Literature Talks

Difference between Language, Langue and Parole

2019-10-13T20:22:00.001+06:00

Difference between Language, Langue and Parole:

Langue involves systematic rules and agreements of a signifying system. Langue includes the principles of language, without which no meaningful utterance, ‘’parole’’, would be possible. Langue is the total system, for instance; French, German or English. It is the ideal language of the speaker, not the use. Saussure interpreted ‘Langue’ as something supra-individual. Parole refers to the real use of langue. It is the way a person speaks and uses a language. The term parole implies the actual, concrete act of speaking on the part of an individual. Saussure gave the name ‘parole’ to the speech-utterances we actually observe. It is the usage of the system, but not the system. Learning a language, we master the system of grammar, spelling, syntax and punctuation. Language is the whole idea of communication, langue the system or rules and parole the use.

Place of articulation of Consonants

2019-10-10T10:33:00.001+06:00

Consonants are speech sounds in which the air from the lungs is seriously obstructed by the different articulators at different places in the vocal tract, and then goes out through the oral passage and, in some cases, through the nostrils. According to their places of articulation, English consonant phonemes can be divided into nine types as discussed below.

Bilabial Consonant: To produce the bilabial consonant, the two lips function as the primary articulators. They first make contract to block the lung air and then go apart to release it. English bilabial consonants includes /p b m w /.

Labio-dental Consonant: To articulate the labio-dental Consonants, the lower lip makes contract with the upper front teeth. English labio-dental consonants are / f v /.

Inter-dental Consonant: To pronounce the inter-dental consonants, the tongue tip is slightly pushed between the lower and upper front teeth. English inter-dental consonant are / ᶿ ᶞ/.

Alveolar Consonant: To produce Alveolar Consonant, the blade, or tip and blade, of the tongue articulates with the upper alveolar ridge. English Alveolar Consonant include / t d I n s z /.

Post-alveolar Consonant: To produce post-alveolar Consonant, the lip of the tongue articulates with the back part of the upper alveolar ridge. The English language has only one post-alveolar consonant / r /.

Palato-alveolar Consonant: To produce the palato-alveolar Consonants, the blade, or tip and blade, of the tongue articulates with the alveolar ridge, and there is at the same time a rising of the front of the tongue towards the hard palate. The English language possesses four palato-alveolar Consonants / ꭍ ᴣ ʧ ʤ /.

Palatal consonant: The front of the tongue articulates with the hard palate to produce the palatal consonant. The English language has only one palatal consonant / j /.

Velar consonant: To articulate the velar consonants, the back of the tongue makes contract with the soft palate. English velar consonant encompass / k g ɧ /.

Glottal consonant: To produce the glottal consonants, there is an obstruction, or narrowing causing friction but not vibration, between the vocal folds. The English language possesses only one glottal consonant / h /.

Write a short note on Lady Wishfort

2019-10-05T23:32:00.002+06:00

Lady Wishfort

Lady Wishfort is one of the dominating characters in “The way of the world” by William congreve. Though lady wishfort is a woman of fifty, she is pure. She makes love with Mirabell like her son as a means of winnin the heart of her niece, Mrs. Millamant. The deformities of lady Wishfort’s character are drawn vividly in this play and they also provide us with a lot of comedy. Lady Wishfort is an aristrocrat. She is the mother of Mrs. Fainal who is one of the dominating character in this play but worshippers of cosmetics. Lady wishfort is extremely fashionable lady. she wants to make herself attractive. Lady Wishfort is an intriguer.she is dettermined to arrange the marriage between Mrs. Millamant and Sir Rowland.she wants to do this with a view to revenge upon Mirabell. Because she thinks Mirabell loved her and promised to marry.she was ready to do everything for her love for Mirabell. Her infatuation was so intense that she could go to bed with Mirabell. But Mrabell deceived her. so in order to take revenge , Lady Wishfort tries to arrange such marriage. But she was frustated when Mr Marwood reveals the real identity of Rowland. So sh makes another plan to give mirabell a good lession. she declares that she will arrange the marriage between Wilfull Witchwood and Mrs millamant.

To sum up we can say that Lady Wishfort is an interesting character in the play.

Note On The Way of the World

2019-10-05T23:19:00.000+06:00

The Way of the World

William Congreve is one of the greatest playwrights of restoration period. The way of the world is a world famous comedy of manners. It deals with the theme of love and marriage. In this play, we find love affair. We meet true love making and false love making. Unhappiness in marriage and desire for divorce for the sake of money and property are also obvious.

We find that wait well is married to Foible, Mr. Fainal and Mrs. Fainal is leading a conjugal life. Mr.Mirabell is going to marry Mrs. Millamant. Actually, money and property are based on love and marriage. But love and marriage are based on property.

The love affair between the hero and heroine is the central figure in the play. Mr. Mirabell loves Mrs. Millamant with all her fault. He says that All the fault of Mrs. Millamant have become familiar to him. Yet he loves her. On the contrary, Mrs. Millamant knows that her husband, Mr. Mirabell is not perfect.

There is a good relation between them. From the very beginning, Mr. Mirabell loves Mrs. Millamant and tries to come close to Mrs. Millamant. As a result their love develops in marriage.

The love affair between Mr.Mirabell and Mrs. Millamant is one sided. Mrs. Marwood loves Mr.Mirabell and tries to win her love. But Mr. Mirabell does not response. So she becomes his enemy.

Mr. Fainal and Mrs. Fainal are husband and wife. Their marriage is very interesting. In ‘the way of the world’, we see that Mrs. Fainal is the daughter of lady Wishfort. She is at first married to languish. Unfortunately her husband dies. After the death of her husband, she becomes Mistress of Mr. Mirabell. So she becomes pregnant by him. Mr. Mirabell contrives her marriage with Mr.Fainal with her money. By tempting with money, Mr. Fainal agrees to marry her. Mrs. Fainal also agrees to marry him so that her child can get its father name. Mr. Mirabell also tempts Mr.Fainal that after the death of lady Wishfort, he will inherit the money and property of lady Wishfort. Mr. Fainal becomes greedy after wealth. He demands the wealth of his wife and threatens if lady Wishfort does not pay, he will divorce his wife.

In the play, we find that Mr. Mirabell and Mrs. Millamant are engaged in love Makin. We see that the lady Wishfort is an aristocratic lady of fifty five. She is humiliated and left by her lover, Mr. Mirabell. So she wants to take revenge upon him and arrange the marry between Sir Rowland and Mrs. Millamant. When it is known to her the real identity of Sir Rowland, he arranges the marriage between Sir willful Witwound and Millamant.

To sum up, we can say that Congreve has expressed his philosophy about love and marriage.

Write a short note on The Rape of the Lock

2019-10-05T23:10:00.000+06:00

The Rape of the Lock

Belinda is presented by Pope in "The Rape of the Lock" as a bundle of contradictions. This makes her not just a more interesting character, but also a reflection of the society in which she lives. First and foremost, Belinda is a ravishingly beautiful young lady, her beauty a source of wonderment and admiration to men and women alike. Her very name comes from the Latin for "lovely to behold." Pope often describes Belinda in gushing superlatives such as "the brightest fair" and "the fairest of mortals."

Belinda is acutely aware of her extraordinary beauty and the equally extraordinary effect it has on people. She is the center of attention wherever she goes, most notably during her pleasure ride down the Thames, her bright smile and eyes shining like the sun:

Bright as the sun, her eyes the gazers strike,
And, like the sun, she shines on all alike.

Not surprisingly, with all this natural beauty and the attention it brings, Belinda is a rather vain, superficial young lady. She worships at the feet of beauty, and, as she's the very embodiment of the beauty, she worships herself as intently as everyone else does. Though self-assured, Belinda's value system seems more than a tad confused. She ostentatiously keeps a copy of the Bible on her dressing table along with all her powders, creams, and hairbrushes. It's as if Belinda treats the Word of God as just another fashion accessory, a means of showing off to people how devout she is. But placing a Bible next to a pile of love letters indicates just how shallow this attachment to religion really is.

Belinda's childishness, vanity, and superficiality come out even more strongly when the Baron relieves her of one of her pretty locks. Belinda lives by the code of beauty; her whole life is utterly devoted to it. Without her lovely lock of hair she feels no longer beautiful. It is then, however, that Belinda undergoes a stark transformation. In her implacable wrath and thirst for vengeance, she's no longer innocent; no longer a goddess walking upon the earth, but a real human being: fallen, vulnerable, and subject to the vicissitudes of everyday life.

Coleridge’s objections to Wordsworth’s theories

2019-10-05T22:54:00.000+06:00

Wordsworth and Coleridge are the two great friends who pioneered the birth of English romantic poetry at a time when the neo-classical poetry was reigning supreme in the literary firmament in England. Their friendship led them to the collaboration in writing poetry, really new , and finally they brought out a book of poetry , called Lyrical Ballads in 1798, that shook the basis of classical poetry.

Obviously the poems written by Wordsworth were enjoyed by Coleridge but much after his return from Germany where he studied philosophy, he held different opinion from Wordsworth. His objects to Wordsworth’s poetry are mainly confined to his theory of language and poetic diction.

First of all, Wordsworth writes that he chose the low and rustic life. In the rustic condition of life, he continues, ‘’our elementary feeling coexist in a state of greater simplicity’’.

As regards the first statement, i.e. the choice of rustic characters and life, Coleridge points out first that not all the characters of Wordsworth’s best poem are drawn from the low rustic life. According to Coleridge, a man will not be benefited from a life in rural solitude unless he has natural sensibility and suitable education. Coleridge upholds Aristotle’s view that the characters in poetry must be universal and typical.

The important objection of Coleridge to Wordsworth’s poetry is his conception of poetic diction. The word diction means choice and use of words, style or manner of speaking and writing. Wordsworth suggests to write in a selection of language really used my men. But this view too, according to Coleridge, is erroneous. If the language of common men is purified, it no more remains the language of common men but the language of education men.

To conclude, Coleridge’s objections to Wordsworth’s theories carry weight but the spirit of Wordsworth consists in the use of simple language which, every man can understand. Although Coleridge’s arguments are grounded in thought, Wordsworth speaks from emotion without going, though the matter deeply.

Note on Tom Jones by Henry Fielding

2019-10-05T22:34:00.000+06:00

Tom Jones

Tom Jones is a great novel by Henry Fielding. It deals with various aspects of life and various elements of the society of England prevailing at that time. So it would be absurd to try to out the whole theme of Tom Jones into a few abstract terms. Fielding deals with a philosophy that a good man can be guilty of a bad act, but we should not condemn an individual as bad because is not perfectly good.

The main theme of the novel is the contrast between Tom Jones's good nature, flawed but eventually corrected by his love for virtuous Sophia Western, and his half-brother Blifil's hypocrisy. Secondary themes include several other examples of virtue, hypocrisy and villainy (for example, that of Mrs. Western and Ensign Northerton), sometimes tempered by repentance .

Both introductory chapters to each book and interspersed commentary introduce a long line of further themes. For instance, introductory chapters dwell extensively on bad writers and critics, quite unrelated to the plot but apologetic to the author and the novel itself; and authorial commentary on several characters shows strong opposition to Methodism, calling it fanatical and heretical, and implying an association between Methodism and hypocrites such as the younger Blifil.

According to Fielding, the best qualification for making a success of life are goodness of heart, charity rather than any formal theory of virtue, prudence, and a willingness to learn by experience. Goodness is never to be measured by man’s actions, but by his mentions.

Prudence and circumspection are necessary even to the best of men. Fielding says that your inside be never so beautiful, you must preserve a fair outside also. This must be constantly looked to, or malice and envy will take care to blacken it so, that the sagacity and goodness of an Allworthy will not be able to see through it, and to discern the beauties within.

Sidney's theory about Poetry.

2019-10-05T22:31:00.002+06:00

Sidney's Poetry

Sidney is a devoted student of Greek philosophy, especially of the two great philosophers- Plato and Aristotle. He has a profound regard for Plato and Aristotle. In defining the nature and functions of poetry, he follows Aristotle and builds up his opinion on Aristotelian concept of poetry.

Sidney does not concern himself with entire poetry. For this, he divides poetry into three kinds- divine poetry, moral or philosophical poetry and proper poetry about which the question has arisen. This third kind or proper poetry is created by man by imitating nature. The poets imitated nature as their subject to teach and to delight, so, this poetry serves man in two ways – first, it teaches man how to accept good leaving evil and secondly, it provides man how to take delight from it.

So, poets are not like the historians, the servile imitators. They are no bound to choose to reproduce what has already happened. In this connection, Sidney points out that the ending end of all learning is to teach the virtuous action. The historians cannot teach the virtuous actions properly because he has no precept to offer. The philosopher also teaches virtuous actions but his teaching is not fruitful as it is not accompanied by any example. So his teaching falls flat upon the learners.

It is not only the poet who performs his function by creating the pictures of life conveying both precept and examples. In his poem he can show what is right or what is wrong by drawing events from life by his sweet imagination. The function of teaching is admirably performed when he can draw the learners to him by his imaginary pictures.

`A pure poet has another effective way to teach and at the same times provide pleasure or delight, it is the moving power or endearing power of his art. To attract a man to learn a lesson is a great power and this power is known as the moving power. Poetry possesses this power for which it is more effective to teach a lesson to man. For this lesson, poetry is said to be the monarch of all artists.

To conclude, poetry performs its duty which is to teach and to delight man far better than any other branch of art does.

Short Note On Gulliver's Travels

2019-10-05T22:21:00.000+06:00

Gulliver's Travels

Jonathan Swift (1667) is one of the greatest satirists as well as outstanding personalities in the field of classical writings. He is a versatile genius for artistic presentation. Gulliver's Travels (1726) is the masterpiece of satire through which he reveals his wits regarding the follies and vices of the society. This study is an attempt to focus on religion, society, human nature, as well as the political condition of the contemporary England.

Gulliver’s first adventure takes place in Lilliput. Gulliver gets shipwrecked and finds himself tied down by a considerable number of little people called Lilliputians. The Lilliputians stood only six inches high. During this time Swift recognized that England was also small in stature but was dominant force and had a great influence in Europe.

In the Second voyage to the country of Brobdingnag, Gulliver found himself among the giant-looking people where he thought himself as a Lilipution in contact with some man-mountains. One of the giant-looking farmers took him to his house for entertainment. Then Gulliver was sold to the Queen and he started leading a respectful life in Royal Palace. One day Gulliver proposed him to produce the secret formula of gunpower to king. The king became more furious when Gulliver gave the King a historical account of their affairs during the last century. He became fully astonished and commented that the British Empire was nothing but only a heap of conspiracies, rebellion, murders, massacres, revolutions, banishment, faction, hypocrisy, lust, malice and ambitions.

In the third voyage to Laputa we find Gulliver describing a flying island where all the men were speculative and absentminded without having any serious cause. The king of Laputa was also the sole king of his other dominion below his flying island. We were also a great colonizer who could easily destroy his dominion below throwing stones if his subjects had been rebellious against his tyranny. Swift had simply highlighted the relationship between the then England and Ireland though the reference of Flying Island and the island below.

In the fourth voyage to the country of the Houyhnhnms Swift did his bitterest satire though his representation of human vices through the contemptible nature of the Yahoos.

Finally, we can say, that the Gulliver’s Travels is famous satirical novel that teaches us about political condition, social condition, religion, science etc and their misuse. He has described many things about the contemporary life in his book, Gulliver’s Travels. In this thesis paper, I highlighted the political condition of the contemporary society and how Swift satirizes their activities.

Dr. Johnson's preface to Shakespeare's Plays

2019-10-05T22:14:00.001+06:00

Dr. Johnson is one of the greatest critics. As a literary critic he was an exponent of classicism. He is almost always penetrating and stimulating. His 'Preface to Shakespeare' is considered as one of the noblest monuments of English neo-classical criticism. His judgment of Shakespeare marks the date in the history of criticism.

'The Preface to Shakespeare' deals with Johnson's judgment of Shakespeare as a dramatist. According to Johnson, the basic requirement of literary greatness is fidelity to facts of nature. According to him, Shakespeare is, par excellence, the poet of nature. He holds up to his readers a faithful mirror of manners and of life. His characters have a universal appeal. They act and speak like human beings. They are commonly a species.

Dr. Johnson defends Shakespeare for his mingling of the tragic and comic elements in his plays on the grounds of realism and historical background. According to him such mingling only serves to show us the world in which the loss of one man is the gain of another.

‘In Preface to Shakespeare’ Dr. Johnson defends Shakespeare for his mingling of the tragic and comic elements in his plays on the grounds of realism and historical background. According to him such mingling only serves to show us the world in which the loss of one man is the gain of another.

In his "Preface" Johnson defends Shakespeare in many matters, but he does not consider him to be a faultless dramatist. According to him, Shakespeare tries more to please his audience than to instruct them. It seems that he writes without any moral purpose.

Thus, Johnson is a great critic. His "Preface" is called as a balanced estimate. Here Johnson shows his penetrating power that probes to the very core of Shakespeare's art. His praise of Shakespeare as the dramatist of realism par excellence is wholly justified and convincing.

Short Note on Tragedy ,Criticism, According to Poetic (Chapter 1-14,24,26),Aristotle

2019-10-05T10:34:00.000+06:00

The poetics is the first important document in the history of western criticism. It deals with tragedy, comedy and the epic. But it is chiefly with tragedy, its nature, function and its constituent part. Aristotle, in poetic, defines tragedy in the following manner-

‘’Tragedy, then, is representation of an action that is worth serious attention, complete in itself, and of some amplitude, in language enriched by a variety of artist devices appropriate to the several parts of the play; presented in the form of action, not narration; by means of pity and fear bringing about the purgation of such emotions-‘’

According to Aristotle’s definition of tragedy, the requirements of a tragedy are_

1. Tragedy imitates serious action, weighty and important action.

2. Tragedy is complete in itself

3. The action for plot of a tragedy must be long enough to permit an orderly development of action to a catastrophe. It should be neither too short nor too long.

4. Tragedy employs several kinds of embellishments in different parts.

5. As a tragedy has to be presented on the stage, it must be dramatic in form, not narrative.

6. The function of tragedy is to arouse the emotions of pity and fear in the audience to bring about emotions relief.

He enumerates six formative elements of a tragedy: Plot, Character, Diction, Thought, Spectacle, and Song. As regards the character of tragedy, Aristotle lays down four essential qualities.

First, the characters must be good;

Secondly, they must be appropriate

Thirdly, they must have likeness

Fourthly, they must have consistency

According to Aristotle, the tragic hero has some frailty or error judgment, as a result of which he moves from happiness to misery, and ultimately dies, but he is neither villainous nor exceptionally virtuous.

As regards the dramatic unities, Aristotle lays down no hard and fast rule. Three principles derived from Aristotle’s Poetics. These principles were called-

-the unity of action

-the unity of time

-the unity of place

Such are the main feature of Aristotle’s theory of tragedy. Despite this Aristotle’s theory of Tragedy is the foundation on which all subsequent discussion of literary aesthetics has most securely based itself.

What is Language? Describe characteristic of Language?

2019-10-05T10:18:00.001+06:00

Language is a complex human phenomenon which cannot be explained in a single definition. According to Aristotle, language is speech that human being produce for exchanging their experience resulting in ideas and emotions. Sapir in his definition points out that language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of a system of voluntarily produced sound. Again Noam Chomsky defines language as a finite or infinite set of sentences.

Characteristic of Language:Language is Arbitrary: Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no inherent relation between the words of a language and their meanings or the ideas conveyed by them.

Language is Social: Language is a set of conventional communicative signals used by human for communication in real life situation in a community.

Language is Symbolic: Language consists of various sound symbols, and their graphological counterparts that are employed to denote some objects, occurrences or meaning.

Language is systematic: Although language is symbolic, its symbol are arranged in a particular system. Every language is a system of systems.

Language is Vocal: Language is primarily made up for vocal sound only produced by a physiological articulatory mechanism in the human body.

Language is productive and creative: Language is both creative and productive. It is creative and changes according to the needs of society.

Note on Volpone, Ben Jonson

2019-10-04T09:47:00.000+06:00

Volpone

The play Volpone is certainly a study of avarice or greed, one of the seven deadly sins. Gold or wealth or fortune is an obsession with all the principle characters of the play. Every action of the play is dominated by greed.

Volpone, the protagonist of the play is passionately in love with gold. He elevates gold above the sun and gold becomes to him the centre of the universe. He compared gold to a dump god. To him gold are the source of virtue, fame, honor and all others things.

He says,

Thou art virtue, fame

Honor, and all things else. Who can get thee?

He shall be noble, valiant, honest, and wise

The legacy hunters Voltore, Corvino, Corbaccio are greedy. To acquire Vopone’s wealth, Voltore brought a costly antique plate as a gift to please Volpone. Corbaccio agrees to disinherit his own innocent son, Bonario, to inherit Volpone’s wealth; and to be a sole heir of Volpone’s wealth Corvino was ready to prostitute his beautiful wife Celia. For gold Lady would be offers her body.

Moosca is THE PARASITE Of Volpone. But he has a keen idea in this mind to obtain the property of Volpone. He has been during the legacy hunter to please his master. But the end of the play, Mosca appears in these true colors. Now he decides to cheat his own master and set to him up as the rightful owner of the property.

Volpone-Mosca-Voltore-Corbaccio-Corvino-Celia-Bonario

In the light of the above discussion, we may conclude that most of the characters of this play are moved by the greed of gold. Celia and Bonario are the only characters who remain untouched by the infection of the prevent craze for gold. Thus the world of this play is crudely materialistic and gold centred.

Note On The Merchant of Venice

2019-10-04T09:28:00.000+06:00

It is true that in any drama of Shakespeare there are more than one theme. Drama is the representation of life and no life in the human world can build up on a single theme and hence various themes are dealt with any good drama. Since Shakespeare observes life minutely, all his drama either tragedy or comedy contains a variety of themes.In The Merchant of Venice there are themes of various types. It therefore deals with a number of themes like love , friendship , revenge, justice, mercy, romance, radical relation and the like. In this comedy friendship is one of the themes upon which Shakespeare has laid great importance.

Friendship is the relation between man or man and woman. When friendship deepens it becomes love. But generally the intimate friendship between two young men may be categorised as love. IN the society , this intimate relationship is addressed or known as love .

In connection with mercy and generosity, The Merchant of Venice also explores love and friendship between its characters. The central romantic relationship of the play is that between Bassanio and Portia. Their marriage is paralleled by several others: the elopement of Shylock's daughter, Jessica, with the Christian, Lorenzo; and the marriage of Portia's servant, Nerissa, to Bassanio's companion, Gratiano. In addition, numerous critics have suggested that the strongest friendship in the play—between Antonio and Bassanio—also approaches romantic love. In addition, the play shows how strong the amicable ties are that connect all the various Venetian characters.

Given the generosity that they motivate between characters, love and friendship might seem to offer alternatives to the ugly emotions of prejudice, greed, and revenge on display in The Merchant of Venice. However, beginning with Bassanio's borrowing money from his friend Antonio in order to woo Portia, the play also demonstrates that the apparent purity of love and friendship can be tainted by selfish economic concerns. In addition, love and friendship are also at the mercy of the law, as seen in Portia's being subject to the terms of her father's riddle of the caskets.

Short Note on Robinson Crusoe

2019-10-04T08:26:00.004+06:00

Short Note on Robinson Crusoe

Sin, punishment and repentance are one of the important themes of the novel – Robinson Crusoe. Crusoe commits sin of disobeying his father’s and mother’s advices. He punished by God through misfortunes on the desolate island. He repented for having done wrong to the providence and ultimately he gets reconciled to his affliction.

Sin; Robinson Crusoe obstinately inclined to wander the whole world on ship. His father and mother entered him not to leave them lonely and go for the sea faring life against their desire. Crusoe thought it to be first sin he committed against his parents and god.

But as the weather improved and the sea was all calm around, he forgets all his vows in a bowl of wine. So he changed his mind and was stick to decision of going to the sea again. Thus Crusoe committed the sin of pride and breaking his vows .He made his lucks by producing tobacco and sugar in Brazil. He wanted to be very rich over night and he decided again to go to sea for the business of slave and gold.

Robinson Crusoe committed sin got punishment and made repentance. He disobeyed his parents, he broke his vows again and again; he was proud of his own vanity; he was greedy of wealth. For all these sins he was severely punished by providence in several ways. Every time he fells in affliction he repented for his sin. The feeling of his guilt broke upon him like a storm and made him wring his hands. He wept like a child. He repented for his sin of disobeying his parents, for his sin of breaking vows, for sin of leaving the plantation business in Brazil .He therefore felt thankful to God and his grief then sat lighter upon heart. He felt rejoiced because he realized that he had been allowed by God to repent and then his repentance had been accepted by God.

As a result, he was duly punished by his providence. He was hearty repentant for his sin and merciful God forgave him and blessed him with all necessary things for his life. This implies that his repentance had been accepted. That happened as he resigned himself to his will and the heart of Robinson Crusoe was grateful to his Savior.

Anglo-Saxon Literature or Old English Literature

2019-10-03T11:59:00.000+06:00

Old English Literature

Anglo-Saxon Literature or Old English Literature encompasses literature written in Old English in Anglo-Saxon England from the 5th century to the Norman Conquest of 1066.

Old English heroic poetry was handed down orally from generation to generation.As Christianity began to appear, re-tellers often recast the tales of Christianity into the older heroic stories.Old English Poetry falls broadly into two styles of fields of reference,the heroic Germanic and the Christia. Most of English poetry are anonymou, and only four names are known with any certainty: Caedmon,Bede,Alfred the Great,and Cynewulf.

Write a short note on Macbeth

2019-10-02T22:02:00.001+06:00

A tragic hero must be good but he is not perfect. A tragic hero should have some tragic flaw in his character as a result of which he moves from happiness to misery and ultimately dies. In poetic Aristotle says that this is the sort of man who is not conspicuous for virtue and justice, and whose fall into misery is not due to vice and depravity , but rather to some error, a man who enjoys prosperity and a high reputation, like Oedipus and Thystes and other famous members of families like theirs.

Macbeth is a Shakespearean tragedy. It involves the inevitable fate of someone, Macbeth, who challenges the natural order of things.Macbeth defeats the enemies of King Duncan when all seems lost. He is greeted by the witches after the battle and declared Thane of Glamis, Thane of Cawdor and the future king of Scotland.

Macbeth reacts in a way which surprises his companion Banquo. This is because it reflects his own secret ambitions, namely to become king.Duncan stays overnight at Macbeth's castle. Encouraged by his wife Lady Macbeth who is also ambitious for power. Macbeth murders Duncan and lays the blame on Duncan's guards who he kills.\

So begins an inevitable downward spiral for both into increasing violence, isolation, madness and death.Macbeth murders anyone who he sees as a potential rival including Macduff's wife and children. He also has Banquo murdered but his son Fleance escapes. This confirms the prophecy of the witches that Banquo's line would produce future kings.

Macbeth is eventually isolated as all desert him. His wife, now insane, dies. Macbeth confronts the opposing army safe in the knowledge that, as the witches predicted, no man born of woman can kill him. When he fights Macduff, the latter tells Macbeth that he was born by what we would know call Caeserean.

King Duncan-Macbeth-Lady Macbeth- Banguo- Malcolm- Donalbain- Tree witches

Macbeth knows his fate is sealed and is slain by Macduff. Duncan's son Malcolm becomes king and the normal balance of society is restored. The suffering the tragic hero arouses pity and fear. But the fall of Macbeth arouses less sympathy then that of other tragic heroes such as Hamlet, King Lear and Othello, because of his unscrupulous ambition. Macbeth is different from other tragic heroes. He forfeits our sympathy after the middle of the play. He begins as a hero but ends as a villain. From a brave solider and noble person, Macbeth reaches a state when he is a soulless person and finally slaughtered like a beast. But when he meets his doom, we feel that poetic justice has been done.

A short note on Doctor Faustus by Christopher Marlowe_Elizabethan and Jacobean Drama

2019-10-01T23:45:00.002+06:00

DOCTOR FAUSTUS_BY C.MARLOWE

Christopher Marlowe is the ‘Morning star’ of English drama. Before him there was no genuine tragedy in English language. In fact, before Marlowe there was no hero in conventional sense. Marlowe creates real tragic hero almost all the heroes of this great tragedies are of humble parentage, but they are endowed with great heroic qualities. His tragedies are, in fact, the tragedy of one man- the rise, fall and death of the tragic hero.

According to Aristotle, tragic hero should have some tragic flaw in his character as a result of which he moves from happiness to misery and ultimately dies

As the play advances, we are able to trace the various stages of Faustus’ damnation for his ambition. Marlowe’s tragic heroes are the embodiment of Renaissance sprits and Faustus’s Renaissance sprits in the first step to move forwards in the path of damnation. His craving for unlimited knowledge, lust for power and pelf leads him to the path of damnation, as he decides to practice necromancy.

Next when Faustus succeeds in raising Mephistophilis, one of the attendants spirits of Lucifer. But Mephistophilis tells Faustus to surrender his soul to Lucifer to gain superhuman power. So Faustus denounces and blasphemes the trinity and decides to surrender his soul to the devil.

In the next stage of doctor Faustus’s career comes in his union with apparition of Helen. At that time Faustus becomes an abject pray to his carnal desire. Faustus kisses the spirit and appeals to make him immortal. But the spirit nothing nut Devil. Thus Faustus lost his last redemption. Then the Devils appear and carry away his soul to eternal damnation.

To conclude, Faustus not for a character, a man but for Man, but for Every man. His grims tragedy is not a personal tragedy, but tragedy that overtakes all those who dare “practice more than heavenly power permits. “Then the terrible end of Faustus makes him tragic hero who deserves our sympathy.

To a Skylark by P.B Shelley

2018-11-26T09:07:00.001+06:00

To a Skylark by Shelley

To a skylark is finiest kind of lyric poem and also famous poem by P.B. Shelley.The poem discuss Shelley's longing for an ideal world of happiness.Being dissatisfied with the corruption framework of the society, Shelly print a new pattern of life and society. Throughout the poem he make Skylark bright.Shelley etherealises the skylark into a spirit_ a song of joyous.Shelley has glorified the song of Skylark by describing that it is more melodious than any other earthly song.It better even the song of Hymn,the god of marriag. Thus To a Skylark shows a striking contrast between the poet's idealism and the world's realism.