Magic of C

Arithmetic Operators

2022-09-05T22:29:00.018-07:00

Arithmetic Operator: There are two types of Arithmetic Operator -

Unary Arithmetic Operator
Binary Arithmetic Operator

Unary Arithmetic Operator: The operator that works on a single operand is known as UNARY ARITHMETIC OPERATOR.

For Example:- +a, -a represent ' + ' & ' - ' and hence, are the Unary Arithmetic Operator.

Binary Arithmetic Operator: The arithmetic operator which works on two operands is known as Binary Arithmetic Operator.

There are six type of Binary Operators:-

Operator Name Symbol Working

Plus + Add two numeric values

Minus - Subtract two numeric values

Slash / Divide two numeric values and return quotient

Asterisk * Multiply two numeric values and return product

Mod % Divide two numeric values and return reminder

Relational Operator: There are six type of relational operators -

Operator Name Symbol Working
Is Equal == Checks that two values are equal or not
Less Than <   Checks that first value is smaller than or not
to the second value.
Greater Than >   Checks that first value is greater than or not
to the second value
Less Than Or Equal To <= Checks that first value is smaller than or
equal to second value or not.
Greater Than Equal To >=   Checks that first value is greater than or
equal to second value or not.
Not Equal To !=   Checks that first value is not equal to
second value or not.

The relational operators are used to check condition and always return a Boolean value (true/false) according to condition. for example a==b read as " is 'a' equal to 'b', if the answer of the question is in the form of yes then it will return true other wise it will return false.

We can also understand relational operator by the examples given bellow-:

Let a=5, b=6 and c=5

Conditions Answer Results
a==b (Is a equal b) yes true
a==c (Is a equal c) yes false
b==c (Is b equal c) no true
a<b (Is a less than b) yes true
b<c (Is b less than c)   no false
a>b (Is a greater than b)   no false
b>c  (Is b greater than c) yes true
a<=b (Is a less than or equal to b) yes true
a<=c (Is a less than or equal to c) yes true
b<=a (Is b less than or equal to a) no false
b<=c (Is b less than or equal to c) no false
a>=b (Is a greater than or equal to b) no false
a>=c (Is a greater than or equal to c) yes true
b>=a (Is b greater than or equal to a) yes true
b>=c (Is b greater than or equal to c) yes true
a!=b (Is a not equal to b) yes true
b!=c (Is b not equal to c) yes true
c!=a (Is c not equal to a) no false
a==a (is a equal to a) yes true
b<b (is b smaller than b) no false
etc...................

Logical Or Boolean Operator:

Logical operator are basically three type -

&& (AND)

|| (OR)

NOT (!)

AND, OR operator are use to check two conditions simultaneously whether Not operator works only on single condition. We can understand these operators by the following truth table:

*"AND" Gate Truth Table*
*Condition1*	*Condition2*	*Result(&&)*
True	True	True
True	False	False
False	True	False
False	False	False

"OR" Gate Truth Table
Condition1	Condition2	Result(\|\|)
True	True	True
True	False	True
False	True	True
False	False	False

"NOT" Gate Truth Table
*Condition*	*Result(!)*
True	False
False	True

Increment / Decrement Operator

Increment and decrement operator are use to increase or decrease value by 1 in a variable.

In c programming language increment decrement operator evaluate from right to left. We can understand the working of increment and decrement operator by the following example:

Let a=1

and we want to calculate :

b=a++ + ++a;

so first taking the right a and with the right 'a' pre - increment operator is associated so first we have to increase the value of a and then use. in the way in the place of right 'a' we can put 2 as

b=a++ + 2

and because the left 'a' having post increment operator so first we can use the value then change. So the expression will be:

b=2+2=4.

In this way we can derive a formula that for the pre - increment operator first we have to change the value(increase/decrease value by 1) then use and in post increment and decrement operator first we have to use the value then change(increase or decrease by 1)

Now solve some exercise:
Let a=1, b=2
1. c=a++ + b++;
2. c=++a + a++ + --a + a--;
3. c=a + ++a + --b + a++;
4. c=++b + a++ * --a + a++;
5. c= b++ + ++b - ++a + a--;

Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operator works on bits and perform bit-by-bit operation. The truth tables for &, |, and ^ are as follows:

p	q	p & q	p \| q	p ^ q
0	0	0	0	0
0	1	0	1	1
1	1	1	1	0
1	0	0	1	1

Assume if A = 60; and B = 13; now in binary format they will be as follows:

A = 0011 1100

B = 0000 1101

-----------------

A&B = 0000 1100

A|B = 0011 1101

A^B = 0011 0001

~A = 1100 0011

The Bitwise operators supported by C language are listed in the following table. Assume variable A holds 60 and variable B holds 13, then:

Show Examples

Operator	Description	Example
&	Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the result if it exists in both operands.	(A & B) will give 12, which is 0000 1100
\|	Binary OR Operator copies a bit if it exists in either operand.	(A \| B) will give 61, which is 0011 1101
^	Binary XOR Operator copies the bit if it is set in one operand but not both.	(A ^ B) will give 49, which is 0011 0001
~	Binary Ones Complement Operator is unary and has the effect of 'flipping' bits.	(~A ) will give -61, which is 1100 0011 in 2's complement form.
<<	Binary Left Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved left by the number of bits specified by the right operand.	A << 2 will give 240 which is 1111 0000
>>	Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved right by the number of bits specified by the right operand.	A >> 2 will give 15 which is 0000 1111

Misc Operators ↦ sizeof & ternary

There are few other important operators including sizeof and ? : supported by C Language.

Show Examples

Operator	Description	Example
sizeof()	Returns the size of an variable.	sizeof(a), where a is integer, will return 4.
&	Returns the address of an variable.	&a; will give actual address of the variable.
*	Pointer to a variable.	*a; will pointer to a variable.
? :	Conditional Expression	If Condition is true ? Then value X : Otherwise value Y

Operators Precedence in C

Operator precedence determines the grouping of terms in an expression. This affects how an expression is evaluated. Certain operators have higher precedence than others; for example, the multiplication operator has higher precedence than the addition operator.

For example x = 7 + 3 * 2; here, x is assigned 13, not 20 because operator * has higher precedence than +, so it first gets multiplied with 3*2 and then adds into 7.

Here, operators with the highest precedence appear at the top of the table, those with the lowest appear at the bottom. Within an expression, higher precedence operators will be evaluated first.

Show Examples

Category	Operator	Associativity
Postfix	() [] -> . ++ - -	Left to right
Unary	+ - ! ~ ++ - - (type)* & sizeof	Right to left
Multiplicative	* / %	Left to right
Additive	+ -	Left to right
Shift	<< >>	Left to right
Relational	< <= > >=	Left to right
Equality	== !=	Left to right
Bitwise AND	&	Left to right
Bitwise XOR	^	Left to right
Bitwise OR	\|	Left to right
Logical AND	&&	Left to right
Logical OR	\|\|	Left to right
Conditional	?:	Right to left
Assignment	= += -= *= /= %=>>= <<= &= ^= \|=	Right to left
Comma	,	Left to right

Basic Syntax of C Programming

2022-09-05T22:29:00.016-07:00

The Syntax of C programming is like:
# include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
<initialization of variables >
<required code>
return 0;
}

In the above code stdio.h head is the main header file of the C. Which full form is Slandered Input Output Header file. Using this header file we can access all the function related to input and output purpose. With the help of this header file we are able to access printf() and scanf() method. scanf() method is use to read data from the user end whether printf() method is use to print data on the output screen. Function main() is the main area of the program, the compiler starts to compile the code first of all from this area.

Programming Language

2022-09-05T22:29:00.015-07:00

Suppose that there are two person A and B. Both of them know two different languages X and Y respectively. Now the question is that if they could communicate with each other. The answer is NO because they can not express their expression to each other. So the problem is that - how they can communicate with each other?

There are mainly three ways for communication

The First One is that they have to learn languages of each other, means A have to learn Y and B have to learn X language.In this way they can communicate to each other.
The second way is that they have to learn an Intermediate language for example Z. Now they can communicate with each other in Z language.
And the last way is that they hire a translator who knows both languages X and Y

With the help of above example you can understand, How two persons can communicate to each other. Now we can analyse the possible ways of communication between computer and user. In the case of computer and user the communication problem is same i.e. language of computer is a machine language and the language of user is a natural language. Now the question is that

Which of the above three ways can solve this communication problem. Let's check -

Here, the first way will not work, Because user can learn machine language but it is Impossible to learn Natural Language by the computer. And to learn a machine language is very difficult task for a normal user.
The second way may work here but again the problem is that how will a computer learn the intermediate language. So, here, use the third way that uses a translator (also known as COMPILER) which translates the Intermediate languages into machine language. In this way we can communicate with the computer in a very easy way.

Therefore, we can say that -

"Programming language is a INTERMEDIATE LANGUAGE between COMPUTER and USER."

It is very important to learn a programming language for giving instructions to the computer.

Introduction to C Programming

2022-09-05T22:28:00.006-07:00

C programming language was developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Laboratory in 1972 for the purpose of using in the UNIX OPERATING SYSTEM. Through C language, we can develop portable application software. C is a good platform for developing the system software and embedded system.

C is an easy and interesting programming language. Before start learning C programming, we should know three basic principles -
1- Variables
2- Datatypes and
3- Operators

1- Variable:
Variables are the memory location that are used to store information and it is represented by character or character set. for example x,y,i,z,temp,switched,count etc...

Rules for Variable Declaration

Following are the rules for the variable declaration:

Variables contain minimum one alphabet.For example x,y,z etc are right declarations and 1,2,3,# etc are wrong declarations.
The first character of the variable must be an alphabet or underscore. For example- x1,temp1,student2 etc are the right declarations and 1x, 1temp,2stu etc are wrong declarations.
Special characters are not allowed in variable declaration except underscore ('_'). For example a@,temp!,sn$no etc are the wrong declarations and student_name, roll_no etc are the right declarations.
Spaces are not allowed in variable declaration. For example 'student name' is wrong declaration because there is a space in between the student and name.
Key words are not allowed in variable declaration. For example void auto, break, case, char, const, continue, default etc are the keywords, so, we can not use these keywords as a variable name.

Key Words:

Keywords are the reserved words in C language. There are 32 keywords available in C programming languages and the list containing all the keywords is given below:

1- auto, 2- break, 3- case, 4- char, 5- const, 6- continue, 7- default, 8- do, 9- double, 10- else, 11- enum, 12- extern, 13- float, 14- for, 15- goto, 16- if, 17- int, 18- long, 19 - register, 20- return, 21 short, 22- signed, 23- sizeof, 24- static, 25- struct, 26- switch, 27- typedef, 28- union, 29 -unsigned, 30- void, 31- volatile, 32- while.

Datatype:
The type of data is known as datatype.

Data: Data is a raw facts. We can understand the data by following diagram:

Generally there are two type of data Constant and Variable. Again constant and variable are categorized into three parts-

Numeric
Character
String

The Numeric data is again categorized into two parts-

Integer
Real

And at last Integer & Real is again divided into three parts-

Decimal
Octal
Hexadecimal

Now, we can understand the datatype. DATATYPE is a type of data which can be NUMERIC (INTEGER,REAL), CHARACTER OR String Type. Here we begin to understand each and every type of data.

Operators:
Operators are some special symbols which operate upon arithmetic and logical operations. For example '+', '-', '>', '*' etc. The main operators used in C programming language are given below:

Arithmetic Operator
Relational Operator
Logical Operators
Increment/Decrement Operator
Assignment Operator
Bitwise Operator
Ternary Operator
Special Operator

Operators

2011-03-16T08:17:00.001-07:00

Arithmetic Operator: There are two types of Arithmetic Operator -

Unary Arithmetic Operator
Binary Arithmetic Operator

Unary Arithmetic Operator: The arithmetic operator that works on a single operand are known as UNARY ARITHMETIC OPERATOR.

For Example: +a,-a.

Means ' + ' & ' - ' are the Unary Arithmetic Operator.

Binary Arithmetic Operator: The arithmetic operator that works on two operands are known as Binary Arithmetic Operator.

There are six type of Binary Operator:

Operator Name Symbol Working

Plus + Add two numeric values

Minus - Subtract two numeric values

Slash / Divide two numeric values and return quotient

Asterisk * Multiply two numeric values and return product

Mod % Divide two numeric values and return reminder

Definition of C Programming

2010-10-10T07:00:00.001-07:00

Before studying any programming language we should know about the programming. In the 'Programming Language' there are two words the first one is 'Programming' and the other is 'Language'. First of all we try to understands what is a 'Language'.

Language: - 'Language' is a medium that help us to express the ideas and thoughts of one person to another. We use natural languages(Hindi, English, French etc...) in our daily life to express ourself. Now let us starts to understand the programming -

Programming: - 'Program' means the set of instructions. Every language has its own set of rules. Like S.V.O. is the writing pattern of English language. We form all English sentences in S.V.O. form, means first of all we use SUBJECT then VERB and then Object. Similarly every language has its own set of rules and pattern. These rules and pattern are known as program and writing of these program is known as PROGRAMMING.

Why do we learn programming languages?

Suppose there are two person A and B. Both know different languages say X and Y respectively. Now the question is that how can they communicate with each other. The answer is THEY CON'T because they can not express themselves to other. So the problem is that - how can they communicate with each other?

Here are the three possible ways for communication between them.

The First One is that anyone of them should learn the language of the other, means A should learn Y or B should learn X. In this way they can communicate to each other.
The second way is that they learn an intermediate language for example Z. Now they can communicate with each other in language Z.
And the last way is that they hire a translator who knows both the languages X and Y.

With the help of above example you can understand how two persons can communicate to each other. Now we can analyse the possible ways of communication between computer and the user. In the case of computer and user the communication problem is the same as the language of computer is machine and the language of user is natural language. Now the question arises -

Weather the above mentioned three ways can solve this communication problem.

Lets check -

Here the first way will practicably not work, because computer can not learn natural language and learning machine language is extremely difficult.
The second way will also not work because computer can not learn the intermediate language.
So the third way is the solution of the problem. The user takes a translator (also known as COMPILER) that translates the Intermediate language, which user learns, into machine language. In this way user can communicate with the computer.

So we can say-

"Programming language is a INTERMEDIATE LANGUAGE between COMPUTER and USER."

For giving instruction to the computer it is important to learn a programming language.

Category of programming langauges

Programming languages are classified into three categories and each one is divided into two parts as shown in the following diagram.

Now any programming language can be define.

For Example The definition of Basic Language is -

Basic is a Non case sensitive, Unstructured and procedure oriented languages.

Now we are coming directly to C Language.

C is a case sensitive, structured and procedure oriented programming language.