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2015-10-12T17:12:00.001+05:30

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Hydrogen Bonding

2011-04-28T21:10:00.006+05:30

What is hydrogen bonding?

A hydrogen bond is the attractive interaction of a hydrogen atom with an electronegative atom, such as nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine, that comes from another molecule or chemical group. The hydrogen must be covalently bonded to another electronegative atom to create the bond. These bonds can occur between molecules (intermolecularly), or within different parts of a single molecule (intramolecularly).

Intermolecular hydrogen bonding:

Intermolecular hydrogen bonding is seen in water molecule as a result of interaction between the oxygen and hydrogen atom of water molecule. Since oxygen is somewhat electronegative, it acquires electrons of both hydrogen atom towards itself and thus the oxygen atom seem to have negative charge while hydrogen with positive.The hydrogen bond is the result of interaction between these two charges.

Intermolecular Hydrogen bonding in water molecules

In the above fig. the dotted lines represents the Hydrogen bond between water molecules.

In nucleic acids:

In this basepair, adenine and thymine is connected by two hydrogen bonds, as a interaction between the nitrogen, oxygen with hydrogen molecule.These hydrogen bonds between the base pairs plays a major role in all living organisms

Intramolecular hydrogen bonding:

Intramolecular hydrogen bond refers to a hydrogen bond within that particular molecule. It is seen in organic molecules like O-nitrophenol,salicylic acid and salicylaldehyde.

Significance of Hydrogen bond:

In water molecule, it increases it’s boiling point to 100 degree celsius and hence makes the water to sustain in high temperatures.
It plays a major role in nucleic acids, which acts as a nucleus to all living organisms.

Peptide bond says "Proteins from aminoacids"

2011-04-14T13:28:00.004+05:30

Proteins are the body building materials of most of the organisms.Proteins are otherwise known as polymers of aminoacids.Two aminoacid is bonded through a peptide bond to form a peptide.Further these peptides are connected to form polypeptides, which on combination forms proteins.
Peptide bond:

The -NH2 group of one aminoacid makes a bond with -COOH of another aminoacid by giving out a water molecule to form -CONH.This is known as peptide bond.

Peptide bond between Arginine and Alanine:
Click on the image to see larger.

E=mc^2 - Is it right?

2011-04-12T19:06:00.001+05:30

The equation E=mc^2, given by Albert Einstein is the most significant one in the atomic level which paved the way for nuclear reactors, the future energy source to human being.Many people doubt this equation, but it can be solved by simple dimensional analysis.
Dimensional analysis is the simplest way to analyze whether the equation is dimensionally correct or not.
Basically it is based on three dimensions, namely mass(M), length(L), and time(T).
Dimensional analysis of E=mc^2 :
Let 'E' be the ..........L.H.S &
mc^2 be the ............R.H.S
'E' refers to energy, which has the dimension of Force multiplied by displacement.According to newton, F=ma,
Where 'm' has the dimension of mass denoted by M and 'a' is given by velocity by time, which has the dimension of LT^-2.Hence the dimension of 'F' is MLT^-2.Therefore the dimension of 'E' is ML^2T-2, as in the first statement.
Now, in R.H.S the dimension of 'm' is given by M and the dimension of 'c^2' is given by L^2T^-2, since 'c' has the dimensions of velocity.Therefore the dimensions of 'mc^2' is ML^2T^-2.
It is seen that the dimension of 'E' is same as the dimension of mc^2 from the underlined words.
Therefore, L.H.S=R.H.S... Hence proved.

Aminoacid 2 - Arginine

2011-04-08T18:51:00.003+05:30

Arginine is also an α-amino acid.
Properties:
Molecular Formula :- C₆H₁₄N₄O₂
Molar mass :- 174.2 g mol⁻¹
Structures:
The amino acid side chain of arginine consists of a 3-carbon aliphatic straight chain, the distal end of which is capped by a complex guanidinium group.With a pK_a of 12.48, the guanidinium group is positively charged in neutral, acidic and even most basic environments, and thus imparts basic chemical properties to arginine. Because of the conjugation between the double bond and the nitrogen lone pairs, the positive charge is delocalized, enabling the formation of multiple H-bonds.

3D structures:

Aminoacid 1 - Alanine

2011-04-07T18:38:00.004+05:30

Alanine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula CH₃CH(NH₂)COOH. Alpha α-carbon refers to the carbon directly bonded to the functional group.Here the carbon attached to the -COOH carboxylic group is called as Alpha carbon and hence it is named as alpha amino acid. It is classified as a nonpolar amino acid. D-Alanine occurs in bacterial cell walls and in some peptide antibiotics.
Properties:
Molecular Formula :- C₃H₇NO₂
Molar mass :- 89.09 g mol⁻¹
Appearance :- White powder
Solubility :- Soluble in water
Melting point :- 258 ºC
Structure:

The α-carbon atom of alanine is bound with a methyl group (-CH₃), making it one of the simplest α-amino acids with respect to molecular structure and also resulting in alanine's being classified as an aliphatic amino acid. The methyl group of alanine is non-reactive and is thus almost never directly involved in protein function.

3D structures of alanine:

Amino acids

2011-04-06T22:36:00.003+05:30

What are aminoacids?
Amino acids are molecules containing an amine group, a carboxylic acid group and a side-chain that varies between different amino acids. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. They are particularly important in biochemistry, where the term usually refers to alpha-amino acids.
An alpha-amino acid has the generic formula H₂NCHRCOOH, where R is an organic substituent; the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (the α–carbon). Other types of amino acid exist when the amino group is attached to a different carbon atom; for example, in gamma-amino acids (such as gamma-amino-butyric acid) the carbon atom to which the amino group attaches is separated from the carboxylate group by two other carbon atoms. The various alpha-amino acids differ in which side-chain (R-group) is attached to their alpha carbon, and can vary in size from just one hydrogen atom in glycine to a large heterocyclic group in tryptophan.

Amino acids are critical to life, and have many functions in metabolism. One particularly important function is to serve as the building blocks of proteins, which are linear chains of amino acids. Amino acids can be linked together in varying sequences to form a vast variety of proteins. Twenty-two amino acids are naturally incorporated into polypeptides and are called proteinogenic or standard amino acids. Of these, 20 are encoded by the universal genetic code. Eight standard amino acids are called "essential" for humans because they cannot be created from other compounds by the human body, and so must be taken in as food.
Due to their central role in biochemistry, amino acids are important in nutrition and are commonly used in food technology and industry. In industry, applications include the production of biodegradable plastics, drugs, and chiral catalysts.
Peptide bond formation:

Two amino acids combines by liberating water molecule to form a peptide.These peptides further combines to form polypeptides which results in body building materials called proteins.Hence proteins are referred to as ploymer of aminoacids.
(Image credit:Wikipedia")

Most efficient process ever known to man is Photosynthesis

2011-03-31T19:54:00.002+05:30

Most of the science people are familiar with the laws of Thermodynamics.It is stated that "Energy is neither created, nor destroyed ; it can only be transformed from one state to another".For instance, Photosynthesis which converts the light energy into chemical energy.
The another important statement is that "It is impossible to construct an engine, which absorbs heat from a single body and transforms completely to work without losing some energy".For instance, combustion of petroleum products in combustion engines produces energy, which is never completely converted into workdone.It is proven that only an average of 30 to 40 % of energy is only converted to work obtained from combustion of fuels.
Based on this, the efficiency of a machine or a process is calculated given by the ratio of output to the input, multiplied by 100.The output may be the workdone or heat energy released, while the input may be the fuel, which is converted to energy to give the output.It is stated that,"Efficiency of a machine can never be cent percentage" which accompanies the second statement.Any engine with cent % efficiency are said to be perpetual engine, but it is hypothetical.While the most efficient man made process is fermentation whose percentage efficiency is about 57%.No man made engines exceeds the efficiency percentage of 60%.But the thing we can't make is being made by the nature, i.e Photosynthesis.It is scientifically proven that the average efficiency of photosynthesis in common plants is 70%.Let we know how it is.

We know that the efficiency of a process is given by the ratio of output to the input.In photosynthesis, the output is hexose sugar i.e Glucose(C6H12O6), While the input is light energy i.e photons measured in terms of quanta.It is seen that one glucose molecule has 656 kilocalories of energy, and one quanta has 40 kilocalories of energy.The formation of one molecule of glucose needs 24 quanta in average photosynthetic plants.Hence 24x40=960 kcals of energy is needed to produce single glucose molecule with 656 kcals of energy.The percentage efficiency for this process is given as follows.

Therefore the % efficiency of photosynthesis in an usual plant is about 68.33% !!.

And the astonishing fact is that an photosynthetic unicellular organism called chlorella, needs only 16.8 quanta per glucose molecule i.e only 16.8x40=672 kcals which is nearer to the output of 656 kcals, so that efficiency of this photosynthesis in chlorella is given by,

which is apprx. 100% !!!, since the values may vary in a bit.

Conclusion:

Photosynthesis is a complex process, which man cannot create artificially with his a litttle bit of brain.

And no process have the efficiency of about 100%, with the only exception of photosynthesis.

Just travelling together can save our planet

2011-03-15T21:57:00.006+05:30

Driving a 4 wheeler with 15 mpg economy emits 95 kilogram of Carbon dioxide to the atmosphere for every ten miles.But travelling in a public buses or trains can save a lot.

Pi

2011-03-09T19:07:00.007+05:30

Pi(π) is a mathematical constant, which is the ratio of circumference of the circle to its diameter.
For instance, take a unit circle of diameter as one unit.Then the value of pi will be equal to the circumference of the circle.

Here is the value of pi upto 10000 decimals:

pi=3.14159 26535 89793 23846 26433 83279 50288 41971 69399 37510 58209 74944 59230 78164 06286 20899 86280 34825 34211 70679 82148 08651 32823 06647 09384 46095 50582 23172 53594 08128 48111 74502 84102 70193 85211 05559 64462 29489 54930 38196 44288 10975 66593 34461 28475 64823 37867 83165 27120 19091 45648 56692 34603 48610 45432 66482 13393 60726 02491 41273 72458 70066 06315 58817 48815 20920 96282 92540 91715 36436 78925 90360 01133 05305 48820 46652 13841 46951 94151 16094 33057 27036 57595 91953 09218 61173 81932 61179 31051 18548 07446 23799 62749 56735 18857 52724 89122 79381 83011 94912 98336 73362 44065 66430 86021 39494 63952 24737 19070 21798 60943
70277 05392 17176 29317 67523 84674 81846 76694 05132 00056 81271 45263 56082 77857 71342 75778 96091 73637 17872 14684 40901 22495 34301 46549 58537 10507 92279 68925 89235 42019 95611 21290 21960 86403 44181 59813 62977 47713 09960 51870 72113 49999 99837 29780 49951 05973 17328 16096 31859 50244 59455 34690 83026 42522 30825 33446 85035 26193 11881 71010 00313 78387 52886 58753 32083 81420 61717 76691 47303 59825 34904 28755 46873 11595 62863 88235 37875 93751 95778 18577 80532 17122 68066 13001 92787 66111 95909 21642 01989 38095 25720 10654 85863 27886 59361 53381 82796 82303 01952 03530 18529 68995 77362 25994 13891 24972 17752 83479 13151 55748 57242 45415 06959 50829 53311 68617 27855 88907 50983 81754 63746 49393 19255 06040 09277 01671 13900 98488 24012 85836 16035 63707 66010 47101 81942 95559 61989 46767 83744 94482 55379 77472 68471 04047 53464 62080 46684 25906 94912 93313 67702 89891 52104 75216 20569 66024 05803 81501 93511 25338 24300 35587 64024 74964 73263 91419 92726 04269 92279 67823 54781 63600 93417 21641 21992 45863 15030 28618 29745 55706 74983 85054 94588 58692 69956 90927 21079 75093 02955 32116 53449 87202 75596 02364 80665 49911 98818 34797 75356 63698 07426 54252 78625 51818 41757 46728 90977 77279 38000 81647 06001 61452 49192 17321 72147 72350 14144 19735 68548 16136 11573 52552 13347 57418 49468 43852 33239 07394 14333 45477 62416 86251 89835 69485 56209 92192 22184 27255 02542 56887 67179 04946 01653 46680 49886 27232 79178 60857 84383 82796 79766 81454 10095 38837 86360 95068 00642 25125 20511 73929 84896 08412 84886 26945 60424 19652 85022 21066 11863 06744 27862 20391 94945 04712 37137 86960 95636 43719 17287 46776 46575 73962 41389 08658 32645 99581 33904 78027 59009 94657 64078 95126 94683 98352 59570 98258 22620 52248 94077 26719 47826 84826 01476 99090 26401 36394 43745 53050 68203 49625 24517 49399 65143 14298 09190 65925 09372 21696 46151 57098 58387 41059 78859 59772 97549 89301 61753 92846 81382 68683 86894 27741 55991 85592 52459 53959 43104 99725 24680 84598 72736 44695 84865 38367 36222 62609 91246 08051 24388 43904 51244 13654 97627 80797 71569 14359 97700 12961 60894 41694 86855 58484 06353 42207 22258 28488 64815 84560 28506 01684 27394 52267 46767 88952 52138 52254 99546 66727 82398 64565 96116 35488 62305 77456 49803 55936 34568 17432 41125 15076 06947 94510 96596 09402 52288 79710 89314 56691 36867 22874 89405 60101 50330 86179 28680 92087 47609 17824 93858 90097 14909 67598 52613 65549 78189 31297 84821 68299 89487 22658 80485 75640 14270 47755 51323 79641 45152 37462 34364 54285 84447 95265 86782 10511 41354 73573 95231 13427 16610 21359 69536 23144 29524 84937 18711 01457 65403 59027 99344 03742 00731 05785 39062 19838 74478 08478 48968 33214 45713 86875 19435 06430 21845 31910 48481 00537 06146 80674 91927 81911 97939 95206 14196 63428 75444 06437 45123 71819 21799 98391 01591 95618 14675 14269 12397 48940 90718 64942 31961 56794 52080 95146 55022 52316 03881 93014 20937 62137 85595 66389 37787 08303 90697 92077 34672 21825 62599 66150 14215 03068 03844 77345 49202 60541 46659 25201 49744 28507 32518 66600 21324 34088 19071 04863 31734 64965 14539 05796 26856 10055 08106 65879 69981 63574 73638 40525 71459 10289 70641 40110 97120 62804 39039 75951 56771 57700 42033 78699 36007 23055 87631 76359 42187 31251 47120 53292 81918 26186 12586 73215 79198 41484 88291 64470 60957 52706 95722 09175 67116 72291 09816 90915 28017 35067 12748 58322 28718 35209 35396 57251 21083 57915 13698 82091 44421 00675 10334 67110 31412 67111 36990 86585 16398 31501 97016 51511 68517 14376 57618 35155 65088 49099 89859 98238 73455 28331 63550 76479 18535 89322 61854 89632 13293 30898 57064 20467 52590 70915 48141 65498 59461 63718 02709 81994 30992 44889 57571 28289 05923 23326 09729 97120 84433 57326 54893 82391 19325 97463 66730 58360 41428 13883 03203 82490 37589 85243 74417 02913 27656 18093 77344 40307 07469 21120 19130 20330 38019 76211 01100 44929 32151 60842 44485 96376 69838 95228 68478 31235 52658 21314 49576 85726 24334 41893 03968 64262 43410 77322 69780 28073 18915 44110 10446 82325 27162 01052 65227 21116 60396 66557 30925 47110 55785 37634 66820 65310 98965 26918 62056 47693 12570 58635 66201 85581 00729 36065 98764 86117 91045 33488 50346 11365 76867 53249 44166 80396 26579 78771 85560 84552 96541 26654 08530 61434 44318 58676 97514 56614 06800 70023 78776 59134 40171 27494 70420 56223 05389 94561 31407 11270 00407 85473 32699 39081 45466 46458 80797 27082 66830 63432 85878 56983 05235 80893 30657 57406 79545 71637 75254 20211 49557 61581 40025 01262 28594 13021 64715 50979 25923 09907 96547 37612 55176 56751 35751 78296 66454 77917 45011 29961 48903 04639 94713 29621 07340 43751 89573 59614 58901 93897 13111 79042 97828 56475 03203 19869 15140 28708 08599 04801 09412 14722 13179 47647 77262 24142 54854 54033 21571 85306 14228 81375 85043 06332 17518 29798 66223 71721 59160 77166 92547 48738 98665 49494 50114 65406 28433 66393 79003 97692 65672 14638 53067 36096 57120 91807 63832 71664 16274 88880 07869 25602 90228 47210 40317 21186 08204 19000 42296 61711 96377 92133 75751 14959 50156 60496 31862 94726 54736 42523 08177 03675 15906 73502 35072 83540 56704 03867 43513 62222 47715 89150 49530 98444 89333 09634 08780 76932 59939 78054 19341 44737 74418 42631 29860 80998 88687 41326 04721 56951 62396 58645 73021 63159 81931 95167 35381 29741 67729 47867 24229 24654 36680 09806 76928 23828 06899 64004 82435 40370 14163 14965 89794 09243 23789 69070 69779 42236 25082 21688 95738 37986 23001 59377 64716 51228 93578 60158 81617 55782 97352 33446 04281 51262 72037 34314 65319 77774 16031 99066 55418 76397 92933 44195 21541 34189 94854 44734 56738 31624 99341 91318 14809 27777 10386 38773 43177 20754 56545 32207 77092 12019 05166 09628 04909 26360 19759 88281 61332 31666 36528 61932 66863 36062 73567 63035 44776 28035 04507 77235 54710 58595 48702 79081 43562 40145 17180 62464 36267 94561 27531 81340 78330 33625 42327 83944 97538 24372 05835 31147 71199 26063 81334 67768 79695 97030 98339 13077 10987 04085 91337 46414 42822 77263 46594 70474 58784 77872 01927 71528 07317 67907 70715 72134 44730 60570 07334 92436 93113 83504 93163 12840 42512 19256 51798 06941 13528 01314 70130 47816 43788 51852 90928 54520 11658 39341 96562 13491 43415 95625 86586 55705 52690 49652 09858 03385 07224 26482 93972 85847 83163 05777 75606 88876 44624 82468 57926 03953 52773 48030 48029 00587 60758 25104 74709 16439 61362 67604 49256 27420 42083 20856 61190 62545 43372 13153 59584 50687 72460 29016 18766 79524 06163 42522 57719 54291 62991 93064 55377 99140 37340 43287 52628 88963 99587 94757 29174 64263 57455 25407 90914 51357 11136 94109 11939 32519 10760 20825 20261 87985 31887 70584 29725 91677 81314 96990 09019 21169 71737 27847 68472 68608 49003 37702 42429 16513 00500 51683 23364 35038 95170 29893 92233 45172 20138 12806 96501 17844 08745 19601 21228 59937 16231 30171 14448 46409 03890 64495 44400 61986 90754 85160 26327 50529 83491 87407 86680 88183 38510 22833 45085 04860 82503 93021 33219 71551 84306 35455 00766 82829 49304 13776 55279 39751 75461 39539 84683 39363 83047 46119 96653 85815 38420 56853 38621 86725 23340 28308 71123 28278 92125 07712 62946 32295 63989 89893 58211 67456 27010 21835 64622 01349 67151 88190 97303 81198 00497 34072 39610 36854 06643 19395 09790 19069 96395 52453 00545 05806 85501 95673 02292 19139 33918 56803 44903 98205 95510 02263 53536 19204 19947 45538 59381 02343 95544 95977 83779 02374 21617 27111 72364 34354 39478 22181 85286 24085 14006 66044 33258 88569 86705 43154 70696 57474 58550 33232 33421 07301 54594 05165 53790 68662 73337 99585 11562 57843 22988 27372 31989 87571 41595 78111 96358 33005 94087 30681 21602 87649 62867 44604 77464 91599 50549 73742 56269 01049 03778 19868 35938 14657 41268 04925 64879 85561 45372 34786 73303 90468 83834 36346 55379 49864 19270 56387 29317 48723 32083 76011 23029 91136 79386 27089 43879 93620 16295 15413 37142 48928 30722 01269 01475 46684 76535 76164 77379 46752 00490 75715 55278 19653 62132 39264 06160 13635 81559 07422 02020 31872 77605 27721 90055 61484 25551 87925 30343 51398 44253 22341 57623 36106 42506 39049 75008 65627 10953 59194 65897 51413 10348 22769 30624 74353 63256 91607 81547 81811 52843 66795 70611 08615 33150 44521 27473 92454 49454 23682 88606 13408 41486 37767 00961 20715 12491 40430 27253 86076 48236 34143 34623 51897 57664 52164 13767 96903 14950 19108 57598 44239 19862 91642 19399 49072 36234 64684 41173 94032 65918 40443 78051 33389 45257 42399 50829 65912 28508 55582 15725 03107 12570 12668 30240 29295 25220 11872 67675 62204 15420 51618 41634 84756 51699 98116 14101 00299 60783 86909 29160 30288 40026 91041 40792 88621 50784 24516 70908 70006 99282 12066 04183 71806 53556 72525 32567 53286 12910 42487 76182 58297 65157 95984 70356 22262 93486 00341 58722 98053 49896 50226 29174 87882 02734 20922 22453 39856 26476 69149 05562 84250 39127 57710 28402 79980 66365 82548 89264 88025 45661 01729 67026 64076 55904 29099 45681 50652 65305 37182 94127 03369 31378 51786 09040 70866 71149 65583 43434 76933 85781 71138 64558 73678 12301 45876 87126 60348 91390 95620 09939 36103 10291 61615 28813 84379 09904 23174 73363 94804 57593 14931 40529 76347 57481 19356 70911 01377 51721 00803 15590 24853 09066 92037 67192 20332 29094 33467 68514 22144 77379 39375 17034 43661 99104 03375 11173 54719 18550 46449 02636 55128 16228 82446 25759 16333 03910 72253 83742 18214 08835 08657 39177 15096 82887 47826 56995 99574 49066 17583 44137 52239 70968 34080 05355 98491 75417 38188 39994 46974 86762 65516 58276 58483 58845 31427 75687 90029 09517 02835 29716 34456 21296 40435 23117 60066 51012 41200 65975 58512 76178 58382 92041 97484 42360 80071 93045 76189 32349 22927 96501 98751 87212 72675 07981 25547 09589 04556 35792 12210 33346 69749 92356 30254 94780 24901 14195 21238 28153 09114 07907 38602 51522 74299 58180 72471 62591 66854 51333 12394 80494 70791 19153 26734 30282 44186 04142 63639 54800 04480 02670 49624 82017 92896 47669 75831 83271 31425 17029 69234 88962 76684 40323 26092 75249 60357 99646 92565 04936 81836 09003 23809 29345 95889 70695 36534 94060 34021 66544 37558 90045 63288 22505 45255 64056 44824 65151 87547 11962 18443 96582 53375 43885 69094 11303 15095 26179 37800 29741 20766 51479 39425 90298 96959 46995 56576 12186 56196 73378 62362 56125 21632 08628 69222 10327 48892 18654 36480 22967 80705 76561 51446 32046 92790 68212 07388 37781 42335 62823 60896 32080 68222 46801 22482 61177 18589 63814 09183 90367 36722 20888 32151 37556 00372 79839 40041 52970 02878 30766 70944 47456 01345 56417 25437 09069 79396 12257 14298 94671 54357 84687 88614 44581 23145 93571 98492 25284 71605 04922 12424 70141 21478 05734 55105 00801 90869 96033 02763 47870 81081 75450 11930 71412 23390 86639 38339 52942 57869 05076 43100 63835 19834 38934 15961 31854 34754 64955 69781 03829 30971 64651 43840 70070 73604 11237 35998 43452 25161 05070 27056 23526 60127 64848 30840 76118 30130 52793 20542 74628 65403 60367 45328 65105 70658 74882 25698 15793 67897 66974 22057 50596 83440 86973 50201 41020 67235 85020 07245 22563 26513 41055 92401 90274 21624 84391 40359 98953 53945 90944 07046 91209 14093 87001 26456 00162 37428 80210 92764 57931 06579 22955 24988 72758 46101 26483 69998 92256 95968 81592 05600 10165 52563 7567 ...

The Big bang theory theme

2011-03-08T22:10:00.002+05:30

The Big bang theory theme (barenaked ladies):

Lyrics:

Our whole universe was in a hot dense state,

Then nearly fourteen billion years ago expansion started. Wait...

The Earth began to cool,

The autotrophs began to drool,

Neanderthals developed tools,

We built a wall, we built the pyramids,

Math, science, history, unravelling the mysteries,

That all started with the big bang! BANG!

"Since the dawn of man" is really not that long,

As every galaxy was formed in less time

than it takes to sing this song.

A fraction of a second and the elements were made.

The bipeds stood up straight,

The dinosaurs all met their fate,

They tried to leap but they were late

And they all died (they froze their asses off)

The oceans and "Pangea"

"See ya, wouldn't wanna be ya!"

Set in motion by the same big bang!

It all started with a big BANG!

It's expanding ever outwards but one day

It will pause, then start to go the other way,

Collapsing ever inward,

we won't be here, it wont be heard

Our best and brightest figure that

it'll make an even bigger bang!

Australopithecus would really have been sick of us

Debating how we're here,

they're catching deer ,we're catching viruses

Religion or astronomy, Descartes or Deuteronomy

It all started with a big bang!

Music and Mythology

Einstein and astrology

It all started with a big bang!

It all started with a big BANG!

How to make a smoke bomb?

2011-03-06T20:26:00.000+05:30

Ingredients:

Sugar(sucrose)
Potassium nitrate which is sold as saltpeter in garden supply stores or sometimes as stump remover

Procedure:
Mix the sugar and Potassium nitrate in the ratio of 2:3 respectively.Now heat the ingredients in a nonstick pan since they melts to form a brownish mixture which may stick to ordinary pans.In ordinary pans hot water may be used to get off the sticky mixture.Once the ingredients melt together, take off from the heat and drop spoonful of the mixture in the foil.Now, it is ready to go out and light up.

Evolution of sapiens

2011-03-05T19:32:00.001+05:30

From Eusthenopteron to Homo sapiens

Om and cymatics

2011-03-05T18:21:00.001+05:30

What is cymatics?
The word cymatics is derived from two greek words 'kyma' meaning wave and 'ta kymatica' meaning 'matters pertainig to waves'.Cymatics refers to study about patterns produced when different frequencies of waves are passed through different mediums.Simply it is sound into vision.It was Hans jenny, who coined the term cymatics.He experimented sound frequencies on different medium such as sand, liquid, dust, milk etc.,
Om in cymatics:

The most interesting fact we get to know is that the frequency of the sound "om" produces shri yantra, the symbol of Hindu tantra, which is based on the Hindu philosophy of Kashmir Shaivism.

Sri yantra created in electronic vibration field, an experiment in the translation of sound into vision.

The another interesting fact is that the vowels of sanskrit is seen in vision when they are spelled. i.e the frequencies of the vowels creates their respective word.

Every sequence of nature is the result of respective vibrations.

Acceleration due to gravity

2011-02-22T19:20:00.000+05:30

The acceleration produced in a body due to the force of gravity during free fall is known as acceleration due to gravity.It is denoted by g where g=9.8 m/s.
Calculation of acceleration due to gravity:

According to newton's law of gravitation, the force between two bodies is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of distance between them.

Where G is the gravitational constant with the value
Now consider the earth and the particle going to have a freefall.Let the mass of the earth be M and mass of that particle be m.Let the particle be at the surface of the earth.Then the value of R will be the radius of earth, where earth is taken as a sphere.
According to Newton's third law, Force F=ma.Let a=g.Then substituting it in the equation, we get mg=GMm/R^2 which is simplified to g=GM/R^2
Now we can calculate the value of g with the known values of G,M & R.
where M=5.98 *10^24 Kg (mass of the earth)

R=63781*10^2 m (radius of earth)

then acceleration due to gravity g is
For calculations: Use our Scientific calculator.

Periodic table of elements

2011-02-20T20:10:00.001+05:30

In the modern periodic table, the elements are arranged accordingly with the increasing no. of atomic number (no. of protons) from first hydrogen to the 118th element.This periodic table reveals many properties of elements periodically.The basic periodical properties, that we can gain from this table are as follows.
1) Size of the atom.
2) Atomic radii
3) Ionization potential
4) Electro negativity and
Download periodic table software. 5) Electron affinity
Size of the atom:
In the periodic table the size of the atom decreaes from left to right, and increases from top to bottom.It is a periodical one and there may be some breakage.
The size of an atom is inversely proportional to the effective nuclear charge.
Why it is?
The effective nuclear charge represents the electrostatic force of attraction between the protons and electrons.If the force between them is higher, i.e. effective nuclear charge is higher then they become more compact leading to decrease in size.
Ok.. then from top to bottom, why it increses?
You can see in the table that from left to right the principal quantum no. of the atom is same.For instance Li lithium has the value 1,2 and the same Ne neon has.But in case of moving from top to bottom the principal quantum no. increases constantly by one.This is the answer for the above question.
Atomic radii:
The atomic radii is directly proportional to size of the atom.
The radius of larger circle will be greater than the smaller one.Similarly the radius of large sized atom will greater than the smaller.
Ionization potential:
Ionization potential is defined as the amount of energy requires to remove an most loosely bound electron from the valence or outer shell of an atom to become cation or positive ion. It is also known as electron gain enthalpy.
The Ionization potential usually increses from left to right and decreaes from top to bottom in the periodic table.
Ionization potential is directly proportional to effective nuclear charge.
Electro negativity:
Electro negativity is defined as the relative tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards itself to become stable.Usually electronegativity increses from left to right and decreses from top to bottom.
The halogens (7th column) has the highest electro negativity value.Among them Fluorine F, has higher value.
Electron affinity:
It is defined as the energy released, when an extra electron enters the valence shell of isolated neutral atom to form negative ion or anion.
Electron affinity is directky proportional to electronegativity.

Scientific lines of tamil

2011-02-18T21:28:00.000+05:30

"அணுவைத் துளைத்தேழ் கடலைப் புகட்டி குறுகத்தரித்த குறள்"

said by avvaiyar(ஒளவையார்) a tamil poet.
"கடுகைத் துளைத்தேழ் கடலைப் புகட்டி குறுகத் தரித்த குறள்"
said by idaikkadar(இடைக்காடர்)

Meaning of those lines:

Both the lines are indicated to explain the well known Thirukkural.

The second line:

The idaikkadar says that if we store the huge ocean inside the small mustard, that will be equal to thirukkural. i.e You can see that a single kural is a two lined rhyme with only seven words(4in first & 3 in second) but this two lines have the capacity to describe a huge philosophy with an accurate example.

e.g ஈன்ற பொழுதின் பெரிதுவக்கம் தன்மகனைச்

சான்றோன் எனக்கேட்ட தாய்

The mother, hearing her son's merit

Delights more than when she begot

The first line:

The first line is similar to that of second but instead of mustard, avvaiyar(ஒளவையார்) used atom(அணு) which is fractionally smaller comparing with a mustard ball.

However, the first line linked the science with literature.It's great.....

Salute to ஒளவையார்.

Brahmagupta's Formula

2011-02-17T19:27:00.000+05:30

Brahmagupta (598–668 CE) was an Indian mathematician and astronomer who wrote many important works on mathematics and astronomy.His famous work was Bhramasphuta-siddhanta.Its 25 chapters contain several unprecedented mathematical results.
Brahmagupta's Formula:

So that the approximate value of the area of this cyclic quadrilateral will be letting it the exact value of the area is
Statement:
The approximate area is the product of the halves of the sums of the sides and opposite sides of a triangle and a quadrilateral. The accurate [area] is the square root from the product of the halves of the sums of the sides diminished by [each] side of the quadrilateral

Ionic bond in NaCl

2011-02-16T19:59:00.002+05:30

You can see the formation of Sodium(+) ion.Similarly Chlorine(-) ion forms by adding one more electron to chlorine atom.These two ion formation leads to attraction, since these two are with unlike charges.Moreover in sodium ion the space (orbital) of removed electron is now empty which tends to attract the extra electron of chlorine ion leading to formation of ionic bond to form NaCl molecule.

What differs atoms from ions?

2011-02-16T19:40:00.000+05:30

Ions are nothing but atoms with either positive or negative charge.We can make a neutral atom into a positively charged ion(cation) by simply removing electrons or negatively charged ion(anion) by adding electrons, since removing electrons the no. of protons in that atom increases when compare to electrons leading to a cation.
This ion formation in Sodium atom and Chloride atom leads to the formation of Sodium chloride molecule through ionic bond formation commonly known as table salt.
Ionic Bond in NaCl

How to make a homemade antigravity toy?

2011-02-16T14:43:00.001+05:30

Requirements:

3 very strong magnets
a pyrex cone bowl
a copper wire
a playing card
aluminium foil
4 flat & small neodymium magnets

How microwaveoven works?

2011-02-11T20:01:00.000+05:30

How microwave oven works?
In microwave ovens, the two important things are presence of water molecules in the respective food stuff and the production of microwaves.The microwave acts like a magnetic field while the water molecules are compared to a magnetic dipole placed in a magnetic field.We know that when a magnetic dipole is placed in a magnetic field, it produces some torque.
Similarly when microwave is passed through the food stuff, the water molecules in the stuff reacts to release some energy, which is acquired by other particles in the food stuff leads to cooking of the food.

In the fig. the green lines indicates the microwaves, thus the watermolecules reacting to it.
For more

Largest Molecule Ever Known

2011-02-10T19:49:00.000+05:30

Fullerene refers to any molecule that is made entirely of carbon atoms.They may be spherical, elepsoid or tube shaped.In developing nanotechnology carbon nanotubes is the familiar word which is one of the fullerene molecule as in fig.

The spherical shaped fullerenes are called as bucky balls, which is the largest molecule ever known.
In 2010, fullerenes (C₆₀) have been discovered in a cloud of cosmic dust surrounding a distant star 6500 light years away. Using NASA's Spitzer infrared telescope the scientists spotted the molecules' unmistakable infrared signature. Sir Harry Kroto, who shared the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of buckyballs commented: "This most exciting breakthrough provides convincing evidence that the buckyball has, as I long suspected, existed since time immemorial in the dark recesses of our galaxy .

This figure shows the 3D structure of a bucky ball molecule with 60 carbon atoms.(C₆₀)
These bucky balls are more stable compare to anyother molecules ever known to man.

video from
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology

Evolution of Plants

2011-02-09T20:35:00.000+05:30

Evolution is started since, when the first atom is created !!!
The first evolutionary organism for both plants and animals are bacteria.Some bacteria evoluted to form the huge plant kingdom and some other as a seed for animal kingdom.Such bacteria which decided to form the plant kingdom are evoluted to fungi and algae, which are the first multicellular organization among the plant kingdom.But even today it is in a debate that fungi or algae which originated first?
Fungi:
The plant body of fungi is called mycelium.It is made up of mass of thread like filaments called hyphae.Hyphae is made up of mass of cells whose cell wall is made up of chitin or fungal cellulose.
Algae:
Algae are said to be unicellular plants which contains primitive chlorophyll pigments.They are the rich source of oxygen.Their habitat is aquatic.Their cell wall is similar to that of the higher plants.
Algae gave rise to a kingdom called bryophytes.These are considered as the amphibians of the plant kingdom, since this was the first step taken by algae to begin it’s terrestrial life.It is followed by pteridophytes,gymnosperms and at last higher plants called angiosperms.
Gymnosperms differs from angiosperms since it does not produces the fruit, but there is flower or may be inflorescence.pteridophytes are the first complete terrestrial organisms of the plant kingdom.They differs from their higher plants since they cannot able to produce the mature seed originated from ovule.Hence gymnosperms and angiosperms are together called as spermatophytes means seed producing plants.

First to say the speed of light

2011-02-09T20:25:00.000+05:30

Do you know who is first to discover the speed of light?

It's none other than the great hindus of the Indian subcontinent.The speed of light is well mentioned in rig veda.
The fourth verse of the Rigvedic hymn 1:50 (50th hymn in book 1 of rigveda) is as follows:

तरणिर्विश्वदर्शतो जयोतिष्क्र्दसि सूर्य |
विश्वमा भासिरोचनम ||

taraNir vishvadarshato jyotishkrdasi surya |
vishvamaa bhaasirochanam ||

which means “Swift and all beautiful art thou, O Surya (Surya=Sun), maker of the light,
Illuming all the radiant realm.”

Commenting on this verse in his Rigvedic commentary, Sayana who was a minister in the court of Bukka of the great Vijayanagar Empire of Karnataka in South India (in early 14th century) says:
tatha ca smaryate yojananam. sahasre dve dve sate dve ca yojane
ekena nimishardhena kramaman.
which means “It is remembered here that Sun (light) traverses 2,202 yojanas in half a nimisha”
NOTE: Nimisharda= half of a nimisha
In the vedas Yojana is a unit of distance and Nimisha is a unit of time.

Unit of Time: Nimesa
The Moksha dharma parva of Shanti Parva in Mahabharata describes Nimisha as follows:
15 Nimisha = 1 Kastha
30 Kashta = 1 Kala
30.3 Kala = 1 Muhurta
30 Muhurtas = 1 Diva-Ratri (Day-Night)
We know Day-Night is 24 hours
So we get 24 hours = 30 x 30.3 x 30 x 15 nimisha
in other words 409050 nimisha
We know 1 hour = 60 x 60 = 3600 seconds
So 24 hours = 24 x 3600 seconds = 409050 nimisha
409050 nimesa = 86,400 seconds
1 nimesa = 0.2112 seconds (This is a recursive decimal! Wink of an eye=.2112 seconds!)
1/2 nimesa = 0.1056 seconds
Unit of Distance: Yojana
Yojana is defined in Chapter 6 of Book 1 of the ancient vedic text “Vishnu Purana” as follows
10 Paramáńus = 1 Parasúkshma
10 Parasúkshmas = 1 Trasareńu
10 Trasareńus = 1 Mahírajas (particle of dust)
10 Mahírajasas = 1 Bálágra (hair’s point)
10 Bálágras = 1 Likhyá
10 Likhyás= 1 Yúka
1o Yúkas = 1 Yavodara (heart of barley)
10 Yavodaras = 1 Yava (barley grain of middle size)
10 Yava = 1 Angula (1.89 cm or approx 3/4 inch)
6 fingers = 1 Pada (the breadth of it)
2 Padas = 1 Vitasti (span)
2 Vitasti = 1 Hasta (cubit)
4 Hastas = a Dhanu, a Danda, or pauruSa (a man’s height), or 2 Nárikás = 6 feet
2000 Dhanus = 1 Gavyúti (distance to which a cow’s call or lowing can be heard) = 12000 feet
4 Gavyútis = 1 Yojana = 9.09 miles
Calculation:
So now we can calculate what is the value of the speed of light in modern units based on the value given as 2202 yojanas in 1/2 nimesa
= 2202 x 9.09 miles per 0.1056 seconds
= 20016.18 miles per 0.1056 seconds
= 189547 miles per second !!
As per the modern science speed of light is 186000 miles per second !
And so I without the slightest doubt attribute the slight difference between the two values to our error in accurately translating from vedic units to SI/CGS units. Note that we have approximated 1 angula as exactly 3/4 inch. While the approximation is true, the angula is not exactly 3/4 inch.
NOTE: The original research in this direction was done by S.S. De and P.V. Vartak.