mancon, wilangan, nganjuk

for now in our village are very difficult to get water.

noreply@blogger.com (edy) — Wed, 22 Jun 2011 13:22:00 +0700

for now in our village are very difficult to get water.
rice farmers have been drained using diesel to irrigate their fields.

farmers need the water.
people need to drink water.
water sources have been reduced due to deforestation around the village have been very severe.

it seems there is need for reforestation in the forest. for the survival of all creatures.
I hope the rainy season is coming back.

english exercises for junior high school

noreply@blogger.com (edy) — Wed, 31 Mar 2010 09:38:00 +0700

CHOOSE for the correct answer !!!

1. Man : Why do you look so pale and weak ?Women : I have a painful stomachache
    a. Man : You should go to the doctor. Let i’ll a company you
    b. What does the man express ? the man express
    c. Advice d. Disagreement
    d. Agreement e. Dissatisfaction
    e. Satisfaction

2. The phrases below are expressing opinion, except
    a. In my opinion you must join the class
    b. Ass I see it, the problem is quiet difficult
    c. Personally. I think that you need more practice
    d. I’m sorry to hear that
    e. To my mind, it would be better to revise the draft.

3. sisca : boy, I still love you with all my heart
    boy : ……..
    the appropriate response of refusing for love expression is,….
    a. sorry d. sory, I can’t accept your feeling
    b. Don’t love me e. No problem
    c. Do I love you?

4. Michael :……………. Jane

Jane : I love you too

a. I miss you d. I hate you

b. I need you e. I love you very much

c. I will always do

5. X : What happen to you? I know how you feel, but please don’t cry

Y : ( Crying )

We can conclude that the second speaker is…….

a. Embarrased d. Tired

b. Sad e. Excited

c. Angry

6. Rico : I hate her I saw her watching movie with another man

Dion : You have broken up with her have you?

Rico : Of course

The dialogue expresses…..

a. Sadness d. Angry

b. Anger e. Good

c. Embarrasment

7. X : Is she trying to make me angry?

Y : ………..

The expression of coding the first speaker down is….

a. Really? d. I am angry, too

b. Take it easy e. Yer, she is

c. So do it

8. Man : I was disappointed with the art exhibition

Women : So was I the paintings were not the great works

What does the man express?

a. Inability d. Desagree ment

b. Uncertainly e. Dissatis faction

c. Impossibility

9. Man : Jane plans to have a party to celebrate our team birthday

    Woman : ……
    a. It’s really my hobby
    b. It’s her job to do that
    c. I’m sorry to hear that
    d. I don’t think it’s a good idea
    e. It’s very exciting

10. Woman : Dad, have you seen my report card?

Man : Sure…… you did well. I’m very proud of you

Woman : Thank you. Dad.

What does the mn express?

a. His pride d. His curiosity

b. His aduice e. His agree ment

c. His intention

11. Man : We’re going to the movie n fridy night?

Would you like to came with us?

Woman : ……

a. I don’t like it

b. I Disagree with you

c. I’m sorry to hear that

d. I’d love to, but I can’t

e. It’s really my hobby

12. Vita : Hi and, how is you brother? I haven’t met him for a long time

Adi : Come to my hous. You will see him

Vita : I’m sorry I’m busy…..

a. May you be happy

b. Enjoy your self

c. But I wish his fine

d. Best of luck
e. I wish you good night

13. Siska : where are you going?

Tya : I’m going to have exam for a job

Siska : Thanks

a. Good luck

b. I wish you good night

c. May you be happy

d. Wish you luck
e. Enjoy your self

14. I promise I wan’t be so careless a gain

This a response of expiessing…….

a. Apology d. Promising

b. Suggertion e. Possiblity

c. Camplaint

15. I wan’t to complain about this soup

The underlined word express…

a. Wishes d. Anger

b. Complaint e. Probability

c. like

The following dialogue is for number 16 - 20

Mary : You look confused, susi what happens?

Susi : Next week we’re going to play, but up to now me have no plan what we are going to play

Mary : What for is the play

Susi : It’s for English lesson. We have to present it for Kindergarfen children. Miss ida, our English teacher chose us

Mary : 16) ……. ? It’s interesting story

Susi : Thumbelins is. It is not familiar for me

Mary : 18) ……………. ? It’s so simple, right?

Susi : 19)….. ………….. well, I have to write

The script ferst. The I call my friends to practice. Thank you. Mary

16. a. What about thumbeling

b. I suppose thumbeling

c. I don’t mind

17. a. Well, not really d. Yer, I’d lave too

b. I don’t mind e. Oh, all right

c. Good idea

18. a. Good idea d. Do you think. That’s good story

b. I don’t mind e. No, I don’t think so

c. No, let’s good story

19. a. That would be very interesting d. I don’t mind

b. Oh, all right e. yes, I suppose I’d better

c. That is a very good idea

20. I think this music is really unpleasant

The underlined words expresses….

a. Like d. Displeasure

b. Dislake e. Anger

c. Happynes

21. I’m very keen on football

The underlined words express

a. Wish d. Anger

b. Like e. Dislike

c. Boring

22. Via : Why don’t you wear this dress

Vita : I hate this dress

The underlined expression shaws

a. Anger d. Bore

b. Like e. Pleasure

c. Dislike

23. I wonder if I can fly to that cloud the underlined word ezpress….

a. Wonder (curiosity) d. Like

b. Suggertion e. Complaint

c. Anger

24. Give my love to the children

The senfence above expresses…

a. Suggestion d. Wishes

b. Complaint e. Request

c. Order

25. Michael : ………, jane

Jane : I love you too

a. I miss you d. I hate you

b. I need you e. I love you very much

c. I will always do

26. Dinda : I wonds you to promise that you’ll love me forever

Sony : ………..

a. I give you my word on that d. It’s promise

b. You have my word on it e. Is that a promise?

c. I promise I’ll do what ever you want

27. X : Mr handoko gives a convicing speech

Y : ………. He is a clever man

The expression of attitudes for the dialogue is

a. I like the way he speaks d. His speech makes me angry

b. I was so ashamed e. It annays me

c. I think he cannot give speech

28. Man : jane plans to have a party to selebrak. Aur team birthday

Women : ………

a. It’s really my hobby

b. It’s her job to do that

c. I’m sorry to hear that

d. I don’t think it’s a good idea

e. It’s very

29. X : I want you to swear that won’t play at the old house over there anymore.
Do you agree with that?

Y : You heve my word on it

The underlined word in the dialogue above expresses

a. Promising d. Bloming

b. Agree e. Apdogiang

c. Confessing

30. Ika : What should I do now? My mother locked the door

she will come here at five o’clock

Keke : Why don’t we go to an internet café over there? You can see if

Your mother came

The underlined word express….

a. Complaining d. Giving suggertion

b. Attitude e. Currios

c. Asking for help

31. Faia : I know it’s my fault. Are they going to forgive me?

Berta : Sure

The first speaker expresses

a. Admitting mistake d. Accusing same one

b. Apologaing e. promise

] c. Asking suggestion

32. I’m sorry, miss I will send someone to clean your bathroom”

This is a reponse of expressing……..

a. Apology d. Possibility

b. Suggertion e. Incapability

c. Complaint

33. Secertary : Excuse me, sir Mr Handoko wants to meet you

Manager : Okey, send him in.

What does the manager express?

a. Sugestion d. Promise

b. Curiosity e. Order

c. Desire

34. Ikhsan : I’m sorry too, I have a presentation tomorrow

Tom would you mind not singing?

Tomi : Oh, is it bothering you? I’m sorry so…………

What was tom’s response of expressing…..

a. I wish you luck d. Thank you very much

b. Thank you e. thank you too

c. Good luck

35. Annie : So, what is the plan?

Sinta : ………. Is that I’m going to tell the truth to my boy friend

Annie : Even though you know that your boy friend is intolebrat?

Sinta : Whatever it takes, truth does hurt

Annie : Sound good to me! Honesty us the best palicy

a. My plan is d. I’m planning to

b. I’m going to e. you’ll see later

c. I in tend to

The following dialogoue is for number 36-37

Andy : Hi, Windy

Windy : Hi 36)……….

Andy : I’m going in to ask Mr.Indra for a remedial test

Windy : You’re finally going to do it, huh? Good fortune be with you 37)……..

Windy : So do it

36. a. Come here!

b. Where are you going?

c. What happen

d. I’m hungry

e. Why you go?

37. a. Good luck d. Thank you

b. Best of luck e. I hape it goes as

c. Good fortune be with you

The following dialogue is for number 38-39

Mrs Sinta : Good morning.

Mrs Dahlia : Good morning 38)…….

Mrs Sinta : Yer, I heard that you heve catering business. Is it frue?

Mrs Dahlia : Yer, it is I started it since two years ago

Mrs Sinta : Well, a few days ago I tasted your cake. It was really deliaous.

Can I order for my party

Mrs Sinta : 39)………… you can. Let’s come in and talk about it

38. a. Would you mind help you? d. Well you help me?

b. Can you help me? e. Would you help?

c. May I help you?

39. a. Go course d. I’m sorry I can’t

b. Of course e. Yes no problem

c. Not at all

40. Would you turn on the lamp, please?

The sentence above expresses

a. Suggestion d. Like

b. Complaint e. Sequest

c. Wishes

41. Ina : Why are you sleepy in class?

Ines : Do I look sleepy, na? I am not sleepy, but I have a painful stomach ache

Ina : You should go to the doctor. Come on I’ll accompany you

The underlined words express

a. Disagree ment d. Offering

b. Satisfaction e. Advice

c. Otligation

42. A : Have you heard that uncle joe will come next week?

B : Oh, really? When did he tell you?

A : Last week

The underlined sentence is used to express

a. Happines d. Enjoy ment

b. Pleasure e. Curiosity

c. Surprise

43. Mr Anwar : Are you pleased that your sun

Wants to be a dentis’t

Mr Rohman : No, really. I wish my sun become a manager of my shoestore

The underlined expression means that
a. Mr Rahman’S sons id a manager
b. Mr Rahman wants his sun to be a manager

c. Mr Rahman’S sun is running a shoe store business

d. Mr Rahman’S sun was not a dentist

e. Mr Rahman’S sun was the manager of the shoeo-store

44. Man : Would you like to go to the beach with us next Sunday?

Woman : I’d like to but I’m afraid check m health

What does the woman express?

a. She accepts the invitation? d. She promises to go

b. She refuses the invitation e. She asks permission

c. She agrees with them

45. Man : My car always makes me trouble

Woman : Why don’t you sell ti and buy a new one

Man : I think so

What does the man express?

a. Regret

b. Refusal

c. Agreement

d. Pleasure

e. Smpathy

Contoh soal ulangan Bahasa Inggris untuk smp. :D

GLASS HOUSE EFFECT

noreply@blogger.com (edy) — Thu, 25 Mar 2010 09:08:00 +0700

GLASS HOUSE EFFECT

Greenhouse Effect or the Greenhouse Effect is a term that was originally derived from the experience of farmers in temperate climates who grow vegetables and seeds in the greenhouse. Their experience shows that in the daytime when the weather clears, even without the heater in the room temperature in the greenhouse is higher than the temperature welcome.

This occurs because sunlight is reflected back through the glass by the plant / soil in the greenhouse space as a form of infrared rays heat. The reflected rays can not get out of the room so that the greenhouse air in the greenhouse temperature rises and the heat trapped in the greenhouse room and not mixed with the air outside the greenhouse.
As a result, the temperature inside the greenhouse space is higher than the outside temperature and it is known as the greenhouse effect. Greenhouse effect may also occur in a parked car in hot with the windows closed.

sun rays that reach the earth (after the absorption of various gases in the atmosphere) partly reflected and partly absorbed by the earth. The part will be absorbed by the earth's emitted as infrared light waves that heat long. But some of the heat energy (infrared light) can not escape into space, because absorbed / trapped by the gas-greenhouse gases in the atmosphere too much. Gas-GHG (green house gases) include CO₂ (carbon dioxide), CH₄ (Methane) and N₂O (Nitrous Oxide), HFCs (Hydrofluorocarbons), PFCs (Perfluorocarbons) and SFs (Sulfur Hexafluoride).

Infrared rays heat absorbed by the gas-causing greenhouse gases trapped heat in the atmosphere (troposphere) and partially transmitted back to earth causing the earth to heat up, this is what causes the greenhouse effect on Earth. While the effects of gas-greenhouse gases is called the greenhouse effect (Green house effect). Greenhouse effect that occurs for a prolonged period resulted in an average terperatur atmosphere, sea and land earth to rise, and this phenomenon known as Global Warming.

Impact of global warming caused by the very diverse impacts on weather, sea level, agriculture, animals and plants and human health. Temperatures due to global warming and jpada winter night will tend miningkat. Increased rainfall, the water will more quickly menuap from the ground, consequently some regions will become drier than before. Hurricanes more often. Outbreaks of disease usually found in the tropics, such as malaria and dengue is expected to increase 60%.

Global warming will melt much ice at the poles. As a result sea level worldwide has increased by 10 - 25 cm during the 20th century. predicted in the 21st century, will be an increase in water level between 9 to 88 cm. According to expert calculations IPPC (Inter-govermental Panel on Climate Change), an international institution dealing with climate change, 100 cm rise in sea level will submerge about 6% of The Netherlands, 17.5 percent of Bangladesh. And thousands of small islands in Indonesia will be drowned.

Recorded facts show that due to the heat wave that occurred in June 2003 has caused kematian25.000 European population. Meanwhile, according to a BBC report, ekstrimyang winter occurred in December 2003 has caused the death of British residents in 2500. Even according to the WHO report in December 2003, global warming has killed 150,000 people each year. According to WHO estimates, in the next 30 years, the number of deaths caused by global warming will reach the number 300 thousand per year.

Three Main Classes Flatworm

noreply@blogger.com (edy) — Sat, 20 Mar 2010 08:40:00 +0700

Three Main Classes Flatworm
1. TURBELARIA (Shakes-Headed Worms)

The only free-living class (non-parasitic), for example is a system of planarians excretion from the cells fire (Flame Cell). Hermafradit are empowered regeneration and fast.

2. TREMATODA (wormwood Suck)
The types of this class are:

Fasciola hepatica (liver worm farm), is hetmafrodit. Life cycle are: egg Mirasidium larvae into the body of the snail Lymnea Sporokista develop into larvae (II): Redia larvae (III): Serkaria the tail, then out of the snail's body cyst attached to the vegetation water ( especially water lettuce Nasturqium officinale) and then consumed livestock (to be contagious to people, when eating watercress) Þ into the body and becomes an adult worm causes Fascioliasis.

Clonorchis sinensis / Opistorchis sinensis (human liver worms) is a life cycle: eggs larvae Mirasidium Sporokista larvae (II): Redia larvae (III): Serkaria larvae (IV): Metaserkaria, enter the body and then consumed by The adult worm fish, causing Clonorchiasis. Schistosoma, Schistosoma japonicum Examples are, Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni. dipembuluh life blood and a blood parasite. Snail intermediate host has. Schistosomiasis causes. Paragonimus westermani (lung worms), which becomes parasitic worm in the human lung. As an intermediate host is the crab (Eriocheirsinensis) and water plants. Paragonimiasis cause. Fasciolopsis Buski, which becomes parasitic worm in the human body. Life in the small intestine. Intermediate host is the water plant. Fasciolopsiasis cause.

3. CESTODA (Ribbon Worms)
His body consists of a series of segments, each of which is called Proglottid.
Head called Skoleks and have suction device (Sucker) which has a hook (Rostelum) made of chitin. The formation of segments (segmentation) on Strobilasi called tapeworm.

i'm confused...

noreply@blogger.com (edy) — Wed, 17 Mar 2010 10:30:00 +0700

lagi bingung nich mo posting apa ?

what would happen if the problem is not resolved?
if you've had a very big problem that can not solve alone?

crack man

one way to get your problem is resolved in consultation with a friend, doctor or consultant who you believe

TYPE SYSTEM vessels OWNED BY AIR Sponges

noreply@blogger.com (edy) — Wed, 17 Mar 2010 08:39:00 +0700

TYPE SYSTEM vessels OWNED BY AIR Sponges
1. Ascon
2. Sycon
3. Rhagon (Leucon)

Having a large cavity in the middle of his body that serves as the intestines in animals a high level. Cavity is called the cavity Gastrovaskuler. Radial symmetry of her body and there is tentacle around his mouth which is used to capture and put food into his body. Vang tentacles equipped Knidoblas cells that contain toxins called sting Nematokis (characteristic of animals hollow).

Body wall consisting of 2 layers of institutions:
1. Þ outer ectoderm
2. Þ part of the endoderm

Between these two layers is a thin layer called Mesoglea. Because the body wall consists of two layers of the animal's body is called Þ Animals Diploblastik Most live in marine Coelenterata except hydra sp. and several other types. Animals that have two body forms namely phase phase phase Polyps and Medusa. Polyp is a phase when the animal is attached to a substrate (not move) while the medusa is the phase when the animal can move freely.

Classes are included in the phylum Coelenterata are:

HYDROZOA Examples of the types of these classes is the Hydra, who lives in fresh water. The tip is located where the mouth is called the Oral end while the base is attached to the end Aboral. How to reproduction in animals is called the vegetative or generative way. Another example is the Obelia.

Most SCYPOZOA life in the form of medusa. Polyp forms only at the level of the larvae. Examples of the types of these classes is Aurelia sp. (ear jellyfish) are often washed up on beaches. Larvae called Planula Þ, then became known as polyps Skifistoma. Skifistoma formed from a called medusa Efira.

ANTHOZOA not have a medusa shape (Þ lifetime polyps). Examples of the types of classes are sea anemones (Cribinopsis fernaldi). Having a simple respirator called Sifonoglifa Þ.

Ctenophore Coelenterata only thing that does not have mematokis.
Þ is called Wormwood Pipih (flat worm) with the features include:
• Body of bilateral symmetry
• Do not have a circulatory system
• Do not have anal
• Do not have a body cavity including Þ

group Triploblastik Aselomata
• Having smoked basil (Sucker)

The nervous system consists of the brain and nerve ganglion, nerves Peripheral nervous Þ Rope Ladder. Some of them have tools Statotista balance.

Continue to next post : Three Main Classes Flatworm

EXAMPLE SPECIES

noreply@blogger.com (edy) — Mon, 8 Mar 2010 05:49:00 +0700

EXAMPLE SPECIES

1. Unicellular blue algae
- Chroococcus -> live in the water / pond is calm
- Gloeocapsa -> live on a rock or epiphytes on other plants

2. Unicellular blue algae colonize
- Polycistis
- Spirulina -> can be processed into health foods (food supplement)

3. Threadlike blue algae
- Oscillatoria
- Nostoc commune
- Anabaena azollae and anabaena cycadae bersimbiosis with Azolla pinnata and Cycas rumphii. Anabaena symbiosis with its azollae Azolla pinnata as an alternative to urea, because of this symbiosis can increase nitrogen levels in rice cultivation.

Algae are plants that do not have roots, stems and leaves of the truth, but already has that chlorophyll is autotrof. His body consists of a single cell (unicellular) and others that many cells (multi-cellular). The unicellular generally as being a multicellular Phytoplankton can live as Nekton, benthos or Perifiton.

Algae habitat is water or in wet areas, as Epiphyte or as Endofit.
Algae reproduce by vegetative and generative way.

BASED ON THE DIFFERENCE pigments, algae BE SHARED 4 DIVISIO1.
1. CLOROPHYTA (green algae) Contain green pigment, the chlorophyll
Example:
- Chlamydomonas sp.
- Chlorella sp.
- Euglena sp. Volvox sp. being the transition between algae and protozoa

2. CHRYSOPHYTA (golden algae)
Carotene pigments have, in addition to the chlorophyll. The most common example is the Navicula sp. (Algae kresik = Diatomae), these algae contains the silicate grit. Soil containing algae is called Land of Diatoms, very well as a coating material on the dynamite, can also be used as an abrasive material, filters and others.

3. PHAEOPHYTA (algae, brown algae blonde =)
Fikosantin pigment has, in addition to the chlorophyll. All the members live in the sea.
Examples:
- Turbinaria australis
- Sargassum siliquosum
- Fucus vesiculosus (a natural dye)
Some of these algae species produce acid alginates are useful for the textile and food industries as pigments.

4. RHODOPHYTA (red algae)
Fikoeritrin pigment has, in addition to the existence of chlorophyll.
Examples:
- Eucheuma spinosum, is producer of gelatin.
- Gracillaria sp., Produce material for making cosmetics

Moss is true of terrestrial plants, although still likes damp places and wet. Mosses that live in water is rare to find, except peat moss (sphagnum sp)

In moss, roots that are not there, this plant melekata through Rhizoid (artificial roots), moss plants olehkaren aitu a transitional form between the plants was Talus (Talofita) with plants were Kormus (Kormofita).

Chlorophyll that the moss has autotrof nature.
Moss growing in various places, who lived in the leaves called epifil. If the forest trees, the forests found epifil so-called moss forest.

Roots and stems of the moss does not have transport vessels (xylem and Phloem).
In the moss plants are Gametangia (sexual organs) are:
a. Male genitalia called Anteridium producing Spermtozoid
b. female genitalia is a producing Arkegonium Ovum

If both gametangia contained in a single individual is married (Monoesius). If you separate the two individuals referred to settle two (Dioesius). Sperm movement towards the ovum berupakan Motion Kemotaksis, because of the chemical stimulation of mucus by egg dihasilkna.

Sporogonium is spore-producing bodies, with the section:
- Vaginula (feet)
- Seta (stalk)
- Apofisis (tip of seta widening)
- Box Spores: Kaliptra (hood) and Kolumela (network in a box spores that are not participating in forming spores). Moss spores are haploid.

Examples of moss species
a. Class HEPATICAE (liverworts):
Marchantia polymorpha>> shaped flat like a ribbon, were used for the treatment of hepatitis.
b. Class MUSCI (moss leaves):
- Sphagnum fimbriatum
- Sphagnum acutilfolium
- Sphagnum squarrosum
- Sphagnum ruppinense

Everything is called peat moss, and often sterilized and used those as a substitute for cotton.

This plant has really kormus form, so it was clear the roots, stems and leaves. There is live as saprofit and there As with epiphytes. Nail like it moist (higrofit), the growth started from the coast (sea spikes) until around the craters (crater nails).

Based on the resulting spores known plant species 3 nails, namely:
- Nail Homosfor or Isospor>> produces only one type of spores, such as wire nails (Lycopodium clavatum).
- Nail Heterospor>> produce two types of spores: microspores (male) and makrospora (female), such as nail rane (Selaginella wildenowii) and clover (Marsilea crenata).
- Nail transition>> produces spores that same shape and size (Isospora) but some males and some females (heterospora), for example Horsetail (Equisetum debile)

Plant roots form the root of the nail fibers. At the root of the nail, there is in the middle of xylem surrounded by Phloem vessels transport the file to form concentric.

Rarely grow upright stems above the ground, except at the nail pole (Alsopila sp. And Cyathea sp.). Batang is mostly stick root (Rhizoma). File type freight vessel stems with roots, namely the concentric type.

LEAF variety of nails
- Leaves little known Mikrofil
- Leaves the big ones called Makrofil and have had meat leaves (mesophyll)
- Special leaves for assimilation called Tropofil
- Specific leaf produces spores called Sporofil

OTHER TERMS
- Sporangium is a spore box
- Sorus a gathering place for the box body spores
- Selpaut the Indusium is menlindungi young sorus -> characteristic spike

Breeding nail Metagenesis classified. In contrast to the moss, which we are daily called the plant a nail is his sporofit phase. Fern is in the earth has a heyday in the era Paileozoikum, especially in an age of carbon -> called era of nails. The remains can now be explored as coal.

Asplenium species
As plant decoration:
- Platycerium nidus (spike antlers)
- Asplenium nidus (bird's nest nails)
- Adiantum cuneatum (maidenhair ferns)
- Selaginella wildenowii (nail rane)

As a material producing drugs:
- Asipidium filix-mas
- Lycopodium clavatum

For vegetables:
- Marsilea crenata (clover)
- Salvinia natans (nail canoe = Salvinia)

As a green manure:
- Azolla pinnata>> bersimbiosis with anabaena azollae (gangang blue)

As pelindugn plants in the nursery:
- Gleichenia linearis

Is a single-celled animal phyla that can make sexual reproduction (generative) and asexual (vegetative). Habitat where life is wet or watery. If the environmental conditions where life is not menguntungkanmaka protozoa would form a thick and strong membrane called a cyst. Scientist who first mempelajariprotozoa is Anthony van Leeuwenhoek.

Protozoa BE SHARED 4, based Þ CLASS EQUIPMENT MOTION
1 Rhizopoda (Sarcodina), tool motion of pseudopoda (pseudo feet)
• Amoeba proteus has two types of vacuoles and food vacuoles contractile vacuoles.
• Entamoeba histolityca causes amoebic dysentery (confused with dysentery basiler caused by Shigella dysentriae)
• Entamoeba gingivalis cause decomposition of food in the mouth inflammation of the gums (Gingivitis)
• Foraminifera sp. fossil can be used as evidence of oil earth. Soil containing fossil fotaminifera called globigerina land.
• radiolarians sp. soil deposits that contain animal used for abrasive materials.

2 Flagellate (Mastigophora), tool motion in the form of Nagel (feather whip). Divided into 2 groups, namely:
• Group phytonagellata
- Euglena (peralihah living between protozoa with algae)
- Volvax globator (peralihah between life with algae, protozoa)
- Noctiluca millaris (live at sea and can issue light when exposed to mechanical stimulation)
• Group Zooflagellata, for example:
- Trypanosoma gambiense & Trypanosoma rhodesiense. Causes sleeping sickness in Africa with a vector (carrier)
- tsetse fly (Glossina sp.) Trypanosoma gambiense Þ vector Glossina palpalis tsetse river Trypanosoma rhodeslense vector Glossina morsitans
- tsetse bush
- Trypanosoma cruzl Þ Chagas disease
- Trypanosoma evansi Þ surra disease, in cattle (cow).
- Kalanzar disease Leishmaniadonovani Þ
- Trichomonas vaginalis Þ milky disease

3 Ciliate (Ciliophora), tool motion of the cilia (hair shakes)
• caudatum Þ Paramaecium called animal slippers, which has two types of vacuoles and food vacuole contractile vacuole that functions to regulate the osmotic pressure equilibrium (osmoregulator).
Has two types of core and Makronukleus Þ Mikronukleus (reproductive essence). Way of reproduction, asexual divide Þ, Þ sexual conjugation.
• Balantidium coli causes diarrhea Þ.

4 Sporozoa,
is a protozoan that has no means of motion How to move these animals by changing the position of his body. By vegetative propagation (asexual) is also called a Skizogoni and generative (sexual) called Sporogoni.

Clan-related human health and Plasmodium Toxopinsma Þ.
Your options include:
- Plasmodiumfalciparum Þ Þ sporulation tropical malaria every day
- Plasmodium vivax malaria tertiana Þ Þ sporulation each day 3 (48 hours)
- Plasmodium malariae malaria knartana Þ Þ sporulation each day 4 (72 hours)
- Plasmodiumovale Þ ovale malaria

Plasmodium life cycle experience metagenesis occur in the human body (skizogoni Þ vegetative reproduction) and in the mosquito Anopheles sp. (sporogoni Þ generative reproduction).
complete as follows:
Þ Sign Sporozoit Body Inside Heart (Extra Eritrositer) Tropozoid Þ Þ Merozoit (eating erythrocytes Eritrositer Þ) Þ erythrocytes Break (event Þ sporulation) Gametosit Þ Þ Þ Zygot exploited Ookinet Mosquito Oosis Þ Þ Sporozeit.

Eradication of malaria can way:
Avoiding mosquito bites Anopheles sp.
Control the Anopheles mosquito populations with insecticides and larvasida Patient treatment with antimalarial regularly chloroquin Þ, Fansidar, etc.

Sponges are aquatic animals that live in the sea. Hidupnva always attached to the substrate (sesil) and can not freely moved.

The main characteristic Þ has iubang (Pori) a lot and formed a channel system. Water and food larutdidalamnya diarnbil by these animals go through the os, then entry into the body cavity. After food absorb excess water is expelled through the hole in Oskulum call.

There are cells with a special form called neck Koanosit or cell that functions to digestive makanan.Sel koanosit a nucleus, vacuoles and flagel. Since digestion takes place in the cell the intracellular digestion Þ.

Having Eksoskeleton (Outer Frame): consists of flexible fibers called Spongin and consists of duriyang called Spikula. Breeding generative way (married) this animal has a high regeneration power.

Sponges DRAW INTO 3 CATEGORY :
Calcarea Þ Sycon and Cluthrina
HEXACTINELLIDA Þ Pheronima
DEMOSPONGIA Þ Euspongila, Spongila (soft-bodied) people Þ used for equipment and other glass cleaners.

continue to next post : TYPE SYSTEM vessels OWNED BY AIR Sponges

VARIOUS VIRUS THAT HARM

noreply@blogger.com (edy) — Mon, 8 Mar 2010 01:05:00 +0700

Beings OTHER HARM
Bacterial pathogens are parasites that can cause disease in other organisms.
In plants, for example:
Xanthomonas citri>> cause of cancer stem oranges.
Erwinia trachelphilia>> cause of late blight pumpkin.

In animals such as:
Bacillus antraxis>> the cause of anthrax disease in cattle.
Actynomyces bovis>> cause of swelling in the jaw disease cows.

In humans for example:
Salmonella thyphosa>> the cause of typhus fever
Mycobacterium tuberculosis>> the cause of tuberculosis
Mycobacterium leprae>> the cause of leprosy
Treponema pallidum>> cause of syphilis
Shigella dysentriae>> cause dysentery basiler
Diplococcus pneumoniae>> cause of the disease pneumonia
Vibrio cholera>> the cause of cholera

ACTION PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF BACTERIAL DISEASES
1. action preventive vaccine.
For example BCG vaccine>> the prevention of tuberculosis DPT vaccine>> the prevention of diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus

2. Action treatment:
Can be a way of giving antibiotics Food preservation
1. Traditional ways>> smoking, salting, drying, pemanisan
2. Modern methods -> Sterilization, pasteurization, cooling, use of chemicals and irradiation techniques
In the classification, are classified into the blue algae Division Cyanophyta.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS:

- types of cells: prokaryotic cells (similar to bacteria)
- Unicellular and multicellular
- Have pigment fikosianin
- Chlorophyll is not in the chloroplast, but scattered throughout the cytoplasm

HABITAT

- Water (mainly freshwater) and humid places.
- Ability to live in waters with temperatures up to 85 degrees C (hot spring), so algae Blue is one of the pioneer vegetation.

continue to next post : EXAMPLE SPECIES

5. Regnum Plantae (green plants)

noreply@blogger.com (edy) — Sun, 7 Mar 2010 23:04:00 +0700

PLANT CLASSIFICATION

Members + / - 500,000 to 600,000 spesies

1. Alga / algae Divided into several classes:

a. Chlorophyta: Green Algae

b. Chrysophyta: Golden Algae

c. Phaeophyta: algae Bollywood / Brown

d. Rhodophyta: Red algae.

2. Bryophyta: mosses

3. Pteridophyta: ferns Divided into several classes:

a. Class Psilophytinae

b. Class Equisetinae

c. Class Lycopodinae

d. Class Filicinae

4. Spermatophyta OR THE seeds

Produce seeds as a breeding tool, another name Embriophyta Siphonogamae (berembrio plants whose marriage through a channel) or Antophyta (flowering plants) or Phanerogamae (visible genitals namely the stamens and pistils).

ANIMAL CLASSIFICATION

In classifying animal phyla to taxon biologists use several characteristics of animals, among others:

1. Unicellular or multicellular

2. Diploblastik or tripoblastik.

3. Metameri or non metameri.

4. Asymmetry, radial symmetry or bilateral symmetry.

5. Berbuku-member body of the book or not.

6. Having outer skeleton or framework within.

7. Having notokord or not.

8. The shape and location of the organ systems.

For the classification of animals, which discussed only the phylum Chordata.

The main features are (1) has a chorda dorsalis / notokord and (2) bilaterally symmetrical body. Divided into 4 subphylum:

1. Subphylum Hemichordata

2. Subphylum tunicates / Urochordata

3. Subphylum Cephalochordata

4. Subphylum Vertebrata

Subphylum Vertebrata is divided into several classes:

1. Class Agnatha: Fish do not berahang

2. Chondrichtyes: cartilaginous fish

3. Osteichtyes: true bony fish

4. Amphibi: frogs and salamanders

5. Class Reptiles: animal reptile

6. Class Aves: birds

7. Class Mammalia: mammals

Example: cats Classification

Kingdom = Animalia, Phylum = Chordata, Subphylum = Vertebrata, Class = Mammalia, Order = Carnivora, Family = Felidae, genus = Felis, Species = Felis domestica (cat)

The virus is called the science of Virology. Virus (Latin) = poison. Almost all the viruses can cause disease in other organisms. Currently the virus is a creature that most small size. The virus can only be seen by electron microscopy and escape from the filter bacteria (bacteria filter).

TRACING HISTORY

D. Iwanowsky (1892) and M. Beyerinck (1899) is a scientist who discovered the virus, when they examine the mosaic disease of tobacco leaves.

Then WM Stanley (1935) an American scientist had crystallized the virus that causes tobacco mosaic disease (virus TVM).

BODY STRUCTURE

His body still has not be called a cell, only the sheath is composed of proteins on the outside and nucleic acids (ARN & Eden) on the inside. Based on the nucleic acid contained in the virus, we know the virus and the virus ARN Eden. The virus can only reproduce (replicate) in a medium that life (the embryo, animal tissue, plant tissue). The materials required to form parts of new viruses, derived from the cytoplasm of infected cells.

continue to next post : VARIOUS VIRUS THAT HARM

4. LEVEL taxonomic

noreply@blogger.com (edy) — Sun, 7 Mar 2010 22:38:00 +0700

LEVEL taxonomic

Also called pengelompokkan.Tingkatan level was developed by a group (taxon) is the most common up to the most specialized group, with the order level as follows:
1. Regnum / Kingdom (The World / Empire)
2. Division / Phyllum (Plant / Animals)
3. Classic (Class)
4. Order (Nation)
5. Familia (Family)
6. Genus (Genera)
7. Species (Type)

PROCEDURE NAME

In naming the living things we know the name of the area (dog, dog) and the scientific name (ex: canine). Name of the region can only be understood by the population in the area. Scientific names are used as a means of scientific communication in the world using the Latin / a dilatinkan. Each organism has only one legal name.

GRANTING TO NAME TYPE

Nomenclature system used is called "binomial nomenclatur" naming the species / species by using 2 words. For example: rice > O ryza sativa. Ways:

Preposition: family name (genus)
The word back: a directory of species (species epithet). Binomial system of nomenclature popularized its use by Carolus Linnaeus.

GRANTING TO NAME CLASS, NATION AND FAMILI
Class name is the genus name + nae. example: Equisetum + nae, a Equisetinae class.
Name order is the genus name + ales. example: + Zingiber ales, a Zingiberales orders.
Family name is the name of the genus + aceae. example: Canna + aceae, a family Cannacea

Whitaker (1969) classify living things into five kingdoms / Regnum:

1. Kingdom Monera
Monera is a group of organisms that are prokaryotic (core cell has no nucleus membrane). Regnum is divided into two groups namely:
1.1. Group bacteria (Schizophyta / Schizomycetes)
1.2. Group blue algae (Cyanophyta)

2. Regnum Protista
Protista are eukaryotic organisms that are (already have a cell nucleus membrane core). Regnum formation was proposed by Ernst Haeckel on the consideration of organisms yagn-organise a plant trait (berklorofil) and are typical of animals (to move). Included in this Kingdom are:
2.1. Protozoa
2.2. Single-celled algae

3. Kingdom Fungi (mushroom)
Fungi are unicellular organisms (single celled) and multicellular (many celled) that are not berklorofil, multicellular fungi can form threads called hifa. All the members of this Kingdom is heterotrof. Kingdom is divided into several divisions, namely:
1.1. Oomycotina
1.2. Zygomycotina
1.3. Ascomycotina
1.4. Basidiomycotina
1.5. Deuteromycotina

4. Regnum Plantae (green plants)
Include many-celled organisms (multicellular) and the cells have a cell wall. Almost all members so that berklorofil nature autotrof. Included in the Regnum Plantae are:
1.1. Celled algae many (outside of the blue algae)
1.2. Moss (Bryophyta)
1.3. Ferns (Pteridophyta)
1.4. Berbiji plants (Spermatophyta)

5. Kingdom Animalia (Animal Kingdom)
Include many-celled organisms, which are not cells and cell walls that are berklorofil not heterotrof. These included the phylum Regnum:
1.1. Porifera
1.2. Coelenterata
1.3. Flatworm
1.4. Nemathelminthes
1.5. Annelid
1.6 Echinodermata
1.7 Arthropoda
1.8 Chordata

continue to next post : Regnum Plantae (green plants)

3. The diversity of ecosystems

noreply@blogger.com (edy) — Thu, 11 Feb 2010 15:56:00 +0700

3. The diversity of ecosystems
This level of diversity can be demonstrated by the variety of ecosystems in the biosphere.
example:

moss ecosystems, tropical forest ecosystem, desert ecosystem, each ecosystem has a unique organism to ecosystem. another example, the desert ecosystem in which there are camel, cactus, and tropical forest ecosystem in which there is a tiger.

These three kinds of diversity can not be separated from one another. All three viewed as a whole or the totality of the biodiversity.

1. With the discovery of the gene is keanekaragamaan basic capital to do genetic engineering and hybridization (crossing) to obtain the expected seeds. Knowing the existence

2. types kenaekaragaman can lead us to seek alternatives to food, clothing materials, and the board, also can lead us select superior animals that can be cultivated.

3. By knowing the diversity of our ecosystem can develop biological resources that match the particular ecosystem in order to increase agricultural and livestock that in turn can improve people's welfare.

Classified into 3
1. Natural Classification System
- Created by Theophrastus (370SM - 285SM), one of the disciples of Aristotle
- Based on a form that can be seen with the naked eye (morphology)
- The plant is divided into 4 groups: trees, bushes, shrubs and herbaceous

2. Artificial Classification System
- Created by Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778), Swedish scientist
- Known as the father of classification
- The basic tool used is sexual reproduction, other base used is morphology.
- A classification of living things based on its impact on human
- For example: toxic or useful, domesticated or wild, weed or vegetables.

3. phylogenetic classification system
- Created by Charles Darwin in 1859, published a book about the theory of evolution.
- He states that the equation shows the relationship of structure closer kinship.
- Based on the order of development of living organisms (phylogeny) and knowing of kinship with each other.

Continue to LEVEL taxonomic

2. The diversity of species (species)

noreply@blogger.com (edy) — Thu, 11 Feb 2010 15:41:00 +0700

2. The diversity of species (species)

This diversity is more easily observed than the diversity of genes. This level of biodiversity can be shown by the variety of types of good living that includes groups of animals, plants and microbes.

example:

- Variations in a family of cats and tigers. They are included in one family (family / family Felidae) although there are physical differences, behavior and habitat.

continue to 3. The diversity of ecosystems

Biodiversity 1. Various Level Biodiversity

noreply@blogger.com (edy) — Thu, 11 Feb 2010 15:23:00 +0700

1. Various Level Biodiversity

Biodiversity can occur at various levels of life, ranging from low levels of organisms to high-level organisms. Example of single-celled creatures to many-celled creatures; and organizational levels of individuals living up to the level of complex interactions, such as from species to ecosystems.

In general, biodiversity is divided into three levels, namely:
1. Gene diversity
Every living organism trait controlled by a pair of hereditary factors (genes), one of the other parent of the male and female parent. This level of diversity can be shown by the variation in one species.

example:
- Variations of coconut: coconut ivory, green coconut
- Variations of dogs: a bulldog, shepherd dog, mongrel
What makes this variation is: The formula: F = G + L

F = phenotypic
G = genoti
L = environmental

If G changed for some reason (mutation, etc.) or L changes there will be a change in F. Change is what causes this variation.

Fig. Morphological variation in a single variety of wheat due to cross

continue to 2. The diversity of species (species)

GROWing

noreply@blogger.com (edy) — Tue, 28 Jul 2009 00:58:00 +0700

A. External factors.
1. Water and Mineral Þ effect on root growth of 2 canopies. Differentiation of one or more nutrients will inhibit or cause abnormal growth.
2. Humidity.
3. Þ temperature affects the work of enzymes. The ideal temperature required for growth was best optimum temperature, which is different for each type of plant.
4. Þ of light affects photosynthesis. In general, an inhibiting factor.
Etiolasi is a very rapid growth in the dark
Fotoperiodisme is the response of plants to light intensity and length of radiation.

B. Dalam1 factors. Heredity factors.
2. Hormon.
a. Auksin
is indol acetic acid (IAA) is produced at the end of the apical meristem (tip of the roots and stems). F.W. Went (1928) first discovered at the end auksin wheat sprouts koleoptil Avena sativa.
- Helps germination
- Apical dominance
b. Giberelin
These compounds produced by the fungus Fusarium Giberella fujikuroi or moniliformae, discovered by F. Kurusawa.
Giberelin Function:
- The elongation of plant
- Role in Parthenocarpy
c. Cytokines
First discovered in tobacco. This hormone stimulates cell division.
d. Ethylene gas
Many found the old fruit
e. Acid absiat
f. Florigen
g. Kalin
Growth hormone organ, consisting of:
- Rhizokalin
- Kaulokali
- Filokalin
- Antokalin
h. Traumalin acid or injury kambium
Stimulate cell division in the wound area as a mechanism to cover the wound

photo lmdh

noreply@blogger.com (edy) — Mon, 20 Jul 2009 10:12:00 +0700

photo ini adalah salah satu photo disela-sela tanaman jati yang telah di budidayakan oleh para petani desa mancon kecamatan wilangan, Nganjuk.

sangat efisien dan berguna..
yach... dari pada dibiarkan lahan diantara jati, lebih baik ditanami dengan tanaman yang bisa hidup dibawah pepohonan.

fungus (Bahaya Jamur)

noreply@blogger.com (edy) — Sat, 27 Jun 2009 01:07:00 +0700

DEUTEROMYCOTIN
Nama lainnya Fungi Imperfecti (jamur tidak sempurna) dinamakan demikian karena pada jamur ini belum diketahui dengan pasti cara pembiakan secara generatif.
Contoh : Jamur Oncom sebelum diketahui pembiakan generatifnya dinamakan Monilia sitophila tetapi setelah diketahui pembiakan generatifnya yang berupa askus namanya diganti menjadi Neurospora sitophila dimasukkan ke dalam Ascomycotina.
Banyak penyakit kulit karena jamur (dermatomikosis) disebabkan oleh jamur dari golongan ini, misalnya :Epidermophyton fluocosum penyebab penyakit kaki atlit, Microsporum sp., Trichophyton sp. penyebab penyakit kurap.

MIKORHIZA
Mikorhiza adalah simbiosis antara jamur dengan tumbuhan tingkat tinggi, jamur yang dari Divisio Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina dan Basidiomycotina.

LICHENES / LIKENES
Likenes adalah simbiosis antara ganggang dengan jamur, ganggangnya berasal dari ganggang hijau atau ganggang biru, jamurnya berasal dari Ascomycotina atau Basidiomycotina. Likenes tergolong tumbuhan pionir/vegetasi perintis karena mampu hidup di tempat-tempat yang ekstrim.
Contoh :
• Usnea dasypoga
• Parmelia acetabularis

Fungus (jamur)

noreply@blogger.com (edy) — Sat, 27 Jun 2009 00:28:00 +0700

Kita telah mengenal jamur dalam kehidupan sehari-hari meskipun tidak sebaik tumbuhan lainnya. Hal itu disebabkan karena jamur hanya tumbuh pada waktu tertentu, pada kondisi tertentu yang mendukung, dan lama hidupnya terbatas. Sebagai contoh, jamur banyak muncul pada musim hujan di kayu-kayu lapuk, serasah, maupun tumpukan jerami. namun, jamur ini segera mati setelah musim kemarau tiba. Seiring dengan perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi, manusia telah mampu membudidayakan jamur dalam medium buatan, misalnya jamur merang, jamur tiram, dan jamur kuping.

CIRI-CIRI UMUM JAMUR
Jamur merupakan kelompok organisme eukariotik yang membentuk dunia jamur atau regnum fungi. Jamur pada umumnya multiseluler (bersel banyak). Ciri-ciri jamur berbeda dengan organisme lainnya dalam hal cara makan, struktur tubuh, pertumbuhan, dan reproduksinya.

1. Struktur Tubuh
Struktur tubuh jamur tergantung pada jenisnya. Ada jamur yang satu sel, misalnyo khamir, ada pula jamur yang multiseluler membentuk tubuh buah besar yang ukurannya mencapai satu meter, contohnyojamur kayu. Tubuh jamur tersusun dari komponen dasar yang disebut hifa. Hifa membentuk jaringan yang disebut miselium. Miselium menyusun jalinan-jalinan semu menjadi tubuh buah.
Hifa adalah struktur menyerupai benang yang tersusun dari dinding berbentuk pipa. Dinding ini menyelubungi membran plasma dan sitoplasma hifa. Sitoplasmanya mengandung organel eukariotik.
Kebanyakan hifa dibatasi oleh dinding melintang atau septa. Septa mempunyai pori besar yang cukup untuk dilewati ribosom, mitokondria, dan kadangkala inti sel yang mengalir dari sel ke sel. Akan tetapi, adapula hifa yang tidak bersepta atau hifa senositik.
Struktur hifa senositik dihasilkan oleh pembelahan inti sel berkali-kali yang tidak diikuti dengan pembelahan sitoplasma.
Hifa pada jamur yang bersifat parasit biasanya mengalami modifikasi menjadi haustoria yang merupakan organ penyerap makanan dari substrat; haustoria dapat menembus jaringan substrat.

2. Cara Makan dan Habitat Jamur
Semua jenis jamur bersifat heterotrof. Namun, berbeda dengan organisme lainnya, jamur tidak memangsa dan mencernakan makanan. Clntuk memperoleh makanan, jamur menyerap zat organik dari lingkungan melalui hifa dan miseliumnya, kemudian menyimpannya dalam bentuk glikogen. Oleh karena jamur merupakan konsumen maka jamur bergantung pada substrat yang menyediakan karbohidrat, protein, vitamin, dan senyawa kimia lainnya. Semua zat itu diperoleh dari lingkungannya. Sebagai makhluk heterotrof, jamur dapat bersifat parasit obligat, parasit fakultatif, atau saprofit.

a. Parasit obligat
merupakan sifat jamur yang hanya dapat hidup pada inangnya, sedangkan di luar inangnya tidak dapat hidup. Misalnya, Pneumonia carinii (khamir yang menginfeksi paru-paru penderita AIDS).
b. Parasit fakultatif
adalah jamur yang bersifat parasit jika mendapatkan inang yang sesuai, tetapi bersifat saprofit jika tidak mendapatkan inang yang cocok.
c. Saprofit
merupakan jamur pelapuk dan pengubah susunan zat organik yang mati. Jamur saprofit menyerap makanannya dari organisme yang telah mati seperti kayu tumbang dan buah jatuh. Sebagian besar jamur saprofit mengeluar-kan enzim hidrolase pada substrat makanan untuk mendekomposisi molekul kompleks menjadi molekul sederhana sehingga mudah diserap oleh hifa. Selain itu, hifa dapat juga langsung menyerap bahanbahan organik dalam bentuk sederhana yang dikeluarkan oleh inangnya.
Cara hidup jamur lainnya adalah melakukan simbiosis mutualisme. Jamur yang hidup bersimbiosis, selain menyerap makanan dari organisme lain juga menghasilkan zat tertentu yang bermanfaat bagi simbionnya. Simbiosis mutualisme jamur dengan tanaman dapat dilihat pada mikoriza, yaitu jamur yang hidup di akar tanaman kacang-kacangan atau pada liken.
Jamur berhabitat pada bermacammacam lingkungan dan berasosiasi dengan banyak organisme. Meskipun kebanyakan hidup di darat, beberapa jamur ada yang hidup di air dan berasosiasi dengan organisme air. Jamur yang hidup di air biasanya bersifat parasit atau saprofit, dan kebanyakan dari kelas Oomycetes.

3. Pertumbuhan dan Reproduksi
Reproduksi jamur dapat secara seksual (generatif) dan aseksual (vegetatif). Secara aseksual, jamur menghasilkan spora. Spora jamur berbeda-beda bentuk dan ukurannya dan biasanya uniseluler, tetapi adapula yang multiseluler. Apabila kondisi habitat sesuai, jamur memperbanyak diri dengan memproduksi sejumlah besar spora aseksual. Spora aseksual dapat terbawa air atau angin. Bila mendapatkan tempat yang cocok, maka spora akan berkecambah dan tumbuh menjadi jamur dewasa.
Reproduksi secara seksual pada jamur melalui kontak gametangium dan konjugasi. Kontak gametangium mengakibatkan terjadinya singami, yaitu persatuan sel dari dua individu. Singami terjadi dalam dua tahap, tahap pertama adalah plasmogami (peleburan sitoplasma) dan tahap kedua adalah kariogami (peleburan inti). Setelah plasmogami terjadi, inti sel dari masing-masing induk bersatu tetapi tidak melebur dan membentuk dikarion. Pasangan inti dalam sel dikarion atau miselium akan membelah dalam waktu beberapa bulan hingga beberapa tahun. Akhimya inti sel melebur membentuk sel diploid yang segera melakukan pembelahan meiosis.

4. Peranan Jamur
Peranan jamur dalam kehidupan manusia sangat banyak, baik peran yang merugikan maupun yang menguntungkan. Jamur yang menguntungkan meliputi berbagai jenis antara lain sebagai berikut:
a. Volvariella volvacea (jamur merang) berguna sebagai bahan pangan berprotein tinggi.
b. Rhizopus dan Mucor berguna dalam industri bahan makanan, yaitu dalam pembuatan tempe dan oncom.
c. Khamir Saccharomyces berguna sebagai fermentor dalam industri keju, roti, dan bir.
d. Penicillium notatum berguna sebagai penghasil antibiotik.
e. Higroporus dan Lycoperdon perlatum berguna sebagai dekomposer.

Di samping peranan yang menguntungkan, beberapa jamur juga mempunyai peranan yang merugikan, antara lain sebagai berikut.
a. Phytium sebagai hama bibit tanaman yang menyebabkan penyakit rebah semai.
b. Phythophthora inf'estan menyebabkan penyakit pada daun tanaman kentang.
c. Saprolegnia sebagai parasit pada tubuh organisme air.
d. Albugo merupakan parasit pada tanaman pertanian.
e. Pneumonia carinii menyebabkan penyakit pneumonia pada paru-paru manusia.
f. Candida sp. penyebab keputihan dan sariawan pada manusia

Jamur merupakan tumbuhan yang tidak mempunyai klorofil sehingga bersifat heterotrof, tipe sel: sel eukarotik. Jamur ada yang uniseluler dan multiseluler. Tubuhnya terdiri dari benang-benang yang disebut hifa, hifa dapat membentuk anyaman bercabang-cabang yang disebut miselium. Reproduksi jamur, ada yang dengan cara vegetatif ada pula dengan cara generatif.

Virus Manusia

noreply@blogger.com (edy) — Sat, 27 Jun 2009 00:21:00 +0700

BERBAGAI VIRUS YANG MERUGIKAN

Pada Bakteri :
Bakteriofage.

Pada Tumbuhan :
Virus TMV (Tabacco Mozaik Virus) penyebab mozaik pada daun tembakau.
Virus Tungro: penyebab penyakit kerdil pada padi. Penularan virus ini dengan perantara wereng coklat dan wereng hijau.
Virus CVPD (Citrus Vein Phloem Degeneration) menyerang tanaman jeruk

Pada Hewan :
Virus NCD (New Castle Disease) penyebab penyakit tetelo pada ayam dan itik.

Pada Manusia :
Virus Hepatitis, penyebab hepatitis (radang hati), yang paling berbahaya adalah virus Hepatitis B.
Virus Rabies >> penyebab rabies
Virus Polio >> penyebab polio
Virus Variola dan Varicella >> penyebab cacar api dan cacar air
Virus Influenza >> penyebab influensa
Virus Dengue >> penyebab demam berdarah
Virus HIV >> penyebab AIDS

Cara pencegahan penyakit karena virus dilakukan dengan tindakan vaksinasi. Manusia secara alamiah dapat membuat zat anti virus di dalam tubuh yaitu Interferon,tapi kecepatan replikasi virus tidak dapat diimbangi oleh kecepatan sintesis interferon.

Penyakit

noreply@blogger.com (edy) — Sat, 27 Jun 2009 00:17:00 +0700

Ilmu tentang Virus disebut Virologi. Virus (bahasa latin) = racun. Hampir semua virus dapat menimbulkan penyakit pada organisme lain. Saat ini virus adalah mahluk yang berukuran paling kecil. Virus hanya dapat dilihat dengan mikroskop elektron dan lolos dari saringan bakteri (bakteri filter).

1.SEJARAH PENEMUAN
D. Iwanowsky (1892) dan M. Beyerinck (1899) adalah ilmuwan yang menemukan virus, sewaktu keduanya meneliti penyakit mozaik daun tembakau.
Kemudian W.M. Stanley (1935) seorang ilmuwan Amerika berhasil mengkristalkan virus penyebab penyakit mozaik daun tembakau (virus TVM).

2.STRUKTUR TUBUH
Tubuhnya masih belum dapat disebut sebagai sel, hanya tersusun dari selubung protein di bagian luar dan asam nukleat (ARN & ADN) di bagian dalamnya. Berdasarkan asam nukleat yang terdapat pada virus, kita mengenal virus ADN dan virus ARN. Virus hanya dapat berkembang biak (bereplikasi) pada medium yang hidup (embrio, jaringan hewan, jaringan tumbuhan). Bahan-bahan yang diperlukan untuk membentuk bagian tubuh virus baru, berasal dari sitoplasma sel yang diinfeksi.

test

noreply@blogger.com (edy) — Fri, 26 Jun 2009 23:08:00 +0700

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