Management-Group

2020-12-30T07:01:00.001-08:00

2020-12-29T07:01:00.001-08:00

2020-12-28T07:00:00.001-08:00

2020-12-27T06:59:00.001-08:00

Prithvi Narayan Shah Biography

2020-12-25T18:43:00.068-08:00

Prithvi Narayan Shah Biography

His Majesty King Prithvi narayan Shah (1779-1831B.S) was a Shah dynasty king. He is known as the Nation Builder of modern Nepal, creating a single country by uniting twenty-two and twenty-four states divided into small states. In his memory, National Unity Day is celebrated in Nepal on the 27th of Push. Nepal was ruled by Rana till 2007. When democracy came. Then Yogi Narharinath started the process by saying that the birth anniversary of Father of the Nation Prithvi narayan Shah should be celebrated in Nepal. It may have been celebrated before, but the Rana family did not know how it was celebrated. There was no public participation.

Prithvi Narayan Shah

Since 2009, Yogi Narharinath, in coordination with the government, has formed a function committee to celebrate National Unity Day and Earth Day. Even if Yogiji had not made that effort, there would have been an earth jubilee, but in what form? That cannot be said. However, it started as a founder under the leadership of Yogi Narharinath. As long as the yogi lived, he lived by working for the national interest. Every year, all Nepalis have been celebrating Earth Day with one or another program. Prithvinarayan Shah transformed the Shah dynasty ruling in small areas (Bhirkot, Kaski, Lamjung Gorkha) into a dynasty of the whole of Nepal and laid the foundation of modern Nepal. The unification campaign started by Prithvinarayan Shah expanded to include the Tista River in the east, the Magadha River in the south and the Sutlej River in the west. Later, after the Nepal-British War, until the Sugauli Treaty, this territory was under Nepal's control. Prithvi narayan Shah, one of the most respected men in the history of Nepal. Even though he died at Devighat in Nuwakot district on the day of Maghe Sankranti in 1831 BS at the age of 52, the Nepal Unification Campaign was continued by his daughter-in-law Rani Rajendra Laxmi, son Bahadur Shah and others. (1814–16). B.S. The unification campaign lasted for a full 72 years until the Treaty of Sugauli was signed in 1873 BS.

Early life

Prithvi Narayan Shah (Nation Builder His Majesty King Prithvi Narayan Shahdev) was the son of King Narbhupal Shah and Queen Kausalyavati of Gorkha, a small hill state within Nepal. He was born on Thursday 27th Poush 1779 B.S.

He was very brave, brilliant, intelligent and hardworking from his childhood. From the beginning he was given the knowledge of Ramayana, Mahabharata and later on Sukraniti. He was also perfect in archery, sword, horse racing, etc.

His first marriage was to Princess Indra Kumari of Makwanpur. When he had to travel between Gorkha and Makwanpur, he took a good look at the topography and economic condition of the valley. At that time, the people of 1200 households in Gorkha did not have enough food or financial status to eat for six months. That is why he had made up his mind to conquer the prosperous and prosperous Kathmandu Valley. Prithvinarayan Shah, who came to Kathmandu in 1798 BS, gave the pagari brought from the Gorkha court to Ranjit Malla, the king of Bhaktapur. When he returned to Gorkha, he found out that Changunarayan, Pashupati and Guheshwari had gone to visit Pashupatinath. King Jayaprakash Malla of Kathmandu brought him to the palace and made him his friend.

Married life

His first marriage was to Indra Kumari, daughter of King Hemkarna Sen of Makwanpur. Was born in 1794. As Makwanpur was a powerful state at that time, the marriage was solemnized for political gain. However, Hemkarna Sen later expressed his inability. His second marriage was to Narendra Laxmi, daughter of Abhiman Singh Rajput of Kashi. Pratap Singh Shah and Bahadur Shah were born from Narendra Laxmi.

Early year of tenure

B.S. After the death of King Narbhupal Shah in 1799, Prithvinarayan became the king of Gorkha at the age of 20. Before becoming king, he lived in B.S. In 1798, he had thoroughly studied the political life of the Kathmandu Valley. As Prithvinarayan Shah wanted to conquer the Kathmandu Valley and the eastern region, he joined forces with his powerful opponent, King Ripumardan Shah of Lamjung. In 1799, a treaty was signed stating that if the two states succeeded in capturing Kaski's Argha, they would give the timber to Kaski.

In order to realize the dream of unification of father Narbhupal, In 1800 B.S., under the leadership of Biraj Thapa Magar and Maheshwar Pant, he invaded Nuwakot but was defeated by the Gorkhalis from Nuwakot.

Faced with defeat in the battle of Nuwakot, Prithvinarayan Shah went to Vanaras to collect the necessary weapons. Father Narabhupal traveled to Kashi to attain virtue and changed the tribe from his Bhardwaj tribe to the Kashyap tribe. At the same time, he made a treaty with Hari Shah, the king of Jajarkot, who had gone on a pilgrimage.

For the second time, Prithvinarayan Shah won the B.Sc. In 1801, under Kalu Pandey's command, Nuwakot was attacked. This time, all the Gurkha youths between the ages of 12 and 20 were armed and the number of soldiers was over 1,000. Some of these soldiers were brought to Nuwakot as farmers. After that, Kalu Pade sent a letter to Jayant Rana, who was stationed at Nuwakot Raksha, saying that there was no other good for him except meeting him in Gorkha. However, Jayant Rana reached Kathmandu and demanded more troops and weapons from the Gorkhalis. However, Jayaprakash Malla ignored Jayant Rana's demand as Indrajatra was in full swing in the valley. While Jayant Rana's son Shankhamani Rana was stationed in the security of Nuwakot, Prithvinarayan Shah, Daldarman Shah, Chautara Bishnu Shah, Kazi Shur Pratap Shah and others from Nuwakot laid siege to Nuwakot. Shakhamani Rana died at the hands of Daldarman Shah and Prithvinarayan Shah conquered Nuwakot. Prithvinarayan Shah attacked Velkot, ignoring the advice of Kalu Pade not to attack immediately as the soldiers of Nuwakot had fled to Velkot due to the occupation of Nuwakot by the Gorkhalis. Jayant Rana was arrested here.

Efforts to unify Nepal

Prithvinarayan Shah started the great journey of unification of Nepal and merged many places into the nation of Nepal and created flower gardens of 4 characters and 36 species. Historians have seen Prithvinarayan's purpose as the demand of the age. There was a growing need for a strong nationalist force in the then twenty-two and twenty-four kingdoms, the divided Malla kingdoms in the valley, the eastern Kirant and Limbuan regions, which were replaced by Prithvinarayan Shah.

Attack on Tanahun

After the conquest of Nuwakot and Velkot, the Gorkhalis captured Lamidanda. But the desire of Tanahun to capture Lamidanda increased the possibility of a clash between Tanahun and the Gorkhalis. But after Prithvinarayan Shah sent Guru Gaureshwar Pant with the news that he would make a treaty with the king of Tanahu, after some time of negotiations, the king of Tanahun, Trivikram Sen, hid in the side as per the scheduled time. Since this type of work is likely to anger Lamjung, Kaski, Parbat, etc., In 1810 B.S., Trivikram Sen was released. In 1812B.S. , the Gurkha army had to fight with the combined forces of Lamjung and Tanahun. In this war, the Gorkhas suffered heavy loss of life and property. However, Naldum, Dahchok, Mahadev Pokhari, Siranchowk as well as Kulekhani, Ipa, Malta, etc. were captured and the border of Gorkha reached Makwanpur.

The first attack on Kirtipur

In 1814 B.S., Prithvinarayan Shah attacked Kirtipur. There were 1,200 soldiers on the Gorkha side. But as Kirtipur asked for help from Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur, there were about 300 troops on the Kirtipur side. After a six-hour battle between the two sides on the Balkhu River, many Gorkhalis lost their lives. Prithvinarayan Shah, who was captured in Kirtipur, survived only because of the moral rule that he should not be killed. Kazi Kalu Pandey, who had died in the first battle of Kirtipur, was replaced by his son Vanshraj Pandey and Kehar Singh Basnyat, son of Shivram Singh Basnyat. In 1816 B.S, he conquered Shivpuri and Kavre.

Makwanpur victory

In September 1819 B.S, a large number of troops sent by Banshrajpade and Kehar Singh, as well as Mahoddam Kirti Shah, Dalmardan Shah, Shur Pratap Shah, Nandu Shah and Daljit Shah, attacked Makwanpur. The battle lasted for 10 hours and finally Digvandhan Sen surrendered.

Attack on Gorkha

Gorkha durbar
In 1820 B.S, a joint force of King Trivikram Sen of Tanahun, King Mukunda Sen III of Palpa, and King Siddhinarayan Shah of Kaski, in support of Digvandhan Sen, attacked and looted Harmi, Bhirkot, Dhapkot, Chawangli, Dhaurali and Lakankot under Gorkha rule.

Second attack on Kirtipur

In Bhadra 1821, Kirtipur was attacked for the second time under the leadership of Shur Pratap Shah, Daljit Shah and Shri Harsh Pant. Even in this war, Kirtipur did not receive military support from the valley as before, but the people of Kirtipur did not allow the Gurkha soldiers to break the Gopur fort and enter Kirtipur. In this battle, Shur Pratap's eyes were opened from the side targeted by Kirtipur and some other troops were forced to return.

Third attack on Kirtipur

The third battle over Kirtipur was led by Kazi Vanshraj Pade. He surrounded the Gopur fort from all sides and sent some soldiers to Kirtipur as farmers. At that time, as it was time to bring paddy to Kirtipur, the dynasty asked the people of Kirtipur to surrender. In this war, Kirtipur did not receive military assistance from neighboring states. Dhanwant Kazi surrendered at Gopur Fort on 3 April 1822
B.S.

Relationship with Salyan

In 1823 B.S, Salyani married Ranbhim Shah, the son of King Krishna Shah, and befriended his daughter Vilas Kumari. Chhilli, Dang, Deukhari were given as dowry.

Attack on Kathmandu Valley

As Kirtipur fell to the Gurkhas and there was a possibility of an attack on the valley in the near future, Jayaprakash Malla had a meeting with the kings of Lalitpur and Bhaktapur and expressed the view that a strong military campaign should be launched against the Gurkha soldiers. But the kings of Lalitpur and Bhaktapur did not respond favorably and thinking that the first attack of Gorkhali would take place at Kantipur, Jayaprakash Malla sought the help of the British with troops and arms.To assist King Jayaprakash Malla. In 1823 B.S, 2400 troops led by Kinlock marched towards Kathmandu via Sindhuligadi in eastern Nepal. As Prithvinarayan Shah was already aware of this, when Birbhadra Pade and Birbhadra Upadhyay and Vanshu Gurung's group reached Dhungewas to defend Sindhuligadhi, Vanshu Gurung attacked as expected. They ran to the forest to save him.

Attack on Kantipur

As Prithvinarayan Shah laid siege to the valley from all sides, there was an extreme economic crisis in the valley. King Jayaprakash Malla of Kathmandu was also hard-hearted, arrogant and conceited. But later he regained his power but he did not get the sympathy of his son, queen and nobles. The devout Nepalese people were outraged by the Guthi Maseka of foreign gods and goddesses to maintain their power, and the soldiers of Kantipur were frustrated as they were even given higher salaries to foreign soldiers.

The fall of Lalitpur

Understanding such a situation, Prithvinarayan Shah On the 13th of Ashwin, 1825 B.S., during the Indra Jatra, Naradevi, Tudikhel and Bhimsensthan were attacked from three sides and Kantipur was conquered. King Jayaprakash Malla fled and took refuge in Raja Tejanar Singh Malla of Lalitpur. On 25th Ashwin 1825 B.S, Prithvinarayan Shah sent Dhanwant and Kehar Singh to Lalitpur to surrender. The king of Patan fled without a fight.

Bhaktapur victory

King Jayaprakash Malla of Kathmandu and King Tejan Singh Malla of Lalitpur fled and took refuge with King Ranjit Malla of Bhaktapur. King Ranjit Malla sent 1,500 armed forces along with Vanshraj Pandey, Kahar Singh Basnyat, Ram Krishna Kunwar, Amar Singh Thapa, Kalidas Khadka and others to attack Bhaktapur, thinking that it was too late to seek unnecessary help from the neighboring states and the British instead of surrendering. There was a war in Bhaktapur in which great loss of life and property was caused. More than 2,000 were killed and more than 500 were destroyed. Defeat Vs. Ranjit Malla surrendered on 1 December 1826. In the same battle, Jayaprakash Malla was shot in the leg. According to his wish, Prithvinarayan Shah arranged for him to go to Pashupati. Mitbabu Ranjit Malla, 67, arranged for him to stay in Kashibas as per his wish. He died 18 months after arriving there. As King Tejnar Singh Malla of Lalitpur did not express any wish, he was imprisoned for life in Bhaktapur Durbar.

Attack on 24 states(चौबीसे राज्यमाथि आक्रमण)

After retaining power in the three cities of the valley, Prithvinarayan Shah set out to conquer twenty-four kingdoms in the west. In 1828, an army led by Vanshraj Pandey and Kehar Singh Basnyat and a combined army of twenty-four states were formed. In 1828, the Ghamasan War broke out. During the 16-hour long battle, more than 500 Gorkhalis, including Kehar Singh Basnyat, were killed and the generals like Vanshraj Pandey and Prabhu Malla fell into the hands of the enemy. Prithvinarayan Shah terminated the jobs of those who surrendered their weapons to the enemy and took Rs. 60 for the price of a gun. This defeat hurt the ambitions, dignity and prestige of the Gorkhalis and aroused in the enemies a defensive feeling that victory could be achieved if they fought hard against the Gorkhas.

Campaign to the east

Death

Prithvinarayan Shah, who had gone to Nuwakot to avoid winter in mid-November 1831 (1774 BS), fell ill at the Nuwakot Durbar. As his health deteriorated, he was taken to Devighat as per his wish. He remained at the pier for nine days and died at 7 am on January 20. It is also mentioned that Hinda died after being seriously injured in a tiger attack while going hunting. While on the ferry, he gave lectures on Nepal's geopolitical situation, social life, defense and development, also known as the 'Divine Sermon "Nepal is like a yam between two stones. The king of the south is very clever. Not to cut, not to cut. Nepal is a common flower garden of four characters, thirty-six castes." Etc. Relevant sermons were given by Prithvinarayan Shah. On the day of Maghe Sankranti, he died at the age of 52 at Mohan Tirtha or Devighat, the confluence of Trishuli and Tadi rivers in Nuwakot district.

Nature of economics

2020-12-25T06:58:00.004-08:00

Economics , Grade XI

Nature of Economics

Why to Study Economics?

Economic goads are scarce or insufficient. Society must choose the best one among the limited goods that are produced with its available resources. The essence of economics is to acknowledge the reality of scarcity and then figure out how to organize society in a way which produces the most efficient use of resources. It is the study of how society uses scarce resources to produce valuable goods and services and distribute them among different individuals. If the resources to produce goods and services are not scarce then we should not worry about how to use resources efficiently, and this limits the use of economics. But due to the scarce resources we have to make wise use of them. Economics teaches us to make the best use of our scarce resources

Introduction

The word 'ECONOMICS' is derived from Greek word 'OEKONOMICUS'. In Greek 'OEKO' means household activities and 'NOMICUS' means study. In Nepali, it means "Arthasaastra". So literally it is the study of household affairs. Many Greek philosophers have defined economics in a variety of ways:  According to Xenophone, "Economics is the science of household management."  Similarly, Aristotle defines, "Economics is not only the science of household affairs but also the science of exchange or science of acquiring wealth." Until the medieval age, Economics was considered as a subsidiary science of Christian ethics. Philosophers of the then time considered wealth as the means of salvation and fulfilling divine order. They regarded religious activities more important than wealth.

free business book part-2

2020-12-06T19:14:00.031-08:00

free business book

free business book part-1

2020-12-06T19:14:00.029-08:00

free business book part-1

Basic of computer learning

2020-12-06T19:14:00.022-08:00

Basic of computer learning:

# Concept, Importance and Characteristics of Computer

The full form of COMPUTER is Common Operating Machine Particularly Used for Trade, Education and Research. Technically speaking, the term computer does not have a full form. The term computer is essentially derived from the word 'compute', which means to calculate. Nevertheless, there is a hypothetical full form of computer, which is said to be Commonly Operated Machine Particularly Used for Trade, Education and Research The computer is a multi-tasking programmable electronic machine which performs the calculations and processes information with astonishing speed. It can calculate thousands of informations with flash speed and almost unfailing accuracy. The computer can perform both computation and logical action at enormous speed. The two principle characteristics of a computer are:

It responds to a specific set of instructions in a proper manner.
It can execute a prerecorded list of instruction (a program)

In other words, a computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data. Before we talk about different types of computers, let's talk about two things all computers have in common: hardware and software. Hardware is any part of your computer that has a physical structure, such as the keyboard or mouse. It also includes all of the computer's internal parts, which you can see in the image below. Software is any set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do and how to do it. Examples of software include web browsers, games, and word processors. Below, you can see an image of Microsoft PowerPoint, which is used to create presentations.

# IMPORTANCE OF COMPUTER

The computer is important in a variety of ways. For example, a difficult and time-consuming task can be done in no time and in an easy way. The computer provides better and effective way to manage a large amount of information to every individual, organization, business, government and institution. The value of computer lies in the ability to perform quickly and accurately. The computer can help in producing better quality products, help in teaching and assist in elimination human error.

a.) Solving numerical problems

Solving numerical problems

One of the most difficult and most important jobs performed by computers is the solution of complicated problems involving numbers. computers can solve those problems amazingly and quickly. The computer can perform a simple numerical problem to complicated numerical problem.

b.) Storing and retrieving information

People use computers to store large quantities of information. information stored on a computer is sometimes called a database. The database can be enormous. For example, a country's entire census might be contained in a single database. A computer can search a huge database to find a specific piece of information. In addition, the information can be changed easily and quickly. The efficiency with which computers store and retrieve information makes them valuable in a wide range of professions.

c.) Creating and displaying document and picture

creating and displaying image

Computers can store a huge number of words in a way that make it easy to manipulate them. For this reason, word processing is one of the most important and widespread uses of a computer. Computers are also important in the publishing industries. For example, most books and magazine are typed on a computer. Graphics is the use of a computer to make pictures.

# CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER


Characteristics of computer

Every computer has certain common characteristics irrespective of their type and size. The computer is not just adding machines; they are capable of doing complex activities and operations. They can be programmed to do complex, tedious and monotonous tasks. Computers are what they are because of the following characteristics:

i.) Word length

A digital computer operates on binary digits i.e 0 and 1. It can understand information only in terms of 0s and 1s. A binary digit is called a bit. a group of 8 bits is called a byte. The number of bits that a computer can process at a time in parallel is called its word length. Commonly used word length are 8,16,32 or 64 bits. Word length is the major of the computing power of a computer. When we talk of a 32-bit computer, it means that it's word length is 32 bits.

ii.) Speed


character of a computer

The calculation in the computer is at very high speeds. For example, a micro computer can perform millions of instructions per second as many times without any mistake. The speed increases, as the power of computer increase. For example, a super computer can operate at speed measures on nanoseconds and even picosecond.

iii.) Storage

storage device of a computer

The computer has main memory and auxiliary memory. The computer can store a large amount of data. With more and more auxiliary storage devices, which are capable of storing huge amounts of the data, the storage capacity of a computer is virtually unlimited. The reason that makes computer storage unique is not that it can store huge amount of data, but the fact that it can retrieve the information that the user wants in a few seconds. For example, computer dictionaries are available and the contents of this software version are the same as that of the printed dictionary.

iv.) Accuracy

The accuracy of a computer is very high unless the input is given correctly. In most cases, the error is because of human factor rather that technology mistake. For example, if the person input wrong code or the data is corrupted,the processing result is also wrong or corrupted. So if wrong input is given, the output also will be wrong- GIGO (Garbage In Garbage Out)

v.) Versatility

Computers can perform activities ranging from simple calculation like arithmetic calculation, to a complex calculation like launching a missile, which it makes a computer a versatile machine. some application area of computers like a business, bank medical diagnosis, science and technology, communication and astronomy, so it is a versatile machine.

vi.) Diligence

Diligence means being constant and determined in effort and application. The computer can perform the repetitive task without being a bore and it never gets tired. It can work continuously for several hour or day without getting bored and tired. Unlike human beings, a computer is free from tiredness, weakness, lack of concentration and monotony. Computers can perform activities ranging from simple calculation like arithmetic calculation, to a complex calculation like launching a missile, which it makes a computer a versatile machine.

vii.) Automation

A computer is an automatic machine, capable of functioning automatically once they are an appropriate set of instruction and data provided to the computer. Once the task is initiated on a computer it can proceed continuously. The computer can be programmed to perform a series of a task involving multiple programs. Computers are capable of these levels of automation if the instruction is provided correctly.

viii.) Reliability

Computers are used widely as they are reliable. The computer never gives the wrong result as long as the input is given correctly. The probability of error in the computer is negligible. A Huge amount of verities of data like monetary transaction, banking account, personal information is stored in a computer with the strong reliability to the computer. The computer has become an integral part of our lives and is helping us in improving the standard living, enhancing the quality products, providing better healthcare, assisting in teaching and learning and other however computer have many limitations like lack of intelligence, lack of reasoning capabilities and other.

# ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER

1.ADVANTAGES

The computer can perform a complex operation in a short time.

The computer can process a large volume of data.

Computer can work continuously for a long time

A single computer can perform multiple tasks such as watching a movie, playing games, listening song and others. .

Computer increases the curricular performance of the student.

The computer does not make a mistake.

2.DISADVANTAGES

The computer does not have a brain and cannot decide itself.

It does not have its own intelligence

The computer does not have emotion and
feelings.

It needs electricity to operate.

It cannot operate itself, unless, a human command is given.

# Generation of Computer and Their Features

Things to remember :👇👇👇

GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS :

Computer generations classification is mainly based on the basic devices used. Also, the considerations are the architecture, languages, modes of operation, etc. The function performed by the computer and the speed of their operations have been changing since the old days to the most modern computer. Based on the period of development and the features incorporated, the computers are classified into different generations- First generation to Fifth generation. This is called the computer generation.

Classification and Time Period of Computer are :

1. First Generation Computer (1945-1955)
2. Second Generation Computer (1957-1963)
3. Third Generation Computer (1964-1971)
4. Fourth Generation Computer (1972 onward)
5. Fifth Generation Computer (Present and future)

1.) First Generation Computer (1945-1955)

Vacuum tube

First generation computers were characterized by the fact that operating instructions were made to order for the specific task for which the computer was to be used. It was operated on the ' Principle of Thermionic Emission". In the first generation computer, vacuum tubes as CPU, magnetic drum for data storage , and machines languages were used for giving instruction. The computer of this generation was very large in size called room-sized computers. The programming of first generation computers was done in machine languages (0s and 1s). Afterward, assembly languages were developed and used in first generation computer.
Features of first generation computers:
Technology used: vacuum tube
Machines languages were used to instruct the computer.
Magnetic core memory was used as primary memory.
Electrostatic tubes, Parer tape, punch card, magnetic tape
Punched card, printing devices were used for input/output operations and store the result.
It occupies very large space, slow processing, inefficient and unreliable due to low accuracy.
Power consumption was very high and it generated much heat.
It could only perform straight forward simple numerical calculation.
Computer used to be much expensive
The example of first generation computers is ENIAC, UNIVAC,EDVAC, and EDSAC. 2.) Second
      2.Second Generation Computer (1957-1963)
Second generation computer replaced machine language with assembly language, allowing abbreviated programming codes to replace long, difficult binary codes.
The transistor was developed in this generation. A transistor transfers electric signals across a resistor. A transistor was highly reliable compared to tubes. The transistor was far more superior in performance on account of their miniature size, smaller power consumption, and heat production rate. The second generation computer used these semiconductor devices.
Some of its features of second generation computer are:
Technology used: Transistor
Operating speed was in terms of a microsecond.
Assembly language and machines independent language such as COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) and FORTRAN (Formula Translation) were introduced the size of the computer.
Magnetic core memory was used as primary memory.
Magnetic drum and magnetic tape were used as secondary memory.
Power required to operate them was low.
It could perform scientific calculation such as solving differential equations.
Storage capacity and use of computers are increased.
3.) Third Generation Computer (1964-1971)

Transistors were an improvement over the vacuum tube, but they still generated a great heat, which damaged the computer's sensitive parts. The quartz eliminated this problem. Transistors were replaced with an integrated circuit known popularly as chips. Scientist managed to fit many components on a single chip. As a result, the computer became ever smaller as more components were squeezed on the chip.
IC was first designed and fabricated by Jack S Kilby at Texas Instrument and by Robert S Noyce at Fairchild independently. IC is a circuit consisting of a large number of electronic components placed on a single silicon chip by a photo-lithographic process. Magnetic disks began to replace magnetic tape for auxiliary and video display terminals were introduced for the output of data. Keyboards were used for the input of data. A new operating system was introduced for automatic processing and multi-programming. These computers were highly reliable, relatively expensive and faster. High-level programming languages continued to be a developer. The example of third generation computers is IBM-360 series, ICL-900 series, and Honeywell 200 series.

Features of the third generation computers are:

The technology used: IC (Integrated Circuit).
Transistors were replaced by IC in their electronic circuitry.
High-level languages like FORTAN , BASIC and other are used to develop programs.
Semiconductor memory like RAM and ROM were used as primary memory.
Monitor and keyboard were introduced for data input and output respectively.
Multiprogramming facility was developed.
The computer was used in census calculation, military, banks and industries.
Size, cost, power requirement and heat generation decreased.
Processing speed and storage capacity used of computer increased.

4.) Fourth Generation Computer (1972 -onward)

The invention of microprocessor chip marked the beginning of the fourth generation computers. Semiconductor memories replaced magnetic core memories. The invention of microprocessors led to the development of microcomputer or the personal computer. The first microprocessor called Intel 4004 was developed by American Intel Corporation 1971. This computer has faster generation language and application software for microcomputers became popular and allowed home and business users to adapt their computers for word processing, spreadsheet manipulating, file handing and graphics. In this generation, the concept of computer networks and CD-ROMs came into existence.

Features of the fourth generation computer are:
Technology in use: VLSI is introduced and used Microprocessor-based technology.
Problem-oriented fourth generation language (4GL) is used to develop the program.
Semiconductor like RAM, ROM and cache memory is used as a primary memory.
Magnetic disks like hard disk, optical disk (CD,DVD), Blue-ray disk, flashes memory (memory chip, pen drive) are used as secondary memory.
E-mail, Internet and mobile communication are developed.
Advanced, user-friendly, web page software are developed.
Size, cost, power requirement, heat generation decreased compared to the previous generation.
Operating speed, storage capacity ,use of computer increased compared to the previous generation

The example of the fourth generation computer is IBM-PC, HP laptops, Dell laptop , Mac notebook etc.

5.) Fifth Generation Computer (Present and future)
Fifth generation computer

Fifth generation computer

The aim is to bring machines with genuine IQ, the ability to reason logically and with real knowledge of the word. Thus, this computer will be totally different, totally novel and totally new than last four generations of computer. Fifth generation computer was based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and that is still developing process, but not yet a reality i.e this computer is incomplete. The scientists are working on it still. These computers will be able to converse with people and will be able to mimic human sense, manual skills, and intelligence.

Features of the fifth generation computers are:

Technology to be used: These machines will incorporate Bio-chip and VVLSI (Very Very Large Scale Integration) or Ultra-Large Scale Integration (ULSI)
The computer will have Artificial Intelligence (AI).
Natural language will be used to develop programs.
The computer will have parallel processing in full fledge.
The operating speed will be in terms of LIPS(Logical Inference per Second)
These aim is to solve highly complex problems, which require great intelligence and expertise when solved by people. Quantum computation, molecular and nanotechnology will be used completely.

Nepali 9

2020-12-06T19:13:00.002-08:00

English 8

2020-12-06T19:13:00.000-08:00

economics 7

2020-12-06T19:12:00.008-08:00

account 6

2020-12-06T19:12:00.005-08:00

yo mero pailo post hai

2020-12-06T19:11:00.002-08:00

Management-Group

Prithvi Narayan Shah Biography

Prithvi Narayan Shah Biography

Early life

Married life

Early year of tenure

Efforts to unify Nepal

Attack on Tanahun

The first attack on Kirtipur

Makwanpur victory

Attack on Gorkha

Gorkha durbar In 1820 B.S, a joint force of King Trivikram Sen of Tanahun, King Mukunda Sen III of Palpa, and King Siddhinarayan Shah of Kaski, in support of Digvandhan Sen, attacked and looted Harmi, Bhirkot, Dhapkot, Chawangli, Dhaurali and Lakankot under Gorkha rule.

Second attack on Kirtipur

Third attack on Kirtipur

Attack on Kathmandu Valley

The fall of Lalitpur

Bhaktapur victory

Attack on 24 states(चौबीसे राज्यमाथि आक्रमण)

Campaign to the east

Nature of economics

Economics , Grade XI

Nature of Economics

Why to Study Economics?

Introduction

free business book part-2

free business book part-1

Basic of computer learning

Basic of computer learning:

# Concept, Importance and Characteristics of Computer

# IMPORTANCE OF COMPUTER

a.) Solving numerical problems

b.) Storing and retrieving information

c.) Creating and displaying document and picture

# CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER

i.) Word length

ii.) Speed

iii.) Storage

iv.) Accuracy

v.) Versatility

vi.) Diligence

vii.) Automation

viii.) Reliability

# ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER

1.ADVANTAGES

2.DISADVANTAGES

# Generation of Computer and Their Features

GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS :

1.) First Generation Computer (1945-1955)

2.Second Generation Computer (1957-1963)

3.) Third Generation Computer (1964-1971)

Features of the third generation computers are:

4.) Fourth Generation Computer (1972 -onward)

5.) Fifth Generation Computer (Present and future)

Features of the fifth generation computers are:

Nepali 9

English 8

economics 7

account 6

yo mero pailo post hai

Gorkha durbar
In 1820 B.S, a joint force of King Trivikram Sen of Tanahun, King Mukunda Sen III of Palpa, and King Siddhinarayan Shah of Kaski, in support of Digvandhan Sen, attacked and looted Harmi, Bhirkot, Dhapkot, Chawangli, Dhaurali and Lakankot under Gorkha rule.