada mobil baru finish terdiri dari lapisan cat yang ditumpuk oleh lapisan jernih mengkilap. Diatas finish biasanya dilapisi wax pelindung (protective wax). Finish harus dipertahankan utuh karena merupakan adalah pelindung utama body mobil dari kerusakan. Sekali saja lapisan finish rusak atau terkelupas, body akan mudah korosi.

Gunakan selalu lap katun yang bersih dan lembut. Bisa juga memakai sarung tangan yang dibuat khusus untuk mencuci mobil. Menggunakan lap sembarangan ketika mencuci atau mengeringkan mobil akan menggores permukaan. Parkirkan mobil ditempat teduh, lebih baik kalau tempatnya landai agar air cuci lebih cepat mengalir dan mobil cepat kering.

Mulailkan dengan mencuci peleg (Velg):

Cairan pembersih bekerja lebih baik pada permukaan yang kering. Semprotkan cairan pembersih seperti petunjuk pemakaian. Bila kotoran masih menepel gunakan sikat lembut, jangan menggosok terlalu keras. Bila memakai peleg alloy, pastikan cairan pembersih tidak merusak lapisan pelindungnya.

Mencuci body:

Siram seluruh body mobil dari atas ke bawah. Lebih baik bila menggunakan penyemprot air berbentuk pistol yang bisa diatur daya semprotnya. Dengan mengatur tingkat kekuatan semburan, kotoran-kotoran kering dapat dihilangkan. Jangan terlalu kencang karena justru akan mendorong kotoran masuk ke dalam lapisan finish. Jangan lupa bagian kolong dan sela-sela peleg. Kalau masih ada kotoran yang tersisa gunakan pre-cleaning solution. Tuangkan cairan pada lap dan gosokan pada kotoran yang menempel. Kotoran yang membandel bisa digosok agak keras. Hati-hati, bila terlalu keras berresiko tergores. Gunakan detergen khusus untuk mobil agar finish terlindungi. Menggunakan deterjen pencuci piring akan menguliti lapisan wax.

Tuangkan detergen pembersih kedalam ember yang berisi air dingin (air panas akan melumerkan lapisan wax). Ikuti petunjuk pemakaian dan perbandingan detergen dan air. Jangan lebih, karena akan menghilangkan lebih banyak wax. Pengalaman banyak orang, mencampurkan 75% detergen dari yang direkomendasikan justru menghasilkan mobil yang lebih bersih mengkilap. Cobalah menemukan komposisi yang paling tepat menurut anda. (Ydi/Oto)

Injection System ( Merawat Sistem Injeksi )

2011-01-21T17:55:00.000-08:00

MANY ways used by motorists, so as not easy to strike at the time of use. Especially if the car will be used to pernjalanan far. Car strikes are usually caused by several factors, including injection system that works is not normal because one of its components breaks interference.

Therefore, regular maintenance on injection system, should be done every 5,000 km. The treatment course will determine the performance of the car itself. Following this, several components that must receive special treatment on a regular basis, namely:

First, the injector nozzle. A small nozzle hole size can be clogged dirt / crust. When that happens, gasoline sprays may be stunted and debitnya be reduced. That will result in engine speed becomes distracted and pull to be slow.

Second, the air filter. This filter function is to filter out dirt and dust from the air, thereby allowing more air into the combustion chamber. Inhibition of the air, will cause incomplete combustion and wasted fuel. Because of its function as a filter, air filter of course has to be clean of dirt.

Third, fuel filter. This component contained in the engine room and made of metal / plastic. Fuel filter is dirty, should be cleaned with the help of high pressure wind. If conditions are too dirty, you should replace with new. If allowed, could lead to damage which eventually spread to a gas station, marked by the emergence of a pitched noise is not stable.

Fourth, adjustment CO..

Perform system reset on gasoline supply, air and ignition. Use a gauge to determine CO in the engine combustion process, whether it is efficient or not. Ideally, the value of CO should be under one percent.
Fifth, the throttle body. This component is very susceptible to dirt. Consequently, the attraction becomes less responsive. If the dirt had accumulated on a section called the throttle position sensor, it will cause the engine turns into "limp" in a stationary state. Cleaning throttle body related to the cleanliness of the air filter, because the source of these impurities from the air is sucked into the engine.

translate fr:
BANYAK cara yang dilakukan pengendara mobil, agar tidak mudah mogok pada saat dipakai. Terutama jika mobil tersebut akan digunakan untuk pernjalanan jauh. Mobil mogok biasanya disebabkan beberapa faktor, di antaranya sistem injeksi yang bekerja tidak normal karena salah satu komponennya mengalami kerusakan/gangguan.

Oleh karena itu, perawatan berkala pada sistem injeksi, sebaiknya dilakukan setiap 5.000 km. Perawatan tersebut tentu akan menentukan kinerja mobil itu sendiri. Berikut ini, beberapa komponen yang harus mendapatkan perawatan khusus secara rutin, yaitu:

Pertama, nosel injektor. Lubang nosel yang kecil ukurannya ini dapat tersumbat kotoran/kerak. Bila itu terjadi, semprotan bensin bisa terhambat dan debitnya menjadi berkurang. Itu akan berakibat pada putaran mesin menjadi terganggu dan tarikannya menjadi lambat.

Kedua, saringan udara. Fungsinya filter ini untuk menyaring kotoran dan debu dari udara, sehingga memberi kesempatan udara masuk lebih banyak ke ruang bakar. Terhambatnya udara, akan menyebabkan pembakaran tidak sempurna dan memboroskan bahan bakar. Karena fungsinya sebagai penyaring, tentu saja saringan udara ini harus bersih dari kotoran.

Ketiga, saringan bensin. Komponen ini terdapat di ruang mesin dan terbuat dari logam/plastik khusus. Saringan bensin yang kotor, sebaiknya dibersihkan dengan bantuan angin bertekanan tinggi. Jika kondisinya terlalu kotor, sebaiknya ganti dengan yang baru. Bila dibiarkan, bisa menimbulkan kerusakan yang pada akhirnya merembet ke pompa bensin, ditandai dengan timbulnya suara berisik yang bernada tidak stabil.

Keempat, penyetelan CO.

Lakukan penyetelan ulang pada sistem suplai bensin, udara, dan pengapian. Gunakan pengukur CO untuk mengetahui proses pembakaran di mesin, apakah sudah efisien atau belum. Idealnya, nilai CO harus berada di bawah satu persen.
Kelima, throttle body. Komponen ini sangat rentan terhadap kotoran. Akibatnya, tarikan menjadi kurang responsive. Jika kotoran sudah menumpuk di bagian yang disebut throttle position sensor, maka akan menyebabkan putaran mesin menjadi "pincang" dalam keadaan stationer. Kebersihan throttle body berhubungan dengan kebersihan saringan udara, karena sumber kotoran tersebut berasal dari udara yang terisap ke ruang bakar.
(tadinur/AW)***