The Loom

In The Beginning Was the Mudskipper?

Carl Zimmer — Wed, 23 May 2012 17:00:05 +0000

In 1893, the Norwegian zoologist Fridtjof Nansen set off to find the North Pole. He would not use pack dogs to cross the Arctic Ice. Instead, he locked his fate into the ice itself. He sailed his ship The Fram directly into the congealing autumn Arctic, until it became locked in the frozen sea. Nansen was convinced that the ice itself would drift up to the pole, taking him and his crew along for the ride.

For two and a half years they drifted with the pack. It gradually became clear to Nansen that The Fram had stopped moving north and was now traveling east instead, back towards Europe. He leaped out of the ship and tried to sled up to the pole, only to discover that the ice he was now traveling on was moving south. Only four degrees away from true north, he decided to retreat. He bolted back for Franz Josef Land.

The Fram meanwhile continued to drift east. After several months, it broke free of the ice, and the crew sailed the ship south to the island of Spitzbergen. There on the bare flats they saw a giant ...

A Flu Shot For Life

Carl Zimmer — Sat, 19 May 2012 14:58:05 +0000

Why do flu shots only protect us for a single season? Why can’t influenza vaccines be like polio vaccines: get them in childhood and be done with them? Wouldn’t that be the best way to prepare ourselves for the next pandemic?

These are among the questions that will be addressed at next month’s World Science Festival. To lay the groundwork, I’ve written a blog post at the festival web site on where we stand on the road to a universal flu vaccine. At this point, we have good reason to believe that such a vaccine could be invented. Which makes it all the more urgent that we do so. Check it out.

The Vital Chain: Why Manta Rays Need Forests

Carl Zimmer — Thu, 17 May 2012 16:33:19 +0000

Manta rays spend their lives in the ocean, sweeping up microscopic animals. And yet scientists have found that their well-being depends on forests. Meadows in the northwestern United States are ecologically linked to salmon thousands of miles out at sea. Today, I’ve got a piece in Yale Environment 360 in which I explore the bonds that join land and sea together. Check it out.

Tapeworms in the brain: Fearfully common

Carl Zimmer — Tue, 15 May 2012 21:29:03 +0000

We’ve all heard about tapeworms getting into the intestines. That’s bad enough. But sometimes they can also end up in the brain. In my column in the latest issue of Discover, I write about neurocysticercosis, which is shockingly common in some parts of the world, causing an estimated five million cases of epilepsy. Yet neurocysticercosis experts consider the disease as a fairly easy one to wipe out. We have the tools to do it, but not the will. Check it out.

Lost voyages to the North Pole and more: Catching up with Download the Universe

Carl Zimmer — Mon, 14 May 2012 15:37:26 +0000

Over at Download the Universe, we’ve added another crop of entertaining reviews about ebooks that you definitely should–or, in some cases, definitely should not–check out:

“When an Autism Diagnosis Comes as a Blessing”: Steve Silberman writes a powerful review about the reality of autism and a Kindle memoir about living with the condition.

“Meandering Mississippi: An early journalism iBook is all wet”: Seth Mnookin reads an account of last year’s Mississippi floods and wonders why newspapers are squandering the opportunities that ebooks are offering them.

“A Lost Explorer Returns: Todd Balf’s Farthest North: David Dobbs revels in a well-told story of an ill-fated scientific voyage across the Arctic.

“Leonardo: The First Great Science Ebook”: I take a look at a lavishly-produced ebook about Leonardo da Vinci’s forgotten work as a pioneer of anatomy. Staggeringly impressive.

“A Time Machine for the Face of Earth”: My review of a coffee-table-like ebook about how humans (and other forces) are changing the surface of the planet.

“Artificial Epidemics: You’re Not Sick, You’re Just Overdiagnosed”: Neuroscience blogger “Scicurious” is unimpressed with an ebook that claims that depression and prostate cancer are all in your head. (Confused? You should ...

Scanning man’s best friend

Carl Zimmer — Fri, 11 May 2012 22:26:26 +0000

We’ve learned a lot about how the brain works from functional magnetic resonance images. I should clarify: we’ve learned a lot about the human brain. Thousands of people have volunteered to lie down inside fMRI scanners and have the activity in their brains monitored as they perform different kinds of mental tasks, or even just do nothing at all. We must resist the temptation to look at the pretty fMRI images and think they’re just photographs of the mind. They’re actually more like very complex, statistically worked-over graphs. But even with those caveats, there’s a lot to learn from them. But fMRI only works if you hold very, very still. Having been scanned myself for a story a few years back, I can vouch that this experience takes a lot of patience, and a high tolerance for loud buzzing noises and for narrow, confined spaces. Scientists have managed to take fMRI scans of monkeys and rats, but they’ve either been knocked out cold, or restrained so the images of their brains don’t blur. If you can persuade a gorilla to lie peacefully in the bore of a scanner for half ...

Cancer evolution at TEDMED

Carl Zimmer — Fri, 11 May 2012 13:00:44 +0000

Earlier this year, TEDMED took place in Washington DC, showcasing people doing innovative research in medicine. This year’s talks are now being loaded online, and today I was happy to see that cancer and evolution got their due. Franziska Michor of Harvard explained how the threat of cancer is a legacy of our evolution into multicellular animals, and how every case of cancer is a miniature unfolding of evolution within our own bodies. What makes Michor’s work particular exciting is that she is bringing the mathematical precision of population genetics and other aspects of evolution to the treatment of cancer.

I wrote about some of Michor’s work in my 2007 Scientific American article, “Evolved for Cancer?” (carlzimmer.com, sciam.com) I’ve also explored cancer evolution here on the Loom: “Inside Darwin’s Tumor” and “The Mere Existence of Whales.” And you can find lots of Michor’s papers as free pdf’s on her publication page.

You ask for signed bookplates, you get signed bookplates

Carl Zimmer — Thu, 10 May 2012 23:27:45 +0000

At some of my recent talks, I’ve been running into people who’ve been annoyed that they forgot to bring a book of mine to get signed. You really couldn’t think of a better way to cheer up a writer, and so I feel the need to reciprocate.

So if you’ve gotten a book of mine and want to get it signed, I’ve printed up some bookplates that I can autograph and send to you.

Just to ensure I’m not signing bookplates for alien robots who will take these bookplates to their home planet to…do whatever evil thing alien robots do with bookplates from science writers…please follow these steps:

1. Take your picture with the book.

2. Email it to me, with your mailing address and any special signing request. As in, “To Ken Ham, so that someday he may appreciate transitional fossils….”

Optional step 3. For those on Twitter: instead of emailing me your photo, you can upload it to Twitter (mentioning my Twitter name @carlzimmer). Be sure to email me your address, too, so that I know where to send the bookplate.

So far, I’ve got three bookplates–one for Parasite Rex, one for Science Ink (in matching Goth type), and one for ...

Next Thursday: author Florence Williams and me at McNally Jackson in New York

Carl Zimmer — Wed, 09 May 2012 15:05:17 +0000

Gothamites: please join Florence Williams and myself at the bookstore McNally Jackson in New York on Thursday May 17. Williams is the author of the new book, Breasts: A Natural and Unnatural History, a smart, wry synthesis of evolution, physiology, microbiology, environmental science, and even biomechanics.

Where: McNally Jackson, 52 Prince St., New York, NY (Phone: 212.274.1160)

When: May 17, 7 pm.

More details are here.

The Guardian reviews A Planet of Viruses: “Fascinating and enlightening”

Carl Zimmer — Tue, 08 May 2012 13:17:53 +0000

Today the Guardian reviews A Planet of Viruses:

Viruses are everywhere: scientists have found them under Antarctic ice; they lurk inside your lungs which until recently were believed to be sterile; and seawater, which was once thought to contain very few, has now been found to be teeming with viruses. In fact, they outnumber all other residents of the ocean by 15 to 1. Even the human genome contains genes that came from viruses which infected our ancestors some 30m years ago, an idea that Zimmer describes as “almost philosophical in its weirdness.” In this succinct yet elegantly written survey, he explores the vital role viruses play in the evolution of life on Earth and how scientists have begun to reveal their often deadly secrets. Smallpox – the only human virus to have been eradicated – killed an astonishing 500m people every century in Europe between 1400 and 1800. From the common cold, first described 3,500 years ago by the Egyptians, to a new type of giant virus discovered in a Bradford water-cooler that mimics bacteria, this book is a fascinating and enlightening introduction.

How frogs climbed up into the Lost World: My story in tomorrow’s New York Times

Carl Zimmer — Tue, 08 May 2012 00:36:52 +0000

The tepuis of northern South America–tabletop mountains ringed by sheer cliffs rising up thousands of feet–inspired Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s novel The Lost World. Doyle envisioned dinosaurs and other primordial creatures surviving on these remote islands in the sky.

It turns out that the tepuis are indeed ancient vestiges. The surrounding land eroded away 70 million years ago. Biologists have long been fascinated by the plants and animals that live on top of them today. In many cases, the species on a tepui are found nowhere else on Earth. Many have argued for the wonderfully-named “Lost World Hypothesis”–the unique species of the tepuis been stranded up there for 70 million years.

In tomorrow’s New York Times, I report on a team of scientists who tested that hypothesis by looking at the DNA of frogs that live on tepuis. And for them, at least, the hypothesis fails. Somehow, those tiny frogs managed to scale walls that strike fear in even the toughest rock climbers. For the full details, check out the story.

Image by Xyrenita on Flickr/via Creative Commons

The stories doctors tell, Noah’s flood, and more: two interviews on writing about science

Carl Zimmer — Mon, 07 May 2012 15:01:38 +0000

I recently sat down for two stimulating conversations which are now in print. One was with Ben Lillie for Story Collider, the new magazine that Lillie has launched to complement his wonderful storytelling series. The other was with Ben Goldfarb of Sage, a student-run environmental arts and journalism publication of the Yale University School of Forestry & Environmental Studies. Ben L. and Ben G. asked lots of thoughtful questions about the art of science writing, and the place of the science writer in society. It’s a little painful to read my ramblings taken down verbatim–I want to reach out and edit away the extra verbiage–but you may still find them interesting.

In Memory of Lucy #scienceink

Carl Zimmer — Sun, 06 May 2012 15:13:11 +0000

Victoria McGowan writes,

Please find attached a photo of my Australopithecus tattoo. I’m a medical anthropologist researching the historical relationship between school meals and obesity in children as part of my PhD at Durham University. Obviously this has very little to do with Australopithecus but my interest in “Lucy” began when I started my UG degree in Anthropology here at Durham. One of my first lectures was on our Biological and Social Origins and we learnt about our evolutionary heritage. Lucy caught my eye because she was one of the most complete finds of this species at that time. Also as it was thought that she was more closely related to Homo genus than any other Australopithecus at that time.

I found it fascinating that from her remains we could postulate that she was bipedal and from her pelvis we could deduce that she would have gave birth to a larger brained infant than previous species. We can further postulate that her infant care practices would be more similar to our own, larger brained infant would have to complete their growth outside the womb and would require ...

Join Ed Yong and me for a transatlantic talk about killer flu, feathery dinosaurs, and every living thing in between

Carl Zimmer — Fri, 04 May 2012 20:45:21 +0000

Ed Yong and I may live on either side of the Atlantic, but our minds are in the same place: that strange realm where fungi take over the minds of ants, where dinosaurs sprout feathers, and where ducks shatter glass with their genitals. In other words, Earth.

We don’t get to see each other in person more than once a year, if that, but we always have a good time when we do. Which is why I’m looking forward to having an online conversation with Ed on May 14. And you’re invited.

This event is brought to you by Shindig, a new company that’s set up a web site for video chat events. The design of the site is quite elegant: the speakers appear on the top of the event page, where everyone can watch them talk. Audience members appear in their own screens on the page as well, and when speakers ask for questions, they can hit a “raise hand” button. The audience member asking a question then zooms up to the top of the screen, where he or she can have a conversation with the speaker. (You’ll obviously ...

Behold The Forbidden Flu: A Loom Explainer

Carl Zimmer — Wed, 02 May 2012 17:00:01 +0000

Here, for your viewing pleasure, is a very important part of a very special flu virus. It may look like an ordinary protein, but in fact it’s been at the center of a blazing debate about whether our increasing power to experiment on life could lead to a disaster. Not that long ago, in fact, a national security advisory board didn’t even want you to see this. So feast your eyes.

For those who are new to this story let me start back at the beginning, in 1997.

In that year, a child in Hong Kong died of the flu. Doctors shipped a sample of his blood to virus experts in Europe, but they didn’t bother taking a look at it for months. When they did, they were startled to discover that it was unlike any flu they’d seen in a human being before.

Each year, several different flu strains circulate from person to person around the world. They’re known by the initials of the proteins that cover their surface–H3N2, for example, is one common strain. The H stands for haemagglutinin, a protein that latches to a host cell so that the ...

A Multitude of Hands: My new essay for National Geographic

Carl Zimmer — Fri, 27 Apr 2012 15:26:38 +0000

In the May issue of National Geographic, I contemplate the hand. Human hands are unique and versatile–and yet we are far from the only animals with them. By looking at the variety of hands in nature, we can see some of the most striking evidence of how evolution tinkers in all sorts of unexpected way. Check it out.

The print version is accompanied by lovely sketches of a wide range of hands. If you read the story online, you can see an animation of the human hand. And if you have the National Geographic iPad app, you can see videos of other hands, from frogs to aye-ayes.

[Image: White -handed gibbon by Ingo Arndt, on Arkive.]

DC and Philly: A Bundle of Talks

Carl Zimmer — Wed, 25 Apr 2012 14:14:25 +0000

I’m heading south to give a series of talks about everything from evolution to science tattoos, the future of journalism, and the mutant bird flu saga. Most of these talks are open to the public. Here’s the rundown, with the public talks noted:

Thursday 11 am: Bethesda, MD: “Telling the Stories of Science in Words and Images.”
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Fellows Scientific Retreat.

Thursday 3 pm: Arlington VA: “The Darwin Beat.”
National Science Foundation

Friday 9:30 am: US Science Engineering Festival, Washington DC Convention Center:
I’m part of the festival’s “Nifty Fifty”–speakers who talk to high school students about science. In room 146A, I’ll be giving a sneak peek of my Science Ink talk to a group of students, in advance of the festival, which officially starts on Saturday.

Saturday: US Science and Engineering Festival, Washington DC Convention Center: open to the public

I’ll be speaking twice about Science Ink –both talks are open to the public

10:55 AM-11:40 AM Stage Meeting Room Number: 147AB

Noon to 1: Book signing Expo Hall B

2-2:30 PM National Academy of Sciences Booth 603

Sunday 2pm: Philadelphia : open to the public
Philadelphia Science Festival. I’ll be talking about Science ...

How Our Brains Set the World Spinning

Carl Zimmer — Tue, 24 Apr 2012 21:00:10 +0000

If there’s ever excuse to publish an optical illusion as cool as the “Rotating Snakes,” I’ll take it. This illusion was invented in 2003 by Akiyoshi Kitaoka of Ritsumeikan University in Japan, and ever since, Kitaoka and other scientists have been trying to figure out why it works. A new paper by Stephen Macknik at the Barrow Neurological Institute in Phoenix may have the answer.

As you’ll notice, the circles seem to rotate in response to where you look at the illusion. So Macknik and his colleagues tracked the movement of people’s eyes as they gazed at two of these wheels on a computer screen. Their subjects kept a finger pressed on a button, lifting it whenever they seemed to see the wheels move.

Macnick and his colleagues found a tight correlation between the onset of the illusion and a kind of involuntary movement our eyes make, known as microsaccades. Even when we’re staring at a still object, our eyes keep darting around. These movements, called microsaccades, help us compensate for a peculiar property of the eye: if we stare at an object for too long, the signals each photoreceptor sends ...

Bricolage and the Tangled Bank: Happy Mistranslations of Evolution

Carl Zimmer — Sun, 22 Apr 2012 15:43:55 +0000

I got back home last night to a pleasant surprise: a copy of the new French translation of The Tangled Bank: An Introduction to Evolution. One of the most interesting parts of writing a book is seeing what emerges from the mind of your translator. I’ve usually had good luck with translators. We’ll exchange emails to find a way to capture the spirit of sentences in my books that would make no sense in another language, thanks to the odd figures of speech we use in English. When the book actually arrives, I usually can do little more than hope that it makes sense in Korean or Japanese or Dutch.

Once in a while, however, things don’t go well, though. I once got a disturbing email from a German reader, who had read the original edition of Parasite Rex and then picked up the German translation. “Believe me, I have never seen something like this before. It is a sin. If you could read it, you would get tears in your eyes.” (Fortunately, my American publisher was able to use his email as a cudgel, and got that edition ...

Brains, Genes, and You: My Discover column on the Duke Neurogenetics Study

Carl Zimmer — Thu, 19 Apr 2012 00:49:38 +0000

I’ve got a new column in Discover on a scientist tracing the links from our genes to our personality. Here’s how it starts:

Ahmad Hariri stands in a dim room at the Duke University Medical Center, watching his experiment unfold. There are five computer monitors spread out before him. On one screen, a giant eye jerks its gaze from one corner to another. On a second, three female faces project terror, only to vanish as three more female faces, this time devoid of emotion, pop up instead. A giant window above the monitors looks into a darkened room illuminated only by the curve of light from the interior of a powerful functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanner. A Duke undergraduate—we’ll call him Ross—is lying in the tube of the scanner. He’s looking into his own monitor, where he can observe pictures as the apparatus tracks his eye movements and the blood oxygen levels in his brain.

Ross has just come to the end of an hour-long brain scanning session. One of Hariri’s graduate students, Yuliya Nikolova, speaks into a microphone. “Okay, we’re done,” she says. Ross emerges from the machine, pulls his sweater over his head, and signs ...

Fresh Air interview: links to information on viruses, antivirals, the microbiome, and more

Carl Zimmer — Wed, 18 Apr 2012 14:16:24 +0000

Yesterday my Fresh Air interview was broadcast. You can listen to it here. I’ve been lots of emails with follow-up questions, and it occurred to me that I really ought to gather up some links to more information about the topics I discussed.

If I haven’t addressed a question you had listening to the show, leave a comment to this post and I’ll add a link.

Antivirals:
My feature in Wired on the search for antiviral drugs

The “virome”–the viruses that live in our body:
A Loom post about the swarms of viruses in the mouth, where they kill off bacteria
An article in Nature about a study of the viruses in identical twins

The microbiome
My article in the New York Times
My essay on the Loom about medical ecology
My Wired atlas of the human ecosystem
An example of microbiome research: extreme navel gazing
Maryn McKenna’s story in Scientific American on the struggle to mainstream fecal transplants to treat deadly infections
Ed Yong’s oeuvre on the microbiome at Not Exactly Rocket Science
Mayrn McKenna on her blog at Wired writing on the link between beneficial ...

Retraction Watch in the Boston Globe: Make Science More Transparent

Carl Zimmer — Tue, 17 Apr 2012 14:08:40 +0000

As I blogged yesterday, I have a story in the New York Times today about some scientists who are calling for a reformation of science, pointing to troubling indicators such as the rise in retractions of scientific papers.

As any sane journalist would do, I consulted the fantastic Retraction Watch, written by Adam Marcus (left) and Ivan Oransky, while working on my own piece. I also called Oransky for his thoughts on the argument I was describing, championed by, among others, Ferric Fang of the University of Washington and Arturo Casadevall of Albert Einstein College of Medicine.

Oransky was a huge help. But by the time my editor and I had shaped the story to fit in the paper, only a brief mention and a link to Retraction remained. Oransky’s own opinions were left behind on the cutting room floor. Fortunately, he knows that floor very well, having swung the journalism scimitar plenty of times himself as the executive editor at Reuters Health.

Even more fortunately, the Boston Globe has published some extended reflections from Oransky and Marcus on what retractions mean for the state of science.

Dysfunctional science: My story in tomorrow’s New York Times

Carl Zimmer — Mon, 16 Apr 2012 19:34:55 +0000

In tomorrow’s New York Times, I’ve got a long story about a growing sense among scientists that science itself is getting dysfunctional. For them, the clearest sign of this dysfunction is the growing rate of retractions of scientific papers, either due to errors or due to misconduct. But retractions represent just the most obvious symptom of deep institutional problems with how science is done these days–how projects get funded, how scientists find jobs, and how they keep labs up and running.

Along with the main story, I also wrote a sidebar about how hard it is to hear from the scientists who write retracted papers. I also spoke on the latest Timescast video, which I’ve embedded below. I show up with Arturo Casadevall at about 4:30. There are also lots of links in my story to the original papers. And if you don’t already read it, be sure to check out the blog Retraction Watch, which has been digging deep into the retraction story for years now.

Heads up: Appearing on Fresh Air tomorrow on NPR

Carl Zimmer — Mon, 16 Apr 2012 17:55:56 +0000

Recently I talked with Dave Davies, guest host on Fresh Air, about viruses and other things invisible. Our conversation airs tomorrow (Tuesday 4/17) on National Public Radio. More details can be found on the program’s web site.

Monet’s Ultraviolet Eye and other Ebook Epiphanies: Catching Up With Download the Universe

Carl Zimmer — Mon, 16 Apr 2012 14:52:42 +0000

Over at Download the Universe, we’ve posted a bunch of new reviews of science ebooks. We fell in love with some titles, we hated others, and we had a love-hate relationship with ebooks that were great in some ways and awful in others. When we started Download the Universe, we thought we were coming together to start something pretty straightforward: a book review dedicated to a neglected category of creations–namely, science ebooks. But ebooks are in such an early stage that our reviews often end up being contemplations of the form itself. In 10 years, I wonder if these questions will be sorted out, or if a new raft of questions will float in to take their place.

Here are the reviews we’ve published since I last posted an update on the Loom, in reverse order:

Monet’s Ultraviolet Eye My review of an app about color, and some thoughts on what ebook designers can learn from museum exhibits

A Disorganized Celebration of Skulls Brian Switek reviews an ebook about the box of bones on top of our spines

Blowing Windmills and Seeing the Future: Al Gore’s Our Choice Dan Fagin reviews Gore’s ebook about energy and climate