MALAYAGA MAKKAL

2012-03-06T03:25:00.000-08:00

ngUe;Njhl;l tuyhw;wpy; ,Ue;J..............(72)

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ngUe;Njhl;l tuyhw;wpy; ,Ue;J... (73)

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ngUe;Njhl;l tuyhw;wpy; ,Ue;J 74

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150 rjk; tup fl;lhtpl;lhy; 6 ehl;fs; tPjpfspy; Ntiy nra;a gzpg;G

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jw;NghJ ,yq;ifapy; nkhj;jk; 39 Nfhg;gpg; gapu; nra;Ak; khtl;lq;fs; cs;sd. ,tw;wpy; 1357 Nfhg;gpj; Njhl;lq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,j;Njhl;lq;fspy; vy;yhkhf 2>75>000 Kjy; 3>00>000 njhopyhsu;fs; trpf;fpwhu;fs;. kWGwk; ,e;jj; Njhl;lq;fis cs;slf;fpajhf xt;nthd;wpYk; 65 Njhl;lq;fs; nfhz;ljhf 21 kUj;Jt khtl;lq;fSk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,j;jifa xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpYk; ruhrupahf 15>000 njhopyhsu;fs; njhopy; Gupfpd;whu;fs;. Mjyhy; ve;jtpjj;jpy; ghu;j;jhYk; xU kUj;Jtuhy; 15>000 njhopyhsupd; Neha;fisf; ftdpf;f Kbahnjd;gJ njspthfpd;wJ. Mjyhy; epakpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; kUj;Jtu;fs; Jiu khu;fisAk; mtu;fspd; FLk;gj;jpdiuAk; khj;jpuk;jhd; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdu; vd;gJjhd; cz;ik. ,jd; fhuzkhf Neha;tha;g;gl;l 1000 njhopyhsu;fspy; 60 Ngu;fs; itj;jpaf; ftdpg;gpd;wp ,wf;f tplg;gLfpd;wdu;.

Nru; nghd;dk;gyk; uhkehjd; $wpaijg; NghyNt Mu;.gp. nlsNdhYk; jhd; Nrfupj;jpUe;j Gs;sp tpguq;fis Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;b nghJ Ntiyfs; jpizf;fsj;jpy; njhopy; Gupfpd;w njhopyhsu;fs; kj;jpapYk; ,wg;G tPjk; Nkw;gb 1000 NgUf;F 60 Ngu; vd;w tPjhrhuk; xj;Jg; Nghfpd;wJ vd;W vLj;Jf; $wpdhu;. ,t;tpj tpthjq;fisj; njhlu;e;J $l;l Kbtpy; MSdu; Nyhq;ld; Nkw;gb rl;lk; njhlu;ghd jPu;khdj;ij mLj;j $l;lj; njhlUf;F xj;jpitj;jhu;. gpd;du; ,Wjpahf 10 khj jhkjj;Jf;Fg; gpd; 1880 Mk; Mz;L xf;Nlhgu; khjk; Nkw;gb rl;lk; rptpy; kUj;Jt fl;lisr; rl;lk; vd;w ngaupy; ($l* ,bjpb^ M*QPbQpr;^ zpZ}QPbzr;zQp* Nzp17 zp* 1880) MSdu; Nyhq;ld; mtu;fshy; rl;l rigapy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. ,r;rl;lk; jhkjkhdJ njhlu;gpYk;> mjd; nraw;ghL njhlu;gpYk; FbNaw;w ehl;Lr; nrayhsu; nlsNdhy; tpsq;fg;gLj;jpdhu;.

vdpDk; Kd;ndg;NghJk; ,y;yhj mstpy; Njhl;lj;Jiukhu;fs; ,r; rl;lj;jpid vjpu;j;jdu;. ,r;rl;lj;jpd; thapyhf Njhl;lj;Jiukhu;fs; kPJk; Vd; Njhl;lj; njhspyhsu;fs; kPJk; kf;fs; kPJk; Gjpa tupr;Rikfs; Rkj;jg;gl;ld. Kd;G Nfhg;gp gapuplg;gl;l epyg;gug;G mbg;gilapy; ,t;tsT Vf;fUf;F ,t;tsntd;W tup mwtplg;gl;lJ. jw;Nghija rl;lj;jpd; gpufhuk; xt;nthU E}W ,whj;jYf;Fk; 5 rjtPjk; mwtplg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J Njapiy> nfhf;Nfh> rpq;Nfhdh vd;gtw;Wf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;. ,j;jifa tup mwptPL nghJthf Nfhg;gp tu;j;jfj;ij ghjpf;Fk; vd;W Jiukhu; rq;fk; thjpl;lNghJk; ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiwapd; Rfhjhuk;> kUj;Jtj;Jiwfis xOq;fhfg; guhkupf;fNtz;Lkhapd; ,j;jifa epjp mtrpankd murhq;fk; njuptpj;jJ vd;wNghJk; Njhl;lj;Jiukhu;fSk;> Jiukhu; rq;fj;jpd; jiytuhf ,Ue;j \hz;l; (Flr;zQP) mtu;fSk; Nkw;gb rl;lj;ij jk;khy; Kbe;j msT vjpu;f;fTk;> tpku;rpf;fTk; nra;jdu;. 1880 brk;gu; 28 Mk; jpfjp ,lk; ngw;w $l;lk; xd;wpy; ciu epfo;j;Jk;NghJ \hz;lu; gpd;tUkhW njuptpj;jhu;. ,e;j ehl;L murq;fk; Njhl;lj;Jiukhu;fSf;Fk; mNj tpjj;jpy; Njhl;lf; $ypfSf;Fk; ngupJk; flikg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j ,uz;L jhgdq;fSk; ,e;j ehl;Lf;F tuhky; tpl;bUe;jhy; ,e;j ehL ,d;W xU nghUshjhu nropg;Gk;> mgptpUj;jp kpf;f ehlhf xUNghJk; ,Ue;jpUf;f KbahJ. ntWkNd xU ,uz;lhe;ju ,uhZt kw;Wk; flw;gilj;jskhf khj;jpuNk ,Ue;jpUf;Fk;.

mjd; gpd; rpwpJ fhyj;jpy; ehl;by; nghJthf tpjpf;fg;gl;bUe;j tUlhe;j jiyf;Fupa tupahd (mzzjr;^ fzp^^ $*J) &gh 1.50 rjj;ij Njhl;lj;jpd; njhopyhsuplk; mwtpLtjpy;iy vd tpyf;fspf;fg;gl;lNghJ mJ njhlu;gpy; mtu; gpd;tUkhW fUj;Jj; njuptpj;jhu;. ,e;j tup tpjpg;ghy; ehl;by; ngUe;njUf;fs; mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ vd;gJ cz;ikjhd;. ,e;j ehl;il nghWj;jtiu Njhl;lf; $ypfs; ,jid tpl kpf mjpfkhd gq;fspg;igr; nra;jpUf;fpd;whu;fs;. mtu;fs; ,e;jpahtpd; fPo;f;fiuapy; ,Ue;J ,yq;if kj;jpa kiyehl;bd; Nfhg;gpj; Njhl;lq;fis mila ,ij tpl epiwaNt gzk; nrytopj;Js;shu;fs;. mtu;fs; tlf;Fg; ghijA+lhf fhy; eilahf Njhl;lq;fis mila MW ehl;fis nrytopf;fpwhu;fs;. mtu;fshy; Nkw;gb & 1.50 rjj;ij nrYj;j KbahJNghd NghJ 6 ehl;fs; ngUe;njUf;fspy; Ntiy nra;a Ntz;Lnkd jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. me;j tpjj;jpy; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ me;j ehl;L rpq;fs kf;fis tpl ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpf;F mjpfk; ciog;gtu;fs; mtu;fs;jhd;. Mjyhy; Vida gpui[fs; Nghy; jkf;Fr; rk cupik toq;Fk;gb Nfl;f mtu;fSf;F vy;yhtpjj;jpYk; cupik ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

,J njhlu;gpy; Njhl;lj;Jiukhu; gyUk; gytpjf; fUj;Jf;fisj; njuptpj;jdu;. Mu;j;ju; aq; (mZ}tlj*Z} *zpjzQ;) vd;gtu; fUj;Jj; njuptpf;ifapy;> uhkrhkpfs; khj;jpuk; ,y;yhjpUe;jhy; jhd; ,d;dKk; nlkNuuhtpy; jhd; ,Ue;jpUg;Ngd; vd;Wk; jdf;F tUlhe;jk; &gh 80>000 ngw;Wj; jUk; ,e;jj; njhopy; fpilj;jpUf;fhnjd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.

(njhlUk;).

ngUe;Njhl;l tuyhw;wpy; ,Ue;J 75

,uh. rlNfhgd;

vk; jiykPJ mku;e;jpUf;f

ghu;f;fpwhu;fs;.

MSdu; Nru;.N[k;]; Nyhq;ld; fhyj;jpy; FbNaw;w ehl;Lr; nrayhsuhf fpk;gu;yp gpuG gjtp tfpj;jhu;. ,tu;fs; ,UtuhYk; Njhl;l Jiukhu; r%fj;Jld; RKfkhd cwTfis itj;Jf; nfhs;s Kbatpy;iy. ,f;fhyj;jpy; rptpy; kUj;Jt rl;lk; %d;W Kiw jpUj;jg;gl;L Gjpa rl;lq;fs; nfhz;L tug;gl;ld. Kjypy; 1880Mk; Mz;bd; 17 Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;l jpUj;jj;jpd; NghJ Njhl;lj;jpy; Ntiy nra;j $ypj; njhopyhsu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; jiyf;F ,t;tsntd tup mwtplg;gl;lJ. ,r;rl;lk; 1881 Mk; Mz;bd; 18 Mk; ,yf;f rl;lk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; gpd; ,r; rl;lk; NkYk; jpUj;jg;gl;L 1882 Mk; Mz;bd; 9 Mk; ,yf;f rl;lk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,r;rl;lk; 1882 Mk; Mz;L [dtup 1 Mk; jpfjp Kjy; mKYf;Ff; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.

,t;tpjk; rl;lq;fs; xt;nthU Kiw jpUj;jg;gl;lNghJk; Njhl;lj;Jiukhu; mjid vjpu;j;jJld; ,J jhk; rk;ge;jg;glhj tplak; Nghy; xJq;fpapUe;jdu;. Njhl;lj;Jiukhupd; tpku;rdk; njhlu;gpy; FbNaw;w ehl;Lr; nrayhsu; fpk;gu;yp gpuG gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.

cz;ikapy; ,e;j rl;ljpl;lq;fSk;> rYiffSk; ,e;j ehl;bd; nghUshjhu Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhfTk;> Jiukhupd; ed;ikf;fhfTk; nfhz;L tug;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij ,e;j jpkpu; gpbj;j Mq;fpy ehl;L nts;isf;fhuu;fs; Gupe;J nfhs;tjpy;iy. mtu;fs; ehl;bd; rl;lq;fSf;F fl;Lg;glhky; mjpy; ,Ue;J jg;Gk; topfisNa NjLfpd;whu;fs; vd;W $wpdhu;. vdpDk; njhlu;e;Jk; Njhl;lj;Jiukhu;fs; jhk; epidj;jijNa nra;jhu;fs;.

1881 ngg;utup khjk; ele;j Jiukhu; rq;fj;jpd; $l;lnkhd;wpy; gpd;tUkhW fUj;J gupkhwg;gl;lJ. ehk; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; epiyik kpfTk; Jujp\;lfukhdJ. vkf;F cjtp nra;a Ntz;ba murhq;fk; fLikahd rl;lq;fisf; nfhz;L te;J vk;ik mlf;fp xLf;fg; ghu;f;fpd;wJ. Nfhg;gpg; nghUshjhuNk ,e;j ehl;bd; KJnfYk;G vd;gjid mtu;fs; Vw;f kWf;fpd;whu;fs;. re;ju;g;gq;fis vjpu;ghu;j;jpUe;J vy;yh re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; vk;ik fPNo tPo;j;jp vk; jiy kPJ mku;e;jpUf;fg; ghu;fpd;whu;fs;.

,Wjpahff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfspd;gb Njhl;lq;fs; nfhj;jzpfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;L xU nfhj;jzp khtl;lj;Jf;F kj;jpa kUj;Jtkid xd;Wk;> mjd; fPo; rpW itj;jparhiyfSk; (<bz;zP*zz;r;Z}b*z;) epWTtjw;F Vw;ghLfs; nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,j;jifa kUj;Jt kidfSf;Fk;> rpW itj;jparhiyfSf;Fk; kUj;Jtu;fis gzpf;Fr; Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;Sk;NghJ mtu;fSf;Fj; jkpo; njupe;jpUg;gJ Kd;Dupikahf;fg;gl;lJ. mt;thz;L Kjw; jlitahf fl;bl rig $l;lg;gl;l NghJ mjpy; mq;Fuhu;g;gz ciu epfo;j;jpa Ms;gjp Nyhq;ld; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. ,dpNky; ,yq;ifapd; kUj;Jt Nritf;F kUj;Jtu;fis Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;SWk; NghJ mtu;fs; ,yq;if kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}upapd; gl;ljhupfspy; ,Ue;J njupT nra;ag;glTs;sdu;. mtu;fs; jkpo; nkhopia njupe;J itj;jpUg;gJld; Njhl;l njhopyhsu;fspd; gof;f tof;fq;fs; Njitfs;> ek;gpf;iffs; vd;gtw;iwAk; Gupe;J itj;jpUg;gtu;fshf cs;sdu;. vJ vg;gb ,Ue;jNghJk; Njhl;lj;Jiukhu;fs; kUj;Jtr; nryTf;nfd jk;kplk; tup mwtplf;$lhnjdTk; mjid murhq;fNk nghWg;Ngw;f Ntz;LnkdTk; Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;jdu;. murhq;fj;jpd; nghJ tUkhdj;jpy; ,Ue;J mjw;F epjp xJf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;gJ mtu;fspd; fUj;jhf ,Ue;jJ.

vdpDk; ,jid murhq;fk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy. murhq;fk; gpd;tUk; Gs;sp tpguj;ij jdJ thjj;Jf;F Mjhukhff; fhl;baJ. mjd; gpufhuk; Nkw;gb kUj;Jtr; rl;lj;jpid mKy;gLj;Jtjw;F nrythFk; nkhj;jj; njhif & 1>34>02 MFk;. Mdhy; Njhl;lq;fspy; ,Ue;J tR+ypf;fg;gLk; tupg;gzk; nkhj;jk; &gh 30>021 kl;LNk vd urPJfs; njuptpf;fpd;wd. ,jd;gb murhq;fj;Jf;F Vw;gLk; el;lk; 1>04>010 &ghthFk;. ,j;njhifia nghJ tUkhdj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj xJf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,Nj rkak; murhq;fj;jpdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s 7 itj;jparhiyfspYk; rpfpr;ir ngWk; Njhl;lf; $ypj;njhopyhsupd; vz;zpf;if 1>161 MFk;. Njhl;lj; njhopyhsiuj; jtpu rpfpr;ir ngWk; Vidatu;fspd; njhif 294 MFk;.

,jd;gb Nkw;gb itj;jparhiyfspy; Ie;jpy; ehd;F klq;fpdu; Njhl;lj; njhopyhsu;fNs rpfpr;ir ngWfpd;wdu;. Mjyhy; ntWkNd murhq;fj;ij tpku;rpg;gjpy; ve;jtpjkhd gpuNahrdKk; ,y;iy.

,t;tpjk; Nfhg;gpj; Njhl;lq;fspdJk;> ,e;jpa $ypj;njhopysu;fspdJk; tuyhW 1890 Mk; Mz;L fhy fl;lq;fis mile;jpUe;j epiyapy; mg;NghJ gjtpapy; ,Ue;j MSdu; Nru; Mu;j;ju; n`kpy;ld; Nfhu;ld; (FbZ} mZ}tljZ} V*l;b^tzpz vzpZ}QPzpz> 18831890 ) ehl;bd; kUj;Jt Nrit njhlu;gpy; gpd;tUk; fUj;ij rl;l rigapy; Kd; itj;jhu;. Vw;fdNt gy;NtW rl;l Vw;ghLfs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;j NghJk; vJTNk jpUg;jpfukhf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. NghJkhd Nkw;ghu;it> gupNrhjid ,lk;ngwtpy;iy. rl;lj;ij kPWgtu;fs; jz;bf;fg;gltpy;iy. Mjypdhy; Njhl;lq;fSf;nfd tpNrl rl;lk; ,y;yhky; ehl;Lf;nfd tpNrl rl;lk; ,y;yhky; ehl;Lf;nfd nghJthd kUj;Jt rl;lk; nfhz;L tug;glNtz;Lk;.

mLj;j thuk; Kw;Wg; ngWk;!

md;G neQ;rq;fNs fle;j 75 thuq;fshf ,e; ePz;l neLk; tuyhw;Wf; fl;Liuj; njhlupid nghWikAld; thrpj;jikf;F ed;wpfs;. vkJ %jhijaupd; tuyhW Mgpupf;f fWg;gpd mbik kf;fspd; tuyhw;Wf;F ,uz;lhdjy;y. Mdhy; mtu;fs; Kd;Ndwp ,d;W cyfpd; xU kpfg; ngupa ty;yuRf;F jiyik jhq;Fk; msTf;F te;J tpl;lhu;fs;. Mdhy; ehk; tpl;nlwpAk; vYk;Gj; Jz;Lfis eRf;Fgtu;fshfNt ,g;NghJk; cs;Nshk;.

cq;fs; fUj;Jf;fisAk; tpku;rdq;fisAk; mwpaj; jhUq;fs;

,uh. rlNfhgd;.

ngUe;Njhl;l tuyhw;wpy; ,Ue;J (76)

KbTiu

kiyaf ,e;jpa tk;rhtsp kf;fspd; ,yq;if tUif kd;du; fhyk; Kjy; tuyhw;Wf;fhy nkq;Fk; tputpf; fplf;fpd;wNghJk; Nfhg;gpj; Njhl;lq;fspy; Ntiy nra;tjw;nfd ,yl;rf;fzf;fhf kf;fs; ,q;F te;J xU ghupa kf;fs; ,df; $l;lkhf cUthdikapd; Kf;fpa tuyhw;Wf; fhuzkhf Nfhg;gpg; gapu;r; nra;ifiaf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. Nfhg;gpg; gapu;r; nra;if 1823 Mk; Mz;L Muk;gpj;J 1890 fis mz;ba gFjpAld; n`kpypahnt];lh upf;fh vd;w (V*l;b^br; q**tr;Z}bQpr;) vd;w gq;f]; Nehapdhy; (mopf;Fk; Neha; fZ}*QPr;tzpZ} <bz;*r;z;) Kw;wpYk; mope;J NghdJ. mjd; gpd;dNu Njapiyg; ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiwapd; rfhg;jk; Muk;gkhfpd;wJ.

me;j tifapy; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ Rkhu; 70 Mz;Lfs; ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhuj;jpy; Nfhg;gp vd;w fUq;nfhl;il Nguhrhid NfhNyhr;rpapUe;jJ. ,f;fhyk; KOtJk; Njhl;lj;Jiukhu;fs; njhopyhspfisf; $yp vd;w nfhr;irahd thu;j;ij nfhz;Lk;. fUg;gd;fSk; uhkrhkpfSk; vd;Wk; fPo;j;jukhfNt mbikfs; Nghy; elj;jpdu;. jk;nrhe;j kz;iztpl;L me;epa J}uNjrnkhd;Wf;F gQ;rk; gpiof;f te;j ,tu;fNsh nts;isf; fhud; vd;Wk; vrkhd; vd;Wk; thoitf;Fk; nja;tk; vd;Wk; ruzile;J "rhkpnjhu vd;W gl;lk; nfhLj;J mtu;fs; fhy;fspy; tpOe;J fple;jdu;. ,e;j tuyhw;Wf; fhyk; KOtJk; ,tu;fs; jkf;F vjpuhd mlf;F Kiwia vjpu;j;jjhfNth> Vd; Jiuia epkpu;e;J VnuLj;Jg; ghu;j;jjhfNth gjpTfs; ,y;iy. mjw;F Kf;fpa fhuzk; md;W xt;nthU Njhl;lKk; Jiu vd;w ,uhZt mjpfhupiaj; jiyikahff; nfhz;L ngupa fq;fhzpfs;> Vida fq;fhzpfs;> Njhl;lr; Nritahsu;fisf; nfhz;l kpFe;j fl;Lf;Nfhg;G kpf;f nfLgpbfSld; mlf;fp xLf;fp njhopyhsiu itj;jpUe;jjhFk;.

Njhl;lj;njhopyhspia jd; tho; ehs; KOtJk; fld; ngw;w nfhj;jbikfshfNt itj;jpUe;jdu;. fld; mLj;jLj;j guk;giuf;Fk; nrd;wJ. mjdhy; ,e;j mbik kf;fs; ,yl;rk; ,yl;rkhf ,e;j kz;zpy; ,uj;jKk; Ntu;itAk; rpe;jp cioj;J kz;izf; nropj;J nfhopf;fr; nra;jNghJk; mtu;fspd; kuzq;fSk; mu;g;gzpg;Gf;fSk; gjpag;glhkYk; kuz mj;jhl;rpg;gj;jpuk; ,y;yhkYk; Nfhg;gpr; nrbf;fbapy; kiwe;J kz;zhfpg; Ngha; tpl;ld.

,e;j tuyhw;Wg; gjptpd; ,Wjp mj;jpahaq;fis gbj;jtu;fs; vj;jid Mapuk; yl;rk;Ngu; ,we;njhope;jhu;fs; vd;w fzf;Ff; fhl;liy Gs;sptpguq;fis juTfisf; fz;Zw;wpUg;gPu;fs; ,t;tsT Ngu; jk; ,d;Dapiu ,e;j ehl;bd; tsu;r;rpf;fhf mu;g;gzpj;jpUe;jNghJk; ,e;j ehL vq;fhtJ xU Xuj;jpy; xU %isapy; "ed;wp' vd;w ,e;j Kd;nwOj;ij epidT $u;e;jpUf;ff; $Lkh? cynfq;Fk; mlf;fp xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; tuyhw;iwg; ghu;j;Njhkhdhy; mj;jifa vy;yh tuyhw;WfSNk ed;wp nfl;l tuyhw;whfj;jhd; ,q;Fs;sJ.

tuyhw;W Ma;thsu; I.vr;.tz;ld; biurd; (V.I.qr;zQP*z <Z}bz;z;*z) $w;wpd;gb> Nfhg;gpf;fhyk; Kbtile;jNghJ ,yq;ifapy; trpj;j ,e;jpa tk;rhtsp ,e;jpaj; njhopyhsu;fspd; rdj;njhif 200>000 Mf ,Ue;jnjd;Wk; ,J 1871 Mk; Mz;bd; rdj;njhiff; fzf;nfLg;igikakhff; nfhz;lnjd;Wk; mjd; gpd; 1871 1901 fhyj;jpy; ,tu;fspd; ,aw;if mjpfupg;Gld; Nru;j;J ,tu;fspd; njhif 489>459 Mf ,Ue;jnjd;Wk; ,jD}ld; Nru;j;J Gjpjhf Gyk; ngau;e;J te;jtu;fspd; njhifiaAk; $l;bdhy; ,tu;fspd; nkhj;j njhifiaAk; $l;bdhy; ,tu;fspd; nkhj;jj; njhif 20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kjyhz;by; (1901) 676> 106 vd;Wk; njupfpwJ. ,d;W Rkhu; 110 Mz;Lfspd; gpd; ekJ rdj;njhif cj;jpNahf G+u;tkw;w Gs;sp tpguq;fspd; gb Rkhu; 15 ,yl;rkhFk;. ,e;jf;fhyk; Njapiyg; ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiwapd; tuyhw;Wf; fhykhFk;.

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CÁº-PøÍ¨ ÷£õ-»÷Á i. h¤Ò³. ]. ©º-öhõU (T.W.C Murdoc) AßøÓ¯ Si-Á-µÄ Bø-n-¯õÍ-¸® Áß-÷hõºm-iß P¸z-xU-PÒ ªøP¨-£-kz-u¨-£m-høÁ Gß-Ö-® T¼z- öuõ-È-»õÍº-P-ÎÀ 1/4 £[-Q-Úº C¸U-Qß-Ó-Úº GßÓ T-ØøÓ uõß HØ-P-ÂÀø» GßÖ® uÚx Po¨-¤ß£i Á¸-hõ¢u CÓ¨¦ Ãu® 7.04% ©õ-P÷Á EÒÍ-öuß-Ö® öu›-Âz-xÒÍõº.

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2011-10-24T04:39:00.001-07:00

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2011-10-24T04:38:00.003-07:00

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Cßì-ö£U-hº öáÚ-µ-»õ-P A¨-÷£õx £u-Â ÁQzu (ö£õ-¼ì Az-v-¯m-\-º |õ-¯-P-®) â.h-¤Ò-³.-Bº. öP®-£-¼ß TØ-Ö¨£i (G.W.R. Cambell) Põ´a-\-»õÀ £õ-vU-P¨-£m-k® h¯-›-¯õ (Áõ¢-v-÷£v) HØ-£m-k÷© {øÓ-¯¨ ÷£º CÓ¢x ÷£õ-°-Úº. 1860 B® Bsk AÝ-µõ-u-¦µz-vÀ ªß-\õµ öh¼-Q-µõ¨ ö£õ-Ô-°-¯-»õÍ-µõ-PU Ph-ø©-¯-õØ-Ô¯ \õºÒì »õ-÷£õ-÷µõ´ (Charles La Froy) GßÓ Ez-v-÷¯õ-Pz-uº uß-ÚõÀ A[-Q-¸¢x Ph-ø©-¦›¯ •i-¯õ-xÒÍ-öuß-Ö® GÀ»õ EÒ-|õm-kz öuõ-È-»õÍº-P-Ð® Põ-»õ-µõ £µ-Â Âk® GßÓ Põ-µ-nz-uõÀ £¯¢x Ki¨ ÷£õ´-Âm-h-Úº Gß-Ö® Eu-Â Aµ-\õ[P Av-£-¸US öu›-Âz-v-¸¢-uõº. CÁº AÁº-PøÍ ÷Áø»US A©ºz-x-Á-uØS ö£ß_ T¼ Av-P-©õP u¸-Á-uõP AÔ-Âz-v-¸¢-u-÷£õ-x® öPõ-»-µõ A£õ-¯® }[-S® Áøµ ¯õ-¸®- ÷Á-ø»US Áµ-ÂÀ-ø» GÚz öu›-Âz-v-¸¢-uõº.

öuõ-È-»õÍº-PÒ Av-P-©õP C¸-U-S® Ch® ~Á-öµ-¼-¯õ |Pº Gß-Ö® C[S Põ-n¨-£-k® Av-P-©õÚ S-Î-øµz uõ[P •i-¯õ-©-÷»÷¯ CÁº-PÒ CÓU-Qß-Ó-Úº Gß-Ö® Au-ÚõÀ C[S Á¸® öuõ-È-»õÍº-PÒ £õ-x-Põ¨-£õP u[P Cµõ-qÁ £õ-o-°-»õÚ ‰h¨-£mh Pm-i-h[-PÒ (Barraks) Cµsk ‰ßÖ Pm-h¨-£h ÷Ás-k-ö©-ßÖ® 1867 B® Bsk ~Á-öµ-¼-¯õ ©õ-Ámh EuÂ Aµ-\õ[P Av-£-µõ-PU Ph-ø©-¯õØÔ¯ H.Bº. Q[ (A.R. King) P¸z-xz öu›-Âz-u-øuz öuõ-hº¢x Cz-u-øP¯ Pm-i-h[-PÒ ~Á-öµ-¼¯õ Sv-øµz vhÀ ø©uõ-Úz-xUS As-ø©°À Pm-h¨-£m-hÚ. GÛ-Ý® AÆ-Á-¸-h® áüß, áüø», BPìm ©õ-u[-P-ÎÀ Aøµ- h-âß ¤n[-PÒ B[-Põ[÷P ÂÊ¢x Qh¨-£x Psk ¤iU-P¨-£mk AÔ-ÂU-P¨-£m-hx. Cx öuõ-hº-¤À Bµõ´¢x £õºz-u-÷£õx £m-i-Û-¯õ-¾® S-Î-øµz uõ[-P-•-i¯õ-©-¾÷© CÁº-PÒ CÓ¢-xÒ-Úº GßÖ öu›-¯-Á¢-u-x.

1860 B® Bsk áüø» ©õ-uz-vÀ C»[øP xøµ-©õº \[-Pzøu ¤µ-v-{-vz-x-Á¨-£-kz-v¯ Aß× {U-÷PõÀ (Andrew Nicol) C»[øP \m-h-\-ø£US GÊ-v-¯ Pi-u-ö©õß-ÔÀ Áh £Sv¨ £õ-»zvÀ AiU-Pi {PÌ-QßÓ öPõ-»-µõ ÷|õ´ öuõ-hº-£õÚ ©µ-n[-PÍõÀ C[S Á¸® -£» öuõ-È-»õÍº-P-Ð® v¸¨¤ AÝ¨-£¨-£-k-Qß-Ó-Úº GßÖ® -C-uØS Huõ-Áx ÁÈ •øÓ-PÒ ¤ß-£Ø-Ó¨-£h ÷Ás-k® Gß-Ö® Pi-u-ö©õß-ÔÀ SÔ¨-¤m-i-¸¢-uõº. B°-µU-P-nU-PõÚ öuõ-È-»õÍº-PÒ JÆ-öÁõ¸ |õ-Ð® C¢-u¨ £õ-øu-ø¯¨ £¯ß-£-kz-x® {ø»-°À Cu-øÚ |À» {ø»U-SU öPõs-k-Áµ Hß Si-Á-µÄ Pm-k¨-£õmk Bøn-¯õÍ-¸US •i-¯õ-xÒÍx GÚU ÷PÒÂ GÊ¨-¤-°-¸¢-uõº. Cz-u-øP¯ ö\¯Ø-Ôm-hz-vß Áõ-°-»õP £» E°º-PøÍ CÓ¨-¤À C¸¢x «mP •i-²® Gß-Ö® AÁº SÔ¨-¤m-i-¸¢-uõº.

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As-nøÚ CÇ¢u u[-øP-°ß ¦»®-£À-P-Ð® Bz-uõøÍ CÇ¢u ¤Ò-øÍ-°ß Pu-ÓÀ-P-Ð® ¤ÒøÍ ö£Ó Bì£z-v› ö\À» •i-¯õ-©À ÁÈ-°-÷»÷¯ ¤Ò-øÍ-ø¯¨ ö£ØÖ uß Pn-Áß øP°À öPõ-kzx Âmk Âmh ÷u°-ø»a ö\iUS Eµ-©õÚ "ö\À-»õ-°-°ß' Pøu-²® £õ®¦ Piz-x®, SÍÂ öPõm-i-²®, ]Öz-øu¨ ¦¼U-S¨ £¼-¯õ-Ú-Áº-P-Ð® öPõ-»-µõ ÷|õ´US £¼-¯õQ ö\z-u-Áº-P-Ð® ÷ÁÖ G[-÷P-²® öPõsk ö\À-»¨£h-ÂÀø». A¸-÷P C¸¢u ÷Põ¨-¤a ö\iz y¸U-Pi-°À-uõß AhU-P® ö\´-¯¨-£m-h-Úº. "A-hU-P® ö\´-¯¨-£m-h-Úº' GßÓ Áõºz-øu-Th CÁº-PøÍ¨ ö£õ-Öz-u-Á-øµ-°À ªP¨ ö£›¯ Áõºz-øu-PÒ uõß. H÷uõ ]Ô-x £ÒÍ® ÷uõsi öPõg-\® ©s ÷£õmk ‰h¨-£m-h-Úº Gß-£x uõß Esø©. Cß-Ö® Th ÷Põ¨-¤-ø¯-²® ÷u°-ø»-ø¯-²® EÔg] µ]z-xU SiU-S® ö©zøu Ãmk PÚ-Áõß-PÒ A¢u ÷Põ¨-¤°-¾® ÷u}-›-¾® P]¢x Põ-n¨-£-k®. A¢-u¨ 19 B® ¡Ø-Óõsk HøÇz öuõ-È-»õÍ--›ß Cµz-uz-v-øÚ-²® ÷Áº-øÁ°Ú-x® Áõ-\zøu En-µU Tk-©õ?

1865 B® Bsk ©õz-v-µ® 2,727 öPõ-»-µõ ÷|õ-¯õÍ-›À 1555 ÷£º CÓ¢x ÷£õ-°-Úº. 1866, 1867 B® Bs-k-P-ÎÀ 1304 ÷£º CÓ¢-u-Úº. C÷u Á¸-hz-vÀ i\®-£º ©õ-u® 2271 ÷£¸® Akzu Á¸-h® -á-Ú-Á-›-°À 3287 ÷£¸®- ö£¨-µ-Á-›-°-À 1767 ÷£¸® CÓ-¢-x-Âm-h-Úº. CUPõ-»z-vÀ ö©õzu ÷|õ-¯õ-Î-PÍõÚ 16,298 ÷£›À 10,210 ÷£º ÷Põ¨-¤a ö\iUS Eµ-©õ-Úõº-PÒ. CÁº-P-Îß CÓ¨¦ Ãu® CU Põ-»z-vÀ 68.8% Ãu©õP C¸¢-u-öuÚ uÚx £v-Ä-P-ÎÀ Aµ-\õ[-P® ö£¸-ø©-²hß TÔU öPõÒ-Qß-Ó-x.

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]» ©õ-u[-P-ÎÀ SÔzu ÷uõmh[-ÎÀ ÷£õ-x-©õÚ Gs-oUøP öPõsh öuõ-È»õÍº-PøÍU Põn •i-¯õ-v-¸¢-ux. £» \¢-uº¨¨-V-P-ÎÀ £øÇ¯ öuõ-È-»-õÍº-P-ÐU-S¨ £vÀ ¦v¯ öuõ-È-»õÍ-º-P÷Í Á¢x ÷\º¢-u-Úº. •uÀ ©õuz-xU-S® Akzu ©õ-uz-xU-S® Cøh-°À ¦ÒÎ Â£-µ[-P-ÎÀ £õ-›¯ ÷ÁÖ-£õ-k-PÒ Põ-n¨-£m-hÚ. AÁØ-ÔÀ G¢-u-Â-u-©õÚ öuõ-hºa-]-ø¯-²® AÁ-uõ-ÛUP •i-¯-ÂÀø». Cuß Põ-µ-n-©õP Cz-uøÚ öuõ-È-»õÍº-PÒ SÔzu ÷uõm-hzvÀ CÆ-ÁÍÄ Põ-»z-xUS öuõ-hºa-]-¯õP ÁõÌ-¢-u-Úº Gß-Ö® CÁº-P-ÎÀ Põ-n¨-£mh ©µ-n Ãu® CÆ-ÁÍÄ Gß-Ö® Po¨-¥k ö\´¯ •i-¯õ-v¢-ux. GÛ-Ý® J¸ SÔzu |õ-ÎÀ Gz-uøÚ öuõ-È-»õÍº ÷Áø»US Á¢-v-¸¢-u-Úº GßÓ £vøÁ ÷©Ø-öPõÒÍ •i-²® Gß-Ö® Cz-u-øP¯ uµÄ \›-¯õÚ {»-Á-µzøu ¤µ-v-£-¼U-Põx GßÓ ÷£õ-x® KµÍÄ |®-£-P-©õ-Úx Gß-Ö® ÷©Ø-£i \mh \ø£ E£ SÊ-Â-Úº AÔUøP \©º-¨¤z-u-Úº.

Bµ®-£z-vÀ ÷©Ø-£i \m-h® S-Ôzu xøµ-©õº-PÒ Bº-Á® Põm-i¯ ÷£õ-x® -¤ß-Úº CvÀ \®-£¢-u¨-£m-i-¸¢u ÷©»-v-P ÷Áø»-PÒ uõÄ ÷\P-›-£¦, £µõ-©›¨-¦ Gß-£-Ú-ÁØ-Ôß «uõß ÷Áø»¨-£Ð Põ-µ-n-©õP CÁº-PÒ -£õ-µõ-•-P-©õ-P÷Á C¸¢-u-Úº. GÛ-Ý® C¢-u -\m-h® 1867 B® Bsk |øh-•-øÓUS Âh¨-£mh ÷£õ-x® Ax ¤µ-÷¯õP Ÿv-°À \õz-v-¯¨-£-h-ÂÀø» GßÖ uõß P¸-u¨-£m-hx. Auß ¤µ-Põ-µ® öuõhº¢-x® ÷uõm-h[-P-ÎÀ Ch®-ö£ØÓ ¤-Ó¨¦, CÓ¨¦, v¸©-n® Gß-£Ú £v-¯¨-hõ-©À C¸¢-ux. GÛÝ® Ps-i-¯ v¸-©- -\m-hz-vß RÌ Ps-i-¯U Qµõ-©[-P-ÎÀ v¸-©-n¨ £v-Ä-PÒ- ö\´-Áx |øh-•-øÓ-°À C¸¢x Á¢-u-x.

Az-u-¸-nz-vÀ Ps-i-°À Ph-ø©-¯õØ-Ô¯ Aµ-\õ[-P- A-v-£º ¤.h¤Ò³. ¤÷µ ¦¹U (P.W. Braybrook) " ÷uõm-h[-P-ÎÀ T-¼ ÷Áø» ö\´-²®- öuõ-È-»õÍº-P-Îß ö£¸®-£õ-»õÚ ©µ-n[-P-Ð® A÷u-÷£õÀ C¢-v-¯õ-Âß öuß Pøµ-°À C-¸¢-x -©ø»|õm-kz ÷uõm-h® Áøµ-°-À ÁÈ-°À Ch®-ö£-Ö® ©µ-n[-P-Ð® £v-Áõ-Í-›ß PÁ-Úz-xU-SU öPõsk Áµ¨-£-k-ÁvÀø»'' GßÖ öu›-Âz-xÒÍ-õº. Cx öuõ-hº-¤À \-P» ÷uõmh {º-Áõ-P[-P-ÐU-S® _ØÖ {¸-£® AÝ¨-£¨-£m-kÒÍ-÷£õ-x® AuØ-PõÚ ¤µ-v-£-»ß v¸¨-v-P-µ-©õ-Ú-uõP CÀø» GÚ AÁº ÷©-¾® öu›-Âz-xÒÍõº.

1867 B® Bsk Cx-Áøµ öPõs-k-Á-µ¨-£mh \m-h[-P-Îß {ø» £Ø-Ô Bµõ-¯-öÁÚ ÷uõm-hz xøµ-©õº \[-Pz-v-Úº ÷\º. ›a-\ºm öP´¼ (Sir Richard Cayley) GßÓ ÁÇU-P-Ô-b-›ß uø»-ø©-°À Pªmi JßøÓ Aø©z-u-Úº. CvÀ Gá-©õ-Úº, ÷Áø»¯õÒ öuõ-hº-£õÚ \m-h[-P-Ð® Ah[-S®. GÛ-Ý® -C-ÁØ-øÓ-ö¯À-»õ® Bµõ´¢x £õºzu, öP´¼ uõß HøÚ¯ \m-h[-P-øÍ-ö¯À-»õ® CvÀ EÒÍ-hU-Q-¯-÷£õ-x® 1862 B® Bs-iß C». 17 GßÓ C¢-v¯ T¼z öuõ-È-»õÍº-P-Îß ©µ-n® öuõ-hº-£õÚ \mh HØ-£õ-k-PøÍ CvÀ EÒÍ-hU-P-ÂÀø» Gß-Ö® AuØ-SU Põ-µ-n® A¢-ua \m-h®- |-øh-•-øÓ¨-£-kz-uõ-©À E°-µØ-Ö¨ ÷£õ´-Âmhx (Practically a Dead Letter) GßÖ SÔ¨-¤m-i-¸¢-uõº.

1865 B® Bsk BÐ-Ú-µõ-P¨ £u-Â ö£ØÖ Á¢-v-¸¢u ÷\º. ÷íº-S-¼ì öµõ-¤ß\ÝU-S®- C÷u ¤µa-]-øÚ÷¯ uø»-°-i-ø¯U öPõ-kz-ux. CÁº -C¢u ¦»®-ö£-¯º öuõ-È-»õÍº-P-Îß CÓ¨¦ Ãuz-vøÚ Po¨-¤-k-Á-uØS ÷£õ-x-©õÚ ¦ÒÎ Â£-µz uµ-Ä-PÒ QøhU-P-ÂÀø» Gß-Ö® -Q-øhzu uµ-Ä-P-Îß- £i £õºU-S® ÷£õx ¤Ó¨¦ ©Ø-Ö®- C-Ó¨¦ Ãu[-PÒ Cµsk \u-Ã-u-©õ-P÷Á (2%) EÒÍÚ Gß-Ö®- öu-›-Âz-v-¸¢-uõº. 1860 P-Îß ¤Ø-£-S-v-°À ÁhU-QÀ C¸¢x ©ø» |õm-kUS Á¸® Ãv¨ £õ-øu-P-ÎÀ Po-\-©õÚ •ß-÷ÚØ-Ó[-PÒ ö\´-¯¨-£m-i¢-uÚ. ÷Põ¨-¤-°ß Âø»-²® Av-P-›z-v-¸¢-u-x-hß ÁÇ[-P¨-£-k® T¼z öuõ-øP-²® Av-P-›U-P¨-£m-i-¸-¢u-uõÀ öuõ-È-»õÍº Áµ-Â-¾® Po-\-©õÚ Av-P-›¨-¦ HØ-£m-i-¸¢-u-x.

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2011-10-24T04:35:00.001-07:00

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BÐ-Úº ÷\º. öíßÔ Áõºm AÁº-PÒ -uõß "B-£z-vÀ Eu-Ä® |s-£ß' øÁz-v¯\õø» öuõ-hº-¤À öu›-Âzu P¸z-xU-PÒ \ØÖ £õ-µ-y-µ-©õ-ÚøÁ GÚ HØ-ÖU öPõs-hõ-¾® AuØ-PõP uõß ©Ú-Á-¸z-u¨-£-h-ÂÀø» Gß-Ö® AuØ-SU Põ-µ-n® A¨-£i uõß öu›-Âzu P¸z-xU-P-Îß Põ-µ-n-©õP £» |ß-ø©-PÒ HØ-£m-kÒÍÚ Gß-Ö® ¤ß-Úº ÷£_® ÷£õx SÔ¨-¤m-hõº. AÁº Auß ¤ß £» •øÓ-PÒ ÷©Ø-£i øÁz-v-¯-\õø» {º-Áõ-PU SÊ-Â-Ú-øµ \¢-vzx P»¢-x-øµ-¯õ-i-Úõº.

Cz-u-øP¯ ÷£a-_-Áõºz-øu-P-Îß ÷£õx ÷©Ø-£i B£z-vÀ Eu-Ä® |s-£ß Aø©¨-¤ß {º-Áõ-Pz-vß RÌ C¯[-Q¯ Psi øÁz-v-¯-\õ-ø»ø¯²® •ß-÷Úõ-iz öuõ-È-»õÍº-P-ÐU-PõÚ (A-µ-\ ÷\øÁ-¯õÍº-PÒ) øÁz-v-¯-\õ-ø»-ø¯-²® Aµ-\õ[-P® ö£õ-Ö¨-÷£Ø-£-öuÚ wº-©õ-ÛU-P¨-£m-hx. Auß -÷£õx Cz-u-øP¯ Aø©¨-¦U-PÍõÀ {º-Á-QUP •i-¯õu AÍ-ÄUS Auß ÷uøÁ-PÒ ªP Av-P-›zxÒÍÚ Gß-Ö® AuØ-PõÚ Á\-v-P-Ð® ÁÍ[-P-Ð® Aµ-\õ[-Pz-v-h® ©õz-v-µ÷© EÒÍÚ'' Gß-Ö® SÔ¨-¤m-hõº.

øÁz-v-¯-\õ-ø»ø¯ Aµ-\õ[-P® ö£õ-Ö¨-÷£ØÓ ¤ß-Úº øÁz-v-¯-\õø» Pm-i-h® _z-u® ö\´-¯¨-£mk ¦Ú-µ-ø©U-P¨-£m-hx. ÷|õ-¯õ-Î-P-ÐUS E›-¯ PÁ-Û¨-¦U-PÒ ö\´-¯¨-£m-h-x-hß £» Á\-v-P-Ð® HØ-£-kz-u¨-£m-hÚ. Auß ¤ß-Ú-¸® J¸-•-øÓ Áõºm A¢u øÁz-v-¯-\õ-ø»-°ß uØ-÷£õ-øu¯ {ø»-ø¯ £õº-øÁ-°-k-Á-uØ-Põ-Pa ö\ß-Óõº. A¨-÷£õx Ax •ß-Úøµ Âh £» ÁÈ-P-ÎÀ •ß-÷ÚØ-Ó-©-øh¢x Põ-n¨-£m-hx. GÛ-Ý® A[S Ch-Á-\v ÷£õ-uõ-©À C¸¢-uøu AÁ-uõ-Ûz-uõº. A¢-u¨ ¤µa-]-øÚ-ø¯z wºU-S® ö£õ-¸mk A¢u øÁz-v-¯-\õ-ø»US ªP A¸-Põ-ø©-°À Aø©¢-v-¸¢u ]ß-Ú®ø© øÁz-v-¯-\õø» (Hospital for small pox) ø¯²® Au-Ý-hß Cønzx Âhz wº-©õ-Ûz-uõº. ""C¨-÷£õx C¢u ]Ô¯ Pm-i-hz-xUS øÁz-v-¯-\õø» GßÓ ö£¯º ö£õ-¸¢-uõ-öuß-Ö® Ax øÁz-v-¯-\õ-ø»-¯õP C¸UP ÷Ás-k-©õ-°ß AuØ-PõÚ ÷uõØ-Ó® AuØ-Q-¸UP ÷Ás-k-ö©ß-Ö®'' öu›-Âz-uõº.

Ax ©õz-v-µ-©ßÔ öPõ-Ê®¦, Psi, ¯õÌ¨-£õ-n® BQ-¯ Ch[-P-ÎÀ EÒ-|õmk ©¸z-xÁ Ez-v-÷¯õ-Pz-uº-P-ÐUS ©¸z-x-Á¨ £°Ø-]-¯-Îzx AÁº-P-Îß ÷\øÁ-ø¯ ÷©Ø-£i øÁz-v-¯-\õ-ø»-P-ÐU-S¨ ö£Ø-ÖU öPõ-k¨-£x Gß-Ö® wº-©õ-Ûz-uõº. Auß ö£õ-¸mk ]» ÷uõm-h[-PÒ Cøn¢x J¸ SÊ-ÁõP Cøn¢x Tm-hõP ©¸z-xÁ Av-Põ›PÎß ÷\øÁ-ø¯¨ ö£Ö-Á-öuß-Ö® B÷»õ-\øÚ öu›-Âz-uõº. Auß ¤µ-Põ-µ® ©¸z-xÁ Eu-Â-¯õÍº {¯-ªU-P¨-£m-h-x-hß AÁº-PÒ ÷uõm-h[-P-ÐU-Sa ö\ßÖ øÁz-v-¯z öuõ-ÈÀ £õºz-u-Úº. Pk-ø©-¯õÚ ÷|õ´-P-Îß ÷£õx ÷|õ-¯õÍº-PÒ Psi ©¸z-x-Á-©-øÚUS AÝ¨-£¨-£m-h-Úº. AÁº-P-ÐU-PõÚ ©¸z-x-Áa ö\»-ÄU-öPÚ SÔzu ÷uõm-h[-P-ÎÀ C¸¢x Pm-h-n® Jß-Ö® Á`-¼U-P¨-£m-hx.

BÐ-|º öíßÔ Áõºm £uÂ ÁQzu ÷£õx C»[-øP-°À £» A¤-Â-¸z-v¨ £o-PÒ _Ö-_-Ö¨-£õP |h¢-÷u-ÔÚ. AÁº £u-ÂU Põ-»® •i¢-u-x® AÁº ö©m-µõì ©õ-{-»z-xUS PÁº-Ú-º £u-Â- ö£ØÖ ö\ß-Óõº. A¨-÷£õx xøµ-©õº \[-Pz-v-Úº AÁ-¸US ¤›-¯õ-Âøh øÁ£-Á® JßÖ HØ-£õk ö\´-v-¸¢-u-Úº. AvÀ Eøµ {PÌzv¯ Áõºm ¤ß-Á-¸-©õÖ SÔ¨-¤m-hõº.

""E[-PÒ ÷uõm-h[-P-ÎÀ öuõ-ÈÀ ¦›-²® öuõ-È-»õÍº-PÒ |õm-kUS ©m-k-©ßÔ E[-P-ÐU-S® ö\À-Á® ÷uiz u¸-£-Áº-PÒ. AÁº-PÒ |õm-iß ÁÍ[-PÒ, E[-PÒ ÷uõm-h[-P-Î-¾® AÁº-PøÍ |ß-Óõ-PU PÁ-Ûz-xU öPõÒ-Á-x-hß AÁº-P-ÐUS ÷|õ´ ö|õ-i-PÒ Á¢u ÷£õx øÁz-v-¯-\õ-ø»US AÝ¨¤ ©¸z-xÁ Eu-Â-PÒ ö£Ø-ÖU öPõ-k¨-¥º-PÍõ-°ß Ax-÷Á GÚUS }[-PÒ ö\´-²® |ß-ÔU Ph-ÚõP C¸U-S®. |õß ªP A¸-QÀ C¸U-S® uªÌ |õm-iÀ-uõß £o ¦›-¯ ö\À-Q-÷Óß. A[-Q-¸¢x Gß-ÚõÀ E[-P-ÐUS Eu-Á •i-²®. A[-Q-¸¢-xuõß C¢-uz öuõ-È-»õÍº-PÒ C[S Á¸-Qß-Óõº-PÒ. |õß A[-÷P-²® AÁº-PÒ ÁõÌ-ÂÀ •ß-÷ÚØ-Ó[-PÒ Gøu-²® ö\´¯ •i-²-©õ GßÖ Bµõ´¢x £õºU-Pz wº-©õ-Ûz-xÒ÷Íß'' GßÖ AÁº uß-Ý-øµ-°À E¸U-P-©õ-P-Ä® Enºa] Á\¨-£m-k® SÔ¨-¤m-hõº.

BÚõÀ xµ-vè-h-Á-\-©õP AÁº ö©m-µõì ö\ßÖ ]Ôx Põ-»z-v-÷»÷¯ öPõ-»-µõ ÷|õ-¯õÀ ¥iU-P¨-£mk CÓ¢x ÷£õ-Úõº. AÁ-µ-x CÓ¨¦ öuõ-hº-£õP |õß B[-Q-»z-vÀ C¸¢x uª-ÈÀ ö©õÈ ö£¯ºzu Better Berry GßÓ |õ-Á-¼ß uªÌ Ái-Á-©õÚ "P-\¢u ÷Põ¨¤' GßÓ |õ-Á-¼ß •ß-Ý-øµ-°À ¤ß-Á-¸-©õÖ SÔ¨-¤m-i-¸¢-÷uß.

""÷Põ¨-¤U Põ-»® •Ê-Á-x® öPõ-»-µõ ÷|õ´ öuõ-È-»õÍ-›ß E°º £ÔU-S® ÷|õ-¯õP C¸¢-ux. CuØS ¤µ-•-Pº-P-Ð® Âv-Â-»U-PÀ». C»[-øP-°ß •u-»õ-Áx ÷Põ¨-¤z ÷uõmh E›-ø©-¯õÍº öíßÔ ÷£ºm (1824) öPõ-»-µõ ÷|õ´U-S¨ £¼-¯õ-Úõº. C»[-øP-°ß •u-»õ-Áx ÷u°-ø»z ÷uõm-hz-x-øµ-¯õÚ ¿À öPõ¢-u-µõ ÷u°-ø» ÷uõm-hz-xøµ ÷á®ì öh´-»º (1872) öPõ-»-µõ-ÁõÀ CÓ¢-uõº. A÷u-÷£õÀ C»[-øP-°ß BÐ-|-µõ-P¨ £u-Â ÁQzu ÷\º öíßÔ Áõºm ÷Põ¨-¤¨ ö£¸¢-÷uõmh ÁÍºa-]U-S® C»[-øP-°ß µ°À÷Á, ö£¸¢-öu-¸U-PÒ A¤-Â-¸z-vU-S®, ÷uõm-h¨ ¦Ó _Põ-uõ-µz-xU-S® ö£¸® £o-¯õØ-Ô-¯-Áº. CÁº 1860 B® Bsk öuß-Û¢-v-¯õ-Âß ö©m-µõì ©õ-{-»z-xUS PÁº-Ú-µõ-P¨ £u-Â ö£ØÖ ö\ß-Óø© C»[-øP-°ß ÷Põ¨-¤a ö\´-øPUS ÷£›-Ç¨-£õ-PU P¸-u¨-£m-hx. Põ-µ-n® Akzu Á¸-h÷© AÁº öPõ-»-µõ ÷|õ´U-S C»U-PõQ ©µ-n-©õ-Úõº.''

÷\º öíßÔ Áõºm Âøh ö£Ø-Öa ö\ß-Ó-øuz öuõ-hº¢x ÷\º \õºÒì ö©U-Põºzv (Sir Charles Meccarthy (1860 - 1863) A¨£-u-ÂUS {¯-ªU-P¨-£m-hõº. ö©U-Põºzv C»[-øP-°ß \‰-P, Aµ-]-¯À, ö£õ-¸Íõ-uõµ Âh-¯[-P-ÎÀ |ßS £›a-\-¯-©õ-Ú-Áº. 1847 B® Bsk öuõ-hU-P® 1850 B® Bsk Áøµ C»[-øP-°ß PnU-PõÍº |õ-¯-P-©õ-P¨ £u-Â ÁQzuÁº. 1850 & 1860 Põ-»z-vÀ £z-uõs-k-PÍõP C»[-øPU-PõÚ Põ-»-Ûz-xÁ ö\¯-»õÍ-µõ-P¨ £o ¦›¢-u-Áº. Põ-»-Ûz-xÁ ö\¯-»õÍ-µõP C¸¢u J¸-Áøµ ¤›z-uõ-Û¯ Aµ-_ ÷|µ-i-¯õP A¨-£-u-Â-°À C¸¢x BÐ-|-µõP {¯-ªU-P-¨£mh ö£¸-ø©-²® ö©U-Põºz-vø¯ ©m-k÷© ÷\¸®. CuØS •ß-Úº C»[-øP-°ß BÐ-|º-PÍõP {¯-ªU-P¨-£m-h-Áº-PÒ ÷©Ø-Q¢-v-¯z wÄ-PÒ, ö©õ-Õ-]-¯ì ÷£õßÓ |õ-k-P-ÎÀ £o-¦-›¢x öuß-Û¢-v¯ uªÌz öuõ-È-»õÍº-PÒ öuõ-hº-¤À AÝ-£-Á® ö£Ø-Ó-Áº-PÍõP C¸¢-u-Úº. BÚõÀ ö©U-Põºzv ÷\º ÷áõºä Aß-hº-\ß BÐ-Ú-µõP C¸¢u Põ-»z-v-¾® (1850 & 1855) Auß ¤ß ÷\º öíßÔ Áõºm (1856 & 1860) Põ-»z-v-¾® Cz-u-øP¯ ÂÁ-Põ-µ[-P-Ð-hß £›a-\-¯® EÒÍ-Á-µõP C¸¢-uõº.

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2011-10-24T04:34:00.002-07:00

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AÁ-›ß P¸zøu øh®ì J¨ ]÷»õß £z-v-›øP ¤ß-Á-¸-©õÖ SÔ¨-¤m-i¸¢-ux. ""A[S |õß Psh P-õm] •Ê ©Ûu S»z-xU-S÷© öÁm-Pzøu HØ-£-kz-uU Ti-¯-öuõß-ÓõP C¸¢-ux. A •US GÀ-»õ Ch[-P-Î-¾® SÂ¢x Qh¢-ux. |õØ-Ó®, PÂa_ Ãa-\® ‰U-øPz xøÍz-ux. _z-u® Gß-£øu J¸ Chz-v-¾® Põ-nU QøhU-P-ÂÀø». §a-]¨ ¦Ê¨-£møhPÐU-SU öPõg-\-•® SøÓ-Â-¸U-P-ÂÀø». C[S ö\ß-Ó-Áº-PÒ Q¸-ªz öuõØ-ÔÀ C¸¢x u¨£ •i-¯õx'' ]µ[S, ö\õÔ, ¦s EÒÍ-Áº-P-ÐUS Th A[S ö\ß-ÓõÀ ÷|õ´ Av-P-›U-S-÷©-¯ßÔ Sn-©-øh-¯ •i-²-ö©ßÖ |õß P¸-u-ÂÀø». C¢u øÁz-v-¯-\õø» J¸ ©µ¨ ö£õ-Ô-÷£õÀ EÒÍx''

B£z-vÀ Eu-Ä® |s-£ß Aø©¨¦ Aµ-]-¯À \‰-P ©m-hz-vÀ J¸ ©v¨¦ Áõ´¢u \‰P ÷\øÁ \[-P-©õP ö£¯º ö£Ø-Ô-¸¢-ux. Auß |h-Á-iU-øP-P-Ð® -AÆ-Â-u÷© Aø©¢-v-¸¢-uÚ. Au-ÚõÀ BÐ-|-›ß ÷©Ø-£i P¸zx Ca-\[-Pz-xUS ö£¸® \[-P-hzøu HØ-£-kz-v-¯x. Cx öuõ-hº-¤À ÂÍU-P® TÓ •Ø-£mh Põ-»-Ûz-xÁ ö\¯-»õÍº ÷©Ø-£i \[-Pz-vß ö\¯-»õÍ-µõ-PU Ph-ø©-¯õØ-Ô¯ Án â.h-¤Ò³. ì¦-öµõm AÁº-P-ÐUS (Ven G.W. Sprott) GÊ-v-¯ Pi-uz-vÀ ¤ß-Á-¸-©õÖ SÔ¨-¤m-i-¸¢-uõº.

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""A-øÚ-Á-¸® J¸ Â-h-¯zøu ©Ó¢-x-Â-hU Thõx. B°-µU-P-nU-PõÚ ÷|õ-¯õ-Î-PøÍ J¸ ]Ô-¯ øÁz-v-¯-\õ-ø»-¯õÀ \›-¯õP PÁ-ÛUP •i-¯õx. C¢u øÁz-v-¯-\õ-ø»-°À 20 ÷|õ-¯õ-Î-PøÍ øÁz-x¨ £µõ-©-›¨-£-uØS ©õz-v-µ÷© Á\-v-PÒ- EÒÍÚ. GÛ-Ý® 115 ÷|õ-¯õ-Î-PÒ AÝ-©-vU-P¨-£mk ]Qaø\ ÁÇ[-P¨-£kQß-Óx. CÆ-Â-u® Av-P-©õP Á¸®- ÷|õ-¯õÍº-PøÍ AÝ-©-vU-Põx v¸¨¤ AÝ¨-¤-ÚõÀ AÁº-P-ÐUS ÃvP-ÎÀ ©µ-o¨-£øu Âh ÷ÁÖ ©õØÖ ÁÈ-PÒ CÀø». CuøÚ ©õØ--Ô-¯-ø©¨-£-uØ-PõÚ J÷µ ÁÈ øÁz-v-¯-\õ-ø»-P-øÍ-²® ©¸z-xÁ Á\-v-P-øÍ-²® Av-P-›¨-£-uõ-S®'' A÷u-÷£õÀ Av-P-©õÚ ÷|õ-¯õ-Î-PÒ CÓU-S® uÖ-Áõ-°-÷»÷¯ øÁz-v-¯-\õ-ø»US öPõsk Áµ¨-£-k-Qß-Ó-Úº Gß-Ö® -C[÷P Á¢u ¤ß ©µ-oU-Qß-Ó-Úº'' Gß-Ö® -B-u-»õÀ BÐ-Ú-›ß wº-©õ-Ú® J¸ uø»¨-£m-\-©õÚx Gß-Ö® -T-Ô-°-¸¢-uõº.

CÆ-Âu Pk-ø©-¯õÚ Â©º-\-Úz-vß ÂøÍ--ÁõP ÷©Ø-£i B£z-vÀ Eu-Ä® |s-£ß Aø©¨-¤ß {º-ÁõP \ø£ EÖ¨-¤-Úº-PÒ AøÚ-Á-¸® uz-u-©x £u-Â-PøÍ µõ-âÚõ-©õ ö\´--Á-uõP AÔ-Âz-u-Úº. GÛ-Ý® Ca-\[-Pz-vß {º-Áõ-PU SÊ EÖ¨-¤-Úº-P-ÎÀ J¸-Á-µõP C¸¢-u-Á-¸® A÷u\©-¯® xøµ-©õº \[-Pz-vß uø»ÁµõPÄ® ö\¯Ø£mhÁ¸©õÚ Bº.¤. øhm-»º uÚUS ÷©Ø-£i \[-Pz-vß ö\¯Ø-SÊ «x |®-¤UøP EÒÍöuß-Ö® öuõ-hº-¢x® CU-SÊ ö\¯Ø-£h ÷Ás-k-ö©ß-Ö® -¤-÷µ-µøn Jß-øÓU öPõs-k Á¢-uõº. C¨ ¤÷µ-µ-ønø¯ ©Ø-Ö-ö©õ¸ ö\À-ÁõU-S-ªUP -E-Ö¨-¤-Ú-µõÚ Aö»U-éõs-hº ¤öµÍß (Alexander Brown) ÁÈ ö©õ-È¢-uõº. Cz-u-øP¯ ¤÷µ-µ-ønø¯ •ß -øÁzx Eøµ {PÌz-x®-÷£õx øhm-»º uÚ-x ÷Põ-›U-øPUS Bu-µ-ÁõP ¤ß-Á-¸® P¸zøu •ß-øÁz-uõº.

""Jm-k-ö©õz-u-©õP T¼z öuõ-È-»õÍºP-Îß GÀ-»õ ©µ-nz-xU-S® ö£õ-Ö¨¦ CU-SÊ «x _©z-u¨-£m-kÒÍx. A¨-£-i-¯õ-ÚõÀ C¢-uU SÊ-ÂÀ A[-P® ÁQ¨-£-Áº-PÒ ¯õº? Psi ©õ-Ámh Aµ-\õ[-P- A-v-£º uõß Ca \[-Pz-vß uø»-Áº. AÁº Psi ©õ-Ámh Cµõ-qÁz uø»Áº. Cµõo°ß £øh-¯-v-Põ-›-¯õP C¸¢x £» £uU-P[-PÒ öÁßÖ |õm-kU-S¨ ö£¸-ø© ÷\ºz-u-Áº. HøÚ-¯ A[-Pz-u-Áº-PÒ -¯õº? ©õ-Ámh }v-£-v-¯õ-PU Ph-ø©-¯õØ-Ö-£-Á-¸® ö£õ-¼ì }v-©ßÓ }v-Áõ-Ý® Ps-i-°ß ¤µ-u-© ][-PÍ Aµ-\ ¤µ-uõ-Û-²® uª-Çº-PÎß uø»-Á-µõÚ •u-¼-¯õ-¸® C-µsk £Ó[-Q-¯º ©U-P-Ò uø»-Áº-P-Ð®-|õßS- QÔì-uÁ ©u-÷£õ-u-Pº-P-Ð® Ps-i-°ß Cµsk Á[-Q-P-Îß uø»-Áº-P-Ð® CÖ-v-¯õP xøµ-©õº -\[-Pz-vß uø»-Á-¸® ö\¯-»õÍ--¸®-uõß. C¢u B£z-vÀ Eu-Ä® |s-£ß Aø©¨-¤ß ö\¯Ø-SÊ EÖ¨-¤-Úº-PÒ Jm-k-ö©õzu ©µ-n[-P-ÐU-S® ö£õ-Ö¨£õ-Ú-Áº-PÒ -|õ® uõß GßÖ SØÓ® _©z-x-Áøu G¢u Põ-µ-nz-øu •ß-Ûm-k® HØ-ÖU öPõÒÍ •i-¯õ-x....''

"u GU-éõ-ª-Úº' £z-v-›øP AÁ-µx ÷£aø\ EÒÍx EÒÍ-ÁõÖ ¤µ-_-›zv¸¢-u-x-hß Cx öuõ-hº-¤À J¸ B]-›-¯º uø»-¯[-P-•® wm-i-°-¸¢-ux. A¢u B]-›-¯º uø»-¯[-Pz-vÀ \‰-Pz-vß E¯º A[-Pz-u-Áº-PÒ «x BÐ-|º öíßÔ Áõºm öPÍ-µ-ÁU SøÓ-Áõ-PU P¸z-xz öu›-Âz-v-¸U-Q-Óõº Gß-Ö® Au-øÚ AÁº v¸z-vU öPõÒÍ ÷Ás-k-ö©ß-Ö® A¤¨-¤-µõ-¯®- öÁ-Î-°m-i-¸¢-u-x.

Cx öuõ-hº-¤À ÷©¾® £» P¸z-xU-P-Ð® GÊ¢-uÚ. ÷©Ø-£i Bì-£z-v-›-°À Av-P ©µ-n[-PÒ HØ-£-k-Á-uØ-PõÚ Põ-µ-n® •Põ-ø©z-x-Áz-vß ö£õ-Ö¨¦ AÀ-»-öÁß-Ö® A÷|-P-©õÚ ÷|õ-¯õÍº C¸U-S® uÖ-Áõ-°-¾® CÓ¢u ¤ß-¦® ¦øu¨-£-uØ-Põ-P÷Á C[S Gkz-x- Á-µ¨-£-k-Qß-Ó-Úº Gß-Ö® £» Áõ-u[-PÒ •ß -øÁU-P¨-£m-h-Ú.

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2011-10-24T04:34:00.000-07:00

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Ax ªP uÁ-ÓõÚ ö\´-v-ö¯ß-Ö® CÓ¨¦ Ãu® öÁÖ-©÷Ú 3% ©m-k-©õ-P÷Á EÒÍx Gß-Ö® Cx ÁÇU-P-©õÚ C¯Ø-øP-¯õÚ ©µ-n Ãuz-v-¾® SøÓ¢-ux Gß-Ö® Ãµõ¨-£õ-P¨ ÷£]-Úõß. AÁ-µ-x ÷£a_ •Ê¨-§-\-oU-Põø¯ ÷\õØ-ÔÀ ©øÓ¨-£-uõP C-¸¢-ux GÚ £»-¸-® P¸-v-Úº.

H.G®.-ö£º-S-éß öuõ-hº¢-x® uÚ-x J¨-\-Áº £z-v-›-øP-°À Cx öuõ-hº-¤À ¦Ò-Î-Â-£-µ[-P-Ð-hß Pm-k-øµ-PÒ GÊ-v-¯-x-hß £z-v-›-øP-°ß ö\´-v-¯õÍº J-¸-Áº uÚ-x ö\õ¢-u¨ ö£¯-øµ öÁ-Î¨-£-kz-uõ-©À ÷á.¤. Q÷µì (J.B.Graves) GßÓ ö£¯-›À Pm-k-øµ-PøÍ GÊ-v-Úõº. CÁº-PøÍz uÂµ öuß-Û¢-v¯ uªÌU-T¼ ªåß Aø©¨ø£ ÷\º¢u Án. ö\¨-i-©ì øíõ¨ì (Ven.Sephimus Hobbs) AÁº-P-Ð® Pk-ø©-¯õ-PU SµÀ GÊ¨-¤-Úõº. CÁº ÷uõm-h[-P-Ð-USa ö\À-¾® £õ-øu-P-Î-¾® Psi |P-µz-vß JxU-S¨ ¦Ó[-P-Î-¾® ÷|õ´ Áõ´¨-£mh öuõ-È-»õÍº-PÒ ö\z-xU QhU-Qß-Ó-Ú-öµß-Ö® CÁº-PÒ öuõ-hº-¤À G¢-u-Â-©õÚ Â\õ-µ-øn-²® CÀ-»õ-©À £U-Pz-vÀ £ÒÍ[-PÒ C¸¢u-uõÀ AvÀ yUQ Ã]-Â-k-Qß-Ó-Úº Gß-Ö® öu›-Âz-xÒÍõº.

©Ö-¦-Ó® A÷|-P-©õÚ öuõ-È-»õÍº-PÒ ÷uõm-hz-vÀ CÓ¨-£-vÀø» Gß-£-x® AÁº-PÒ ÷|õ´-Áõ´¨-£mk ÷Áø» £õºUP •i-¯õu {ø»-ø¯ Aøh-²® ÷£õx ÷uõm-h[-P-ÎÀ C¸¢x xµz-v-¯-iU-P¨-£-k-Qß-Ó-Úº. Bu-»õÀ AÁº-PÒ ÷uõm-h[-P-ÐUS öÁ-Î-°À £õ-øu-P-Î-÷»÷¯ C¸U-Qß-Ó-Úº Gß-Ö® AÁº-P-Îß ö£¯º-PøÍ¨ £m-i-¯-¼mk Ki¨-÷£õ-Ú-Áº-PÒ GÚ ö£õ-¼-_US AÔ-ÂU-P¨-£mk Âk-Qß-Óx GÚ-Ä® ö\õ-Óõ¨ì ÷©¾® öu›-Âz-xÒÍõº.

÷á.¤. Q÷µÀì Gß-£-Á-›ß TØ-Ö¨-£i vj-º ©µ-n[-PÒ «x ©µ-nz-vÀ \¢-÷u-P® GÊ¢-u-÷£õ-x® ©õz-v-µ÷© ©µ-n-Â-\õ-µ-øn-PÒ Ch®-ö£-Ö-Qß-ÓÚ. ÷|õ´-Áõ´¨-£mk C-¸¢-u-Áº-PÒ öuõ-hº¤À ©µ-n-Â-\õ-µøn |hz-u¨-£-k-Á-vÀø». Cz-u-øP¯ ©µ-n[-PÒ öuõ-hº-¤À ö£õ-¼-\õ-¸US AÔ-ÂU-P¨-£-k-Qß-ÓÚ. ¤ß-Úº Cµsk T¼z öuõ-È-»õÍº-PÒ AÝ¨-£¨-£mk ¤nzøu £õ-ö¯õß-ÔÀ _ØÔ Gkz-xa ö\ßÖ SÈ ÷uõsi ¦øuzx Âk-Qß-Ó-Úº. ÷©Ø-£i Cµsk T¼z öuõ-È-»õÍº-P-ÐU-S® Aµ-\õ[-P® Pm-h-n® ö\¾z-x-Qß-Ó-x.

©Ö-¦-Óz-vÀ BÐ-Ú-µõ-P¨ £u-Â ÁQzu öíßÔ Áõºm öuõ-È-»õÍº-P-Îß CÓ¨¦ Av-P-›z-u-ø©US Põ-µ-n® P[-Põ-o-©õº-P-Îß •øÓ-÷P-k-P-Ð® ÷©õ-\-i-P-Ð÷© GÚU SØ-Ó® _©z-v-Úõº. öuõ-È-»õÍº-P-Îß |»-ÝU-PõP ö\»-Á-È¨-£-uØ-PõP ÁÇ[-P¨-£mh •Ø-£-nzøu P[-Põ-o-©õº •Ø-Ô-¾® öPõÒ-øÍ-¯-iz-u-Ú-µßÔ AvÀ ö\õØ£ £nz-øu-¯õ-Áx öuõ-È-»õÍº-PøÍ¨ £µõ-©-›UP ö\»-Â-k-Á-vÀø» GÚ AÁº öu›-Âz-uõº. ©Ø-Ö® öPõ-Ê®-¦&-Psi öµ°À÷Á Ãv Aø©U-S® £o Bµ®-¤U-P¨-£m-i-¸¢-ux. CuØS ÷uõm-hz-xøµ©õ-›ß £[-P-Î¨¦ AÁ-]-¯-©õ-Ú-uõP C¸¢-ux. GÚ÷Á AÁº ÷uõm-hz-x-øµ-©õº Â©º-]U-Põx µõ-á-u¢-v-µz-x-hß |h¢x öPõÒÍ {øÚz-uõº. öPõ-Ê®¦ Psi µ°À Ãv Aø©¨-£-u-ÚõÀ ÷uõm-hz-x-øµ-©õ-÷µõ ÷|µ-i- |ß-ø©-PøÍ¨ ö£Ö-Qß-Ó-Úº GÚ Á¼-²-Öz-v-Úõº. A÷u \©-¯® µ°À ÃvUS öÁS yµz-vÀ C¸¢u ÷uõm-h[-PøÍa ÷\º¢u xøµ-©õº-PÒ u©US Ás-i¨ ÷£õU-S-Á-µzx Ãv-PÒ ö\¨-£-Û-h¨-£-h-ÂÀ-ø»-ö¯ß-Ö® µ°À÷Á Ãv-¯õÀ u©US |ßø© CÀ-ø»-ö¯ß-Ö® TÔ-Úõº.

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1859 B® Bsk i\®-£º 19 B® vPv öíßÔ Áõºm \mh \ø£-°À Eøµ {PÌz-x®-÷£õx ¤ß Á¸-©õÖ SÔ¨-¤m-hõº.

""C¨-÷£õ-öuÀ-»õ® -A-v-P-©õ-Ú öuõ-È-»õÍº-PÒ C»[øP Á¸Áøu uÂºzx ö©õ-Ô-]-¯ì ©Ø-Ö® ÷©Ø-Q¢-v-¯z -w-Ä-P-ÐU÷P ÷£õ-Qß-Óõº-PÒ. C»[-øPUS Á¸-£-Áº-PÒ Av-P-©õP ÷|õ-¯õÍºPÍõP C¸U-Qß-Ó-Úº Gß-Ö® ÷|õ´ Áõ´¨-£m-h-Áº-PøÍ ¯õ-¸® PÁ-Û¨-£-vÀø»ö¯ß-Ö® SøÓ¢u T¼ ©Ø-Ö® Av-P-›zu ÁõÌU-øPa ö\»-Ä Põ-µ-n-©õ-P-Ä® öuõ-È-»õÍ-›ß C»[øP ÷|õU-Q¯ Ch®-ö£-¯º-ÂÀ ÃÌa] HØ-£m-kÒÍx. C»[-øP-¯õ-Úx öuõ-È-»õÍº-P-Ò «uõÚ |m-¦ÒÍ |õk GßÓ ö£¯-øµ¨ ö£Óz uÁ-Ô-Âm-h-x.''

Áõºm uß £u-ÂU Põ-»z-vß CÖ-v-°À C»[øP _Põ-uõµ ÷\øÁ-ø¯ ^µ-ø©UP •¯Ø] ö\´-uõº.

C»[-øP-°À _Põ-uõµ ÷\øÁ-ø¯ ^µ-ø©¨-£-vÀ Dk-£m-hõº. CU-Põ-»z-vÀ C»[-øP-°ß _Põ-uõ-µa ÷\øÁ Cµsk ¤›-Áõ-P¨ ¤›U-P¨-£m-k -Põ-n¨-£m-h-x.

1 Aµ\õ[Pzvß ÷©Ø£õºøÁ CµõqÁ uø»ø©°ß RÌ Põn¨£mhx. ©Ø-Óx Si-°-¯À uø»-ø©-°ß RÌ Psi B£z-vÀ Eu-Ä® |s-£ß Aø©¨-¤ß (Kandy friends in Need Society) RÌ C¯[-Q-¯x. CÁº-PÒ öPõ-Ê®-¤-¾® Ps-i-°-¾® Cµsk øÁz-v-¯\õ-ø»-PøÍ {º-Á-Qz-u-Úº.

Cx öuõ-hº-¤À Bµõ´¢x £õºzu Áõºm ÷©Ø-£i B£z-vÀ Eu-Ä® |s-£ß Aø©¨¦ •Ø-Ô-¾® uÛ¯õ-›ß {v¨ £[-P-Î¨-¤-÷»÷¯ C¯[-S-Á-uõÀ A[÷P £µõ-©-›¨¦ ]U-PÀPÐ®, ©¸z-xÁº-P-Ð® •Põ-ø©z-x-Áz-xU-S® Cøh-°À öP-k-¤-i-PÒ Põ-n¨-£-k-Áøu Enº¢-uõº. Aµ-\õ[-Pz-vß \õº-¤À ÁÇ[-P¨-£mh Eu-Âz-öuõ-øP-¯õÚ 40 £Äs-PøÍ 600 £Äs-PÍõ-P-Ä® ¤ß-Úº 1700 £Äs-PÍõ-P-Ä® Av-P-›z-uõº. CÆ-Á-ø©¨-¤ß E¯º {º-Áõ-Q-PÍõP Ph-ø©-¯õØ-Ô-¯-Áº-PÒ \‰-Pz-v-Úº A¢-uìx ªU-P-Áº-PÍõP C¸¢-u-uõÀ CÁØ-Ôß ÷\øÁ v¸¨v ªU-P-uõP C¸¨-£-uõP Põ-»-Ûz-xÁ ö\¯-»-Pz-xUS GÊ-v-¯ Pi-uz-vÀ öu--›-Âz-v¸¢uõº.

C¸¢-x® {ø»-ø©-°À Gz-u-øP¯ ©õØ-Ó® HØ-£m-hx Gß-£x öu›¢-u-Áº-P-ÐUS ©õz-v-µ÷© öu›¢-u-uõP C¸¢-ux. ¯õ-øÚ¨ £]US ÷\õø»¨-ö£õ-Ô-÷£õmh ©õ-v› £õ-›¯ _Põ-uõµ ÷\øÁ-ö¯õßøÓ £õ-µõ-©-›¨-£-uØS QÒÎ Á-Ç[-P¨-£mh {v-²-u-Â-PÒ ÷£õ-x-©õ-Ú-uõP C¸U-P-ÂÀø». _Põ-uõµ ÷\øÁ-°À G¢-u¨ £õ-›¯ ©õØ-Ó[-P-Ð® HØ-£-h-ÂÀø»

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2011-10-24T04:32:00.001-07:00

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2011-10-18T04:46:00.001-07:00

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தாண்டவம்: இலங்கை அரசியலும் பெண்களின் பங்களிப்பும்.

2011-08-19T05:03:00.000-07:00

தாண்டவம்: இலங்கை அரசியலும் பெண்களின் பங்களிப்பும்.

மூலிகைவளம்: மருதாணி.

2011-07-05T03:54:00.000-07:00

மூலிகைவளம்: மருதாணி.

2011-06-30T04:06:00.000-07:00

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÷©Ø-£i øÁz-v-¯-\õ-ø»-°ß PnUS ÁÇUSU SÔ¨-¤ß-£i 1841B® Bsk øÁz-v-¯-\õø» {º-Áõ-Pa ö\»-Ä 80 £Äs, 6 ]À-¼[ 1 ö£ßÛ GÚ GÊ-u¨-£m-kÒÍx. C¢-ua ö\»-Ä 1842B® Bsk 140 £Äs, 19 ]À-¼[, 9 ö£ß-Û-¯õ-P Av-P-›z-xÒÍx. 1842B® Bsk CÆ-øÁz-v-¯-\õ-ø»-°À 67 ÷£º CÓ¢-xÒÍ-x-hß 18 ÷£º ö\õÀ-»õ-©À öPõÒÍõ©À Ki¨ ÷£õ-²ÒÍ-Úº. CÁº-PÒ Ki¨ ÷£õ-Ú-ø©U-PõÚ Põ-µ-n® B[-Q» øÁz-v-¯zøu A-Áº-PÒ Â¸®-£õ-ø©-¯õ-S® GÚz öu›-ÂU-P¨-£m-kÒÍx.

÷|õ-¯õÍº-PÒ Av-P AÍ-ÂÀ Bì-£z-v-›-°À CÓ¢-u-ø©US Põ-µ-n® AÁÒ ÷|õ´ •ØÔ CÛ-÷©À Jß-Ö® ö\´¯ •i-¯õx GßÖ øPÂ-h¨-£mh {ø»-°À Bì-£z-v-›U-SU öPõsk Áµ¨-£m-h-ø©-¯õ-S® GÚ-Ä® SÔ¨-¤-h¨-£m-kÒÍx. ""C¢u øÁz-v-¯\õø» AÁ-»-•® ÷\õ-P-•® Ps-p-¸® {øÓ¢-u-uõP |µ-Pz-xUS \©-©õ-Ú-uõP C¸¢-u-ø©-°øÚ A[S ö\ßÖ £õºz-u-Áº-PÍõÀ ©õz-v-µ÷© Enµ •i-²-ö©ßÖ'' ÷©Ø-£i B£z-xUS Eu-Ä® |s-£ß Aø©¨-¤ß ö\¯-»õÍ-µõ-P-Ä®, -ö£õ-¸ÍõÍ-µõ-P-Ä® ö\¯Ø-£mh ÷Põ¨-¤z ÷uõmh E›-ø©-¯õÍ-¸-©õÚ öíßÔ ÷£ºm (Hendry Bird) öu›-Âz-xÒÍõº.

{v £Ø-ÓõU-SøÓ Põ-µ-n-©õP ÷©Ø-£i øÁz-v-¯-\õø» AÁ-»-{-ø»U-Sz uÒÍ¨-£m-h-ø©US ÷©»-v-P-©õP ÷ÁÖ® £» Põ-µ-o-P-Ð® Bì-£z-v-›-°ß ö\¯Ø-£õmøh |¼-Á-øh¯ øÁz-uÚ. ö£õ-¼-éõ-¸® Qµõ-©z uø»-Áº-P-Ð® u©US ÷|õ´z öuõØÖ HØ-£-k-® GßÓ £¯z-vÀ ÷|õ´ Áõ´¨-£m-h-Áº-P-Îß £U-P÷© ÷£õ-Põ-v-¸¢uxhß CÁº-P-Î-h® C¸¢-x® HøÚ-÷¯õ-›-h® C¸¢-x® G¢u Jz-x-øÇ¨-¦® QøhU-P-ÂÀø» GÚ öíßÔ ÷£ºm ÷©¾® SÔ¨-¤m-kÒÍõº.

öuõ-È-»õÍº-P-Îß £›-uõ-£-P-µ-©õÚ AÁ-» {ø» öuõ-hº-¤À Ps-i-°ß ö£õ-¼ì Az-v-¯m-\--µõP C¸¢u ÷á.Gì. ÷PõÀ ö£¨-£º (J.S. Colepepper) ¤ß-Á-¸-©õÖ SÔ¨-¤-k-Qß-Óõº.

""Q-µõ-©z uø»-Áº EÒÍ-h[-P-»õP •-Ê Psi |Pµ Áõ-]-P-Ð÷© ÷|õ´-Áõ´¨-£mh ©-»-£õº öuõ-È-»õÍ-¸US J¸ ö\õm-kz us-pº Th öPõ-kU-Pz u¯õ-›Àø». AÁº-PÒ Pk-ø©-¯õÚ öÁ-Ö¨-ø£-²® £øP-ø©-ø¯-²® öÁ-Î¨-£-kz-x-Á-uß Põ-µ-n-©õP ÷|õ´ ¥iU-P¨-£m-h-Áº-P-ÐUS ö£õ-¼-éõ-µõ-¾® Eu-Á •i-¯-ÂÀø». Cu-ÚõÀ £À-÷ÁÖ Aö\Í-P-›-¯[-PÒ HØ-£-k-Qß-ÓÚ. ö£õ-¼-éõº £À-÷ÁÖ \©-¯[-P-ÎÀ u©-x Ph-ø©-ø¯ ö\´¯ •i-¯õ-©À ukU-P¨-£m-kÒÍ-Úº. SÔzu Ch[-P-ÎÀ uø»-ø©¨ ö£õ-Ö¨-¤À C¸¨-£-Áº-PÒ Th T¼z öuõ-È-»õÍºPÒ ÷|õ-¯õÀ AÀ-»-¾-Ö® AÁ-»-•® £k-Á-øu¨ £õºz-xU öPõs-k® Ps-k® Põ-nõ-ux ÷£õÀ £øPø© £õ-µõm-k-Qß-Ó-Úº''

CU-Põ» Pm-hz-vÀ öPõ-»-µõÁõ-Úx {P-Ê® ©-µ-n[-P-Ð-UPõÚ ªP¨ ¤µ-uõ-Ú-©õÚ Põ-µ-o-¯õP ö£¯º ö£Ø-Ö-Âm-hx. Au-øÚz öuõ-hº¢x |õm-iß \P-» ©¸z-x-Áº-P-ÐU-S® öPõ-»-µõ ÷|õ´ Á¢-u-Áº-P-ÐUS GÆ-Â-u® ©¸z-x-Á® ö\´¯ ÷Ás-k-ö©Ú Aµ-\õ[-P® AÔ-Ä-Öz-uÀ-PøÍ AÝ¨¤ øÁz-ux.

1846B® Bsk áÚ-Á› ©õ-u® AÝ¨¤ øÁU-P¨-£mh ©¸z-x-Áº-P-ÐU-PõÚ AÔ-Ä-Öz-uÀ SÔ¨-¤À A¨-÷£õx C»[øP ©¸z-x-Áa \ø£-°ß ö\¯-»õÍ-µõP C¸¢u ÷á. ÷£ºßì (Secretary of the Medical Board J. Burns) ¤ß-Á-¸-©õÖ öu›-Âz-v-¸¢-uõº.

""K-¤-¯® ©Ø-Ö® A-÷©õ-Û-¯õ BQ-¯-ÁØ-Ôß P»-øÁ JßøÓ u¯õ-›z-xU-öPõÒÍ ÷Ás-k®. Auß ¤µ-Põ-µ® 36 K¤-¯® Âøu-P-øÍ-²® 48 ªÍ-S-P-øÍ-²® ÷\ºzx ÷©Ø-£i P»-øÁ-²-hß Aøµzx Av-¼-¸¢x 25 S-Î-ø\-PøÍz u¯õ-›z-xU öPõÒÍ ÷Ás-k®. CÁØøÓ ‰ßÖ ÷|µ® öPõ-kUP ÷Ás-k®''

÷©Ø-£i S-Î-ø\-PÒ "öPõ-»-µõ ÂÀ-ø»-PÒ' GÚ AøÇU-P¨-£m-hÚ. C¢u S-Î-ø\-P-ÐUS ÷©»-v-P-©õP `hõU-P¨-£mk ø£P-ÎÀ AøhU-P¨-£mh ö\[-PØ-PÒ AÀ-»x ©nÀ ø£PÒ •x-öP-¾®-¤ß «x® PõÀ-PÒ «x® øÁU-P¨-£m-h-x-hß Eh®-¤ß A¨-¤-µ-÷u-\[-PÒ |ßS u-h-Â¨ ¤iz-x-Â-h¨-£m-hÚ. Cx-÷Á A¨-÷£õx ¤µ-£-»-©õÚ öPõ-»-µõ ©¸z-x-Á-©õP C¸¢-ux. GÛ-Ý® ö£õ-x-©U-PÒ Cz-u-øP¯ ©¸z-x-Á® öuõ-hº-¤À Av-P AU-PøÓ öPõs-h-uõ-Pz öu›-¯-ÂÀø» Gß-Ö® AÁº-PÒ ©¢-vµ u¢-v-µ[-P-øÍ-²®, ©õ-›-¯®-©-øÚ-²®, -Põ-Î-ø¯-²® AøÇz-xU S®-¤mk §\õ-›-°ß u¯-øÁ-÷¯ Av-P® |õ-k-Qß-Ó-Ú-öµ-Ú-Ä® "J¨-\º-Áº' £z-v-›øP ö\´v öÁ-Î-°m-i-¸¢-ux.

öPõ-»-µõ-ÁõÀ £õ-vU-P¨-£mh ÷µõ-©ß Pz-÷uõ-¼UP ©uz-øua ÷\º¢-u-Áº-PÒ J¸ SÔzu Pz-÷uõ-¼UP ¦Û-u-›ß (Saint of Roman Catholic) PÀ-»-øÓ-°À C¸¢x ©søn Gkzx ¦]z-u-Úº Gß-Ö®, C¢x ©uz-v-Úº PõÎ ÷Põ-Â-¼À C¸¢x wºz-u® öPõsk Á¢x uø»-°À ÷u´zx Siz-u-Úº Gß-Ö® A¨-£z-v-›øP ÷©¾® SÔ¨-¤m-i-¸¢-ux. A÷u \©-¯® B£z-vÀ Eu-Ä® |s-£ß Aø©¨-¦U-PõÚ {v Eu-Âz öuõ-øP-°øÚ 1846B® Bsk Aµ-\õ[-P® 150 £Äs-PÍõ-P-Ä®, -A-uß ¤ß AuøÚ 317 £Äs-PÍõ-P-Ä® Av-P-›z-ux. 1845, 1846 BQ-¯ Cµsk Bs-k-P-Ð® ÷Põ¨-¤z ÷uõmh Áµ-»õØ-ÔÀ öPõ-»-µõ ÷|õ-¯õÀ ªPU Pk-ø©-¯õ-P¨ £õ-vU-P¨-£mh Bs-k-PÍõ-S®. CU-Põ-»z-vÀ ÷\º. öPõ-¼ß öP®-£À (Sir Colin Campell) C»[-øP-°ß BÐ-Ú-µõ-P¨ £u-Â ÁQz-uõº.

öPõ-»-µõ-ÁõÀ £õ-vU-P¨-£mh öuõ-È-»õÍº öuõ-hº-¤À ÷uõm-hz xøµ-©õº-PÒ E›-¯ PÁ-Ú-ö©-kU-P-ÂÀ-»ø GÚ-Ä® AÁº-PøÍ ¦ÓU-P-ozx \õP AÝ-©-vU-Q-Óõº-PÒ Gß-Ö® 1846B® Bs-iÀ ©õz-v-µ® 4,447 öPõ-»-µõ ÷|õ-¯õ-Î-PÒ Psi øÁz-v-¯-\õ-ø»-°À AÝ-©-vU-P¨-£m-i-¸¢-u-Úº Gß-Ö® CÁº-P-ÎÀ 3218 ÷£º-P-Îß {ø» ªPU PÁ-ø»U-S-›-¯x G-Ú-Ä® uõß Si-÷¯ØÓ |õm-ka ö\¯-»õÍ-¸US GÊ-v-¯ AÔU-øP-°À öP®-£À öu›-Âz-v-¸¢-uõº.

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2011-06-30T03:59:00.000-07:00

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CÁº Põ-»z-vÀ C»[-øP-°ß ÷Põ¨-¤z ÷uõm-h[-P-ÎÀ öuõ-È-»õÍº-P-Îß {ø»¨-£ØÔ Bµõ´¢u Põ-»--Ûz-xÁ
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1846 B® Bs-k-P-ÎÀ C»[-øP-°ß ÷Põ¨¤ Áºz-u-P® £õ-vU-P¨-£m-h-uØ-SU Põ-µ-n® Auß C¢-v-¯õ-ÂÀ Põ-n¨-£mh ªu ªg-]¯ ö|À ÂøÍa-\-¾® ©Ö-¦-Ó® ÷©õ-\-©õÚ Põ» {ø» Põ-µ-n-©õP £õUS }›-øn-°À £h-S¨ ÷£õU-S-Á-µzx ö\´¯ •i¢-v-¸-¢u-uõÀ uõß öuõ-È-»õÍº-PøÍ AøÇz-x-Áµ •i-¯õ-v-¸¢-ux©õ-S® GßÖ J¸ \õ-µõº
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2011-06-06T04:44:00.000-07:00

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(Cß-Ý® Á¸®)

2011-06-06T04:31:00.000-07:00

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Cu-øÚz öuõ-hº¢x Án QÍõºU AÁº-PøÍ Bu-›zu ÷uõm-hz-x-øµ©õº-PÒ GÀ»õ® Cøn¢x CÆ-Â-h-¯zøu IU-Q¯ µõa-]-¯z-vß öPsh £› Av-÷©Ø-Ô-µõ-o-¯õ-¸US ÷©ß-•-øÓ-±k ö\´-u-Úº. öPsh £›-ø¯a ÷\º¢u Av ÷©Ø-Ô-µõ-o-¯õº »s-hß kº-íõ® Âßö\ì-hº BQ-¯-ÁØ-Ôß AøÚzx ÷©Ø-Ô-µõ-o-¯õº-P-øÍ-²® AøÇzx B÷»õ-\øÚ ö\´u ¤ß •µs-£mh Cµsk ¤›-Â-Úøµ²® CønU-S® Âuz-vÀ A-¤¨¤-µõ¯ B÷»õ-\øÚ JßøÓ AÝ¨¤ øÁz-uõº. GÛ-Ý® QÍ-õºUøP «s-k® ÷\øÁ-°À Cønz-xU öPõÒÍ AÝ-©v ÁÇ[-P¨£-h-ÂÀø».

C÷u-÷|-µz-vÀ Cz-u-øP¯ {PÌ-Ä-PÒ öuõ-hº-¤À ÷µõ-»sm £õ-v-›-¯õº ¤ß-Á-¸-©õÖ SÔ¨-ö£-Ê-v-²ÒÍõº. xøµ-©õº ©z-v-°À ÷£õ-x-©õÚ Jz-x-øÇ¨¦ CÀ-»õø© öuõ-hº-¤À ©Ú -Á-¸z-u¨-£m-hõº.

""C-øÁ GÀ-»õ-ÁØ-ÖU-S÷© ‰» Põ-µ-n® |©US ©z-v-°À Põ-n¨-£-k-QßÓ A\m-øh-²® P¸z-öuõ-¸-ª¨-¤ß-ø©-²® uõß. Cz-u-øP¯ {ø»-°À |õ® ö\´-QßÓ G¢u ö\¯-¾® Aºz-u-ªÀ-»õ-©À ÷£õ´-Â-k-Qß-Óx. CÁØ-ÔÀ C-¸¢x G¢u E£-÷¯õ-P P-µ-©õÚ ö£Ö-÷£-Ö-P-øÍ-²® |®-©õÀ ö£Ø-ÖU öPõÒÍ •i-¯õx. Cz-u-øP¯ |h-Á-iU-øP-PÒ ‰»® uªÌ T¼z öuõ-È-»õÍº-PøÍ ÷©-¾® £»-£i "÷£õU-Q›' PÍõP BUP •i-²-÷©-¯ßÔ QÔì-u-Áº-PÍõP ©õØÓ •i-¯õ-x.

(Cß-Ý® Á¸®)

2011-03-24T04:51:00.000-07:00

ö£¸¢-÷uõmh Áµ-»õØ-Ô-¼-¸¢x..... (32)

& Cµõ. \h-÷Põ-£ß

»¯[-PÒ E¸-ÁõÚ Áµ-»õ-Ö

C¨-÷£õ-x®-Th ÷uõm-hz öuõ-È-»õÍº-P-Îß Ãk-PÒ •Ø-Ô-¾® "Ã-k-PÒ' GßÓ A¢-uìz-øu¨ ö£Ó-ÂÀø». Bµ®-£z-vÀ Pm-h¨-£mh "»-¯ß' Põ®-£-µõU-P-Î-÷»÷¯ Cß-Ý® CÁº-PÒ ÁõÌ¢-xU öPõs-i-¸U-Qß-Ó-Úº Gß-£x P\¨-£õÚ Esø©. Bµ®£ Põ» ÷Põ¨-¤z ÷uõmh T¼z öuõ-È-»õÍº-PÒ P-Î-©s Si-ø\-P-Î-÷»÷¯ Aøh¢x Qh¢-u-Úº. »¯® GßÓ }sh Á›ø\ Põ®-£-µõU-PÒ 1850B® Bs-øh-ö¯õm-i÷¯ Aø©U-P¨-£m-h-öuÚ ÂÀ-¼-¯® \÷£õ-Úõ-i-¯º (William Sabonadiore) öu›-ÂU-Qß-Óõº.

P-Î-©s Si-ø\-P-ÎÀ öuõ-È-»õÍº-PÒ u[P øÁU-P¨-£m-h-uõÀ Põ-»z-xU-SU Põ-»® Au-øÚ «Í-ø©¨-¦a ö\´¯ ÷Ás-i-°-¸¢-ux. Cu-ÚõÀ Âµ-¯-©õÚ ö£¸¢-öuõ-øP¨ £nzøu ªa-\¨-£-kz-u÷Á "»-¯®' GßÓ {µ¢-uµ Pm-i-h[-PÒ ÷Ás-k-ö©Ú J¸ ö£¸-©-P-ÚõÀ Gkz-x-øµz-u-uØ-Q-n[-P÷Á »¯[-PÒ Pm-h¨-£m-hÚ. A¢-u¨ ö£¸-©-Pß AßÖ ÷¯õ-]z-ux ªPa \›-¯õÚ ]¢-u-øÚ-uõß Gß£x CßÖ {¹-¤U-P¨-£m-k-Âm-hx. HöÚ-ÛÀ Aß-Ó-ø©U-P¨-£mh A¢u »¯[-PÒ Cß-Ö-Áøµ «Í-ø©U-P¨-£-h-ÂÀø». öuõ-È-»õÍ-›ß »¯zx ÁõÌUøP Cß-Ö® A¨-£-i÷¯ öuõ-hº-Qß-Óx.

Bµ®-£z-vÀ ÷Põ¨-¤z ÷uõmh ö\õ¢-uU-Põ-µº-P-Ð® xøµ-©õ-¸® Âøµ-ÂÀ £nU-Põ-µº-PÍõP ÷Ás-k® GßÓ ÷|õU-Q-÷»÷¯ C[S Á¢-u-Úº. Qøhzu £nzøu C[-Q-»õ¢-xUS Gkz-xa ö\À-Á-vÀ AU-PøÓ Põm-i-Ú-µßÔ G¢u ö\»-Â-Ú[-P-øÍ-²® uÂºz-u-Úº. ÷©¾® £»º öuõ-hº¢-x® ÷Põ¨-¤z öuõ-ÈÀ {ø»U-S-©õ Gß-£-vÀ \¢-÷u-P® öPõs-i-¸¢-u-Úº. GÚ-÷Á AÁº-PÒ Gøu-²® uØ-Põ-¼-P-©õ-P÷Á ö\´-u-Úº.

GÛ-Ý® 1850PøÍz öuõ-hº¢x ÷Põ¨-¤a ö\´-øP-°À J¸ {µ¢-u-µz uß-ø©-²®, |®-¤U-øP-²® ÷uõß-Ô-°-¸¢-ux. öuõ-È-»õÍº-PøÍ {µ¢-u-µ-©õ-Pz u[P øÁUP ÷Ás-i¯ ÷uøÁ-²® HØ-£m-hx. G¢-u-Â-u-©õÚ {µ¢-uµ Ãh-ø©¨-¦U-PøÍ HØ-£-kz-x-Áx GßÓ ÷£a_ GÊ¢-u-÷£õx ""12 Ai AP-»®, 12 Ai }Í-©õÚ J¸ \x-µ AøÓ-ø¯ HØ-£-kz-x-Á-öuß-Ö-® CvÀ 10 T¼z öuõ-È-»õÍº-PøÍ u[P øÁUP ÷Ás-k®'' Gß-Ö® B÷»õ-\øÚ öu›-ÂU-P¨-£m-h-öuÚ ÂÀ-¼-¯® \÷£õ-Úõ-i-¯º SÔ¨-¤m-kÒÍõº. Cx öuõ-hº-¤À 1855B® Bs-k Ch®-ö£ØÓ ÷uõm-hz xøµ-©õº \[-PU Tm-hz-vÀ ÂÁõ-vU-P¨-£m-hx Gß-Ö® CÁº öu›-Âz-xÒÍõº.

÷uõm-hU Si-°-¸¨-¦U-PÍõP ¤ß-Úº "»-¯[-PÒ' Pm-h¨-£mh÷£õx Hß AuøÚ "»-¯®' GßÖ AøÇz-uõº-PÒ GÚ uÚU-Sz öu›-¯-ÂÀø» Gß-Ö®, AÁØøÓ Bµ®-£z-vÀ Aø©z-u-Áº-PÒ "»-¯®' GßÖ AøÇz-u-uõÀ (Why were the lines called lines?) öuõ-hº¢-x® A¢-u¨ ö£¯º {ø»z-x-Âm-h-öuß-Ö® ¤.i. ªÀ¼ öu›-Âz-xÒÍõº.

"»-¯®' Gß-£x J¸ }sh ÷|º÷Põm-iÀ 12 •uÀ 16 AøÓ-PÒ C¸U-S®-£i uøµ •uÀ TøµÁøµ _Áº Pmi 10 Ai x 12 Ai £µ¨-ø£U öPõsh AøÓ-PøÍ EÒÍ-hUQ áß-ÚÀ-PÒ Gx-Ä-ªßÔ²®, _Põ-uõµ Á\-v-PÒ Gx-Ä-ªß-Ô Aø©U-P¨-£mh }sh Pm-i-h-©õ-S®. •ÊU Pm-i-hz-xU-S® ö£õ-x-ÁõÚuõP J¸ •øÚ-°À C¸¢x ©ØÓ •øÚÁøµ ¤›U-P¨-£-hõu }sh Áµõ¢-uõ-Ä® CvÀ C¸¢-ux.

Bµ®-£z-vÀ öuõ-È-»õÍº-PÒ GßÚÂu-©õÚ u[-S-ªh Á\-v-°-¸¢-uõ-¾® HØ-ÖU öPõsh÷£õ-x® ¤ß-Úº uõ® ÷uõm-hzøu Âmk Â»-Qa ö\À-Á-uØS Ãmk Á\v ÷£õ-uõx GßÓ Põ-µ-nz-øu-²® öu›-Âz-xÒÍ-Úº. BÚõÀ Ax J¸ Põ-µ-n-©À»öÁß-Ö® AÁº-PÒ A¨-£-ia ö\õß-Ú-uØS ÷ÁÖ Põ-µ-n[-PÒ C¸UP ÷Ás-k-ö©ß-Ö® ªÀ¼ P¸z-xz öu›-Âz-xÒÍõº. SÔ¨-£õP ÷Áø» £Ð-Ä®, -J-ÊU-PU Pm-k¨-£õ-k-P-Ð® AÀ-»x ÷ÁÖ Põ-µ-n[-P-Ð÷© AÁº-PÒ ÷uõm-hzøu Âmk öÁ-Î-÷¯Ó Põ-µ-n® Gß-£x ªÀ-¼-°ß FP-©õ-S®.

}sh »¯[-PÒ Akz-u-kzx Pm-h¨-£mh÷£õx ÷ÁÖ £» ¤µa-]-øÚ-PÒ HØ-£m-hÚ. SÔ¨-£õP _Põ-uõµ Á\-v-PÒ C¸U-P-ÂÀø». S¨ø£ T»[-PÒ, -P-È-Ä-PÒ SÂ¢-uÚ. ÷|õ´-PÒ C»-S-Áõ-P¨ £µ-Â-Ú. \søh \a-\-µ-Ä-P-Ð® HØ-£m-hÚ. \õv •µs-£õ-k-P-Ð® HØ-£m-hÚ. ""]-» \õ-v¨ ¤›-Â-Úº Aß-Óõ-h® S-Îz-x, -x-øÁzx, Bøh Ekzv _z-u-©õP C¸¢u÷£õ-x® ]» ¤›-Â-Úº S-ÎU-Põ-©À AÊU-PõP C¸¢-u-Úº'' Gß-Ö® Au-ÚõÀ Az-u-øP-¯-Áº-P-ÐUS ÷ÁÖ ÷ÁÓõÚ C¸¨-¤h Á\-v-PÒ ö£Ø-ÖU öPõ-k¨-£x EP¢-ux GÚ-Ä® P¸z-xU-PÒ GÊ¢-uÚ.

Auß-£i J¸ ÷uõm-hz-vÀ 20 Ai x 16 Ai £µ¨-£Í-Â-»õÚ AøÓPÒ Pm-iU öPõ-kU-P¨-£mk AvÀ 4 C-¼-¸¢x 6 ÷£º u[P øÁU-P¨-£m-h-Úº Gß-Ö®, BÚõÀ ¤ß-Úº ö\ßÖ £õºzu A¢u J¸ AøÓ ©µz xs-k-PøÍU öPõsk ¤›U-P¨-£mk £» AøÓ-PÍõ-Pz ukU-P¨-£mk J¸ Qµõ-©-©õP BU-P¨-£m-i-¸¢-ux Gß-Ö®, ªÀ¼ uß £øÇ¯ {øÚ-Ä-PøÍ «m-kU öPõÒ-Q-Óõº.

öuõ-È-»õÍº-PÒ uz-u-©x AøÓ-P-ÐU-SÒ-÷Í÷¯ ö|¸¨¦ ‰mi \ø©z-u-Úº. Cu-ÚõÀ AiU-Pi w¨-¤-iU-S® \®-£-Á[-PÒ Ch®-ö£Ø-ÓÚ. uz-u-©x C¸¨-¤-h[-P-Î-÷»÷¯ Bk, -÷Põ-È, -|õ´, -§-øÚ, -©õk Gß-£-ÁØøÓ ÁÍºz-u-x-hß ]»º J¸-£i ÷©÷» ÷£õ´ £ß-Ô-P-øÍ-²® ÁÍºz-u-Úº. Pm-hõ-¯® J¸ ÷Põ-ÈU Shõ¨¦ JÆ-öÁõ¸ Ãm-i-¾® C¸¢-ux. J¸ öuõ-È-»õÍº SÊ-Â-Ú-›ß uø»-ø©U P[-Põ-o »¯z-vß Pøh-] AøÓ-°À \ØÖ Â\õ-»-©õP Áµõ¢-uõøÁ HØ-£-kz-vUöPõsk "uÛ ©›-¯õ-øu-²-hß' Á]z-uõß. öuõ-È-»õÍº ¤µa-]-øÚ-PøÍ ÂÁõ-vz-xz wºU-S® Tm-h[-PÒ P[-Põ-o-°ß Â\õ-»-©õÚ Áµõ¢-uõ •ß-Ó-¼-÷»÷¯ Ch®-ö£-Ö-Áx ÁÇU-Pz-vÀ C¸¢-ux.

CU-Põ-»z-vÀ C»[-øPUS Á¢x ÷Põ¨-¤z ÷uõm-h[-P-Îß {ø», _Põ-uõ-µ®, -©-¸z-x-Á®, -ÁõÌUøP {ø» Gß-£Ú öuõ-hº-¤À Bµõ´¢x P¸z-xz öu›-Âzu ¤›z-uõ-Û¯ Av-Põ-›-PÒ GÁ-¸-÷© "»-¯U Põ®-¤-µõU-PÒ' £ØÔ SøÓzx P¸z-xz öu›-ÂU-P-ÂÀø». CU-Põ-»z-vÀ C»[-øPUS Âá-¯® ö\´u Av-÷©Ø-Ô-µõ-o-¯õº öPõ¨Àì-hõß (Bishop Copleston) Gß-£-Á-›ß ¤µz-v-÷¯P ö\¯-»õÍ-µõP Á¢u Ga.-h-¤Ò³. ÷PÆ (H.W. Cave) (CÁº ¤ß-Úº ¦z-u-P-\õø» JßøÓ E¸-ÁõU-Q-Úõº) Gß-£-Áº ¤ß-Á-¸-©õÖ TÔ-Úõº, ""»-¯[-PÒ Gß-£øÁ Á\-v-¯õÚøÁ¯õP CÀ-»õ-Âm-hõ-¾® P-Î-©s Si-ø\-P-ÎÀ ÂÊ¢x Qh¢-u-ø©-°-¾® £õºUP ÷©»õ-ÚøÁ. AÁº-PÒ ÁõÌ-QßÓ G-Î-ø©-¯õÚ ÁõÌ-øÁ¨ £õºU-S®-÷£õx AÁº-PÒ Es-ø©-°À öPõ-kzx øÁz-u-Áº-PÒ-uõß''

(Cß-Ý® Á¸®)

2011-03-24T04:40:00.000-07:00

ö£¸¢-÷uõmh Áµ-»õØ-ÔÀ C¸¢x... (31)

Cµõ. \h-÷Põ-£ß

A›] ÂØÖ \õ-µõ-¯® Sizu Pøu

¤›z-uõ-Û-¯-µõÀ Psi µõa-]-¯® øP¨-£Ø-Ó¨-£m-h-øuz öuõ-hº¢x Aµ-\ {º-Áõ-P®- ©ø» |õ-öh[-S® ìuõ-¤U-P¨-£m-hx. ö£õ-¼ì, }v-©ß-Ó[-PÒ, Aµ\ Av-£º ¤›-Ä-PÒ £i¨-£-i-¯õP ÁÍºa-]-¯-øh¢-uø©ø¯¨ ÷£õÀ ©x ÂØ-£øÚ {ø»-¯[-P-Ð® ö£¸-P Bµ®-¤z-uÚ. ¤›m-iè Aµ-\õ[-P® ©U-PøÍ ©x-ÄUS Ai-ø©-¯õUS-Qß-Óx Gß-Ó -SØ-Óa-\õm-k® GÊ¢-ux. 1848 B® Bsk HØ-£mh ¤›z-uõ-Û¯ A-µ-_U-öP-v-µõÚ QÍºa-]U-PõÚ Põ-µ-n[-P-ÎÀ ÷©Ø-£i ©x¨ £õ-ÁøÚ ¤µa-]-øÚ-²® Jß-ÓõP C¸¢-u-x.

QÍºa] HØ-£m-h-uØ-PõÚ Põ-µ-n[-PøÍ¨ £ØÔ P»¢-x-øµ-¯õ-hÀ JßÖ Ch®-ö£Ø-Ó-÷£õx, AvÀ P¸z-xz öu›-Âzu ©z-v¯ ©õ-Põ-nz-vß Aµ-\õ[P Av-£-µõ-PU Ph-ø©-¯õØ-Ô¯ ].Bº. ¦À-»º (C.R. Buller) (öPõ-Ê®¦ ¦À-»ºì ÷µõm CÁ-µx ö£¯-µõ-S®) ¤ß-Á-¸©õÖ SÔ¨-¤m-hõº.

1815 & 1848 Põ-»z-vÀ Psi ©õ-Ám-hz-vÀ ©õz-v-µ® 133 \õ-µõ-¯z uÁ-Ó-øn-PÒ HØ-£-kz-u¨-£m-i-¸U-QßÓöußÖ® BÚõÀ, ö©õz-u® 4 £õ-h-\õø»PÒ -©õz-v-µ÷© E¸-ÁõU-P¨-£m-kÒÍ-öußÖ® S-Ô¨-¤m-kÒÍõº.

\õ-µõ-¯z uÁ-Ó-øn-PÒ ÷Põ¨-¤z ÷uõm-h[-PÒ E¸-ÁõÚ £S-v-P-Î-¾® Av-P-›z-uÚ. \õ-µõ-¯® Si¨-£-uØ-PõP Põ-_¨ ¤µa-]-øÚø¯ \©õ-ÎUP ÷uõm-hz öuõ-È-»õÍº-PÒ- ÷Põ¨-¤ø¯z v¸-k-Q-Óõº-PÒ GßÓ SØ-Óa-\õmk GÊ¢-ux. 1872 •uÀ 1877 Áøµ PÁº-Ú-µõ-P¨ £u-Â ÁQzu ÷\º ÂÀ-¼-¯® Qµ-P-› (Sir William Gregory) ©x¨ £õ-Á-øÚø¯ SøÓU-P¨ £õ-k-£m-h-Áº-P-ÎÀ J¸-Á-µõ-PU P¸-u¨-£-k-Qß-Óõº. CÁº uÚx \mh \ø£ A¾-Á-»-Pz-vÀ C»[-øP-°ß Áøµ £h® JßøÓ øÁzx AvÀ G[-öPÀ-»õ® ©x-£õ-Úa \õ-ø»-PÒ EÒÍÚ GÚU SÔzx øÁz-u-x-hß JÆ-öÁõ¸ ©xa-\õ-ø»-²® ‰h¨-£m-h÷£õ-x AÁØøÓ ]Á¨¦ Áº-nz-uõÀ S-Ô-°m-hõº.

AÁ-µ-x C¢-ua ö\¯À-£Ø-ÔU SÔ¨-¤mh v¸©-v Qµ-P-› ""G[-öPÀ-»õ® uÁ-Ó-øn-PÒ vÓU-P¨-£-k-Qß-ÓÚ. G[-öPÀ-»õ® uÁ-Ó-øn-PÒ ‰h¨-£-k-Qß-ÓÚ Gß-£øu £õºzu ©õz-v-µz-vÀ AÁº öu›¢x öPõÒÍ Â¸®-¤-Úõº. Cuß ‰»® uÚx Pm-h-øÍ-PÒ {øÓ-÷ÁØ-Ó¨-£-k-Qß-Ó-Ú-Áõ Gß-£-øu-²® öu›¢x öPõs-hõº'' GßÖ SÔ¨-¤m-kÒÍõº.

GÀ»õ ©õ-Ám-h[-P-Î-¾® Ph-ø©-¦›-²® A-µ-\õ[-P Av-£º-P-ÐUS A¢-u¢u ©õÁm-h[-P-ÎÀ Tk-©õ-Ú-Áøµ ©x ÂØ-£øÚ {ø»-¯[-PøÍ SøÓU-P-÷Ás-k-ö©Ú AÔ-Ä-Öz-u¨-£m-kÒÍx. BÚõÀ A÷u \©-¯® uz-u-©x ¤µ-÷u-\[-P-ÎÀ ¦v-uõP ©x ÂØ-£øÚ {ø»-¯[-PÒ Aø©U-P¨-£h ÷Ás-k-ö©Ú ÷uõm-hz-x-øµ-©õº-PÒ Âu¢-xøµ ö\´-u-£i C¸¨£x ©Ú-Á-¸z-uz-øuz u¸-Qß-Ó-x.

÷Põ¨-¤z ÷uõm-hz öuõ-È-»õÍº-PÒ -©x A¸¢-x-Á-uØ-PõP ÷Põ¨-¤ø¯ ÷uõm-h[-P-ÎÀ C¸¢x PÍ-öÁ-kzx öÁ-Î-°À ÂØ-Q-Óõº-PÒ GßÖ® Cu-øÚz ukUP Pk-ø©-¯õÚ \m-h[-PÒ A•À |hzu ÷Ás-k-ö©-ß-Ö® A÷u ÷uõm-hz xøµ-©õº-PÒ BÐ-|º Qµ-P-›-°-h® ÷Põ-›UøP Âkz-uõº-PÒ. Cx öuõ-hº-¤À ©Ø-Ö-ö©õ¸ \©-¯® \mh \ø£-°À P¸z-xz öu›-Âzu BÐ-|º,

""T-¼z öuõ-È-»õÍº-PÒ ÷Põ¨-¤-ø¯z v¸-k-Q-Óõº-PÒ Gß-ÓõÀ AuØ-SU Põ-µ-n® AÁº-P-ÐU-P-¸-Põ-ø©-°-À ©x ÂØ-£øÚ {ø»-¯[-PøÍ Bµ®-¤z-ux uõß GßÓ Es-ø©-ø¯ ÷uõm-hz xøµ-©õº-PÒ En-µ ÷Ás-k®'' GßÖ SÔ¨-¤m-kÒÍ-ø©-²® C[S ©Ú[ öPõÒÍz-uU-P-x.

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©Ö-¦-Óz-vÀ 1880 B® Bsk Cx öuõ-hº-¤À ÷uõm-hz xøµ-©õº \[-Pz-xU-S® ö£õ-¼ì vønU-PÍz-xU-S-ª-øh-°-À Põ-µ-\õ-µ-©õÚ Piu£ ÷£õU-S-Á-µzx {PÌ¢-xÒÍx. AU Pi-uz öuõ-hº-¦-P-Îß-£i ÷uõm-h¨ ¦Ó[-P-ÎÀ ©x ÂØ-£øÚ ö\´-£-Áº-PÒ £s-h-©õØ-ÓõP A›-]-ø¯¨ ö£Ø-ÖU öPõsk ©x ÂØ-£øÚ ö\´-Qß-Ó-Úº GÚ SØ-Ó® _©z-u¨-£m-i-¸¢-ux.

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2011-02-22T03:35:00.000-08:00

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2011-02-22T03:32:00.001-08:00

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1880PøÍ-z öuõ-hº¢-x Á¢u Põ-»¨-£-Sv ÷Põ¨-¤U Põ-»z-vß ÃÌa-]U -Põ-»-©õ-S®. CU-Põ-»z-vÀ öuõ-È-»õÍº-P-Îß Áµ-Â-¾® ÃÌa] HØ-£m-h-x.