SYNOPSIS

       git-whatchanged <option>…

DESCRIPTION

       Shows commit logs and diff output each commit introduces. The command

       internally invokes git-rev-list piped to git-diff-tree, and takes

       command line options for both of these commands.
       This manual page describes only the most frequently used options.
OPTIONS

       -p

           Show textual diffs, instead of the git internal diff output format

           that is useful only to tell the changed paths and their nature of

           changes.
       -<n>

           Limit output to <n> commits.
       <since>..<until>

           Limit output to between the two named commits (bottom exclusive,

           top inclusive).
       -r

           Show git internal diff output, but for the whole tree, not just the

           top level.
       -m

           By default, differences for merge commits are not shown. With this

           flag, show differences to that commit from all of its parents.
           However, it is not very useful in general, although it is useful on

           a file-by-file basis.
       –pretty[=<format>]

           Pretty-print the contents of the commit logs in a given format,

           where <format> can be one of oneline, short, medium, full, fuller,

           email, raw and format:<string>. When omitted, the format defaults

           to medium.
           Note: you can specify the default pretty format in the repository

           configuration (see git-config(1)).
       –abbrev-commit

           Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object name,

           show only handful hexdigits prefix. Non default number of digits

           can be specified with “–abbrev=<n>” (which also modifies diff

           output, if it is displayed).
           This should make “–pretty=oneline” a whole lot more readable for
       limited your view of history: for example, if you are only interested

       in changes related to a certain directory or file.
       Here are some additional details for each format:
       o    oneline
               <sha1> <title line>

           This is designed to be as compact as possible.
       o    short
               commit <sha1>

               Author: <author>
               <title line>
       o    medium
               commit <sha1>

               Author: <author>

               Date: <author date>
               <title line>
               <full commit message>
       o    full
               commit <sha1>

               Author: <author>

               Commit: <committer>
               <title line>
               <full commit message>
       o    fuller
               commit <sha1>

               Author: <author>

               AuthorDate: <author date>

               Commit: <committer>

               CommitDate: <committer date>
               <title line>
               <full commit message>
       o    email
       o    format:
           The format: format allows you to specify which information you want

           to show. It works a little bit like printf format, with the notable

           exception that you get a newline with %n instead of \n.
           E.g, format:”The author of %h was %an, %ar%nThe title was >>%s<<%n”

           would show something like this:
               The author of fe6e0ee was Junio C Hamano, 23 hours ago

               The title was >>t4119: test autocomputing -p<n> for traditional diff input.<<

           The placeholders are:
           o    %H: commit hash
           o    %h: abbreviated commit hash
           o    %T: tree hash
           o    %t: abbreviated tree hash
           o    %P: parent hashes
           o    %p: abbreviated parent hashes
           o    %an: author name
           o    %aN: author name (respecting .mailmap)
           o    %ae: author email
           o    %ad: author date
           o    %aD: author date, RFC2822 style
           o    %ar: author date, relative
           o    %at: author date, UNIX timestamp
           o    %ai: author date, ISO 8601 format
           o    %cn: committer name
           o    %cN: committer name (respecting .mailmap)
           o    %ce: committer email
           o    %cd: committer date
           o    %cD: committer date, RFC2822 style
           o    %Cgreen: switch color to green
           o    %Cblue: switch color to blue
           o    %Creset: reset color
           o    %m: left, right or boundary mark
           o    %n: newline
           o    %x00: print a byte from a hex code
       o    tformat:
           The tformat: format works exactly like format:, except that it

           provides “terminator” semantics instead of “separator” semantics.

           In other words, each commit has the message terminator character

           (usually a newline) appended, rather than a separator placed

           between entries. This means that the final entry of a single-line

           format will be properly terminated with a new line, just as the

           “oneline” format does. For example:
               $ git log -2 –pretty=format:%h 4da45bef \

                 | perl -pe ‘$_ .= ” — NO NEWLINE\n” unless /\n/’

               4da45be

               7134973 — NO NEWLINE
               $ git log -2 –pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef \

                 | perl -pe ‘$_ .= ” — NO NEWLINE\n” unless /\n/’

               4da45be

               7134973
EXAMPLES

       git-whatchanged -p v2.6.12.. include/scsi drivers/scsi

           Show as patches the commits since version v2.6.12 that changed any

           file in the include/scsi or drivers/scsi subdirectories
       git-whatchanged –since=”2 weeks ago” — gitk

           Show the changes during the last two weeks to the file gitk. The

           “–” is necessary to avoid confusion with the branch named gitk
AUTHOR

       Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org[1]> and Junio C Hamano

       <gitster@pobox.com[2]>
DOCUMENTATION

       Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list

       <git@vger.kernel.org[3]>.
GIT
Git 1.5.6.5                       09/24/2010                GIT-WHATCHANGED(1)

SYNOPSIS

       run-mailcap –action=ACTION [–debug] [MIME-TYPE:[ENCODING:]]FILE […]
       The see, edit, compose and print versions are just aliases that default

       to the view, edit, compose, and print actions (respectively).
DESCRIPTION

       run-mailcap (or any of its aliases) will use the given action  to  pro-

       cess  each mime-type/file in turn.  Each file is specified as its mime-

       type, its encoding (e.g. compression), and filename together, separated

       by  colons.   If  the mime-type is omitted, an attempt to determine the

       type is made by trying to match the file’s extension with those in  the

       mime.types  files.   If the encoding is omitted, it will also be deter-

       mined from the file’s extensions.  Currently  supported  encodings  are

       gzip (.gz), bzip (.bz), bzip2 (.bz2), and compress (.Z).  A filename of

       “-” can be used to mean “standard input”, but then a mime-type must  be

       specified.
       Both  the user’s files (~/.mailcap; ~/.mime.types) and the system files

       (/etc/mailcap; /etc/mime.types) are searched in turn for information.
   EXAMPLES

         see picture.jpg

         print output.ps.gz

         compose text/html:index.htm

         extract-mail-attachment msg.txt | see image/tiff:gzip:-
   OPTIONS

       All options are in the form –<opt>=<value>.
       –action=<action>

              Performs the specified action on the files.  Valid  actions  are

              view,  compose,  composetyped,  edit and print.  If no action is

              specified, the action will be determined by how the program  was

              called.
       –debug=<value>

              Turns  on  extra information to find out what is happening.  Any

              value other than zero (0) will turn on debugging output.
SEE ALSO

       update-mime(8)
AUTHOR

       run-mailcap  (and   its   aliases)   was   written   by   Brian   White

       <bcwhite@pobox.com>.
COPYRIGHT

       run-mailcap  (and  its  aliases) is in the public domain (the only true

       “free”).

SYNOPSIS

       yuvsplittoppm basename width height [-ccir601]
DESCRIPTION

       Reads three files, containing the  YUV  components,  as  input.   These

       files  are basename.Y, basename.U, and basename.V.  Produces a portable

       pixmap on stdout.
       Since the YUV files are raw files, the dimensions width and height must

       be specified on the command line.
OPTIONS

       -ccir601

              Assumes  that the YUV triplets are scaled into the smaller range

              of the CCIR 601 (MPEG) standard. Else, the JFIF (JPEG)  standard

              is assumed.
SEE ALSO

       ppmtoyuvsplit(1), yuvtoppm(1), ppm(5)
AUTHOR

       Marcel Wijkstra <wijkstra@fwi.uva.nl>, based on ppmtoyuvsplit.
                                 26 August 93                 yuvsplittoppm(1)

SYNOPSIS

       ipcrm [ -M key | -m id | -Q key | -q id | -S key | -s id ] …

       deprecated usage
       ipcrm [ shm | msg | sem ] id …
DESCRIPTION

       ipcrm  removes  System  V  interprocess communication (IPC) objects and

       associated data structures from the system.  In order  to  delete  such

       objects,  you must be superuser, or the creator or owner of the object.
       System V IPC objects are of three types: shared memory, message queues,

       and  semaphores.   Deletion  of  a message queue or semaphore object is

       immediate (regardless of whether any process still holds an IPC identi-

       fier for the object).  A shared memory object is only removed after all

       currently attached processes have detached (shmdt(2)) the  object  from

       their virtual address space.
       Two syntax styles are supported.  The old Linux historical syntax spec-

       ifies a three letter keyword indicating which class of object is to  be

       deleted,  followed  by  one or more IPC identifiers for objects of this

       type.
       The SUS-compliant syntax allows  the  specification  of  zero  or  more

       objects of all three types in a single command line, with objects spec-

       ified either by key or by identifier. (See below.)  Both keys and iden-

       tifiers  may  be  specified  in decimal, hexadecimal (specified with an

       initial ‘0x’ or ‘0X’), or octal (specified with an initial ‘0’).
OPTIONS

       -M shmkey

              removes the shared memory segment created with shmkey after  the

              last detach is performed.
       -m shmid

              removes  the shared memory segment identified by shmid after the

              last detach is performed.
       -Q msgkey

              removes the message queue created with msgkey.
       -q msgid

              removes the message queue identified by msgid.
       -S semkey

              removes the semaphore created with semkey.
       -s semid

              removes the semaphore identified by semid.
AVAILABILITY

       The ipcrm command is part of the util-linux-ng package and is available

       from ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux-ng/.
ipcrm                     last change: 19 March 2002                  IPCRM(1)

SYNOPSIS

       wc [OPTION]… [FILE]…

       wc [OPTION]… –files0-from=F

DESCRIPTION

       Print newline, word, and byte counts for each FILE, and a total line if

       more than one FILE is specified.  With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read

       standard input.
       -c, –bytes

              print the byte counts
       -m, –chars

              print the character counts
       -l, –lines

              print the newline counts
       –files0-from=F

              read  input  from the files specified by NUL-terminated names in

              file F
       -L, –max-line-length

              print the length of the longest line
       -w, –words

              print the word counts
       –help display this help and exit
       –version

              output version information and exit
AUTHOR

       Written by Paul Rubin and David MacKenzie.
REPORTING BUGS

       Report bugs to <bug-coreutils@gnu.org>.
COPYRIGHT

       Copyright (C) 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.  License GPLv3+:  GNU

       GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>

       This  is  free  software:  you  are free to change and redistribute it.

       There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
SEE ALSO

       The full documentation for wc is maintained as a  Texinfo  manual.   If

       the  info and wc programs are properly installed at your site, the com-

       mand
              info wc

SYNOPSIS

       mcookie [-v] [-f filename ]

DESCRIPTION

       mcookie  generates a 128-bit random hexadecimal number for use with the

       X authority system.  Typical usage:

              xauth add :0 . `mcookie`
       The “random” number generated is actually the output of the MD5 message

       digest  fed with various piece of random information: the current time,

       the process id, the parent process id, the contents of  an  input  file

       (if  -f  is specified), and several bytes of information from the first

       of the following devices which is present:  /dev/random,  /dev/urandom,

       files in /proc, /dev/audio.
BUGS

       The  entropy  in  the  generated  128-bit is probably quite small (and,

       therefore, vulnerable to attack) unless a non-pseudorandom number  gen-

       erator is used (e.g., /dev/random under Linux).
       It is assumed that none of the devices opened will block.
FILES

       /dev/random

       /dev/urandom

       /dev/audio

       /proc/stat

       /proc/loadavg
SEE ALSO

       X(1), xauth(1), md5sum(1)
AVAILABILITY

       The  mcookie command is part of the util-linux-ng package and is avail-

       able from ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux-ng/.
                               25 September 1995                    MCOOKIE(1)

SYNOPSIS

       grn [ -Cv ] [ -Tdev ] [ -Mdir ] [ -Fdir ] [ file… ]

       It is possible to have whitespace between a command line option and its

       parameter.
DESCRIPTION

       grn is a preprocessor for including gremlin pictures  in  groff  input.

       grn  writes to standard output, processing only input lines between two

       that start with .GS and .GE.  Those lines  must  contain  grn  commands

       (see below).  These commands request a gremlin file, and the picture in

       that file is converted and placed in the troff input stream.   The  .GS

       request  may be followed by a C, L, or R to center, left, or right jus-

       tify the whole gremlin picture (default justification is  center).   If

       no  file  is  mentioned, the standard input is read.  At the end of the

       picture, the position on the page is the bottom of the gremlin picture.

       If the grn entry is ended with .GF instead of .GE, the position is left

       at the top of the picture.
       Please note that currently only the -me macro package has  support  for

       .GS, .GE, and .GF.
       The following command-line options are understood:
       -Tdev  Prepare  output for printer dev.  The default device is ps.  See

              groff(1) for acceptable devices.
       -Mdir  Prepend dir to the default search path for gremlin  files.   The

              default  path is (in that order) the current directory, the home

              directory, /usr/lib/groff/site-tmac, /usr/share/groff/site-tmac,

              and /usr/share/groff/1.18.1/tmac.
       -Fdir  Search  dir  for subdirectories devname (name is the name of the

              device) for the DESC file before the  default  font  directories

              /usr/share/groff/site-font,   /usr/share/groff/1.18.1/font,  and

              /usr/lib/font.
       -C     Recognize .GS and .GE (resp.  .GF) even when followed by a char-

              acter other than space or newline.
       -v     Print the version number.
GRN COMMANDS

       Each input line between .GS and .GE may have one grn command.  Commands

       consist of one or two strings  separated  by  white  space,  the  first

       string  being  the command and the second its operand.  Commands may be

       upper or lower case and abbreviated down to one character.
       Commands that affect  a  picture’s  environment  (those  listed  before

       default,  see  below)  are  only in effect for the current picture: The

       environment is reinitialized to the defaults at the start of  the  next

       picture.  The commands are as follows:
       l f

       stipple f

              Set the stipple font to troff’s stipple font f (name or number).

              The  command  stipple may be abbreviated down as far as `st’ (to

              avoid confusion with special).  There is no default for stipples

              (unless one is set by the default command), and it is invalid to

              include a gremlin picture with  polygons  without  specifying  a

              stipple font.
       x N

       scale N

              Magnify  the  picture (in addition to any default magnification)

              by N, a floating point number larger  than  zero.   The  command

              scale may be abbreviated down to `sc’.
       narrow N

       medium N

       thick N

              Set  the  thickness of gremlin’s narrow (resp. medium and thick)

              lines to N times 0.15pt (this value can be  changed  at  compile

              time).   The  default  is  1.0 (resp. 3.0 and 5.0), which corre-

              sponds to 0.15pt (resp. 0.45pt and 0.75pt).  A  thickness  value

              of zero selects the smallest available line thickness.  Negative

              values cause the line thickness to be proportional to  the  cur-

              rent point size.
       pointscale <off/on>

              Scale  text  to  match  the  picture.   Gremlin  text is usually

              printed  in  the  point  size  specified   with   the   commands

              1, 2, 3, or 4  regardless of any scaling factors in the picture.

              Setting pointscale will cause the point sizes to scale with  the

              picture  (within troff’s limitations, of course).  An operand of

              anything but off will turn text scaling on.
       default

              Reset the picture environment defaults to the  settings  in  the

              current picture.  This is meant to be used as a global parameter

              setting mechanism at the beginning of the troff input file,  but

              can be used at any time to reset the default settings.
       width N

              Forces  the  picture  to  be  N inches wide.  This overrides any

              scaling factors present in  the  same  picture.   `width  0′  is

              ignored.
       height N

              Forces  picture  to  be  N inches high, overriding other scaling

              factors.  If both `width’ and `height’ are specified the tighter

              constraint  will determine the scale of the picture.  Height and

              width commands are not saved with a default command.  They will,

              however, affect point size scaling if that option is set.
       at the beginning of a line).  Thus, it is possible  to  have  equations

       within  a  gremlin  figure by including in the gremlin file eqn expres-

       sions enclosed by previously defined delimiters (e.g.  $$).
       When using grn along with other preprocessors, it is best  to  run  tbl

       before  grn,  pic,  and/or  ideal to avoid overworking tbl.  Eqn should

       always be run last.
       A picture is considered an entity, but that  doesn’t  stop  troff  from

       trying  to  break it up if it falls off the end of a page.  Placing the

       picture between `keeps’ in -me macros will ensure proper placement.
       grn uses troff’s number registers g1 through g9 and sets  registers  g1

       and  g2 to the width and height of the gremlin figure (in device units)

       before entering the .GS request (this is for those who want to  rewrite

       these macros).
GREMLIN FILE FORMAT

       There exist two distinct gremlin file formats, the original format from

       the AED graphic terminal version, and  the  SUN  or  X11  version.   An

       extension  to  the SUN/X11 version allowing reference points with nega-

       tive coordinates is not compatible with the AED version.  As long as  a

       gremlin  file does not contain negative coordinates, either format will

       be read correctly by either version of gremlin or grn.  The other  dif-

       ference  to  the SUN/X11 format is the use of names for picture objects

       (e.g., POLYGON, CURVE) instead of numbers.  Files representing the same

       picture are shown in Table 1 in each format.
                        sungremlinfile        gremlinfile

                        0 240.00 128.00       0 240.00 128.00

                        CENTCENT              2

                        240.00 128.00         240.00 128.00

                        185.00 120.00         185.00 120.00

                        240.00 120.00         240.00 120.00

                        296.00 120.00         296.00 120.00

                        *                     -1.00 -1.00

                        2 3                   2 3

                        10 A Triangle         10 A Triangle

                        POLYGON               6

                        224.00 416.00         224.00 416.00

                        96.00 160.00          96.00 160.00

                        384.00 160.00         384.00 160.00

                        *                     -1.00 -1.00

                        5 1                   5 1

                        0                     0

                        -1                    -1
                               Table 1. File examples
       o      The  first  line of each gremlin file contains either the string

       o      The rest of the file consists of zero or more element specifica-

              tions.   After the last element specification is a line contain-

              ing the string “-1”.
       o      Lines longer than 127 characters are chopped to this limit.
ELEMENT SPECIFICATIONS

       o      The first line of each element contains a single decimal  number

              giving  the  type of the element (AED version) or its ASCII name

              (SUN/X11 version).  See Table 2.
                      gremlin File Format – Object Type Specification
                  AED Number   SUN/X11 Name           Description

                       0       BOTLEFT        bottom-left-justified text

                       1       BOTRIGHT       bottom-right-justified text

                       2       CENTCENT       center-justified text

                       3       VECTOR         vector

                       4       ARC            arc

                       5       CURVE          curve

                       6       POLYGON        polygon

                       7       BSPLINE        b-spline

                       8       BEZIER         Bezier

                      10       TOPLEFT        top-left-justified text

                      11       TOPCENT        top-center-justified text

                      12       TOPRIGHT       top-right-justified text

                      13       CENTLEFT       left-center-justified text

                      14       CENTRIGHT      right-center-justified text

                      15       BOTCENT        bottom-center-justified text
                                          Table 2.

                            Type Specifications in gremlin Files
       o      After the object type comes a variable  number  of  lines,  each

              specifying  a point used to display the element.  Each line con-

              tains an x-coordinate and a y-coordinate in floating point  for-

              mat, separated by spaces.  The list of points is terminated by a

              line containing the string “-1.0 -1.0” (AED version) or a sin-

              gle asterisk, “*” (SUN/X11 version).
       o      After  the  points  comes  a line containing two decimal values,

              giving the brush and size for the element.  The brush determines

              the  style  in  which  things are drawn.  For vectors, arcs, and

              curves there are six legal brush values:
                              1 –       thin dotted lines

                              2 –       thin dot-dashed lines

                              3 –       thick solid lines

                              4 –       thin dashed lines
              is really just a starting font: The text string can contain for-

              matting sequences like “\fI” or “\d” which  may  change  the

              font  (as  well  as  do  many other things).  For text, the size

              field is a decimal value between 1 and 4.  It selects  the  size

              of the font in which the text will be drawn.  For polygons, this

              size field is interpreted as a stipple number to fill the  poly-

              gon  with.   The  number is used to index into a stipple font at

              print time.
       o      The last line of each element contains a decimal  number  and  a

              string  of  characters, separated by a single space.  The number

              is a count of the number of  characters  in  the  string.   This

              information  is  only  used  for text elements, and contains the

              text string.  There can be spaces inside the  text.   For  arcs,

              curves,  and  vectors,  this  line  of  the element contains the

              string “0”.
NOTES ON COORDINATES

       gremlin was designed for AEDs, and  its  coordinates  reflect  the  AED

       coordinate  space.   For  vertical pictures, x-values range 116 to 511,

       and y-values from 0 to 483.  For horizontal  pictures,  x-values  range

       from  0  to 511 and y-values range from 0 to 367.  Although you needn’t

       absolutely stick to this range, you’ll get best results if you at least

       stay  in this vicinity.  Also, point lists are terminated by a point of

       (-1, -1), so you shouldn’t  ever  use  negative  coordinates.   gremlin

       writes  out  coordinates  using  format “%f1.2”; it’s probably a good

       idea to use the same format if you want to modify the grn code.
NOTES ON SUN/X11 COORDINATES

       There is no longer a restriction on the range of  coordinates  used  to

       create  objects in the SUN/X11 version of gremlin.  However, files with

       negative coordinates will cause problems if displayed on the AED.
FILES

       /usr/share/groff/1.18.1/font/devname/DESC

              Device description file for device name.
SEE ALSO

       gremlin(1), groff(1), pic(1), ideal(1)
HISTORY

       David Slattengren and Barry Roitblat wrote the original Berkeley grn.
       Daniel Senderowicz and Werner Lemberg modified it for groff.
Groff Version 1.18.1             05 March 2005                          GRN(1)

SYNOPSIS

           git reset [–mixed | –soft | –hard] [-q] [<commit>]

           git reset [-q] [<commit>] [–] <paths>…

DESCRIPTION

       Sets the current head to the specified commit and optionally resets the

       index and working tree to match.
       This command is useful if you notice some small error in a recent

       commit (or set of commits) and want to redo that part without showing

       the undo in the history.
       If you want to undo a commit other than the latest on a branch, git-

       revert(1) is your friend.
       The second form with paths is used to revert selected paths in the

       index from a given commit, without moving HEAD.
OPTIONS

       –mixed

           Resets the index but not the working tree (i.e., the changed files

           are preserved but not marked for commit) and reports what has not

           been updated. This is the default action.
       –soft

           Does not touch the index file nor the working tree at all, but

           requires them to be in a good order. This leaves all your changed

           files “Changes to be committed”, as git-status(1) would put it.
       –hard

           Matches the working tree and index to that of the tree being

           switched to. Any changes to tracked files in the working tree since

           <commit> are lost.
       -q

           Be quiet, only report errors.
       <commit>

           Commit to make the current HEAD. If not given defaults to HEAD.
EXAMPLES

       Undo a commit and redo
               $ git commit …

               $ git reset –soft HEAD^      fB(1)fR

               $ edit                        fB(2)fR

               $ git commit -a -c ORIG_HEAD  fB(3)fR

           sp fB1. fRThis is most often done when you remembered what you just

           committed is incomplete, or you misspelled your commit message, or

           both. Leaves working tree as it was before “reset”.  br fB2. fRMake

           corrections to working tree files.  br fB3. fR”reset” copies the
       Undo a commit, making it a topic branch
               $ git branch topic/wip     fB(1)fR

               $ git reset –hard HEAD~3  fB(2)fR

               $ git checkout topic/wip   fB(3)fR

           sp fB1. fRYou have made some commits, but realize they were

           premature to be in the “master” branch. You want to continue

           polishing them in a topic branch, so create “topic/wip” branch off

           of the current HEAD.  br fB2. fRRewind the master branch to get rid

           of those three commits.  br fB3. fRSwitch to “topic/wip” branch and

           keep working.  br
       Undo add
               $ edit                                     fB(1)fR

               $ git add frotz.c filfre.c

               $ mailx                                    fB(2)fR

               $ git reset                                fB(3)fR

               $ git pull git://info.example.com/ nitfol  fB(4)fR

           sp fB1. fRYou are happily working on something, and find the

           changes in these files are in good order. You do not want to see

           them when you run “git diff”, because you plan to work on other

           files and changes with these files are distracting.  br fB2.

           fRSomebody asks you to pull, and the changes sounds worthy of

           merging.  br fB3. fRHowever, you already dirtied the index (i.e.

           your index does not match the HEAD commit). But you know the pull

           you are going to make does not affect frotz.c nor filfre.c, so you

           revert the index changes for these two files. Your changes in

           working tree remain there.  br fB4. fRThen you can pull and merge,

           leaving frotz.c and filfre.c changes still in the working tree.  br
       Undo a merge or pull
               $ git pull                         fB(1)fR

               Auto-merging nitfol

               CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in nitfol

               Automatic merge failed/prevented; fix up by hand

               $ git reset –hard                 fB(2)fR

               $ git pull . topic/branch          fB(3)fR

               Updating from 41223… to 13134…

               Fast forward

               $ git reset –hard ORIG_HEAD       fB(4)fR

           sp fB1. fRTry to update from the upstream resulted in a lot of

           conflicts; you were not ready to spend a lot of time merging right

           now, so you decide to do that later.  br fB2. fR”pull” has not made

           merge commit, so “git reset –hard” which is a synonym for “git

           reset –hard HEAD” clears the mess from the index file and the

           working tree.  br fB3. fRMerge a topic branch into the current

           branch, which resulted in a fast forward.  br fB4. fRBut you

           decided that the topic branch is not ready for public consumption

           yet. “pull” or “merge” always leaves the original tip of the

           current branch in ORIG_HEAD, so resetting hard to it brings your

               $ git commit ;# commit with real log

               $ git checkout feature

               $ git reset –soft HEAD^ ;# go back to WIP state  fB(2)fR

               $ git reset                                       fB(3)fR

           sp fB1. fRThis commit will get blown away so a throw-away log

           message is OK.  br fB2. fRThis removes the WIP commit from the

           commit history, and sets your working tree to the state just before

           you made that snapshot.  br fB3. fRAt this point the index file

           still has all the WIP changes you committed as snapshot WIP. This

           updates the index to show your WIP files as uncommitted.  br
       Reset a single file in the index

           Suppose you have added a file to your index, but later decide you

           do not want to add it to your commit. You can remove the file from

           the index while keeping your changes with git reset.
               $ git reset — frotz.c                      fB(1)fR

               $ git commit -m “Commit files in index”     fB(2)fR

               $ git add frotz.c                           fB(3)fR

           sp fB1. fRThis removes the file from the index while keeping it in

           the working directory.  br fB2. fRThis commits all other changes in

           the index.  br fB3. fRAdds the file to the index again.  br
AUTHOR

       Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com[1]> and Linus Torvalds

       <torvalds@osdl.org[2]>
DOCUMENTATION

       Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list

       <git@vger.kernel.org[3]>.
GIT

       Part of the git(1) suite
NOTES

        1. gitster@pobox.com

           mailto:gitster@pobox.com
        2. torvalds@osdl.org

           mailto:torvalds@osdl.org
        3. git@vger.kernel.org

           mailto:git@vger.kernel.org
Git 1.5.6.5                       09/24/2010                      GIT-RESET(1)

SYNOPSIS

       volname [<device-file>]

DESCRIPTION

       Volname returns the volume name for a device formatted with an ISO-9660

       file system, typically a CD-ROM. It also works with normal  files  that

       contain a ISO-9660 file system.
       The  file  name  can  be specified on the command line.  If omitted, it

       defaults to /dev/cdrom.
AUTHOR

       Volname was written by Jeff Tranter (tranter@pobox.com) and is released

       under  the  conditions  of the GNU General Public License. See the file

       COPYING and notes in the source code for details.
SEE ALSO

       eject(1)
Linux                             13 Nov 2004                       VOLNAME(1)

SYNOPSIS

       screen [ -options ] [ cmd [ args ] ]

       screen -r [[pid.]tty[.host]]

       screen -r sessionowner/[[pid.]tty[.host]]
DESCRIPTION

       Screen is a full-screen window manager that multiplexes a physical ter-

       minal between several processes (typically interactive  shells).   Each

       virtual terminal provides the functions of a DEC VT100 terminal and, in

       addition, several control functions from the ISO 6429  (ECMA  48,  ANSI

       X3.64)  and ISO 2022 standards (e.g. insert/delete line and support for

       multiple character sets).  There is a  scrollback  history  buffer  for

       each virtual terminal and a copy-and-paste mechanism that allows moving

       text regions between windows.
       When screen is called, it creates a single window with a  shell  in  it

       (or  the  specified  command) and then gets out of your way so that you

       can use the program as you normally would.  Then, at any time, you  can

       create new (full-screen) windows with other programs in them (including

       more shells), kill existing windows, view a list of windows, turn  out-

       put  logging  on and off, copy-and-paste text between windows, view the

       scrollback history, switch between windows in whatever manner you wish,

       etc.  All  windows  run  their  programs completely independent of each

       other. Programs continue to run when their window is currently not vis-

       ible and even when the whole screen session is detached from the user’s

       terminal.  When a program terminates, screen (per  default)  kills  the

       window  that  contained  it.  If this window was in the foreground, the

       display switches to the previous  window;  if  none  are  left,  screen

       exits.
       Everything  you type is sent to the program running in the current win-

       dow.  The only exception to this is the one keystroke that is  used  to

       initiate  a  command  to  the window manager.  By default, each command

       begins with a control-a (abbreviated C-a from now on), and is  followed

       by one other keystroke.  The command character and all the key bindings

       can be fully customized to be anything you like, though they are always

       two characters in length.
       Screen does not understand the prefix “C-” to mean control.  Please use

       the caret notation (“^A” instead of “C-a”) as  arguments  to  e.g.  the

       escape  command  or  the -e option.  Screen will also print out control

       characters in caret notation.
       The standard way to create a new window is to type “C-a c”.  This  cre-

       ates  a  new window running a shell and switches to that window immedi-

       ately, regardless of the state of the process running  in  the  current

       window.   Similarly,  you can create a new window with a custom command

       in it by first binding the command to a keystroke  (in  your  .screenrc
       If “/var/run/utmp” is writable by screen, an appropriate record will be

       written  to  this  file for each window, and removed when the window is

       terminated.  This is useful for working with “talk”,  “script”,  “shut-

       down”,  “rsend”,  “sccs”  and  other similar programs that use the utmp

       file to determine who you are. As long as screen is active on your ter-

       minal,  the  terminal’s  own  record is removed from the utmp file. See

       also “C-a L”.
GETTING STARTED

       Before you begin to use screen you’ll need to make sure you  have  cor-

       rectly  selected  your  terminal  type, just as you would for any other

       termcap/terminfo program.  (You can do this by using tset for example.)
       If  you’re  impatient  and want to get started without doing a lot more

       reading, you should remember this one command:  “C-a ?”.  Typing  these

       two characters will display a list of the available screen commands and

       their bindings. Each keystroke is discussed in the section “DEFAULT KEY

       BINDINGS”.  The  manual section “CUSTOMIZATION” deals with the contents

       of your .screenrc.
       If your terminal is a “true” auto-margin terminal (it doesn’t allow the

       last position on the screen to be updated without scrolling the screen)

       consider using a version of your terminal’s termcap that has  automatic

       margins  turned off. This will ensure an accurate and optimal update of

       the screen in all circumstances. Most terminals nowadays  have  “magic”

       margins  (automatic margins plus usable last column). This is the VT100

       style type and perfectly suited for screen.  If all  you’ve  got  is  a

       “true”  auto-margin  terminal  screen  will  be  content to use it, but

       updating a character put into the last position on the screen  may  not

       be  possible  until the screen scrolls or the character is moved into a

       safe position in some other way. This delay can be shortened by using a

       terminal with insert-character capability.
COMMAND-LINE OPTIONS

       Screen has the following command-line options:
       -a   include all capabilities (with some minor exceptions) in each win-

            dow’s termcap, even if screen must redraw parts of the display  in

            order to implement a function.
       -A   Adapt  the  sizes of all windows to the size of the current termi-

            nal.  By default, screen tries to restore  its  old  window  sizes

            when  attaching  to  resizable  terminals  (those with “WS” in its

            description, e.g. suncmd or some xterm).
       -c file

            override the default configuration file from “$HOME/.screenrc”  to
       -d -RR  Reattach  a  session  and if necessary detach or create it. Use

               the first session if more than one session is available.
       -D -r   Reattach a session. If necessary  detach  and  logout  remotely

               first.
       -D -R   Attach here and now. In detail this means: If a session is run-

               ning, then reattach. If necessary detach  and  logout  remotely

               first.   If  it  was not running create it and notify the user.

               This is the author’s favorite.
       -D -RR  Attach here and now. Whatever that means, just do it.
            Note: It is always a good idea to check the status  of  your  ses-

            sions by means of “screen -list”.
       -e xy

            specifies the command character to be x and the character generat-

            ing a literal command character to y (when typed after the command

            character).   The default is “C-a” and `a’, which can be specified

            as “-e^Aa”.  When creating a screen session, this option sets  the

            default  command character. In a multiuser session all users added

            will start off with this command character. But when attaching  to

            an  already  running session, this option changes only the command

            character of the attaching user.  This  option  is  equivalent  to

            either the commands “defescape” or “escape” respectively.
       -f, -fn, and -fa

            turns  flow-control  on, off, or “automatic switching mode”.  This

            can also be defined through the “defflow” .screenrc command.
       -h num

            Specifies the history scrollback buffer to be num lines high.
       -i   will cause the interrupt key (usually C-c) to interrupt  the  dis-

            play  immediately  when  flow-control  is  on.   See the “defflow”

            .screenrc command for details.  The use of this option is discour-

            aged.
       -l and -ln

            turns login mode on or off (for /var/run/utmp updating).  This can

            also be defined through the “deflogin” .screenrc command.
       -ls and -list

            does not start screen, but prints a list of  pid.tty.host  strings

            and  creation  timestamps  identifying your screen sessions.  Ses-

            sions marked `detached’ can be resumed  with  “screen  -r”.  Those

            marked  `attached’ are running and have a controlling terminal. If

            the session runs in multiuser mode, it is marked `multi’. Sessions

            marked  as  `unreachable’  either  live on a different host or are

            `dead’.  An unreachable session is considered dead, when its  name
       -d -m   Start screen in “detached” mode. This creates a new session but

               doesn’t  attach  to  it.  This  is  useful  for  system startup

               scripts.
       -D -m   This also starts screen in “detached” mode, but doesn’t fork  a

               new process. The command exits if the session terminates.
       -O   selects  a  more optimal output mode for your terminal rather than

            true VT100 emulation (only affects auto-margin  terminals  without

            `LP’).   This can also be set in your .screenrc by specifying `OP’

            in a “termcap” command.
       -p number_or_name

            Preselect a window. This is useful when you want to reattach to  a

            specific  window or you want to send a command via the “-X” option

            to a specific window. As with screen’s select command, “-” selects

            the  blank  window.  As a special case for reattach, “=” brings up

            the windowlist on the blank window.
       -q   Suppress printing of error messages. In combination with “-ls” the

            exit  value  is  as  follows: 9 indicates a directory without ses-

            sions. 10 indicates a directory with running  but  not  attachable

            sessions.  11 (or more) indicates 1 (or more) usable sessions.  In

            combination with “-r” the exit value is as follows:  10  indicates

            that  there  is  no session to resume. 12 (or more) indicates that

            there are 2 (or more) sessions to resume and  you  should  specify

            which one to choose.  In all other cases “-q” has no effect.
       -r [pid.tty.host]

       -r sessionowner/[pid.tty.host]

            resumes  a detached screen session.  No other options (except com-

            binations with -d/-D) may be specified, though an optional  prefix

            of  [pid.]tty.host  may  be needed to distinguish between multiple

            detached screen sessions.  The second form is used to  connect  to

            another  user’s  screen session which runs in multiuser mode. This

            indicates that screen should look for sessions in  another  user’s

            directory. This requires setuid-root.
       -R   attempts  to  resume  the  youngest  (in  terms  of creation time)

            detached screen session it finds.  If successful, all  other  com-

            mand-line  options  are  ignored.   If no detached session exists,

            starts a new session using the specified options, just  as  if  -R

            had  not been specified. The option is set by default if screen is

            run as a login-shell (actually screen uses “-xRR” in  that  case).

            For  combinations  with  the  -d/-D option see there.  Note: Time-

            based session selection is a Debian addition.
       -s   sets the default shell to the program specified,  instead  of  the

            value  in  the  environment  variable  $SHELL (or “/bin/sh” if not

            defined).  This can also be defined through the “shell”  .screenrc

            command.
       -v   Print version number.
       -wipe [match]

            does  the  same  as  “screen  -ls”, but removes destroyed sessions

            instead of marking them as `dead’.  An unreachable session is con-

            sidered  dead,  when its name matches either the name of the local

            host, or the explicitly given parameter, if any.  See the -r  flag

            for a description how to construct matches.
       -x   Attach  to  a  not  detached screen session. (Multi display mode).

            Screen refuses to attach from within itself.  But  when  cascading

            multiple screens, loops are not detected; take care.
       -X   Send  the  specified  command to a running screen session. You can

            use the -d or -r option to tell screen to look only  for  attached

            or  detached  screen sessions. Note that this command doesn’t work

            if the session is password protected.
DEFAULT KEY BINDINGS

       As mentioned, each screen command consists of a “C-a” followed  by  one

       other  character.  For your convenience, all commands that are bound to

       lower-case letters are also bound to their control  character  counter-

       parts (with the exception of “C-a a”; see below), thus, “C-a c” as well

       as “C-a C-c” can be used to create a window.  See  section  “CUSTOMIZA-

       TION” for a description of the command.
       The following table shows the default key bindings:
       C-a ‘       (select)      Prompt  for a window name or number to switch

                                 to.
       C-a ”       (windowlist -b)

                                 Present a list of all windows for  selection.
       C-a 0       (select 0)

        …           …

       C-a 9       (select 9)

       C-a –       (select -)    Switch  to  window  number  0  – 9, or to the

                                 blank window.
       C-a tab     (focus)       Switch the input focus to  the  next  region.

                                 See also split, remove, only.
       C-a C-a     (other)       Toggle  to  the  window displayed previously.

                                 Note that this binding defaults to  the  com-

                                 mand  character  typed twice, unless overrid-

                                 den.  For instance, if  you  use  the  option

                                 “-e]x”, this command becomes “]]”.
       C-a C       (clear)       Clear the screen.
       C-a d

       C-a C-d     (detach)      Detach screen from this terminal.
       C-a D D     (pow_detach)  Detach and logout.
       C-a f

       C-a C-f     (flow)        Toggle flow on, off or auto.
       C-a F       (fit)         Resize the window to the current region size.
       C-a C-g     (vbell)       Toggles screen’s visual bell mode.
       C-a h       (hardcopy)    Write a hardcopy of the current window to the

                                 file “hardcopy.n”.
       C-a H       (log)         Begins/ends logging of the current window  to

                                 the file “screenlog.n”.
       C-a i

       C-a C-i     (info)        Show info about this window.
       C-a k

       C-a C-k     (kill)        Destroy current window.
       C-a l

       C-a C-l     (redisplay)   Fully refresh current window.
       C-a L       (login)       Toggle  this  windows  login  slot. Available

                                 only if screen is configured  to  update  the

                                 utmp database.
       C-a m

       C-a C-m     (lastmsg)     Repeat the last message displayed in the mes-

                                 sage line.
       C-a M       (monitor)     Toggles monitoring of the current window.
       C-a space

       C-a n

       C-a C-n     (next)        Switch to the next window.
       C-a N       (number)      Show the number (and title)  of  the  current

                                 window.
       C-a backspace

       C-a h

       C-a p

       C-a C-p     (prev)        Switch to the previous window (opposite of C-

                                 a n).
       C-a S       (split)       Split  the  current region into two new ones.

                                 See also only, remove, focus.
       C-a t

       C-a C-t     (time)        Show system information.
       C-a v       (version)     Display the version and compilation date.
       C-a C-v     (digraph)     Enter digraph.
       C-a w

       C-a C-w     (windows)     Show a list of window.
       C-a W       (width)       Toggle 80/132 columns.
       C-a x

       C-a C-x     (lockscreen)  Lock this terminal.
       C-a X       (remove)      Kill the current  region.   See  also  split,

                                 only, focus.
       C-a z

       C-a C-z     (suspend)     Suspend  screen.   Your  system  must support

                                 BSD-style job-control.
       C-a Z       (reset)       Reset the virtual terminal to its  “power-on”

                                 values.
       C-a .       (dumptermcap) Write out a “.termcap” file.
       C-a ?       (help)        Show key bindings.
       C-a C-\     (quit)        Kill all windows and terminate screen.
       C-a :       (colon)       Enter command line mode.
       C-a [

       C-a C-[

       C-a esc     (copy)        Enter copy/scrollback mode.
       C-a ]       (paste .)     Write the contents of the paste buffer to the

                                 stdin queue of the current window.
       C-a {

       C-a }       (history)     Copy and paste a previous (command) line.
       C-a >       (writebuf)    Write paste buffer to a file.
       C-a <       (readbuf)     Reads the screen-exchange file into the paste

                                 buffer.
       The “socket directory” defaults either to $HOME/.screen  or  simply  to

       /tmp/screens  or  preferably to /var/run/screen chosen at compile-time.

       If screen is installed setuid-root, then the administrator should  com-

       pile  screen  with  an  adequate (not NFS mounted) socket directory. If

       screen is not running setuid-root, the user can specify  any  mode  700

       directory in the environment variable $SCREENDIR.
       When  screen  is  invoked, it executes initialization commands from the

       files “/etc/screenrc” and “.screenrc” in  the  user’s  home  directory.

       These  are  the  “programmer’s  defaults” that can be overridden in the

       following ways: for the global screenrc file screen  searches  for  the

       environment  variable  $SYSSCREENRC  (this override feature may be dis-

       abled at compile-time). The user specific screenrc file is searched  in

       $SCREENRC,  then  $HOME/.screenrc.   The  command  line option -c takes

       precedence over the above user screenrc files.
       Commands in these files are used to  set  options,  bind  functions  to

       keys,  and to automatically establish one or more windows at the begin-

       ning of your screen session.  Commands are listed one  per  line,  with

       empty lines being ignored.  A command’s arguments are separated by tabs

       or spaces, and may be surrounded by single or  double  quotes.   A  `#’

       turns  the rest of the line into a comment, except in quotes.  Unintel-

       ligible lines are warned about and ignored.  Commands may contain  ref-

       erences  to environment variables. The syntax is the shell-like “$VAR ”

       or “${VAR}”. Note that this causes incompatibility with previous screen

       versions,  as  now the ‘$’-character has to be protected with ‘\’ if no

       variable substitution shall be performed. A string in single-quotes  is

       also protected from variable substitution.
       Two  configuration  files are shipped as examples with your screen dis-

       tribution: “etc/screenrc” and “etc/etcscreenrc”. They contain a  number

       of useful examples for various commands.
       Customization  can  also  be  done ‘on-line’. To enter the command mode

       type `C-a :’. Note that commands starting  with  “def”  change  default

       values, while others change current settings.
       The following commands are available:
       acladd usernames [crypted-pw]

       addacl usernames
       Enable  users to fully access this screen session. Usernames can be one

       user or a comma separated list of users. This command enables to attach

       to  the screen session and performs the equivalent of `aclchg usernames

       +rwx “#?”‘.  executed. To add a user with restricted  access,  use  the

       `aclchg’  command  below.  If an optional second parameter is supplied,

       it should be a crypted password for the named user(s).  `Addacl’  is  a

       synonym to `acladd’.  Multi user mode only.
       aclchg usernames permbits list

       chacl usernames permbits list

       dows. Execution permission for the acl commands, `at’ and others should

       also  be  removed  or  the user may be able to regain write permission.

       Rights of the special username nobody cannot be changed (see  the  “su”

       command).  `Chacl’ is a synonym to `aclchg’.  Multi user mode only.
       acldel username
       Remove a user from screen’s access control list. If currently attached,

       all the user’s displays are detached from the session. He cannot attach

       again.  Multi user mode only.
       aclgrp username [groupname]
       Creates  groups  of  users that share common access rights. The name of

       the group is the username of the group leader. Each member of the group

       inherits  the  permissions  that  are granted to the group leader. That

       means, if a user fails an access check, another check is made  for  the

       group  leader.   A  user  is  removed from all groups the special value

       “none” is used for groupname.  If the second parameter is  omitted  all

       groups the user is in are listed.
       aclumask [[users]+bits |[users]-bits …. ]

       umask [[users]+bits |[users]-bits …. ]
       This specifies the access other users have to windows that will be cre-

       ated by the caller of the command.  Users may be no,  one  or  a  comma

       separated list of known usernames. If no users are specified, a list of

       all currently known users is  assumed.   Bits  is  any  combination  of

       access control bits allowed defined with the “aclchg” command. The spe-

       cial username “?” predefines the access that not yet known  users  will

       be  granted  to any window initially.  The special username “??” prede-

       fines the access that not yet known users are granted to  any  command.

       Rights  of  the special username nobody cannot be changed (see the “su”

       command).  `Umask’ is a synonym to `aclumask’.
       activity message
       When any activity occurs in a background window  that  is  being  moni-

       tored, screen displays a notification in the message line.  The notifi-

       cation message can be re-defined by means of  the  “activity”  command.

       Each occurrence of `%’ in message is replaced by the number of the win-

       dow in which activity has occurred, and  each  occurrence  of  `^G’  is

       replaced by the definition for bell in your termcap (usually an audible

       bell).  The default message is
                   ‘Activity in window %n’
       Note that monitoring is off for all windows  by  default,  but  can  be

       altered by use of the “monitor” command (C-a M).
       allpartial on|off
       Execute  a  command  at  other  displays  or  windows as if it had been

       entered there.  “At” changes the context (the `current window’ or `cur-

       rent display’ setting) of the command. If the first parameter describes

       a non-unique context, the command will be executed multiple  times.  If

       the  first  parameter  is  of the form `identifier*’ then identifier is

       matched against user names.  The command is executed once for each dis-

       play  of  the  selected  user(s). If the first parameter is of the form

       `identifier%’ identifier is  matched  against  displays.  Displays  are

       named  after the ttys they attach. The prefix `/dev/’ or `/dev/tty’ may

       be omitted from the identifier.  If identifier has  a  `#’  or  nothing

       appended  it  is matched against window numbers and titles. Omitting an

       identifier in front of the `#’, `*’ or `%’-character selects all users,

       displays  or  windows because a prefix-match is performed. Note that on

       the affected display(s) a short message will  describe  what  happened.

       Permission  is  checked  for initiator of the “at” command, not for the

       owners of the affected display(s).  Note that the ‘#’  character  works

       as  a comment introducer when it is preceded by whitespace. This can be

       escaped by prefixing a ‘\’.  Permission is checked for the initiator of

       the “at” command, not for the owners of the affected display(s).

       Caveat: When matching against windows, the command is executed at least

       once per window. Commands that change the internal arrangement of  win-

       dows  (like “other”) may be called again. In shared windows the command

       will be repeated for each attached display. Beware, when issuing toggle

       commands  like  “login”!  Some commands (e.g. “process”) require that a

       display is associated with the target windows.  These commands may  not

       work correctly under “at” looping over windows.
       attrcolor attrib [attribute/color-modifier]
       This  command can be used to highlight attributes by changing the color

       of the  text.  If  the  attribute  attrib  is  in  use,  the  specified

       attribute/color  modifier is also applied. If no modifier is given, the

       current one is deleted. See the “STRING ESCAPES” chapter for the syntax

       of  the  modifier. Screen understands two pseudo-attributes, “i” stands

       for high-intensity foreground color and “I”  for  high-intensity  back-

       ground color.
       Examples:
              attrcolor b “R”
       Change the color to bright red if bold text is to be printed.
              attrcolor u “-u b”
       Use blue text instead of underline.
              attrcolor b “.I”
       Use  bright  colors  for  bold  text.  Most  terminal emulators do this

       already.
       has not been written to the terminal. See also “obuflimit”.
       backtick id lifespan autorefresh cmd args…

       backtick id
       Program the backtick command with the numerical id id.  The  output  of

       such  a command is used for substitution of the “%`” string escape. The

       specified lifespan is the number of seconds the  output  is  considered

       valid.  After  this  time,  the command is run again if a corresponding

       string escape is encountered.  The autorefresh  parameter  triggers  an

       automatic  refresh  for caption and hardstatus strings after the speci-

       fied number of seconds. Only the last line of output is used  for  sub-

       stitution.

       If both the lifespan and the autorefresh parameters are zero, the back-

       tick program is expected to stay in the background and generate  output

       once  in a while.  In this case, the command is executed right away and

       screen stores the last line of output.  If  a  new  line  gets  printed

       screen will automatically refresh the hardstatus or the captions.

       The  second  form  of the command deletes the backtick command with the

       numerical id id.
       bce [on|off]
       Change background-color-erase setting. If “bce” is set to on, all char-

       acters  cleared  by an erase/insert/scroll/clear operation will be dis-

       played in the current background color.  Otherwise  the  default  back-

       ground color is used.
       bell_msg [message]
       When a bell character is sent to a background window, screen displays a

       notification in the message line.  The notification message can be  re-

       defined by this command.  Each occurrence of `%’ in message is replaced

       by the number of the window to which a bell has  been  sent,  and  each

       occurrence of `^G’ is replaced by the definition for bell in your term-

       cap (usually an audible bell).  The default message is
                   ‘Bell in window %n’
       An empty message can be supplied to the “bell_msg” command to  suppress

       output of a message line (bell_msg “”).  Without parameter, the current

       message is shown.
       bind [-c class] key [command [args]]
       Bind a command to a key.  By default, most of the commands provided  by

       screen  are  bound to one or more keys as indicated in the “DEFAULT KEY

       BINDINGS” section, e.g. the command to create a new window is bound  to

       “C-c”  and  “c”.   The  “bind”  command can be used to redefine the key

       bindings and to define new bindings.  The key argument is either a sin-

       gle  character,  a two-character sequence of the form “^x” (meaning “C-

       x”), a backslash followed by an octal number (specifying the ASCII code

                   bind ^k

                   bind k

                   bind K kill

                   bind ^f screen telnet foobar

                   bind 33 screen -ln -t root -h 1000 9 su
       would bind the space key to the command that displays a list of windows

       (so  that the command usually invoked by “C-a C-w” would also be avail-

       able as “C-a space”). The next three  lines  remove  the  default  kill

       binding  from “C-a C-k” and “C-a k”.  “C-a K” is then bound to the kill

       command. Then it binds “C-f” to the command “create  a  window  with  a

       TELNET  connection  to  foobar”,  and bind “escape” to the command that

       creates an non-login window with a.k.a. “root” in slot #9, with a supe-

       ruser shell and a scrollback buffer of 1000 lines.
                   bind -c demo1 0 select 10

                   bind -c demo1 1 select 11

                   bind -c demo1 2 select 12

                   bindkey “^B” command -c demo1
       makes “C-b 0” select window 10, “C-b 1” window 11, etc.
                   bind -c demo2 0 select 10

                   bind -c demo2 1 select 11

                   bind -c demo2 2 select 12

                   bind – command -c demo2
       makes “C-a – 0” select window 10, “C-a – 1” window 11, etc.
       bindkey [-d] [-m] [-a] [[-k|-t] string [cmd args]]
       This  command manages screen’s input translation tables. Every entry in

       one of the tables tells screen how to react if a  certain  sequence  of

       characters is encountered. There are three tables: one that should con-

       tain actions programmed by the user, one for the default  actions  used

       for  terminal  emulation  and  one  for screen’s copy mode to do cursor

       movement. See section “INPUT TRANSLATION” for a  list  of  default  key

       bindings.

       If  the  -d  option  is  given,  bindkey modifies the default table, -m

       changes the copy mode table and with neither option the user  table  is

       selected.   The  argument string is the sequence of characters to which

       an action is bound. This can either be a fixed string or a termcap key-

       board capability name (selectable with the -k option).

       Some  keys  on a VT100 terminal can send a different string if applica-

       tion mode is turned on (e.g the  cursor  keys).   Such  keys  have  two

       entries  in  the translation table. You can select the application mode

       entry by specifying the -a option.

       The -t option tells screen not to do inter-character timing. One cannot

       turn off the timing if a termcap capability is used.

       Cmd  can  be any of screen’s commands with an arbitrary number of args.

       If cmd is omitted the key-binding is removed from the table.

       Here are some examples of keyboard bindings:

       you  did the above “stuff barfoo” binding, you can enter the word “foo”

       by typing “^Tfoo”. If you want to insert a “^T” you have to  press  the

       key twice (i.e., escape the escape binding).
               bindkey -k F1 command

       Make the F11 (not F1!) key an alternative screen escape (besides ^A).
       break [duration]
       Send a break signal for duration*0.25 seconds to this window.  For non-

       Posix systems the time interval may be  rounded  up  to  full  seconds.

       Most useful if a character device is attached to the window rather than

       a shell process (See also chapter “WINDOW TYPES”). The maximum duration

       of a break signal is limited to 15 seconds.
       blanker
       Activate the screen blanker. First the screen is cleared. If no blanker

       program is defined, the cursor is turned off, otherwise, the program is

       started  and  it’s output is written to the screen.  The screen blanker

       is killed with the first keypress, the read key is discarded.

       This command is normally used together with the “idle” command.
       blankerprg [program args]
       Defines a blanker program. Disables the blanker program if no arguments

       are given.
       breaktype [tcsendbreak|TIOCSBRK |TCSBRK]
       Choose  one  of  the available methods of generating a break signal for

       terminal devices. This command should affect the current  window  only.

       But  it still behaves identical to “defbreaktype”. This will be changed

       in the future.  Calling “breaktype”  with  no  parameter  displays  the

       break method for the current window.
       bufferfile [exchange-file]
       Change the filename used for reading and writing with the paste buffer.

       If the optional argument to the “bufferfile” command  is  omitted,  the

       default setting (“/tmp/screen-exchange”) is reactivated.  The following

       example will paste the system’s password file into  the  screen  window

       (using the paste buffer, where a copy remains):
                   C-a : bufferfile /etc/passwd

                   C-a < C-a ]

                   C-a : bufferfile
       c1 [on|off]
       Change  c1  code  processing.  “C1  on” tells screen to treat the input

       characters between 128 and 159 as control  functions.   Such  an  8-bit

       escapes  from  the  “STRING  ESCAPES” chapter. Screen uses a default of

       `%3n %t’.
       You can mix both forms by providing a string as an additional argument.
       charset set
       Change  the current character set slot designation and charset mapping.

       The first four character of set  are  treated  as  charset  designators

       while the fifth and sixth character must be in range ‘0’ to ‘3’ and set

       the GL/GR charset mapping. On every position a ‘.’ may be used to indi-

       cate  that the corresponding charset/mapping should not be changed (set

       is padded to six characters internally by appending  ‘.’   chars).  New

       windows  have  “BBBB02” as default charset, unless a “encoding” command

       is active.

       The current setting can be viewed with the “info” command.
       chdir [directory]
       Change the current directory of screen to the specified  directory  or,

       if called without an argument, to your home directory (the value of the

       environment variable $HOME).  All windows that are created by means  of

       the  “screen”  command  from  within  “.screenrc” or by means of “C-a :

       screen …” or “C-a c” use this as their default directory.  Without  a

       chdir  command,  this  would  be  the  directory  from which screen was

       invoked.  Hardcopy and log files are always  written  to  the  window’s

       default  directory, not the current directory of the process running in

       the window.  You can use this command multiple times in your  .screenrc

       to start various windows in different default directories, but the last

       chdir value will affect all the windows you create interactively.
       clear
       Clears the current window and saves its image to the scrollback buffer.
       colon [prefix]
       Allows  you  to  enter “.screenrc” command lines. Useful for on-the-fly

       modification of key bindings, specific  window  creation  and  changing

       settings.  Note  that  the “set” keyword no longer exists! Usually com-

       mands affect the current window rather than default settings for future

       windows. Change defaults with commands starting with ‘def…’.
       If you consider this as the `Ex command mode’ of screen, you may regard

       “C-a esc” (copy mode) as its `Vi command mode’.
       command [-c class]
       This command has the same effect as typing the screen escape  character

       (^A).  It is probably only useful for key bindings.  If the “-c” option

       is given, select the specified command  class.   See  also  “bind”  and

       “bindkey”.

       Enter copy/scrollback mode. This allows you to copy text from the  cur-

       rent  window  and its history into the paste buffer. In this mode a vi-

       like `full screen editor’ is active:

       Movement keys:

         h, j, k, l move the cursor line by line or column by column.

         0, ^ and $ move to the leftmost column, to the  first  or  last  non-

           whitespace character on the line.

         H,  M and L move the cursor to the leftmost column of the top, center

           or bottom line of the window.

         + and – positions one line up and down.

         G moves to the specified absolute line (default: end of buffer).

         | moves to the specified absolute column.

         w, b, e move the cursor word by word.

         B, E move the cursor WORD by WORD (as in vi).

         C-u and C-d scroll the display up/down by  the  specified  amount  of

           lines  while preserving the cursor position. (Default: half screen-

           full).

         C-b and C-f scroll the display up/down a full screen.

         g moves to the beginning of the buffer.

         % jumps to the specified percentage of the buffer.
       Note:

           Emacs style movement keys can be customized by a .screenrc command.

           (E.g.  markkeys  “h=^B:l=^F:$=^E”)  There is no simple method for a

           full emacs-style keymap, as this involves multi-character codes.
       Marking:

           The copy range is specified by setting two marks. The text  between

           these marks will be highlighted. Press

         space to set the first or second mark respectively.

         Y and y used to mark one whole line or to mark from start of line.

         W marks exactly one word.

       Repeat count:

           Any of these commands can be prefixed with a repeat count number by

           pressing digits

         0..9 which is taken as a repeat count.

           Example: “C-a C-[ H 10 j 5 Y” will copy lines 11  to  15  into  the

           paste buffer.

       Searching:

         / Vi-like search forward.

         ? Vi-like search backward.

         C-a s Emacs style incremental search forward.

         C-r Emacs style reverse i-search.

       Specials:

           There  are  however  some keys that act differently than in vi.  Vi

           does not allow one to yank rectangular blocks of text,  but  screen

           does. Press

         c  or  C  to  set the left or right margin respectively. If no repeat

           count is given, both default to the current cursor position.

           Example: Try this on a rather full text screen: “C-a [ M 20 l SPACE

           c 10 l 5 j C SPACE”.
         a  before the final space key to toggle in append mode. Thus the con-

           tents of the paste buffer will not be overwritten, but is  appended

           to.

         A toggles in append mode and sets a (second) mark.

         >  sets the (second) mark and writes the contents of the paste buffer

           to the screen-exchange file (/tmp/screen-exchange per default) once

           copy-mode is finished.

           This  example  demonstrates how to dump the whole scrollback buffer

           to that file: “C-A [ g SPACE G $ >”.

         C-g gives information about the current line and column.

         x exchanges the first mark and the current cursor position.  You  can

           use this to adjust an already placed mark.

         @ does nothing. Does not even exit copy mode.

         All keys not described here exit copy mode.
       copy_reg [key]
       No longer exists, use “readreg” instead.
       crlf [on|off]
       This  affects  the copying of text regions with the `C-a [‘ command. If

       it is set to `on’,  lines  will  be  separated  by  the  two  character

       sequence  `CR’ – `LF’.  Otherwise (default) only `LF’ is used.  When no

       parameter is given, the state is toggled.
       debug on|off
       Turns runtime debugging on or off. If screen  has  been  compiled  with

       option  -DDEBUG  debugging available and is turned on per default. Note

       that this command only affects debugging output from the main  “SCREEN”

       process  correctly.  Debug  output  from attacher processes can only be

       turned off once and forever.
       defc1 on|off
       Same as the c1 command except that the default setting for new  windows

       is changed. Initial setting is `on’.
       defautonuke on|off
       Same  as  the  autonuke command except that the default setting for new

       displays is changed. Initial setting is `off’.  Note that you  can  use

       the  special  `AN’ terminal capability if you want to have a dependency

       on the terminal type.
       defbce on|off
       Same as the bce command except that the default setting for new windows

       is changed. Initial setting is `off’.
       defbreaktype [tcsendbreak|TIOCSBRK |TCSBRK]
       defescape xy
       Set  the default command characters. This is equivalent to the “escape”

       except that it is useful multiuser sessions only. In a  multiuser  ses-

       sion  “escape” changes the command character of the calling user, where

       “defescape” changes the default command characters for users that  will

       be added later.
       defflow on|off|auto [interrupt]
       Same  as  the flow command except that the default setting for new win-

       dows is changed. Initial setting is `auto’.  Specifying  “defflow  auto

       interrupt” is the same as the command-line options -fa and -i.
       defgr on|off
       Same  as the gr command except that the default setting for new windows

       is changed. Initial setting is `off’.
       defhstatus [status]
       The hardstatus line that all new windows will get  is  set  to  status.

       This  command  is useful to make the hardstatus of every window display

       the window number or title or the like.  Status may  contain  the  same

       directives  as in the window messages, but the directive escape charac-

       ter is ‘^E’ (octal 005) instead of ‘%’.  This was done to make a misin-

       terpretation  of program generated hardstatus lines impossible.  If the

       parameter status is omitted, the current default string  is  displayed.

       Per default the hardstatus line of new windows is empty.
       defencoding enc
       Same  as  the  encoding command except that the default setting for new

       windows is changed. Initial setting is the encoding taken from the ter-

       minal.
       deflog on|off
       Same as the log command except that the default setting for new windows

       is changed. Initial setting is `off’.
       deflogin on|off
       Same as the login command except that the default setting for new  win-

       dows is changed. This is initialized with `on’ as distributed (see con-

       fig.h.in).
       defmode mode
       The mode of each newly allocated pseudo-tty is set to mode.  Mode is an

       octal number.  When no “defmode” command is given, mode 0622 is used.

       displays is changed. Initial setting is 256 bytes.  Note that  you  can

       use  the  special ‘OL’ terminal capability if you want to have a depen-

       dency on the terminal type.
       defscrollback num
       Same as the scrollback command except that the default setting for  new

       windows is changed. Initial setting is 100.
       defshell command
       Synonym to the shell command. See there.
       defsilence on|off
       Same  as  the  silence  command except that the default setting for new

       windows is changed. Initial setting is `off’.
       defslowpaste msec”
       Same as the slowpaste command except that the default setting  for  new

       windows is changed. Initial setting is 0 milliseconds, meaning `off’.
       defutf8 on|off
       Same  as  the utf8 command except that the default setting for new win-

       dows is changed. Initial setting is `on’ if  screen  was  started  with

       “-U”, otherwise `off’.
       defwrap on|off
       Same  as  the wrap command except that the default setting for new win-

       dows is changed. Initially line-wrap is on and can be toggled with  the

       “wrap” command (“C-a r”) or by means of “C-a : wrap on|off”.
       defwritelock on|off|auto
       Same  as  the writelock command except that the default setting for new

       windows is changed. Initially writelocks will off.
       defzombie [keys]
       Synonym to the zombie command. Both currently change the default.   See

       there.
       detach [-h]
       Detach  the  screen session (disconnect it from the terminal and put it

       into the background).  This returns you to the shell where you  invoked

       screen.   A  detached screen can be resumed by invoking screen with the

       -r option (see also section  “COMMAND-LINE  OPTIONS”).  The  -h  option

       tells  screen  to  immediately  close  the  connection  to the terminal

       This command prompts the user for a  digraph  sequence.  The  next  two

       characters  typed  are  looked  up in a builtin table and the resulting

       character is inserted in the input stream. For  example,  if  the  user

       enters  ‘a”‘,  an  a-umlaut  will  be  inserted. If the first character

       entered is a 0 (zero), screen will treat the following  characters  (up

       to  three) as an octal number instead.  The optional argument preset is

       treated as user input, thus one can create an “umlaut” key.  For  exam-

       ple  the  command “bindkey ^K digraph ‘”‘” enables the user to generate

       an a-umlaut by typing CTRL-K a.
       dumptermcap
       Write the termcap entry for the virtual terminal optimized for the cur-

       rently   active   window   to   the   file  “.termcap”  in  the  user’s

       “$HOME/.screen” directory (or wherever screen stores its  sockets.  See

       the  “FILES”  section  below).   This termcap entry is identical to the

       value of the environment variable $TERMCAP that is set up by screen for

       each  window.  For  terminfo  based systems you will need to run a con-

       verter like captoinfo and then compile the entry with tic.
       echo [-n] message
       The echo command may be used to annoy screen users with a  ‘message  of

       the  day’.  Typically  installed in a global /etc/screenrc.  The option

       “-n” may be used to suppress the line feed.  See also “sleep”.  Echo is

       also useful for online checking of environment variables.
       encoding enc [enc]
       Tell  screen how to interpret the input/output. The first argument sets

       the encoding of the current window. Each window can emulate a different

       encoding.  The optional second parameter overwrites the encoding of the

       connected terminal. It should never be needed as screen uses the locale

       setting to detect the encoding.  There is also a way to select a termi-

       nal encoding depending on the terminal type by using the  “KJ”  termcap

       entry.
       Supported  encodings  are eucJP, SJIS, eucKR, eucCN, Big5, GBK, KOI8-R,

       CP1251, UTF-8, ISO8859-2, ISO8859-3, ISO8859-4,  ISO8859-5,  ISO8859-6,

       ISO8859-7, ISO8859-8, ISO8859-9, ISO8859-10, ISO8859-15, jis.
       See also “defencoding”, which changes the default setting of a new win-

       dow.
       escape xy
       Set the command character to x and the character generating  a  literal

       command  character  (by triggering the “meta” command) to y (similar to

       the -e option).  Each argument is either a  single  character,  a  two-

       character  sequence  of the form “^x” (meaning “C-x”), a backslash fol-

       lowed by an octal number (specifying the ASCII code of the  character),

       or  a  backslash  followed by a second character, such as “\^” or “\\”.

       stderr of newcommand. A dot (.) connects the file descriptor to screen.

       An  exclamation  mark (!) causes the file descriptor to be connected to

       the application-process. A colon (:) combines both.  User input will go

       to  newcommand unless newcommand receives the application-process’ out-

       put (fdpats first character is `!’ or `:’) or  a  pipe  symbol  (|)  is

       added (as a fourth character) to the end of fdpat.

       Invoking  `exec’ without arguments shows name and arguments of the cur-

       rently running subprocess in this window. Only one  subprocess  a  time

       can be running in each window.

       When  a subprocess is running the `kill’ command will affect it instead

       of the windows process.

       Refer to the postscript file `doc/fdpat.ps’ for a  confusing  illustra-

       tion  of  all  21  possible combinations. Each drawing shows the digits

       2,1,0 representing the three file descriptors of  newcommand.  The  box

       marked  `W’  is  the  usual pty that has the application-process on its

       slave side.  The box marked `P’ is  the  secondary  pty  that  now  has

       screen at its master side.
       Abbreviations:

       Whitespace  between  the  word  `exec’ and fdpat and the command can be

       omitted. Trailing dots and a fdpat consisting only of dots can be omit-

       ted.  A  simple `|’ is synonymous for the pattern `!..|’; the word exec

       can be omitted here and can always be replaced by `!’.
       Examples:
              exec … /bin/sh

              exec /bin/sh

              !/bin/sh
       Creates another shell in the same window, while the original  shell  is

       still  running.  Output  of  both shells is displayed and user input is

       sent to the new /bin/sh.
              exec !.. stty 19200

              exec ! stty 19200

              !!stty 19200
       Set the speed of the window’s tty. If your  stty  command  operates  on

       stdout, then add another `!’.
              exec !..| less

              |less
       This  adds  a  pager to the window output. The special character `|’ is

       needed to give the user control over the pager  although  it  gets  its

       input  from  the  window’s process. This works, because less listens on

       stderr (a behavior that screen would not expect without the  `|’)  when

       its  stdin  is  not a tty.  Less versions newer than 177 fail miserably

       here; good old pg still works.
              !:sed -n s/.*Error.*/07/p
       Sets  the  flow-control  mode  for  this window.  Without parameters it

       cycles the current window’s flow-control setting  from  “automatic”  to

       “on”  to  “off”.  See the discussion on “FLOW-CONTROL” later on in this

       document for full details and note, that this is subject to  change  in

       future releases.  Default is set by `defflow’.
       focus [up|down|top|bottom]
       Move  the  input focus to the next region. This is done in a cyclic way

       so that the top region is selected after the bottom one. If no  subcom-

       mand is given it defaults to `down’. `up’ cycles in the opposite order,

       `top’ and `bottom’ go to the top and bottom region respectively. Useful

       bindings are (j and k as in vi)

           bind j focus down

           bind k focus up

           bind t focus top

           bind b focus bottom

       Note that k is traditionally bound to the kill command.
       gr [on|off]
       Turn GR charset switching on/off. Whenever screen sees an input charac-

       ter with the 8th bit set, it will use the charset stored in the GR slot

       and  print  the  character  with the 8th bit stripped. The default (see

       also “defgr”) is not to process  GR  switching  because  otherwise  the

       ISO88591 charset would not work.
       hardcopy [-h] [file]
       Writes  out  the  currently displayed image to the file file, or, if no

       filename is specified, to hardcopy.n in the default directory, where  n

       is the number of the current window.  This either appends or overwrites

       the file if it exists. See below.  If the option -h is specified,  dump

       also the contents of the scrollback buffer.
       hardcopy_append on|off
       If set to “on”, screen will append to the “hardcopy.n” files created by

       the command “C-a h”, otherwise these files are overwritten  each  time.

       Default is `off’.
       hardcopydir directory
       Defines  a  directory  where  hardcopy  files will be placed. If unset,

       hardcopys are dumped in screen’s current working directory.
       hardstatus [on|off]

       hardstatus [always]lastline|message|ignore [string]

       hardstatus string [string]
       This command configures the use and emulation of the  terminal’s  hard-

       status  line.  The first form toggles whether screen will use the hard-

       used as default string, i.e., the stored hardstatus of the current win-

       dow  (settable  via  “ESC]0;<string>^G”  or “ESC_<string>ESC\”) is dis-

       played.  You can customize this to any string you  like  including  the

       escapes  from  the “STRING ESCAPES” chapter. If you leave out the argu-

       ment string, the current string is displayed.
       You can mix the second and third form by providing the string as  addi-

       tional argument.
       height [-w|-d] [lines [cols]]
       Set the display height to a specified number of lines. When no argument

       is given it toggles between 24 and 42 lines display. You can also spec-

       ify  a  width  if  you want to change both values.  The -w option tells

       screen to leave the display size unchanged  and  just  set  the  window

       size, -d vice versa.
       help [-c class]
       Not  really  a  online help, but displays a help screen showing you all

       the key bindings.  The first pages list all the internal commands  fol-

       lowed  by  their  current  bindings.  Subsequent pages will display the

       custom commands, one command per key.  Press  space  when  you’re  done

       reading  each  page, or return to exit early.  All other characters are

       ignored. If the “-c” option is given, display all  bound  commands  for

       the  specified command class.  See also “DEFAULT KEY BINDINGS” section.
       history
       Usually users work with a shell that allows  easy  access  to  previous

       commands.  For example csh has the command “!!” to repeat the last com-

       mand executed.  Screen allows you to have a primitive way of re-calling

       “the  command that started …”: You just type the first letter of that

       command, then hit `C-a {‘ and screen tries to find a previous line that

       matches  with  the  `prompt  character’ to the left of the cursor. This

       line is pasted into this window’s input queue.  Thus you have  a  crude

       command  history  (made  up  by  the  visible window and its scrollback

       buffer).
       hstatus status
       Change the window’s hardstatus line to the string status.
       idle [timeout [cmd args]]
       Sets a command that is run after the specified number of seconds  inac-

       tivity  is reached. This command will normally be the “blanker” command

       to create a screen blanker, but it can be any screen  command.   If  no

       command  is  specified,  only the timeout is set. A timeout of zero (ot

       the special timeout off) disables  the  timer.   If  no  arguments  are

       given, the current settings are displayed.
         +flow     automatic flow control, currently on.

         -flow     automatic flow control, currently off.

         +(+)flow  flow control enabled. Agrees with automatic control.

         -(+)flow  flow control disabled. Disagrees with automatic control.

         +(-)flow  flow control enabled. Disagrees with automatic control.

         -(-)flow  flow control disabled. Agrees with automatic control.
       The  current line wrap setting (`+wrap’ indicates enabled, `-wrap’ not)

       is also shown. The flags `ins’, `org’, `app’, `log’, `mon’  or  `nored’

       are  displayed when the window is in insert mode, origin mode, applica-

       tion-keypad mode, has output logging, activity  monitoring  or  partial

       redraw enabled.
       The  currently  active  character set (G0, G1, G2, or G3) and in square

       brackets the terminal character sets that are currently  designated  as

       G0  through  G3  is  shown.  If the window is in UTF-8 mode, the string

       “UTF-8” is shown instead.
       Additional modes depending on the type of the window are  displayed  at

       the end of the status line (See also chapter “WINDOW TYPES”).

       If  the  state  machine  of  the  terminal emulator is in a non-default

       state, the info line is started with a string identifying  the  current

       state.

       For system information use the “time” command.
       ins_reg [key]
       No longer exists, use “paste” instead.
       kill
       Kill current window.

       If  there is an `exec’ command running then it is killed. Otherwise the

       process (shell) running in the window receives a HANGUP condition,  the

       window  structure  is  removed  and  screen  (your display) switches to

       another window.  When the  last  window  is  destroyed,  screen  exits.

       After a kill screen switches to the previously displayed window.

       Note:  Emacs  users  should  keep  this command in mind, when killing a

       line.  It is recommended not to use “C-a” as the screen escape  key  or

       to rebind kill to “C-a K”.
       lastmsg
       Redisplay  the  last  contents  of  the message/status line.  Useful if

       you’re typing when a message appears, because  the  message  goes  away

       when you press a key (unless your terminal has a hardware status line).

       Refer to the commands “msgwait” and “msgminwait” for fine tuning.
       license
       Display the disclaimer page. This is done whenever  screen  is  started

       without   options,   which   should  be  often  enough.  See  also  the
       log [on|off]
       Start/stop writing output of the current window to a file “screenlog.n”

       in the window’s default directory, where n is the number of the current

       window. This filename can be changed with the `logfile’ command. If  no

       parameter is given, the state of logging is toggled. The session log is

       appended to the previous contents of the file if it already exists. The

       current  contents  and  the  contents of the scrollback history are not

       included in the session log.  Default is `off’.
       logfile filename

       logfile flush secs
       Defines the name the log files will get. The default is “screenlog.%n”.

       The  second  form changes the number of seconds screen will wait before

       flushing the logfile buffer to the file-system. The default value is 10

       seconds.
       login [on|off]
       Adds  or  removes  the  entry in the utmp database file for the current

       window.  This controls if the window is `logged in’.  When no parameter

       is  given,  the  login state of the window is toggled.  Additionally to

       that toggle, it is convenient having a `log in’ and a  `log  out’  key.

       E.g. `bind I login on’ and `bind O login off’ will map these keys to be

       C-a I and C-a O.  The default setting (in config.h.in) should  be  “on”

       for  a screen that runs under suid-root.  Use the “deflogin” command to

       change the default login state for new windows. Both commands are  only

       present when screen has been compiled with utmp support.
       logtstamp [on|off]

       logtstamp after [secs]

       logtstamp string [string]
       This command controls logfile time-stamp mechanism of screen.  If time-

       stamps are turned “on”, screen adds a  string  containing  the  current

       time  to the logfile after two minutes of inactivity.  When output con-

       tinues and more than another two minutes have passed,  a  second  time-

       stamp  is  added  to document the restart of the output. You can change

       this timeout with the second form of the command.  The  third  form  is

       used  for customizing the time-stamp string (`– %n:%t — time-stamp —

       %M/%d/%y %c:%s –\n’ by default).
       mapdefault
       Tell screen that the next input character should only be looked  up  in

       the default bindkey table. See also “bindkey”.
       mapnotnext
       Like mapdefault, but don’t even look in the default bindkey table.

       h=^B:l=^F:$=^E” would set the mode for an emacs-style binding.  If your

       terminal sends characters, that cause you to abort copy mode, then this

       command may help by binding these characters to do nothing.  The  no-op

       character  is `@’ and is used like this: “markkeys @=L=H” if you do not

       want to use the `H’ or `L’ commands any longer.  As shown in this exam-

       ple,  multiple  keys can be assigned to one function in a single state-

       ment.
       maxwin num
       Set the maximum  window  number  screen  will  create.  Doesn’t  affect

       already existing windows. The number may only be decreased.
       meta
       Insert  the  command  character  (C-a)  in  the  current window’s input

       stream.
       monitor [on|off]
       Toggles activity monitoring of windows.  When monitoring is  turned  on

       and  an  affected  window  is  switched  into  the background, you will

       receive the activity notification message in the  status  line  at  the

       first  sign of output and the window will also be marked with an `@’ in

       the window-status display.  Monitoring is initially off  for  all  win-

       dows.
       msgminwait sec
       Defines  the  time screen delays a new message when one message is cur-

       rently displayed.  The default is 1 second.
       msgwait sec
       Defines the time a message is displayed if screen is not  disturbed  by

       other activity. The default is 5 seconds.
       multiuser on|off
       Switch between singleuser and multiuser mode. Standard screen operation

       is singleuser. In  multiuser  mode  the  commands  `acladd’,  `aclchg’,

       `aclgrp’  and  `acldel’ can be used to enable (and disable) other users

       accessing this screen session.
       nethack on|off
       Changes the kind of error messages used by screen.  When you are famil-

       iar  with  the game “nethack”, you may enjoy the nethack-style messages

       which will often blur the facts a little, but are much funnier to read.

       Anyway, standard messages often tend to be unclear as well.

       This  option  is only available if screen was compiled with the NETHACK

       flag defined. The default setting is then determined by the presence of

       put.  If  nonblock is on, screen waits until the timeout is reached (on

       is treated as 1s). If the display  still  doesn’t  receive  characters,

       screen will consider it “blocked” and stop sending characters to it. If

       at some time it restarts to accept characters, screen will unblock  the

       display and redisplay the updated window contents.
       number [n]
       Change  the  current  windows  number. If the given number n is already

       used by another window, both windows  exchange  their  numbers.  If  no

       argument  is specified, the current window number (and title) is shown.
       obuflimit [limit]
       If the output buffer contains more bytes than the specified  limit,  no

       more  data  will be read from the windows. The default value is 256. If

       you have a fast display (like xterm), you can set  it  to  some  higher

       value. If no argument is specified, the current setting is displayed.
       only
       Kill all regions but the current one.
       other
       Switch  to  the  window  displayed  previously.  If this window does no

       longer exist, other has the same effect as next.
       partial on|off
       Defines whether the display should be  refreshed  (as  with  redisplay)

       after  switching  to  the current window. This command only affects the

       current window.  To immediately affect all windows use  the  allpartial

       command.  Default is `off’, of course.  This default is fixed, as there

       is currently no defpartial command.
       password [crypted_pw]
       Present a crypted password in your “.screenrc” file and screen will ask

       for  it, whenever someone attempts to resume a detached. This is useful

       if you have privileged programs running under screen and  you  want  to

       protect  your session from reattach attempts by another user masquerad-

       ing as your uid (i.e. any superuser.)  If no crypted password is speci-

       fied, screen prompts twice for typing a password and places its encryp-

       tion in the paste buffer.  Default is `none’,  this  disables  password

       checking.
       paste [registers [dest_reg]]
       Write  the  (concatenated)  contents  of the specified registers to the

       stdin queue of the current window. The register ‘.’ is treated  as  the

       paste  buffer. If no parameter is given the user is prompted for a sin-

       Tell screen to include  font  information  in  the  paste  buffer.  The

       default  is  not  to do so. This command is especially useful for multi

       character fonts like kanji.
       pow_break
       Reopen the window’s terminal line  and  send  a  break  condition.  See

       `break’.
       pow_detach
       Power  detach.  Mainly the same as detach, but also sends a HANGUP sig-

       nal to the parent process of screen.  CAUTION: This will  result  in  a

       logout, when screen was started from your login shell.
       pow_detach_msg [message]
       The message specified here is output whenever a `Power detach’ was per-

       formed. It may be used as a replacement for  a  logout  message  or  to

       reset baud rate, etc.  Without parameter, the current message is shown.
       prev
       Switch to the window with the next lower number.  This command  can  be

       used repeatedly to cycle through the list of windows.
       printcmd [cmd]
       If  cmd  is not an empty string, screen will not use the terminal capa-

       bilities “po/pf” if it detects an ansi print sequence ESC [  5  i,  but

       pipe the output into cmd.  This should normally be a command like “lpr”

       or “‘cat > /tmp/scrprint'”.  printcmd without a  command  displays  the

       current  setting.  The ansi sequence ESC \ ends printing and closes the

       pipe.

       Warning: Be careful with this command! If other user have write  access

       to your terminal, they will be able to fire off print commands.
       process [key]
       Stuff the contents of the specified register into screen’s input queue.

       If no argument is given you are prompted for a register name. The  text

       is  parsed  as  if  it had been typed in from the user’s keyboard. This

       command can be used to bind multiple actions to a single key.
       quit
       Kill all windows and terminate screen.  Note that on VT100-style termi-

       nals  the keys C-4 and C-\ are identical.  This makes the default bind-

       ings dangerous: Be careful not to type C-a C-4  when  selecting  window

       no.  4.  Use the empty bind command (as in “bind ‘^\'”) to remove a key

       binding.
       the encoding of the file via the -e option.  The following example will

       paste the system’s password file into the screen window (using register

       p, where a copy remains):
                   C-a : readreg p /etc/passwd

                   C-a : paste p
       redisplay
       Redisplay the current window. Needed to get a full  redisplay  when  in

       partial redraw mode.
       register [-e encoding] key string
       Save  the  specified  string  to the register key.  The encoding of the

       string can be specified via the -e option.  See also the  “paste”  com-

       mand.
       remove
       Kill the current region. This is a no-op if there is only one region.
       removebuf
       Unlinks  the  screen-exchange  file used by the commands “writebuf” and

       “readbuf”.
       reset
       Reset the virtual  terminal  to  its  “power-on”  values.  Useful  when

       strange  settings  (like  scroll regions or graphics character set) are

       left over from an application.
       resize
       Resize the current region. The space will be removed from or  added  to

       the  region below or if there’s not enough space from the region above.
              resize +N   increase current region height by N
              resize -N   decrease current region height by N
              resize  N   set current region height to N
              resize  =   make all windows equally high
              resize  max maximize current region height
              resize  min minimize current region height
       screen [-opts] [n] [cmd [args]]

                   screen 1

                   screen -fn -t foobar -L 2 telnet foobar
       screen creates a shell window (in window #1) and a window with a TELNET

       connection  to the machine foobar (with no flow-control using the title

       “foobar” in window #2) and will write a logfile (“screenlog.2”) of  the

       telnet session.  Note, that unlike previous versions of screen no addi-

       tional default window is created when “screen” commands are included in

       your  “.screenrc”  file.  When  the initialization is completed, screen

       switches to the last window specified in your  .screenrc  file  or,  if

       none, opens a default window #0.

       Screen  has built in some functionality of “cu” and “telnet”.  See also

       chapter “WINDOW TYPES”.
       scrollback num
       Set the size of the scrollback buffer for the current  windows  to  num

       lines.  The  default scrollback is 100 lines.  See also the “defscroll-

       back” command and use “C-a i” to view the current setting.
       select [WindowID]
       Switch to the window identified by WindowID.  This can be a prefix of a

       window title (alphanumeric window name) or a window number.  The param-

       eter is optional and if omitted, you get prompted  for  an  identifier.

       When  a  new  window  is  established,  the  first  available number is

       assigned to this window.  Thus, the first window can  be  activated  by

       “select  0”.   The  number of windows is limited at compile-time by the

       MAXWIN configuration parameter (which defaults to 40 in Debian).  There

       are  two  special  WindowIDs, “-” selects the internal blank window and

       “.” selects the current window. The  latter  is  useful  if  used  with

       screen’s “-X” option.
       sessionname [name]
       Rename  the  current  session.  Note,  that for “screen -list” the name

       shows up with the process-id prepended. If the argument “name” is omit-

       ted,  the name of this session is displayed. Caution: Among other prob-

       lems, the $STY environment variable still reflects the old  name.   Use

       of  this  command  is  strongly  discouraged.  Use the “-S” commandline

       option if you need this feature.  The default is constructed  from  the

       tty and host names.
       setenv [var [string]]
       Set the environment variable var to value string.  If only var is spec-

       ified, the user will be prompted to enter a value.   If  no  parameters

       are  specified,  the user will be prompted for both variable and value.

       The environment is inherited by all subsequently forked shells.
       setsid [on|off]
       shelltitle title
       Set the title for all shells created during startup or by the  C-A  C-c

       command.   For  details about what a title is, see the discussion enti-

       tled “TITLES (naming windows)”.
       silence [on|off|sec]
       Toggles silence monitoring of windows.  When silence is turned  on  and

       an  affected  window  is switched into the background, you will receive

       the silence notification message in the status line after  a  specified

       period of inactivity (silence). The default timeout can be changed with

       the `silencewait’ command or by specifying a number of seconds  instead

       of `on’ or `off’.  Silence is initially off for all windows.
       silencewait sec
       Define  the  time  that  all  windows monitored for silence should wait

       before displaying a message. Default 30 seconds.
       sleep num
       This command will pause the execution  of  a  .screenrc  file  for  num

       seconds.  Keyboard activity will end the sleep.  It may be used to give

       users a chance to read the messages output by “echo”.
       slowpaste msec
       Define the speed at which text is inserted into the current  window  by

       the paste (“C-a ]”) command.  If the slowpaste value is nonzero text is

       written character by character.  screen will make a pause of msec  mil-

       liseconds after each single character write to allow the application to

       process its input. Only use slowpaste if your underlying system exposes

       flow control problems while pasting large amounts of text.
       source file
       Read and execute commands from file file. Source commands may be nested

       to a maximum recursion level of ten. If file is not  an  absolute  path

       and screen is already processing a source command, the parent directory

       of the running source command file is used to search for the  new  com-

       mand file before screen’s current directory.
       Note  that  termcap/terminfo/termcapinfo  commands only work at startup

       and reattach time, so they must be reached  via  the  default  screenrc

       files to have an effect.
       sorendition [attr [color]]
       Change  the  way screen does highlighting for text marking and printing

       messages.  See the “STRING ESCAPES” chapter for the syntax of the modi-

       fiers.  The default is currently “=s dd” (standout, default colors).
       Stuff  the  string  string  in  the input buffer of the current window.

       This is like the “paste” command but with much less overhead.  You can-

       not paste large buffers with the “stuff” command. It is most useful for

       key bindings. See also “bindkey”.
       su [username [password [password2]]
       Substitute the user of a display. The command prompts for  all  parame-

       ters  that  are omitted. If passwords are specified as parameters, they

       have to be specified un-crypted. The first password is matched  against

       the systems passwd database, the second password is matched against the

       screen password as set with the commands “acladd” or “password”.   “Su”

       may  be  useful  for the screen administrator to test multiuser setups.

       When the identification fails, the user  has  access  to  the  commands

       available  for  user nobody.  These are “detach”, “license”, “version”,

       “help” and “displays”.
       suspend
       Suspend screen.  The windows are in the `detached’ state, while  screen

       is  suspended.  This  feature  relies on the shell being able to do job

       control.
       term term
       In each window’s environment screen opens, the $TERM variable is set to

       “screen” by default.  But when no description for “screen” is installed

       in the local termcap or terminfo data base, you set $TERM to  –  say  –

       “vt100”.  This  won’t do much harm, as screen is VT100/ANSI compatible.

       The use of the “term” command is discouraged for  non-default  purpose.

       That  is,  one  may want to specify special $TERM settings (e.g. vt100)

       for the next “screen rlogin  othermachine”  command.  Use  the  command

       “screen -T vt100 rlogin othermachine” rather than setting and resetting

       the default.
       termcap term terminal-tweaks [window-tweaks]

       terminfo term terminal-tweaks [window-tweaks]

       termcapinfo term terminal-tweaks [window-tweaks]
       Use this command to modify your terminal’s termcap entry without  going

       through  all  the  hassles involved in creating a custom termcap entry.

       Plus, you can optionally customize the termcap generated for  the  win-

       dows.   You have to place these commands in one of the screenrc startup

       files, as they are meaningless once the terminal emulator is booted.

       If your system works uses the terminfo database  rather  than  termcap,

       screen  will  understand  the  `terminfo’  command,  which has the same

       effects as the `termcap’ command.  Two separate commands are  provided,

       as there are subtle syntactic differences, e.g. when parameter interpo-

       lation (using `%’) is required. Note that termcap names of the capabil-

       ities have to be used with the `terminfo’ command.

       In many cases, where the arguments are valid in both terminfo and term-

       unchanged (e.g. ”).  The second (optional) tweak modifies all the win-

       dow  termcaps,  and  should contain definitions that screen understands

       (see the “VIRTUAL TERMINAL” section).
       Some examples:
              termcap xterm*  LP:hs@
       Informs screen that all terminals that begin  with  `xterm’  have  firm

       auto-margins  that  allow the last position on the screen to be updated

       (LP), but they don’t really have a status line (no ‘hs’ – append `@’ to

       turn  entries  off).   Note  that we assume `LP’ for all terminal names

       that start with “vt”, but only if you don’t specify a  termcap  command

       for that terminal.
              termcap vt*  LP

              termcap vt102|vt220  Z0=\E[?3h:Z1=\E[?3l
       Specifies  the  firm-margined  `LP’  capability  for all terminals that

       begin with `vt’, and the second line will also add the escape-sequences

       to switch into (Z0) and back out of (Z1) 132-character-per-line mode if

       this is a VT102 or VT220.  (You must specify Z0 and Z1 in your  termcap

       to use the width-changing commands.)
              termcap vt100  “”  l0=PF1:l1=PF2:l2=PF3:l3=PF4
       This  leaves  your vt100 termcap alone and adds the function key labels

       to each window’s termcap entry.
              termcap h19|z19  am@:im=\E@:ei=\EO  dc=\E[P
       Takes a h19 or z19 termcap and turns off auto-margins (am@) and enables

       the  insert  mode (im) and end-insert (ei) capabilities (the `@’ in the

       `im’ string is after the `=’, so it is part of the string).  Having the

       `im’  and  `ei’ definitions put into your terminal’s termcap will cause

       screen to automatically advertise the  character-insert  capability  in

       each  window’s termcap.  Each window will also get the delete-character

       capability (dc) added to its termcap, which screen will translate  into

       a  line-update  for  the  terminal (we’re pretending it doesn’t support

       character deletion).
       If you would like to fully specify each  window’s  termcap  entry,  you

       should  instead  set  the  $SCREENCAP variable prior to running screen.

       See the discussion on the “VIRTUAL TERMINAL” in this  manual,  and  the

       termcap(5) man page for more information on termcap definitions.
       time [string]
       Uses  the  message  line to display the time of day, the host name, and

       the load averages over 1, 5, and 15 minutes (if this  is  available  on

       your system).  For window specific information use “info”.
       utf8 [on|off [on|off]]
       Change the encoding used in the current window. If utf8 is enabled, the

       strings sent to the window will be UTF-8 encoded and vice versa.  Omit-

       ting the parameter toggles the setting. If a second parameter is given,

       the display’s encoding is also changed (this should rather be done with

       screen’s  “-U”  option).  See also “defutf8”, which changes the default

       setting of a new window.
       vbell [on|off]
       Sets the visual bell setting for this window.  Omitting  the  parameter

       toggles  the  setting.  If vbell is switched on, but your terminal does

       not support a visual bell, a `vbell-message’ is displayed in the status

       line  when the bell character (^G) is received.  Visual bell support of

       a terminal is defined by the termcap variable `vb’ (terminfo: ‘flash’).

       Per  default,  vbell  is  off, thus the audible bell is used.  See also

       `bell_msg’.
       vbell_msg [message]
       Sets the visual bell message. message is printed to the status line  if

       the  window  receives  a bell character (^G), vbell is set to “on”, but

       the terminal does not support a visual bell.  The  default  message  is

       “Wuff, Wuff!!”.  Without parameter, the current message is shown.
       vbellwait sec
       Define  a  delay  in seconds after each display of screen’s visual bell

       message. The default is 1 second.
       verbose [on|off]
       If verbose is switched on, the command name is echoed, whenever a  win-

       dow  is  created  (or  resurrected  from zombie state). Default is off.

       Without parameter, the current setting is shown.
       version
       Print the current version and the compile date in the status line.
       wall message
       Write a message to all displays. The message will appear in the  termi-

       nal’s status line.
       width [-w|-d] [cols [lines]]
       Toggle  the  window  width between 80 and 132 columns or set it to cols

       columns if an argument is specified.  This requires a capable  terminal

       and  the  termcap entries “Z0” and “Z1”.  See the “termcap” command for

       more information. You can also specify a new  height  if  you  want  to
       The table format can be changed with the string and title  option,  the

       title  is displayed as table heading, while the lines are made by using

       the string setting. The default setting is “Num  Name%=Flags”  for  the

       title and “%3n %t%=%f” for the lines.  See the “STRING ESCAPES” chapter

       for more codes (e.g. color settings).
       windows
       Uses the message line to display a list of all the windows.  Each  win-

       dow  is listed by number with the name of process that has been started

       in the window (or its title); the current window is marked with a  `*’;

       the  previous  window  is  marked  with a `-‘; all the windows that are

       “logged in” are marked  with  a  `$’;  a  background  window  that  has

       received a bell is marked with a `!’; a background window that is being

       monitored and has had activity occur is marked with an  `@’;  a  window

       which  has output logging turned on is marked with `(L)’; windows occu-

       pied by other users are marked with `&’; windows in  the  zombie  state

       are marked with `Z’.  If this list is too long to fit on the terminal’s

       status line only the portion around the current window is displayed.
       wrap [on|off]
       Sets the line-wrap setting for the current window.  When  line-wrap  is

       on,  the second consecutive printable character output at the last col-

       umn of a line will wrap to the start of  the  following  line.   As  an

       added feature, backspace (^H) will also wrap through the left margin to

       the previous line.  Default is `on’.
       writebuf [-e encoding] [filename]
       Writes the contents of the paste buffer to the specified file,  or  the

       public accessible screen-exchange file if no filename is given. This is

       thought of as a primitive means of communication between  screen  users

       on  the  same  host.  If  an  encoding is specified the paste buffer is

       recoded on the fly to match the encoding.  The filename can be set with

       the bufferfile command and defaults to “/tmp/screen-exchange”.
       writelock [on|off|auto]
       In addition to access control lists, not all users may be able to write

       to the same window at once. Per default, writelock is  in  `auto’  mode

       and  grants  exclusive input permission to the user who is the first to

       switch to the particular window. When he leaves the window, other users

       may  obtain the writelock (automatically). The writelock of the current

       window is disabled by the command “writelock off”. If the  user  issues

       the  command  “writelock  on”  he  keeps the exclusive write permission

       while switching to other windows.
       xoff

       xon
       You can define the templates screen uses in “catch” mode via the second

       and the third form.

       Note also that this is an experimental feature.
       zombie [keys[onerror]]

       defzombie [keys]
       Per default screen windows are removed from the window list as soon  as

       the  windows  process  (e.g. shell) exits. When a string of two keys is

       specified to the zombie command, `dead’  windows  will  remain  in  the

       list.   The  kill command may be used to remove such a window. Pressing

       the first key in the dead window has the same effect. When pressing the

       second  key,  screen  will attempt to resurrect the window. The process

       that was initially running in the window will be launched again.  Call-

       ing  zombie without parameters will clear the zombie setting, thus mak-

       ing windows disappear when their process exits.
       As the zombie-setting is manipulated globally  for  all  windows,  this

       command  should  only  be called defzombie. Until we need this as a per

       window setting, the commands zombie and defzombie are synonymous.
       Optionally you can put the word “onerror” after  the  keys.  This  will

       cause  screen to monitor exit status of the process running in the win-

       dow. If it exits normally (‘0’), the window disappears. Any other  exit

       value causes the window to become a zombie.
THE MESSAGE LINE

       Screen  displays informational messages and other diagnostics in a mes-

       sage line.  While this line is distributed to appear at the  bottom  of

       the screen, it can be defined to appear at the top of the screen during

       compilation.  If your terminal has a status line defined in  its  term-

       cap, screen will use this for displaying its messages, otherwise a line

       of the current screen will be temporarily overwritten and  output  will

       be  momentarily  interrupted. The message line is automatically removed

       after a few seconds delay, but it can also be removed early (on  termi-

       nals without a status line) by beginning to type.
       The  message line facility can be used by an application running in the

       current window by means of the ANSI Privacy message  control  sequence.

       For instance, from within the shell, try something like:
              echo ‘<esc>^Hello world from window ‘$WINDOW'<esc>\\’
       where  ‘<esc>’  is an escape, ‘^’ is a literal up-arrow, and ‘\\’ turns

       into a single backslash.
WINDOW TYPES

       Screen provides three different window types. New windows  are  created

       with screen’s screen command (see also the entry in chapter “CUSTOMIZA-

       TION”). The first parameter to the screen command defines which type of

          an  exclusive  open  is attempted on the node to mark the connection

          line as busy.  An optional parameter  is  allowed  consisting  of  a

          comma separated list of flags in the notation used by stty(1):
          <baud_rate>

                 Usually  300,  1200, 9600 or 19200. This affects transmission

                 as well as receive speed.
          cs8 or cs7

                 Specify the transmission of eight (or seven) bits per byte.
          ixon or -ixon

                 Enables (or disables) software  flow-control  (CTRL-S/CTRL-Q)

                 for sending data.
          ixoff or -ixoff

                 Enables  (or  disables)  software  flow-control for receiving

                 data.
          istrip or -istrip

                 Clear (or keep) the eight bit in each received byte.
          You may want to specify as many  of  these  options  as  applicable.

          Unspecified options cause the terminal driver to make up the parame-

          ter values of the connection.  These values are system dependent and

          may be in defaults or values saved from a previous connection.
          For  tty  windows,  the info command shows some of the modem control

          lines in the status line. These may  include  `RTS’,  `CTS’,  ‘DTR’,

          `DSR’,  `CD’  and more.  This depends on the available ioctl()’s and

          system header files as well as the on the physical  capabilities  of

          the  serial  board.   Signals  that  are logical low (inactive) have

          their name preceded by an exclamation mark (!), otherwise the signal

          is logical high (active).  Signals not supported by the hardware but

          available to the ioctl() interface are usually shown low.

          When the CLOCAL status bit is true, the whole set of  modem  signals

          is  placed inside curly braces ({ and }).  When the CRTSCTS or TIOC-

          SOFTCAR bit is set, the signals `CTS’ or `CD’ are shown in parenthe-

          sis, respectively.
          For tty windows, the command break causes the Data transmission line

          (TxD) to go low for a specified period of time. This is expected  to

          be  interpreted  as break signal on the other side.  No data is sent

          and no modem control line is changed when a break is issued.
       o  If the first  parameter  is  “//telnet”,  the  second  parameter  is

          expected  to  be  a  host  name, and an optional third parameter may

          specify a TCP port number (default decimal 23).  Screen will connect

          to a server listening on the remote host and use the telnet protocol

          to communicate with that server.

          For telnet windows, the command info shows details about the connec-
          f      LFLOW.  The  remote  host will send flow control information.

                 (Ignored at the moment.)
          Additional flags for debugging are x, t and n (XDISPLOC, TSPEED  and

          NEWENV).
          For  telnet  windows,  the  command  break sends the telnet code IAC

          BREAK (decimal 243) to the remote host.
          This window type is only available if screen was compiled  with  the

          BUILTIN_TELNET option defined.
STRING ESCAPES

       Screen provides an escape mechanism to insert information like the cur-

       rent time into messages or file names. The escape character is ‘%’ with

       one  exception:  inside  of  a  window’s hardstatus ‘^%’ (‘^E’) is used

       instead.
       Here is the full list of supported escapes:
       %      the escape character itself
       a      either ‘am’ or ‘pm’
       A      either ‘AM’ or ‘PM’
       c      current time HH:MM in 24h format
       C      current time HH:MM in 12h format
       d      day number
       D      weekday name
       f      flags of the window
       F      sets %? to true if the window has the focus
       h      hardstatus of the window
       H      hostname of the system
       l      current load of the system
       m      month number
       M      month name
       y      last two digits of the year number
       Y      full year number
       ?      the part to the next ‘%?’ is displayed  only  if  a  ‘%’  escape

              inside the part expands to a non-empty string
       :      else part of ‘%?’
       =      pad  the  string to the display’s width (like TeX’s hfill). If a

              number is specified, pad  to  the  percentage  of  the  window’s

              width.   A  ‘0’  qualifier  tells  screen to treat the number as

              absolute position.  You can specify to pad relative to the  last

              absolute  pad position by adding a ‘+’ qualifier or to pad rela-

              tive to the right margin by using ‘-‘. The padding truncates the

              string  if  the specified position lies before the current posi-

              tion. Add the ‘L’ qualifier to change this.
       <      same as ‘%=’ but just do truncation, do not fill with spaces
       >      mark the current text position for  the  next  truncation.  When

              screen  needs  to do truncation, it tries to do it in a way that

              the marked position gets moved to the  specified  percentage  of

              the  output  area.  (The  area starts from the last absolute pad

              position and ends with the position specified by the  truncation

              operator.)  The ‘L’ qualifier tells screen to mark the truncated

              parts with ‘…’.
       {      attribute/color modifier string terminated by the next “}”
       `      Substitute with the output of a ‘backtick’ command.  The  length

              qualifier is misused to identify one of the commands.
       The  ‘c’  and ‘C’ escape may be qualified with a ‘0’ to make screen use

       zero instead of space as fill character. The ‘0’ qualifier  also  makes

       the  ‘=’  escape use absolute positions. The ‘n’ and ‘=’ escapes under-

       stand a length qualifier (e.g. ‘%3n’), ‘D’ and ‘M’ can be prefixed with

       ‘L’  to  generate long names, ‘w’ and ‘W’ also show the window flags if

       ‘L’ is given.
       An attribute/color modifier is is used to change the attributes or  the

       color  settings.  Its  format  is “[attribute modifier] [color descrip-

       tion]”. The attribute modifier must be prefixed by a change type  indi-

       cator  if  it  can  be confused with a color description. The following

       change types are known:
       +      add the specified set to the current attributes
       –      remove the set from the current attributes
       !      invert the set in the current attributes
       following colors are known:
       k      black

       r      red

       g      green

       y      yellow

       b      blue

       m      magenta

       c      cyan

       w      white

       d      default color

       .      leave color unchanged
       The  capitalized  versions of the letter specify bright colors. You can

       also use the pseudo-color ‘i’ to set just the brightness and leave  the

       color unchanged.

       A  one digit/letter color description is treated as foreground or back-

       ground color dependent on the current attributes: if  reverse  mode  is

       set,  the  background color is changed instead of the foreground color.

       If you don’t like this, prefix the color with a “.”. If  you  want  the

       same  behavior for two-letter color descriptions, also prefix them with

       a “.”.

       As a special case, “%{-}” restores the attributes and colors that  were

       set before the last change was made (i.e., pops one level of the color-

       change stack).
       Examples:
       “G”    set color to bright green
       “+b r” use bold red
       “= yd” clear all attributes, write in default  color  on  yellow  back-

              ground.
       %-Lw%{= BW}%50>%n%f* %t%{-}%+Lw%<

              The  available  windows centered at the current window and trun-

              cated to the available width. The current  window  is  displayed

              white  on  blue.   This can be used with “hardstatus alwayslast-

              line”.
       %?%F%{.R.}%?%3n %t%? [%h]%?

              The window number and title and the window’s hardstatus, if  one

              is  set.  Also use a red background if this is the active focus.

              Useful for “caption string”.
FLOW-CONTROL

       Each window has a flow-control setting that determines how screen deals

       with the XON and XOFF characters (and perhaps the interrupt character).

       When flow-control is turned off, screen ignores the XON and XOFF  char-

       acters,  which  allows  the user to send them to the current program by

       simply typing them (useful for the emacs editor,  for  instance).   The
       The automatic flow-switching mode deals with  flow  control  using  the

       TIOCPKT  mode  (like “rlogin” does). If the tty driver does not support

       TIOCPKT, screen tries to find out the right mode based on  the  current

       setting of the application keypad – when it is enabled, flow-control is

       turned off and visa versa.  Of course, you can still  manipulate  flow-

       control manually when needed.
       If  you’re running with flow-control enabled and find that pressing the

       interrupt key (usually  C-c)  does  not  interrupt  the  display  until

       another 6-8 lines have scrolled by, try running screen with the “inter-

       rupt” option (add the “interrupt” flag to the “flow”  command  in  your

       .screenrc,  or use the -i command-line option).  This causes the output

       that screen has accumulated from the interrupted program to be flushed.

       One  disadvantage  is  that  the virtual terminal’s memory contains the

       non-flushed version of the output, which in rare cases can cause  minor

       inaccuracies  in  the  output.   For example, if you switch screens and

       return, or update the screen with “C-a l” you would see the version  of

       the  output  you would have gotten without “interrupt” being on.  Also,

       you might need to turn off flow-control (or use auto-flow mode to  turn

       it  off  automatically) when running a program that expects you to type

       the interrupt character as input, as it is possible  to  interrupt  the

       output of the virtual terminal to your physical terminal when flow-con-

       trol is enabled.  If this happens, a simple refresh of the screen  with

       “C-a  l” will restore it.  Give each mode a try, and use whichever mode

       you find more comfortable.
TITLES (naming windows)

       You can customize each window’s name in the window display (viewed with

       the “windows” command (C-a w)) by setting it with one of the title com-

       mands.  Normally the name displayed is the actual command name  of  the

       program created in the window.  However, it is sometimes useful to dis-

       tinguish various programs of the same name or to change  the  name  on-

       the-fly to reflect the current state of the window.
       The default name for all shell windows can be set with the “shelltitle”

       command in the .screenrc file, while all other windows are created with

       a “screen” command and thus can have their name set with the -t option.

       Interactively,    there    is    the    title-string    escape-sequence

       (<esc>kname<esc>\)  and the “title” command (C-a A).  The former can be

       output from an application to control the window’s name under  software

       control,  and  the  latter  will prompt for a name when typed.  You can

       also bind pre-defined names to keys with the  “title”  command  to  set

       things quickly without prompting.
       Finally,  screen has a shell-specific heuristic that is enabled by set-

       ting the window’s name to “search|name” and arranging to  have  a  null

       title escape-sequence output as a part of your prompt.  The search por-

       tion specifies an end-of-prompt search string, while the  name  portion

       specifies the default shell name for the window.  If the name ends in a

       screen will use the first word on the  following  line  (if  found)  in

       preference  to  the  just-found  name.  This helps csh users get better

       command names when using job control or history recall commands.
       Here’s some .screenrc examples:
              screen -t top 2 nice top
       Adding this line to your .screenrc would start a nice-d version of  the

       “top” command in window 2 named “top” rather than “nice”.
                   shelltitle ‘> |csh’

                   screen 1
       These  commands  would  start  a  shell with the given shelltitle.  The

       title specified is an auto-title that would expect the prompt  and  the

       typed command to look something like the following:
              /usr/joe/src/dir> trn
       (it  looks  after  the  ‘>  ‘ for the command name).  The window status

       would show the name “trn” while the command was running, and revert  to

       “csh” upon completion.
              bind R screen -t ‘% |root:’ su
       Having  this command in your .screenrc would bind the key sequence “C-a

       R” to the “su” command and give it an auto-title name of “root:”.   For

       this auto-title to work, the screen could look something like this:
                   % !em

                   emacs file.c
       Here  the user typed the csh history command “!em” which ran the previ-

       ously  entered  “emacs”  command.   The  window   status   would   show

       “root:emacs”  during the execution of the command, and revert to simply

       “root:” at its completion.
                   bind o title

                   bind E title “”

                   bind u title (unknown)
       The first binding doesn’t have any arguments, so it  would  prompt  you

       for  a title. when you type “C-a o”.  The second binding would clear an

       auto-title’s current setting (C-a E).  The third binding would set  the

       current window’s title to “(unknown)” (C-a u).
       One  thing  to keep in mind when adding a null title-escape-sequence to

       your prompt is that some shells (like the csh) count all  the  non-con-

       trol  characters  as  part  of the prompt’s length.  If these invisible

       characters aren’t a multiple of 8 then  backspacing  over  a  tab  will

       result in an incorrect display.  One way to get around this is to use a
THE VIRTUAL TERMINAL

       Each  window  in  a screen session emulates a VT100 terminal, with some

       extra functions added. The VT100 emulator is hard-coded, no other  ter-

       minal types can be emulated.

       Usually  screen  tries to emulate as much of the VT100/ANSI standard as

       possible. But if your terminal lacks certain capabilities,  the  emula-

       tion  may not be complete. In these cases screen has to tell the appli-

       cations that some of the features are missing. This is  no  problem  on

       machines using termcap, because screen can use the $TERMCAP variable to

       customize the standard screen termcap.
       But if you do a rlogin on another machine or your machine supports only

       terminfo  this  method  fails.  Because of this, screen offers a way to

       deal with these cases.  Here is how it works:
       When screen tries to figure out a terminal name for  itself,  it  first

       looks  for an entry named “screen.<term>”, where <term> is the contents

       of your $TERM variable.  If no such entry exists, screen tries “screen”

       (or  “screen-w”  if  the terminal is wide (132 cols or more)).  If even

       this entry cannot be found, “vt100” is used as a substitute.
       The idea is that if you have a terminal which doesn’t support an impor-

       tant  feature  (e.g.  delete  char or clear to EOS) you can build a new

       termcap/terminfo entry for screen (named “screen.<dumbterm>”) in  which

       this  capability  has been disabled. If this entry is installed on your

       machines you are able to do a rlogin and still keep the  correct  term-

       cap/terminfo  entry.  The terminal name is put in the $TERM variable of

       all new windows.  Screen also sets the $TERMCAP variable reflecting the

       capabilities of the virtual terminal emulated. Notice that, however, on

       machines using the terminfo database this variable has no effect.  Fur-

       thermore, the variable $WINDOW is set to the window number of each win-

       dow.
       The actual set  of  capabilities  supported  by  the  virtual  terminal

       depends  on  the  capabilities supported by the physical terminal.  If,

       for instance, the physical terminal does not support  underscore  mode,

       screen  does  not  put the `us’ and `ue’ capabilities into the window’s

       $TERMCAP variable, accordingly.  However, a minimum number of capabili-

       ties  must  be  supported  by a terminal in order to run screen; namely

       scrolling, clear screen, and direct  cursor  addressing  (in  addition,

       screen  does  not  run on hardcopy terminals or on terminals that over-

       strike).
       Also, you can customize the $TERMCAP value used by screen by using  the

       “termcap”  .screenrc  command,  or  by defining the variable $SCREENCAP

       prior to startup.  When the is latter defined, its value will be copied

       verbatim  into each window’s $TERMCAP variable.  This can either be the

       full terminal definition, or a filename  where  the  terminal  “screen”

       (and/or “screen-w”) is defined.
       Note  that screen honors the “terminfo” .screenrc command if the system

       character by character translation string that  is  used  during  semi-

       graphics  mode.  This string is built like the `acsc’ terminfo capabil-

       ity.
       When the `po’ and `pf’ capabilities are present in the terminal’s term-

       cap  entry,  applications running in a screen window can send output to

       the printer port of the terminal.  This allows a user to have an appli-

       cation  in one window sending output to a printer connected to the ter-

       minal, while all other windows are still active (the  printer  port  is

       enabled  and  disabled  again  for  each  chunk of output).  As a side-

       effect, programs running in different windows can send  output  to  the

       printer  simultaneously.   Data sent to the printer is not displayed in

       the window.  The info command displays a line starting `PRIN’ while the

       printer is active.
       Screen  maintains  a hardstatus line for every window. If a window gets

       selected, the display’s hardstatus will be updated to  match  the  win-

       dow’s  hardstatus  line. If the display has no hardstatus the line will

       be displayed as a standard screen message.  The hardstatus line can  be

       changed    with   the   ANSI   Application   Program   Command   (APC):

       “ESC_<string>ESC\”. As a  convenience  for  xterm  users  the  sequence

       “ESC]0..2;<string>^G” is also accepted.
       Some  capabilities  are only put into the $TERMCAP variable of the vir-

       tual terminal if they can be efficiently implemented  by  the  physical

       terminal.  For instance, `dl’ (delete line) is only put into the $TERM-

       CAP variable if the terminal supports  either  delete  line  itself  or

       scrolling  regions. Note that this may provoke confusion, when the ses-

       sion is reattached on a different terminal, as the  value  of  $TERMCAP

       cannot be modified by parent processes.
       The  “alternate  screen” capability is not enabled by default.  Set the

       altscreen .screenrc command to enable it.
       The following is a list of  control  sequences  recognized  by  screen.

       “(V)” and “(A)” indicate VT100-specific and ANSI- or ISO-specific func-

       tions, respectively.
       ESC E                      Next Line
       ESC D                      Index
       ESC M                      Reverse Index
       ESC H                      Horizontal Tab Set
       ESC Z                      Send VT100 Identification String
       ESC 7                 (V)  Save Cursor and Attributes
       ESC 8                 (V)  Restore Cursor and Attributes
       ESC =                 (V)  Application Keypad Mode
       ESC >                 (V)  Numeric Keypad Mode
       ESC # 8               (V)  Fill Screen with E’s
       ESC \                 (A)  String Terminator
       ESC ^                 (A)  Privacy Message String (Message Line)
       ESC !                      Global Message String (Message Line)
       ESC k                      A.k.a. Definition String
       ESC P                 (A)  Device Control  String.   Outputs  a  string

                                  directly to the host terminal without inter-

                                  pretation.
       ESC _                 (A)  Application Program Command (Hardstatus)
       ESC ] 0 ; string ^G   (A)  Operating System Command (Hardstatus,  xterm

                                  title hack)
       ESC ] 83 ; cmd ^G     (A)  Execute  screen  command. This only works if

                                  multi-user support is compiled into  screen.

                                  The  pseudo-user “:window:” is used to check

                                  the access control list. Use  “addacl  :win-

                                  dow:  -rwx  #?”  to  create  a  user with no

                                  rights and allow only the needed commands.
       Control-N             (A)  Lock Shift G1 (SO)
       Control-O             (A)  Lock Shift G0 (SI)
       ESC n                 (A)  Lock Shift G2
       ESC o                 (A)  Lock Shift G3
       ESC N                 (A)  Single Shift G2
       ESC O                 (A)  Single Shift G3
       ESC ( Pcs             (A)  Designate character set as G0
       ESC ) Pcs             (A)  Designate character set as G1
       ESC * Pcs             (A)  Designate character set as G2
       ESC + Pcs             (A)  Designate character set as G3
       ESC [ Pn ; Pn H            Direct Cursor Addressing
                  1               From Beginning of Line to Cursor
                  2               Entire Line
       ESC [ Pn X                 Erase character
       ESC [ Pn A                 Cursor Up
       ESC [ Pn B                 Cursor Down
       ESC [ Pn C                 Cursor Right
       ESC [ Pn D                 Cursor Left
       ESC [ Pn E                 Cursor next line
       ESC [ Pn F                 Cursor previous line
       ESC [ Pn G                 Cursor horizontal position
       ESC [ Pn `                 same as above
       ESC [ Pn d                 Cursor vertical position
       ESC [ Ps ;…; Ps m        Select Graphic Rendition
             Ps = None or 0       Default Rendition
                  1               Bold
                  2          (A)  Faint
                  3          (A)  Standout Mode (ANSI: Italicized)
                  4               Underlined
                  5               Blinking
                  7               Negative Image
                  22         (A)  Normal Intensity
                  23         (A)  Standout Mode off (ANSI: Italicized off)
                  24         (A)  Not Underlined
                  25         (A)  Not Blinking
                  27         (A)  Positive Image
                  30         (A)  Foreground Black
                  39         (A)  Foreground Default
                  40         (A)  Background Black
                  …             …
                  49         (A)  Background Default
       ESC [ Pn g                 Tab Clear
             Pn = None or 0       Clear Tab at Current Position
                  3               Clear All Tabs
       ESC [ Pn ; Pn r       (V)  Set Scrolling Region
       ESC [ Pn I            (A)  Horizontal Tab
       ESC [ Pn Z            (A)  Backward Tab
       ESC [ Pn L            (A)  Insert Line
       ESC [ Pn M            (A)  Delete Line
       ESC [ Pn @            (A)  Insert Character
       ESC [ Pn P            (A)  Delete Character
       ESC [ Pn S                 Scroll Scrolling Region Up
       ESC [ Pn T                 Scroll Scrolling Region Down
       ESC [ Pn ^                 same as above
       ESC [ Ps ;…; Ps h        Set Mode
       ESC [ Ps ;…; Ps l        Reset Mode
             Ps = 4          (A)  Insert Mode
                  20         (A)  Automatic Linefeed Mode
                  34              Normal Cursor Visibility
                  ?1         (V)  Application Cursor Keys
                  ?3         (V)  Change Terminal Width to 132 columns
                  ?5         (V)  Reverse Video
                  ?6         (V)  Origin Mode
       ESC [ 5 i             (A)  Start relay to printer (ANSI Media Copy)
       ESC [ 4 i             (A)  Stop relay to printer (ANSI Media Copy)
       ESC [ 8 ; Ph ; Pw t        Resize the window to  `Ph’  lines  and  `Pw’

                                  columns (SunView special)
       ESC [ c                    Send VT100 Identification String
       ESC [ x                    Send Terminal Parameter Report
       ESC [ > c                  Send   VT220   Secondary  Device  Attributes

                                  String
       ESC [ 6 n                  Send Cursor Position Report
INPUT TRANSLATION

       In order to do a full VT100 emulation  screen  has  to  detect  that  a

       sequence  of characters in the input stream was generated by a keypress

       on the user’s keyboard and insert  the  VT100  style  escape  sequence.

       Screen  has  a very flexible way of doing this by making it possible to

       map arbitrary commands on arbitrary sequences of characters. For  stan-

       dard  VT100  emulation  the  command will always insert a string in the

       input buffer of the window (see also command stuff in the  command  ta-

       ble).  Because the sequences generated by a keypress can change after a

       reattach from a different terminal type, it is possible  to  bind  com-

       mands  to the termcap name of the keys.  Screen will insert the correct

       binding after each  reattach.  See  the  bindkey  command  for  further

       details on the syntax and examples.
       Here  is the table of the default key bindings. (A) means that the com-

       mand is executed if the keyboard is switched into application mode.
       Key name          Termcap name    Command

       ______________________________________________________

       Cursor up             ku          stuff 33[A

                                         stuff 33OA    (A)

       Cursor down           kd          stuff 33[B

                                         stuff 33OB    (A)

       Cursor right          kr          stuff 33[C

                                         stuff 33OC    (A)

       Cursor left           kl          stuff 33[D

                                         stuff 33OD    (A)

       Function key 0        k0          stuff 33[10~

       Function key 1        k1          stuff 33OP

       Function key 2        k2          stuff 33OQ

       Function key 3        k3          stuff 33OR

       Function key 4        k4          stuff 33OS

       Function key 5        k5          stuff 33[15~

                                         stuff 33Op    (A)

       Keypad 1              f1          stuff 1

                                         stuff 33Oq    (A)

       Keypad 2              f2          stuff 2

                                         stuff 33Or    (A)

       Keypad 3              f3          stuff 3

                                         stuff 33Os    (A)

       Keypad 4              f4          stuff 4

                                         stuff 33Ot    (A)

       Keypad 5              f5          stuff 5

                                         stuff 33Ou    (A)

       Keypad 6              f6          stuff 6

                                         stuff 33Ov    (A)

       Keypad 7              f7          stuff 7

                                         stuff 33Ow    (A)

       Keypad 8              f8          stuff 8

                                         stuff 33Ox    (A)

       Keypad 9              f9          stuff 9

                                         stuff 33Oy    (A)

       Keypad +              f+          stuff +

                                         stuff 33Ok    (A)

       Keypad –              f-          stuff –

                                         stuff 33Om    (A)

       Keypad *              f*          stuff *

                                         stuff 33Oj    (A)

       Keypad /              f/          stuff /

                                         stuff 33Oo    (A)

       Keypad =              fq          stuff =

                                         stuff 33OX    (A)

       Keypad .              f.          stuff .

                                         stuff 33On    (A)

       Keypad ,              f,          stuff ,

                                         stuff 33Ol    (A)

       Keypad enter          fe          stuff 15

                                         stuff 33OM    (A)
SPECIAL TERMINAL CAPABILITIES

       The following table describes all terminal capabilities that are recog-

       nized  by  screen  and are not in the termcap(5) manual.  You can place

       these capabilities in your termcap entries (in `/etc/termcap’)  or  use

       them  with the commands `termcap’, `terminfo’ and `termcapinfo’ in your

       screenrc files. It is often not possible to place these capabilities in

       the terminfo database.
       LP   (bool)  Terminal  has  VT100 style margins (`magic margins’). Note

                    that this capability is obsolete because screen  uses  the

                    standard ‘xn’ instead.
       Z0   (str)   Change width to 132 columns.
       E0   (str)   Switch charset ‘G0’ back to standard charset.  Default  is

                    ‘\E(B’.
       C0   (str)   Use the string as a conversion table for font ‘0’. See the

                    ‘ac’ capability for more details.
       CS   (str)   Switch cursor-keys to application mode.
       CE   (str)   Switch cursor-keys back to normal mode.
       AN   (bool)  Turn on autonuke. See  the  ‘autonuke’  command  for  more

                    details.
       OL   (num)   Set  the  output buffer limit. See the ‘obuflimit’ command

                    for more details.
       KJ   (str)   Set the encoding of the terminal. See the ‘encoding’  com-

                    mand for valid encodings.
       AF   (str)   Change  character foreground color in an ANSI conform way.

                    This capability will almost always  be  set  to  ‘\E[3%dm’

                    (‘\E[3%p1%dm’ on terminfo machines).
       AB   (str)   Same as ‘AF’, but change background color.
       AX   (bool)  Does  understand  ANSI  set  default fg/bg color (\E[39m /

                    \E[49m).
       XC   (str)   Describe a translation of characters to strings  depending

                    on  the  current  font.  More  details  follow in the next

                    section.
       XT   (bool)  Terminal understands special xterm sequences  (OSC,  mouse

                    tracking).
       C8   (bool)  Terminal needs bold to display high-intensity colors (e.g.

                    Eterm).
       TF   (bool)  Add missing capabilities to the termcap/info  entry.  (Set

                    by default).
CHARACTER TRANSLATION

       Screen  has  a  powerful mechanism to translate characters to arbitrary

       strings depending on the current font and terminal type.  Use this fea-

       ture  if  you  want  to  work with a common standard character set (say

       ISO8851-latin1) even on terminals that scatter the more unusual charac-

       ters over several national language font pages.
       Syntax:

           XC=<charset-mapping>{,,<charset-mapping>}
       make it possible to use a real ‘%’. The ‘\’ character quotes  the  spe-

       cial characters ‘\’, ‘%’, and ‘,’.
       Here is an example:
           termcap hp700 ‘XC=B\E(K%\E(B,\304[,\326\\\\,\334]’
       This  tells  screen how to translate ISOlatin1 (charset ‘B’) upper case

       umlaut characters on a hp700 terminal that has a German charset. ‘\304’

       gets  translated  to  ‘\E(K[\E(B’  and so on.  Note that this line gets

       parsed *three* times before the internal lookup table is built,  there-

       fore a lot of quoting is needed to create a single ‘\’.
       Another  extension  was  added  to  allow  more emulation: If a mapping

       translates the unquoted ‘%’ char, it will be sent to the terminal when-

       ever screen switches to the corresponding <designator>. In this special

       case the template is assumed to be just ‘%’ because the charset  switch

       sequence and the character mappings normally haven’t much in common.
       This example shows one use of the extension:
           termcap xterm ‘XC=K%,%\E(B,[\304,\\\\\326,]\334’
       Here,  a  part of the German (‘K’) charset is emulated on an xterm.  If

       screen has to change to the ‘K’ charset, ‘\E(B’ will  be  sent  to  the

       terminal,  i.e. the ASCII charset is used instead. The template is just

       ‘%’, so the mapping is straightforward: ‘[‘ to ‘\304’, ‘\’  to  ‘\326’,

       and ‘]’ to ‘\334′.
ENVIRONMENT

       COLUMNS        Number  of  columns  on  the terminal (overrides termcap

                      entry).

       HOME           Directory in which to look for .screenrc.

       LINES          Number of  lines  on  the  terminal  (overrides  termcap

                      entry).

       LOCKPRG        Screen lock program.

       NETHACKOPTIONS Turns on nethack option.

       PATH           Used for locating programs to run.

       SCREENCAP      For customizing a terminal’s TERMCAP value.

       SCREENDIR      Alternate socket directory.

       SCREENRC       Alternate user screenrc file.

       SHELL          Default  shell  program  for  opening  windows  (default

                      “/bin/sh”).

       STY            Alternate socket name.

       SYSSCREENRC    Alternate system screenrc file.

       TERM           Terminal name.

       TERMCAP        Terminal description.

       WINDOW         Window number of a window (at creation time).
FILES

       …/screen-4.?.??/etc/screenrc

                                         buffer’

       hardcopy.[0-9]                    Screen images created by the hardcopy

                                         function

       screenlog.[0-9]                   Output  log  files created by the log

                                         function

       /usr/lib/terminfo/?/*             or

       /etc/termcap                      Terminal capability databases

       /var/run/utmp                     Login records

       $LOCKPRG                          Program that locks a terminal.
SEE ALSO

       termcap(5), utmp(5), vi(1), captoinfo(1), tic(1)
AUTHORS

       Originally created by Oliver Laumann, this latest version was  produced

       by Wayne Davison, Juergen Weigert and Michael Schroeder.
COPYLEFT

       Copyright (C) 1993-2003

            Juergen Weigert (jnweiger@immd4.informatik.uni-erlangen.de)

            Michael Schroeder (mlschroe@immd4.informatik.uni-erlangen.de)

       Copyright (C) 1987 Oliver Laumann

       This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it

       under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published  by  the

       Free  Software  Foundation;  either  version 2, or (at your option) any

       later version.

       This program is distributed in the hope that it  will  be  useful,  but

       WITHOUT  ANY  WARRANTY;  without  even  the  implied  warranty  of MER-

       CHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU  General

       Public License for more details.

       You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along

       with this program (see the file COPYING); if not,  write  to  the  Free

       Software  Foundation,  Inc.,  59  Temple  Place – Suite 330, Boston, MA

       02111-1307, USA
CONTRIBUTORS

       Ken Beal (kbeal@amber.ssd.csd.harris.com),

       Rudolf Koenig (rfkoenig@immd4.informatik.uni-erlangen.de),

       Toerless Eckert (eckert@immd4.informatik.uni-erlangen.de),

       Wayne Davison (davison@borland.com),

       Patrick Wolfe (pat@kai.com, kailand!pat),

       Bart Schaefer (schaefer@cse.ogi.edu),

       Nathan Glasser (nathan@brokaw.lcs.mit.edu),

       Larry W. Virden (lvirden@cas.org),

       Howard Chu (hyc@hanauma.jpl.nasa.gov),

       Tim MacKenzie (tym@dibbler.cs.monash.edu.au),

       Markku Jarvinen (mta@{cc,cs,ee}.tut.fi),

       Marc Boucher (marc@CAM.ORG),

       Doug Siebert (dsiebert@isca.uiowa.edu),

       Ken Stillson (stillson@tsfsrv.mitre.org),
VERSION

       This is version 4.0.2. Its roots are a merge of a custom version 2.3PR7

       by  Wayne  Davison and several enhancements to Oliver Laumann’s version

       2.0. Note that all versions numbered 2.x are copyright by  Oliver  Lau-

       mann.
AVAILABILITY

       The  latest official release of screen available via anonymous ftp from

       gnudist.gnu.org, nic.funet.fi or any other GNU distribution  site.  The

       home site of screen is ftp.uni-erlangen.de, in the directory pub/utili-

       ties/screen. The subdirectory `private’ contains the latest beta  test-

       ing  release.  If  you  want  to help, send a note to screen@uni-erlan-

       gen.de.
BUGS

       o  `dm’ (delete mode) and `xs’ are  not  handled  correctly  (they  are

          ignored). `xn’ is treated as a magic-margin indicator.
       o  Screen has no clue about double-high or double-wide characters.  But

          this is the only area where vttest is allowed to fail.
       o  It is not possible to change the environment variable $TERMCAP  when

          reattaching under a different terminal type.
       o  The  support of terminfo based systems is very limited. Adding extra

          capabilities to $TERMCAP may not have any effects.
       o  Screen does not make use of hardware tabs.
       o  Screen must be installed as set-uid with owner root on most  systems

          in  order to be able to correctly change the owner of the tty device

          file for each window.  Special permission may also  be  required  to

          write the file “/var/run/utmp”.
       o  Entries  in  “/var/run/utmp”  are  not removed when screen is killed

          with SIGKILL.  This will cause some programs (like “w” or “rwho”) to

          advertise that a user is logged on who really isn’t.
       o  Screen may give a strange warning when your tty has no utmp entry.
       o  When the modem line was hung up, screen may not automatically detach

          (or quit) unless the device driver is configured to  send  a  HANGUP

          signal.   To  detach  a screen session use the -D or -d command line

          option.
       o  If a password is set, the command  line  options  -d  and  -D  still

          detach a session without asking.
       o  Both  “breaktype”  and  “defbreaktype”  change  the break generating

          method used by all terminal devices. The first should change a  win-

          dow  specific  setting,  where  the  latter  should  change only the
4th Berkeley Distribution          Aug 2003                          SCREEN(1)