tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-62485768154568676602024-03-05T15:19:45.461+05:30MARINE EBOOKSA BLOG TO SHARE EBOOKS AMONG MARINERSAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08099742129797960720noreply@blogger.comBlogger68125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6248576815456867660.post-57489219167629978222016-01-31T07:49:00.000+05:302016-01-31T07:49:16.973+05:30HIGH-TECH TRENDS AT SEA<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Remember once individuals went on a cruise to “get far from it all” and disconnect from the world? It’s arduous to believe that there was no connectivity on cruise ships till 1999. That was the year Norwegian Cruise Line’s Norwegian Sky set sail with the primary dedicated net cafe. Norwegian was conjointly the primary to produce fleet-wide WiFi access (2002) and mobile phone service (2006).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Ubiquitous Wi-Fi access and crystal clear telephone reception confounded are currently expected – particularly from company meeting and incentive planners and participants.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Wi-Fi access on Silversea shipNorwegian isn't the sole cruise line implementing leading-edge technology. Royal Caribbean International has proclaimed that Wi-Fi bandwidth are increased on all ships throughout a huge improvement program. other big business players together with Celebrity Cruises, Carnival Cruise Lines, and relative newcomer disney Cruise Line are making waves with new technology.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">And it’s not just the big guys. Luxury and ultra-premium cruise lines together with Silversea, Regent seven seas Cruses, and Crystal Cruises supply pervasive, high-quality wireless access throughout their little and mid-sized ships.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;">Today’s cruise ships are outfitted with the newest high-tech product and services – in passenger areas, furthermore as behind the scenes. Here’s a glance at some of the good technology innovations designed to form your cruise expertise smoother, greener, and even more superb.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;">1. Royal Caribbean’s Wayfinder –– There’s a reason Royal Caribbean’s Wayfinder system has won multiple awards for technology excellence – it’s awesome! aboard activities, real time updates, and customised directions and routing are at guests’ fingertips with plasma and liquid crystal display touch-screen signs throughout Oasis of the Seas and attract of the Seas. The interactive assemblage are going to be integrated on different Royal Caribbean ships throughout the ongoing “Royal Advantage” upgrade program.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;">2. Automatic face recognition Technology – high-resolution passenger photos taken at leaving are used for security and connected to cabins keys. And that’s not all – no additional searching through rows of icons displayed in the ship’s photo gallery to find your portraits. automatic face recognition code types through thousands of passenger photos taken by ship photographers, identifies (tags) you and uploads your photos to a customized digital album.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;">3. Shape Recognition Cameras. Don’t worry about long lines at the buffet on the 5,412-passenger attract of the Seas – your attendees can ne'er have to wait to be sitting at any of the twenty four feeding venues, because of biometry. form recognition cameras count and analyze pedestrian traffic, and this data is shipped in time period to 300 interactive boards round the ship.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;">4. Norwegian iConcierge App – With Norwegian’s revolutionary smart phone app, iPhone, iPad and robot users can shortly be ready to build feeding and shore excursion reservations, review folios, and check regular activities throughout their Norwegian Epic cruise. Norwegian iConcierge will be the industry’s 1st mobile app that lets guests realize and communicate with different sensible phone users via voice and text message. Currently, the free app is offered completely for guests sailing on board Norwegian Epic, however can shortly be extended across the fleet.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;">5. “Royal Connect” smart Phones and Wristbands – Guests aboard the world’s largest cruise ships, Oasis of the Seas and attract of the Seas, will rent a Royal Connect mobile device to stay track of family or colleagues aboard.</span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjtZbW84UooXqoHRtTk2bE6Y3apITjV_EY_AeC2vo226_TsJzJRCIW7ViGq4XljQrDxYVwGCUsaBcA7DJ20rGYiDUjuV0Lo3t-xSNXNaMTb06SwoEexC5hOkatoihaNhjb1nnurXbPoV4/s1600/img-royal-connect-gadling-1266852390.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjtZbW84UooXqoHRtTk2bE6Y3apITjV_EY_AeC2vo226_TsJzJRCIW7ViGq4XljQrDxYVwGCUsaBcA7DJ20rGYiDUjuV0Lo3t-xSNXNaMTb06SwoEexC5hOkatoihaNhjb1nnurXbPoV4/s320/img-royal-connect-gadling-1266852390.jpg" width="177" /></a><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;">The Royal Connect system uses frequence Identification Technology (RFID)-enabled tags in wristbands and an iPhone that pinpoints tag locations on its map show. The sensible phone user also can send alerts to those carrying the wristbands.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;">6. iPads creating Waves - Here are many ways in which cruise lines are integrating tablets to reinforce the guest experience:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;">iPad-based menus increase the distinctive preparation experiences in Celebrity’s Qsine restaurant. Guests faucet menu item icons for descriptions, videos, or to create their own cocktails. Qsine restaurant is found on Celebrity Eclipse, Celebrity Silhouette, and “Solsticized” Celebrity Summit and Celebrity infinity.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;">Interactive wine menus on iPad tablets build selecting the proper glass of wine straightforward at Vintages Tapas and bar on Royal Caribbean’s Oasis of the Seas and attract of the Seas.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;">iPads in Cabins – Royal Caribbean’s new revitalized Splendour of the Seas is the 1st cruise ship to supply Apple iPads in each cabin to be used throughout the ship. With a touch of the screen, your attendees will access daily events and activities, review personal itineraries, monitor their aboard accounts, read restaurant menus, and access the net. The iPads are going to be added to 5 additional Royal Caribbean ships over succeeding 2 years.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;">iPad Courses – Celebrity’s iLounge offers eighteen custom-created categories to assist guests expand the school skills on Apple products – as well as iPad. Crystal Cruises additionally offers multiple level iPad courses in their complimentary Computer University @ ocean enrichment program.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;">7. Royal express Guest Kiosks on attract of the Seas – attract of the Seas‘ special kiosks within the Royal Promenade offer complimentary guest services. Your attendees will read, print or e-mail their personal folios and calendars, build specialty eating house reservations, and what we actually love – make sure flight reservations and print out airline boarding passes.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;">8. Video postcard Booth on attract of the Seas – set up a group event on attract of the Seas, and your attendees will star in their own video postal card !It’s fun and free – produce a 60-second video or icon postal card and email or post to social network pages, right from the booth.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;">9. Carnival‘s 5D Theater – Royal Caribbean introduced 3D movies on Oasis of the Seas; currently Carnival offers a sensational new expertise on Carnival Breeze – “Thrill 5D Theater”. Watch 3D-formatted films with special effects like spurting water and bubbles; whereas different gizmos tickle your legs, blow air on your neck, and poke you in your seat (I’m not making this up!). What’s the fifth dimensio n? The seats themselves – they vibrate and shift.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyeSljAG9tP11tTG2et_3aHU_LnTzC6CqvgM0i7b0Yg7zp30U6Qmmdj7w104fKqHfUN7BF7Hxt7pwLLG0Sk1apZAuOPLVwVAcZk68vkRgrNrckxTMFbksAsM0okObOmQylhjhrEfbP1-0/s1600/disney+potholes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyeSljAG9tP11tTG2et_3aHU_LnTzC6CqvgM0i7b0Yg7zp30U6Qmmdj7w104fKqHfUN7BF7Hxt7pwLLG0Sk1apZAuOPLVwVAcZk68vkRgrNrckxTMFbksAsM0okObOmQylhjhrEfbP1-0/s320/disney+potholes.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;">10. Disney|Walter Elias Disney|film maker|filmmaker|film producer|movie maker} “virtual portholes” – Disney Dream’s within staterooms feature a “Magical Porthole” that gives guests a real-time read outside the ship, provided by high-definition cameras placed on the outside of the ship. Another magical surprise: every few minutes, an animated film maker character flies or swims by.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;">11. Disney “Enchanted Art” –Disney Dream additionally options interactive art items throughout the ship. These paintings are literally animated footage that come back to life once passengers fill in front of them. grasp what’s even additional magical? every spellbound art piece incorporates automatic face recognition technology to form certain it won’t play the same sequence twice.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;">12. Crystal Cruises Fast-track Embarkation: By utilizing a brand new barcode on every guest cruise ticket} and a brand new ticket scanning system,Crystal’s “Fast-Track Check-In” eliminates 100 pc of ship arrival procedures in port terminal waiting areas, transitioning guests from dock security to the elegant comfort of Crystal Symphony and Crystal Serenity lounges.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;">Environmental Breakthroughs</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;">Energy-saving technology additionally creating waves within the trade include:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;">LED and compact fluorescent lighting – many cruise lines are creating the switch, as well as Carnival Cruise Lines. Compact fluorescent and led bulbs put in across the fleet can potentially save concerning $100,000 annually in energy costs per ship.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;">Shore power installations – additional ships are currently plugging into shore-side electricity, that permits them to pack up diesel engines to cut back pollution.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;">Solar panels – Celebrity and Royal Caribbean are putting in solar panels on its newest ships for powering onboard parts like led lights and elevators</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;">Reverse diffusion for water – In might 2012, MSc Cruises’ Divina can introduce a revolutionary reverse diffusion system for water production that consumes 400th less power.</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08099742129797960720noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6248576815456867660.post-18921036649521331032015-08-30T12:39:00.001+05:302015-08-30T12:39:38.009+05:30RUDDER WEAR DOWN<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span class="Normal-C-C1" style="background-color: white; filter: inherit; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.13em;">This refers to the measurements taken generally during a docking period to indicate excessive wear in the steering gear system particularly the rudder carrier. The significance of this is that for ram systems excessive wear can lead to bending moments on the rams. For rotary vane systems it can lead to vane edge loading.The readings taken are offered for recording by the classification society.</span></div>
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<span class="Normal-C-C1" style="background-color: white; filter: inherit; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.13em;">This takes the form of an 'L' shape bar of suitable construction. When the vessel is built a distinct centrepunch mark is placed onto the ruder stock and onto a suitable location on the vessels structure, here given as a girder which is typical. The trammel is manufactured to suit these marks As the carrier wears the upper pointer will fall below the centrepunch mark by an amount equal to the wear down.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFLmz49ZOZ6Ok8Gszfn51_BGcXcOnmYzrofXMZYWhfXiMc5FgBCymYj-5_O5r4WdurMkoYNzUJez8pCaqX6vn8ngIh3vyApv4gL73BaT-IhahJ-LaECe5LEqNJYbqOFf8UmCrBDYZqe88/s1600/wp0f915924_06.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFLmz49ZOZ6Ok8Gszfn51_BGcXcOnmYzrofXMZYWhfXiMc5FgBCymYj-5_O5r4WdurMkoYNzUJez8pCaqX6vn8ngIh3vyApv4gL73BaT-IhahJ-LaECe5LEqNJYbqOFf8UmCrBDYZqe88/s400/wp0f915924_06.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span class="Normal-C-C5" style="filter: inherit; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.13em;"><span style="font-size: large;">Rudder Clearance</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span class="Normal-C-C1" style="filter: inherit; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.13em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><br style="filter: inherit;" /></b></span>Pads are welded to the hull and rudder. A clearance is given ( sometimes referred to as the jumping clearance). As the carrier wears this clearance will increase.</span></span></div>
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<span class="Normal-C-C5" style="background-color: white; filter: inherit; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.13em;"><span style="font-size: large;">Steering gear Clearance</span></span></div>
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<span class="Normal-C-C1" style="background-color: white; filter: inherit; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.13em;">Direct measurement can be taken from the steering gear assembly. Shown below is one example, here the clearance will be seen to reduce as the carrier wears and impact his has on the system can be directly judged</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #373a3e; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6000003814697px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Rudder wear down measurement:(Ram type Steering Gear )</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #373a3e; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.6000003814697px;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #373a3e; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.6000003814697px;">At sea: </span><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #373a3e; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 2em;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #373a3e; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.6000003814697px;">1)Jumping clearance or bouncing clearance,measured between swivel block and upper ram fork end. (lmit is 19mm) </span><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #373a3e; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 2em;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #373a3e; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.6000003814697px;">2)Wear down clearance,measured between swil block and bottom ram fork end. (limit is 12-19mm) </span><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #373a3e; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 2em;" /><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #373a3e; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 2em;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #373a3e; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.6000003814697px;">At docking: </span><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #373a3e; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 2em;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #373a3e; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.6000003814697px;">1)Bouncing clearance: measured betwen top ofrudde and jmpng bar. </span><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #373a3e; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 2em;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #373a3e; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.6000003814697px;">2)Wear down clearance: beween the bottom of rudder and reference mark.</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08099742129797960720noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6248576815456867660.post-49362254732052467812015-08-15T07:34:00.001+05:302015-08-15T07:34:48.812+05:30REASON OF TURBOCHARGER DAMAGE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Diesel Engine Exhaust Turbocharger Failure </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Turbochargers are among the foremost technologically advanced engine element aboard ship. impeller blades of a medium sized turbocharger often rotate at the maximum amount as 400 revolutions per second. The outer edges of the rotor blades therefore move at 1.5 times the speed of sound.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In the method, the turbocharger digests contaminated exhaust gases of up to 700 degrees centigrade. Thus, the turbocharger may be a terribly sensitive piece of high-speed machinery incessantly serving in harsh conditions and underneath extreme strain. Being on the receiving end of gas flows, turbocharger damages are typically caused by the failure of varied upstream elements.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxrmMG1mo4yc0K7cIpAyM5q-Hz4Oo7nEYjx-TwOzSyepJkmEhVMqReSCu9k-ObmWgpT6eoaxdUNSyjGXJB-pr8nYx-0OGa9-fAf4C_vuQCedmd3QrCrWh2lczQ1K7U-PsVgN9Kvt9_JDE/s1600/turbine-rotor-damaged.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxrmMG1mo4yc0K7cIpAyM5q-Hz4Oo7nEYjx-TwOzSyepJkmEhVMqReSCu9k-ObmWgpT6eoaxdUNSyjGXJB-pr8nYx-0OGa9-fAf4C_vuQCedmd3QrCrWh2lczQ1K7U-PsVgN9Kvt9_JDE/s400/turbine-rotor-damaged.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(1) D<u>iesel engine inlet pressure to reduce main reasons</u>:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(a) the compressor of the filter contamination.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 28px;">(b) the impeller and vanes diffuser contamination.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(c) the supercharger turbo memory have more carbon deposit, spin resistance increase.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 28px;">(d) the inter-cooler contamination, increased intake resistance.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(e) turbine exhaust not clear, this is because the pipe blockage, deformation caused by rotor speed rise is not high.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(f)supercharger outlet pressure drop suddenly, it is because of bearing damage caused by.</span></div>
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(2) <u>Compressor surge main reasons</u>:</div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(a) diesel engine emergency cut-off or sudden unloading (urgent throttle back).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(b) the atmospheric temperature changes cause surge. In the summer of the supercharger with test, in winter could happen surge, this is because the temperature change make working point change and cause.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 28px;">(c) compressor contamination, especially vanes diffuser contamination.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(d) a engine plant 2 sets of supercharger, Shared a piece of inlet manifold, when a cylinder does not work, can lead compressor surge.</span></div>
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(3) D<u>iesel engine inlet pressure is too high.</u> Generally speaking, the inlet pressure is too high in the supercharger itself is not the problem, but by the engine of the cause, the main reasons are:</div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(a) the vent valve leakage.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(b) because of engine fuel injection timing inappropriate or other causes for combustion period is too long, to drive a turbine heat increase, speed up, inlet pressure increase.</span></div>
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(4) <u>Produce continuous abnormal sound</u>: this kind of failure is due to the majority of rotor and shell as a result of the collision. Due to the rotor and shell assembly clearance is small, if installation misadjustment or bearing serious damage, then hitting.</div>
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(5) <u>The lubricating oil temperature is too high (above 105 ℃) of the main reasons</u>:</div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(a) the turbine oil, gas seal damage, high temperature gas into the oil chamber.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(b) the bearing damage.</span></div>
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(6) <u>Oil leakage</u>: compressor seal close to the edge of the impeller is low pressure area, easy to produce the oil leakage fault. Main reasons are:</div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(a) the lubricating oil return not free. The reason has return line congestion, return line sectional area is too small, pipe joint gasket inner hole diameter less than return line; Diesel engine in the crankcase oil level higher than standard, cause oil return difficult; Diesel engine crankcase ventilation blocking or cylinder seal bad, gas expell, make the crankcase internal pressure rise.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 28px;">(b) the compressor end O ring damage or material ageing and lose sealing effect.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWzaaH5zQVD51-zWnWA2ToiDImD_wGIgpAKEOrWk8PAror31opTGelXo7hC4y_ENipFsyoVnkcpeh_2AV6BWv44fDZtqM9c0YVR5_X4zeiLTcwID2dc3_LyfUbGEko31smENRbpcgUOd8/s1600/damaged-turbo-rotor.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWzaaH5zQVD51-zWnWA2ToiDImD_wGIgpAKEOrWk8PAror31opTGelXo7hC4y_ENipFsyoVnkcpeh_2AV6BWv44fDZtqM9c0YVR5_X4zeiLTcwID2dc3_LyfUbGEko31smENRbpcgUOd8/s400/damaged-turbo-rotor.jpg" width="342" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(c) turbocharger oil inlet pressure is too high. Normal pressure is 0.25 ~ 0400000 mpa, if pressure is higher than 0.6 million mpa, from exhaust muffler nozzle will find from the supercharger turbo end leakage oil.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(d) ring not installed correctly or damage.</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08099742129797960720noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6248576815456867660.post-21912160845088904892015-08-07T21:32:00.000+05:302015-08-13T11:40:51.202+05:30ULTIMATE GREEN SHIPS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">14 Technologies to Make the Ultimate Green Ship</span></span></h1>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihIM6Pq6ofQBOvkGBjUmlCCpbR_1HU2xEivQQrmoOwWHbtvfFNtvGDi-uom2lEz6gSn2pBeElFdaoWIdVbdYoAdVD0f_83Q8PgBliXD547fQaU1ebQwzCBRKUCD7FMMuBwNHUXRCIcRIU/s1600/green-ship.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihIM6Pq6ofQBOvkGBjUmlCCpbR_1HU2xEivQQrmoOwWHbtvfFNtvGDi-uom2lEz6gSn2pBeElFdaoWIdVbdYoAdVD0f_83Q8PgBliXD547fQaU1ebQwzCBRKUCD7FMMuBwNHUXRCIcRIU/s640/green-ship.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Shipping business is departure no stones right-side-out so as to contribute towards a greener marine atmosphere. At each producing and body levels, the maritime business is taking advantage of the newest technologies to make sure that new ships contribute as low as attainable to the world pollution.</span></div>
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Designing a Ship in present times has become a difficult task for currently a ship must be totally complied with new environmental rules and rules. some benchmark technologies have already been developed to achieve the final word goal of building a “Green ship” which might not solely suits the new environmental rules and rules however would additionally leave least attainable carbon foot-prints.</div>
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We have compiled a listing of 13 new technologies that if used along would lead to the ultimate green Ship of the longer term. they're as follows:</div>
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1. No Ballast System: Ballast water convention by International Maritime Organization focuses on reducing the transit of sediments and small organisms of one territory to a different through the ballast of ships. so as to forestall this condition, plans of constructing a “No Ballast Ships” is underneath progress. A no ballast ship or similar system will drastically cut back this downside.</div>
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2. LNG Fuel for Propulsion: it's same that LNG fuel is that the way forward for the Shipping business. LNG fuel helps in reduction of pollution from ships, and a mixture of LNG fuel with fuel can cause economical engine performance, leading to fuel saving.</div>
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3. LNG Fuel for Auxiliary engine: Auxiliary engines on ships square measure main sources of power. what is more {they are|they're} one in all those machines that are continuous running aboard vessels. LNG fuel for such engines will drastically cut back pollution from ships.</div>
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4. Sulphur Scrubber System: It’s not much attainable to phase-out usage of standard fuels in ships and thus reducing sulphur or SOx emission from the exhaust could be a answer that will be used extensively within the future. this could be achieved by putting in associate exhaust gas scrubber system whereby the sulphur is washed out from the exhaust gas of the engine leading to reduction of SOx up to ninety eight passed by with alternative harmful particles.</div>
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5. Advanced Rudder and mechanical device System: A simple mechanical device and efficient rudder system will cut back the fuel consumption up to 4 the worries leading to less emission. Advanced styles of mechanical device and rudder systems are developed to not solely cut back the fuel consumption however additionally improve the speed of the vessel.</div>
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6. Speed Nozzle: Speed Nozzles are typically utilized in little provide vessels and tugs to supply power to the ships. along side new style options of cargo ships, they will improve the propulsion potency of the ship by saving power up to approx five the concerns.</div>
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7. Hull Paint: Another vital issue that may increase the fuel consumption of a ship and thus emissions is rising hull properties. Applying correct paint at correct hull space will cut back the resistance resistance of the ship leading to 3-8% of fuel savings.</div>
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8. Waste Heat Recovery System: this technique is already in use for quite your time currently, however creating it a lot of economical will cut back the fuel consumption of the ship drastically up to 14 july of the whole consumption. The waste heat from the exhaust gases is used to heat and generate steam that successively is used for heating storage area, accommodation, heating oil etc.</div>
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9. Exhaust Gas Recirculation: during this system, Roman deity emissions from the engine is reduced by recirculation of exhaust gas from engine cylinder with scavenge air that lowers the temperature of the combustion chamber. Some a part of the exhaust air is re-circulated and intercalary to scavenge air of the engine that reduces the oxygen content of the scavenge air along side temperature of combustion cylinder. With this methodology nox reduction of up to 80th is achieved.</div>
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10. Water in Fuel: The addition of water in fuel simply before its injection into the combustion chamber will cut back the temperature within the cylinder liner. associate economical system for this could lead to nox reduction of up to 30-35%.</div>
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11. Improved Pump and Cooling Water System: associate optimized cooling water system of pipes, coolers and pumps may end up in slashed resistance to the flow. this may cause savings of up to twenty of electrical power of the ship and fuel consumption up to 1.5 %.</div>
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12. Sail and Kite Propulsion System: Sail and Kite system once used along side the traditional system will cut back the fuel additionally as nox, SOx and greenhouse emission emissions by thirty fifth. browse a lot of regarding these inexperienced propulsions system here.</div>
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13. Fuel and photovoltaic cell Propulsion: The cell propulsion utilizes power from a mixture of fuel cells, star cells and battery systems. This helps in reduction of GHG emission to an excellent extent. browse a lot of regarding these propulsion systems here.</div>
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14. sandwich plate System (SPS): it's a method of composting two metals plates by bonding it with polymer stuff core. This avoids usage of steel which needs further stiffening thus makes the structure lightweight weight and fewer vulnerable to corrosion. This technology will undoubtedly play an honest role in inexperienced ship usage method as SPS feature includes superior in commission performance and reduced through life maintenance.</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08099742129797960720noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6248576815456867660.post-3718407210693562402013-12-19T18:03:00.001+05:302015-08-13T11:40:20.165+05:30WATER MIST IN LARGE MACHINERY SPACES<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Water mist systems are extensively used as fire protection of machinery spaces onboard passenger ships, and have almost taken over as fire extinguishing systems after IMO standardized such systems. Water mist systems are documented through full scale fire testing of the manufacturers' solutions. In practice it has been shown that in spaces with a ceiling height above approximately 10m it is necessary with more water mist nozzles to extinguish low seated fires. The IMO-method that describes the test procedures requires that all nozzles are mounted at ceiling level, and gives no opportunity to extrapolate results from fire tests to spaces with higher ceiling heights.<br />
Conventional merchant vessels have large machinery spaces with ceiling heights above 10m. Therefore it is still common to install CO2-systems in these ships, since no alternative extinguishing systems are approved for this application area. Until now several manufacturers of water mist systems have documented that it is possible to extinguish fires in machinery spaces with height up to 10m and a volume exceeding 3,000m3. A research project initiated by IWMA (International Water Mist Association) resulted in a change of IMO's regulations. That means that the test results will be valid also for spaces up to twice the tested volume, but there was not given any possibility to increase the ceiling height.<br />
If it can be shown through testing that water mist systems have sufficient ability to fight fires in larger machinery spaces, such systems will challenge and replace CO2-systems. In practice this means that fire extinguishing can start immediately after a fire has been detected. Today the start of extinguishing may be delayed with 10-15 minutes because CO2 represents a toxic hazard to persons in the machinery space. The CO2 cannot be released before people are evacuated from the engine room and all air supply is stopped and all openings are closed. Every minute with a fire in the machinery space increases the damage to equipment and cables; it has been indicated that the damage increases with €12,000 per minute.<br />
Water mist systems can be released immediately after fire detection, and will quickly cool down the machinery space. Most fires will be extinguished after 10-15 minutes. In addition water mist systems have become popular among engineers and crew because they, besides being possible to use without hazard to people, are easy to test regularly. Water mist systems on passenger ships are often tested every week, and are simultaneously used for cleaning the machinery space. The costs connected to refilling the water reservoir are negligible in contrast to replacement of CO2-bottles after release of a CO2-system.<br />
SINTEF NBL is now working to start projects that can open up for use of water mist system in large machinery spaces, and for this purpose we have the possibility to utilize our large test hall. The test hall is over 20m high and has a total volume of approximately 14,000m3.<br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08099742129797960720noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6248576815456867660.post-23807134276257721362013-10-26T18:40:00.000+05:302013-10-26T18:40:14.200+05:30DRY DOCKING<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0D6ao4qRsJWT9PCyzkOti_DzfoitenSS9OfkaoKw4BG9D8OShl5G-RzfTp8-KZWsSRsdQXSFoeIsqWmyHIA984kFdembqwc13rjDK_LMZ2VrgebF9HBCrDpwhkV30SWalxWA_MEuQB0Q/s1600/1-msc-poesia-in-dry-dock.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0D6ao4qRsJWT9PCyzkOti_DzfoitenSS9OfkaoKw4BG9D8OShl5G-RzfTp8-KZWsSRsdQXSFoeIsqWmyHIA984kFdembqwc13rjDK_LMZ2VrgebF9HBCrDpwhkV30SWalxWA_MEuQB0Q/s400/1-msc-poesia-in-dry-dock.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">DRYDOCKING MAINTENANCE
ALTERNATIVES<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">·
<!--[endif]-->crew<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">·
<!--[endif]-->traveling squads<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">·
<!--[endif]-->shore assistance<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">·
<!--[endif]-->compare with shipyard<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">·
<!--[endif]-->heavy work involving high lifts
transportation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">·
<!--[endif]-->lowest cost<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>DRYDOCKING SPECIFICATION (</b>most important document)<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">·
<!--[endif]-->terms/conditions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">·
<!--[endif]-->description of all jobs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">·
<!--[endif]-->compiling the specifications as
early as possible<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>DRYDOCKING SUCCESS
FACTORS (</b>knowing the vessel)<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">·
<!--[endif]-->good and complete specification<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">·
<!--[endif]-->planning<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">·
<!--[endif]-->controlling the yard<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">·
<!--[endif]-->adequate resources<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">DRYDOCKING THE SUCCESSFULL
DD<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">·
<!--[endif]-->the specification to cover between 80-90%
of all work<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">·
<!--[endif]-->no major extra cost<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">·
<!--[endif]-->within the stipulated time and estimated
cost<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">DRYDOCKING PREPARATION FOR
ENTRY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">·
<!--[endif]-->vessel to be free for hot work and
enclosed places to be ventilated as required<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">·
<!--[endif]-->bunkers / f.water / ballast etc. be suitably distributed to achieve suggested trim.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">·
<!--[endif]-->works in specification identified / marked.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">·
<!--[endif]-->supervision duties decided and agreed to.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">DRYDOCKING SURVEYS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">·
<!--[endif]--> a list of all items to be surveyed
is kept ready<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">·
<!--[endif]--> list of all certificates expiring
is ready<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">·
<!--[endif]--> list of conditions of class to be
dealt with is clear<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">·
<!--[endif]--> list of new applicable regulations
to be attended to is available.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">·
<!--[endif]--> modifications /fabrications if any
as per new regulations should already<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">·
<!--[endif]-->be in the scope of repairs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">·
<!--[endif]--> liase with the surveyor and agree
on the scope of inspections / duration of inspections.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">·
<!--[endif]--> to keep surveyor informed about the
docking surveys and get a list of recommendations at the earliest for
completion of statutory certificates.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">·
<!--[endif]--> get surveyor’s approvals for the
scope of repairs involving class.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-variant: small-caps;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">PRE
DOCKING SURVEYS<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">•
get the gauging reports verified and establish the scope of steel repairs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">•
agree with surveyors’ action plan for crediting of cargo /ballast tanks for (intermediate/special) surveys<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">•
agree on testing procedures / repair procedures if any and press test of tanks
as per requirements.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">•
it is advantageous to plan to credit all tanks prior to docking, the trading
pattern permitting.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">•
to credit max possible CSM items prior to docking.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-variant: small-caps;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">DRYDOCK
WORK SCHEDULE<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>• </b>ship staff and yard jobs are
clearly understood / planned and carried out without interference<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">•
yard jobs (in process and completion and testing) are properly supervised<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">•
spares supplied to yard by vessel / arrival of new spares etc are properly recorded and monitored<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">•
decision makings are properly delegated<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">•
onboard timings are suitably altered to get max productivity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">•
shipboard meetings are properly timed to continously monitor the situation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">•
repair teams if any are to be properly utilised and effectively monitored<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 115%;">dry
docking safety</span></b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">•
safety meetings involving yard and ship staff to be properly timed and well
attended<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">•
violations of yard guidelines are to be strictly discouraged (hotwork in engine
room etc.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">•
tank entries etc. are to be done strictly according to procedures and personnel to be doubly careful while closing
openings<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">•
importance to be given to attire.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">•
extreme care to be exercised while turning engines/operating steering gear/starting blowers/switching on electrical
breakers/prior trials etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">•
systems are to be properly deactivated and rendered safe (depressurise hydraulic lines/empty oil lines/drain sea water lines etc)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">•
boundaries of fuel oil tanks are properly marked<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">•
the tank drain plugs are properly marked / identified and protected from
inadvertant opening.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">•
frame nos are suitably marked on deck/sides and bottom.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">•
vent pipes are suitably marked/identified.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 115%;">drydocking
economy<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-variant: small-caps;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">•
repairs done through afloat workshops are always cheaper<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">•
most of the specialized jobs are done
thru subcontractors or representatives of OEMs with a surcharge.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">• a
repair team will always be cheaper if the materials can be organized cheaply.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">•
you will loose a fortune if you need to do tank cleaning inside a yard.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">•
all additional work will be charged at a very high rate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">•
the smaller the fabrication jobs/steel jobs on deck--the more uneconomical it becomes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">• </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">quantities of steel work/pipe work/hull painting etc are to be determined
with respect to conditions in tariff like</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> • minimum kgs per location<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> •
minimum meters per location.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> • charges for inway and access work<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> • minimum surface (blasting)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> • minimum no of points per location
(gauging)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-variant: small-caps;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">•
WATCH OUT FOR THESE DANGER AREAS<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> pipe clamps<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> transport to workshop<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> machining/fabrication items<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> cleaning<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> ventilations / bilges / services.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-variant: small-caps; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-variant: small-caps; text-indent: -0.25in;">•<span style="font-variant: normal;"> </span></span><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 115%;">it
would be cost effective to take a quote for the following</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> - unshipment of rudder<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> - renewal of carrier bearing with yard
material<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> - renewal of pintle bearing with yard
material<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> - standard tariff for o’haul of motors (kw
basis) /</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">pumps (kw basis)/pipes (meter basis)/
testing of</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> pipes (meter basis) /testing of welds
(meter basis) / </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">supply of skilled and unskilled
manpower (hourly basis) </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">magnaflux / radiography and other tests
/ staging </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(tower and block/buildup of
pits/reweld bottom plates</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant: small-caps;">• best economy is an outcome of a tight
specification</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant: small-caps;">drydocking commercial</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-variant: small-caps;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">the following important aspects are covered by the contract document<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">• time of completion<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">• discount offerred<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">• penalty clauses<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">• repair specifications<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">• repair specifications<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">• payment schedule & redelivery
of vessel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">• owners rights<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">• yards responsibilty and
limitations<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">• guarantee<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">• engagement of subcontractors and
surcharge.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">• work done certificates<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">• authority and owners
representative<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">• cancellation clause / terms<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">• facilities to be provided to owners representatives<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">• change of scope of repairs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">• spares and stowage<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">• pilotage tugs etc for shifting for yards convienience<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> • the owners enquiry contains the
conditions of the owners<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> • the yards offer contains the yards
rules and conditions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> • the conditions in the yards offer stand
valid even if they are</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">contradictory to
owners request once the vessel has been
stemmed<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> • the areas of contradictions are to be
agreed upon / thrashed out prior stemming the vessel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 115%;">drydocking
technical - corrosion protection</span></b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 115%;">anodes</span></b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- <!--[endif]--> choice of the correct type and
quantity of anodes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- replenishing of electrodes for
impressed current systems if fitted.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> - protection of anodes while painting<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> - correct placing of anodes under guidance from supplier.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- <!--[endif]--> removal of old anodes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 115%;">drydocking
technical</span></b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-variant: small-caps;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">• </span></span><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 115%;">steel
work</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b> </b>- inspection of weld quality / fitups<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> - keep track of the dimensions and
locations (for commercial reasons)<span style="font-variant: small-caps;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-variant: small-caps;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">• <o:p></o:p></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 115%;">rudder</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b> </b>- bush clearance<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> - drop<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> - sealing 0 rings for the taper
surface of the pintles<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> - proper cementing of palm bolts<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> - water box closing plate water
tightness<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> - jumping bar /clearance<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> - key ways<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-variant: small-caps;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">• <o:p></o:p></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 115%;">propeller</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-variant: small-caps;"> </span></b>- push up and
pull up hydraulic pressures (push up curve)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> -
key ways<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> - polishing<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-variant: small-caps;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-variant: small-caps;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">• <o:p></o:p></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 115%;">anchors
and chain-</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b> </b> - gauging
and reversal if reqd<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> - cleaning of chain locker and insp<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">• HULL<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> - gauging of stiker plates<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> - build up of pits<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> - wee out/gouge and build up weld seams
of bottom plates<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> - inspection of drain plugs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 115%;">drydocking
technical (machinery)</span></b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">•
cleaning of coolers and heaters<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">•
o’haul of large electric motors<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">•
balancing of rotating equipments as reqd.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">•
o’haul of machinery as reqd<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">•
recheck alignments of machineries if disturbed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">•
remove deficiencies in automation and control equipmen as reqd.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 115%;">drydocking
instrumentation and navigating equipments</span></b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">•
callibration of electrical switchboard meters/other electrical and </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">mechanical measuring devices</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">•
o’haul of main breakers and callibrating safety trips.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">•
rectify deficiencies in navigating instruments<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">•
rectify deficiencies in safety systems if any.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 115%;">drydocking
prior flooding(important items prior flooding)</span></b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- all
tank drain plugs are inspected and vacuum
tested after fitment<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- all anodes are functional<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- sea chest gratings etc are secured<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- correct ballast is taken.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- inspect rudder (water box) / propeller /rope/ guard<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- all cargo/ballast tanks are clean from remnants of steel work<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- cargo lines etc pressure tested / pumps are tried out<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- all tank valves (if remote operated) are tried out<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- hatch covers etc and other type of cargo gear are tried out </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">and</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">properly </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">secured</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- all sea chests are properly purged of air<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- all equipment in engine room are tried out<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- main engines/boilers are preheated and ready for trials<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 115%;">drydocking
sea trials</span></b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-variant: small-caps;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">• sea trials<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> - engines are run to required speed,
movements are checked. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> - steering is confirmed to be performing
satisfactory<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> - stern tube oil is checked for
maintaining level.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-variant: small-caps;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">• <o:p></o:p></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 115%;">the
vessel may proceed to sea on satisfactory completion in some cases</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08099742129797960720noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6248576815456867660.post-8772224058616283282013-10-26T18:17:00.000+05:302013-10-26T18:19:30.444+05:30SAFETY EQUIPMENT'S ONBOARD<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjhIJoU4byXqoaODV-1TJ-umsd_HMO29uGE8wxFlwOM_QSPp-qG-XEsNxtPTRFMY2WAsDukvznSUlK1uiPAiwI33JNNBOEO9JAVU2onJUHVOidSoT6NUbUaYxlgiMfinOQ9PQaXx3cbb4/s1600/safety_equipment.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjhIJoU4byXqoaODV-1TJ-umsd_HMO29uGE8wxFlwOM_QSPp-qG-XEsNxtPTRFMY2WAsDukvznSUlK1uiPAiwI33JNNBOEO9JAVU2onJUHVOidSoT6NUbUaYxlgiMfinOQ9PQaXx3cbb4/s320/safety_equipment.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><br /></i></span></span>
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><br /></i></span></span>
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i>HYPERMIST SYSTEM</i></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></span>
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1) CHECK THAT THE
SYSTEM IS LINED UP CORRECTLY.</span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2) CHECK PUMP IN AUTO
MODE AND NO ALARMS ON THE FIRE CONTROL PANEL IN THE MSB ROOM.</span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">3) TRYOUT AT LEAST
ONE ZONE SPRINKLER RELEASE IN CONTROLLED MODE.</span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">4) CHECK PUMP
PRESSURE WHEN SYSTEM IS TESTED.</span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">5) CHECK SPRINKLER
HEADS FOR CLARITY (NO PAINT DEPOSITS ETC..)</span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">CO<sub>2</sub>
SYSTEM</span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></span></span>
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1) CHECK KEY IS IN
PLACE.</span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2) CHECK INTEGRITY OF
ALL THE CONNECTIONS</span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">3) CHECK ALL CO2
HEADS FOR CLARITY</span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">4) CHECK ROOM DOORS
AND CABINET DOOR.</span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">5)
BLOW THROUGH WITH AIR.</span><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i>QUICK CLOSING VALVE</i></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span>
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1) VISUALLY INSPECT
THE SYSTEM.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2) CHECK THE AIR
PRESSURE IN THE BOTTLE</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">3) TRY OUT AT LEAST
ONE SECTION OF QCVS. OR INDIVIDUAL VALVE FOR PROPER OPERATION </span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i>REMOTE TRIPS</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><br /></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1) FUNCTION TEST ONE
SECTION AT A TIME..</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i>EM'CY FIRE PUMP</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><br /></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1) ENSURE PUMP IS
LINED UP AND READY FOR IMMEDIATE USE</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB">2) TRIAL RUN FOR
10MINS AND RECORD THE PRESSURE GENERATED WITH TWO FIRE HOSES </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>RIGGED.<br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">3) CHECK FOR LEAKAGES</span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i>EM'CY GENERATOR</i></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><br /></i></span></span></span>
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1) CHECK LO, FO, COOLING WATER LEVELS</span></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2) CHECK E/GEN ON
AUTO MODE.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">3) TEST RUN THE
ENGINE ON BATTERY MODE AND HYDRAULLIC STARTING MODE</span></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">4) CHECK OIL LEVEL IN
HYD OIL TANK</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB">5) </span></span></span>TEST RUN ON LOAD FOR
AT LEAST 30 MIN AND CHECK AVAILABILITY OF POWER AT SERVICES PROVIDED BY E/GEN.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i>SCBA COMPRESSOR</i></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><br /></i></span></span>
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1) CHECK THE
CONDITION OF CHARGING HOSES AND THE CONNECTIONS.</span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2) ENSURE ALL SCBA
BOTTLES ARE FULLY CHARGED</span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">3) CHECK OIL LEVEL IN
THE SUMP</span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">4) CHECK THE
COMPRESSOR CUT OFF FUCNTION AT 300 BAR.</span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i>LIFE BOAT ENGINE</i></span></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span>
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1) CHECK LO, FO AND
COOLING WATER LEVEL.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2) TEST RUN THE
ENGINE IN ALL RUNNING DIRECTIONS</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">3) CHECK SPRINKLER
PUMP DRIVING MECHANISM</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span>
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i>RESCUE BOAT ENGINE</i></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1) CHECK LO, FO AND
COOLING WATER LEVEL</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2) TEST RUN THE
ENGINE IN ALL RUNNING DIRECTIONS.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i>VENTILATION FLAPS</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB">1) </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">FUCNTION CHECK.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">2) </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">CHECK FOR ANY AIR LEAKS.</span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i>FIRE HYDRANTS AND
HOSES</i></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1) CHECK THAT ALL HOSES
ARE IN PLACE AND GENERAL CONDITIONS ARE SATISFACTORY</span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2) CHECK FOR FREENESS OF
NOZZLES, AND GREASE ACCORDINGLY.</span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">3) PRESSURE TEST ALL
HOSES ONCE IN THREE MONTHS</span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span>
<i style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">EM’CY BILGE SUCTION</i><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB">1) </span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">OPERATE AND GREASE.</span></span><br />
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><i>S.W. RECIRC. V/V</i></span></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: -45.0pt list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: -45.0pt list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">1) </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">OPERATE FROM REMOTE AND LOCAL
STATIONS AND CONFIRM THE OPERATION.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: -45.0pt list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: -45.0pt list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i>STEAM SMOTHERING
SYSTEM</i></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: -45.0pt list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: -45.0pt list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1) CARRY OUT VISUAL
INSPECTION OF THE SYSTEM AND CHECK INDIVIDUAL</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: -45.0pt list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">UNIT V/V </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">FOR FREENESS</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: -45.0pt list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: -45.0pt list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i>INCINERATOR</i></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: -45.0pt list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB"></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: -45.0pt list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: -45.0pt list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">1) </span><span lang="EN-GB">TRY OUT TRIPS AND ALARMS.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: -45.0pt list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: -45.0pt list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i>SHIP SIDE V/V</i></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: -45.0pt list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: -45.0pt list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1) OPERATE AND GREASE</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: -45.0pt list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: -45.0pt list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i>FIRE AND GAS
DETECTION EQUIPMENTS</i></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: -45.0pt list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: -45.0pt list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1) TEST ALL THE SENSORS
ONCE IN THREE MONTHS.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: -45.0pt list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: -45.0pt list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i>BILGE ALARMS</i></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: -45.0pt list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: -45.0pt list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1) FUCNTION CHECK</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: -45.0pt list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: -45.0pt list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i>BATTERIES AND
CHARGERS</i></span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span></span><br />
<div>
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
1)CHECK THE BATTERY TERMINALS,APPLY PETROLEUM
JELLY.</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div>
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">2) </span><span lang="EN-GB">CHECK THAT THE BATTERY IS FULLY
CHARGED.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB">3) </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">EVERY QUARTER DISCHARGE ROUTINE
TO BE CARRIED OUT.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB">
<span lang="EN-GB">4) AFTER STARTING EM’CY GEN KEEP THE BATTERY IN
EQUALISING CHARGE</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB">TILL </span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">BATTERY VOLTAGE
REACHED TO 27 V, THEN CHANGE OVER SWITCH TO</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">FLOATING </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">CHARGE POSITION.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: blue;"><i>CRANES</i></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB">1) FUCNTION CHECK THE
LIMIT SWITCHES</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><i><span style="color: blue;">REF. CHAMBER ALARM</span></i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB">1) FUCNTION CHECK</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: blue;"><i>O.W.S. 15 PPM</i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB">1) </span>FUCNTION TEST OF
15-PPM ALARM AND CHANGING OVER OF O/B V/V</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<i><span style="color: blue;">ELE. EM’CY TRIPS</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
1) CARRY OUT FUNCTION
TEST</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
2) CONFIRM ALL BREAKERS ASSOCIATED WITH THE GROUP HAVE TRIPPED.</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><i><span style="color: blue;">EM’CY LIGHTING</span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB">1) FUCNTION CHECK</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: blue;"><i>COMMUNICATION
EQUIPMENTS</i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB">1) FUCNTION CHECK</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: blue;"><i>HAZ. AREA EQUIPMENTS</i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB">1) CHECK PHYSICAL
CONDITION OF THE EQUIPMENT</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB">2) CHECK THE BONDING</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><i><span style="color: blue;">M/E EM’CY MANOEUVRING</span></i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB">1) TRY OUT M/E FROM
LOCAL MANOEUVRING STATION.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><i><span style="color: blue;">EM’CY STEERING</span></i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB">1) TRY OUT STEERING FROM
LOCAL STATION.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: blue;"><i>MACHINERY TRIPS</i></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB">1) TRY OUT TRIPS AND
ALARMS FOR MACHINERIES AS PER INDIVIDUAL SCHEDULES</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><i><span style="color: blue;">BLACKOUT TEST</span></i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB">1) CARRY OUT BLACK OUT
TEST AND CHECK SEQUENTIAL START</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><i><span style="color: blue;">EMERGENCY SHOWER</span></i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB">1) OPERATIONAL CHECK TO
BE CARRIED OUT.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">2) OBSERVE THE COLOUR OF
WATER.</span></div>
</span></span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08099742129797960720noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6248576815456867660.post-89538943039472767412013-10-26T17:34:00.000+05:302013-10-26T17:34:12.288+05:30BOILER FEED WATER MANAGEMENT / CORROSION FIGHTING<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">CORROSION FOUND IN BOILER AND FEED WATER SYSTEM</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">CORROSION AND TUBE FAILURE CAUSED BY WATER CHEMISTRY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Metals
obtained from their oxide ores will tend to revert to that state. However , if
on exposure to oxygen the oxide layer is stable , no further oxidation will
occur. If it is porous or unstable then no protection is afforded.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-indent: 0.85in;">Iron+O</span><sub style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-indent: 0.85in;">2</sub><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-indent: 0.85in;">
--- magnetite(stable and protective) + O</span><sub style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-indent: 0.85in;">2</sub><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-indent: 0.85in;">----ferrous oxide (porous)</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">TWO PRINCIPLE TYPES OF CORROSION <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Direct chemical</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Higher temperature metal comes into contact with air or other gasses
(oxidation, Sulphurisation)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Electrochemical</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> -e.g. Galvanic action ,
hydrogen evolution , oxygen absorption <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Hydrogen Evolution (low pH attack)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Valency
= No of electrons required to fill outer shell</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pure water contains equal amounts of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions .
Impurities change the balance. Acidic water has an excess of hydrogen ions
which leads to hydrogen evolution</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">For hydrogen absorption
to occur no oxygen needs to be present, a pH of less than 6.5 and so an excess
of free hydrogen ions is required.<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Protective film of
hydrogen gas on the cathodic surface breaks down as the hydrogen combines and
bubbles off as diatomic hydrogen gas. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Oxygen Absorption(high O<sub>2</sub> corrosion)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">pH between 6- 10, Oxygen
present. Leads to pitting. Very troublesome and can be due to ineffective feed
treatment prevalent in idle boilers. Once started this type of corrosion cannot
be stopped until the rust scab is removed , either by mechanical means or by
acid cleaning. One special type is called deposit attack, the area under a deposit
being deprived of oxygen become anodic. More common in horizontal than vertical
tubing and often associated with condensers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">BOILER CORROSION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">General
Wastage</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Common in
boilers having an open feed system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Pitting</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">-Most
serious form of corrosion on the waterside<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">-Often
found in boiler shell at w.l.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">-Usually
due to poor shape<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">-In HP
blrs found also in screen and generating tubes and in suphtr tubes after
priming.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>CORROSION FATIGUE CRACKING</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Cases found in water
tube blrs where due to alternating cyclic stresses set up in tube material
leading to a series of fine cracks in wall. Corrosive environment aggravates.
Trans crystalline <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">more in depth:</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Occurs in any location
where cyclic stressing of sufficient magnitude are present <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Rapid
start up and shut down can greatly increase susceptibility. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Common
in wall and supht tubes, end of the membrane on waterwall tubes, economisers,
deaerators . Also common on areas of rigid constraint such as connections to
inlet and outlet headers <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Other
possible locations and causes are in grooves along partially full boiler tubes
(cracks normally lie at right angle to groove ), at points of intermittent stm
blanketing within generating tubes, at oxygen pits in waterline or feed water
lines, in welds at slag pockets or points of incomplete fusion , in sootblower
lines where vibration stresses are developed , and in blowdown lines. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">CAUSTIC CRACKING (EMBRITTLEMENT) or STRESS CORROSION CRACKING</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Pure
iron grains bound by cementite ( iron carbide). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Occurs
when a specific corrodent and sufficient tensile stress exists <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Due
to improved water treatment caustic stress- Corrosion cracking ( or caustic
embrittlement ) has all but been eliminated. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It
can however be found in water tubes , suphtr and reheat tubes and in stressed
components of the water drum.<br />
The required stress may be applied ( e.g. thermal, bending etc. ) or residual (
e.g. welding)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />Boiler steel is sensitive to Na OH , stainless steel is sensitive to NaOH and
chlorides.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-indent: 0.85in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-indent: 0.85in;">A large scale attack on the material is not normal and indeed uncommon. The
combination of NaOH , some soluble silica and a tensile stress is all that is
required to form the characteristic intergranular cracks in carbon steel.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: beige; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Concentrations of the corrodent may build up in a similar way to
those caustic corrosion i.e.</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">DNB <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Deposition <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Evaporation at water line <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">And also by small leakage <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Caustic
corrosion at temperatures less than 149<sup>o</sup>C are rare <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">NaOH
concentration may be as low as 5% but increased susceptibility occurs in the
range 20- 40 % <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Failure
is of the thick walled type regardless of ductility. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Whitish
highly alkaline deposits or sparkling magnetite may indicate a corrosion sight.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">To
eliminate this problem either the stresses can be removed or the corrodent. The
stresses may be hoop stress( temp', pressure) which cannot be avoided bending
or residual weld stresses which must be removed in the design/ manufacturing
stage. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Avoidance
of the concentrations of the corrodents is generally the most successful. Avoid
DNB , avoid undue deposits prevent leakage of corrodents, prevent carryover. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="text-indent: 0.85in;"><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Proper water treatment is essential.</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>CAUSTIC CORROSION</b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Takes place at high pressure due to
excessive NaOH <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In high temperature, high evaporation
rates leading to local concentrations nearly coming out of solution and form a
thin film near heating surface. <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Magnetite layer broken down <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Soluble compound formed which deposits
on metal as a porous oxide <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Local concentrations may cause a
significant overall reduction in alkalinity. <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">If evaporation rate reduced alkalinity
restored. <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">More in depth:</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><i>Generally confined to <o:p></o:p></i></span></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: blue;"><i><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Water cooled in regions of high heat
flux <o:p></o:p></span></b></i></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: blue;"><i><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Slanted or horizontal tubes <o:p></o:p></span></b></i></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: blue;"><i><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Beneath heavy deposits <o:p></o:p></span></b></i></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: blue;"><i><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--></i></span><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><i>Adjacent to devices that disrupt flow (
e.g. backing rings) </i></span><i><o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Caustic
( or ductile ) gouging refers to the corrosive interaction of concentrated NaOH
with a metal to produce distinct hemispherical or elliptical depressions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Depression
are often filled with corrosion products that sometimes contain sparkling
crystals of magnetite. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Iron
oxides being amphoteric are susceptible to corrosion by both high and low pH
enviroments.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">High
pH substances such as NaOH dissolve the magnetite then attack the iron.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The two factors required to cause caustic corrosion are;</span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">the availability of NaOH or of alkaline
producing salts. ( e.g. intentional by water treatment or unintentional by ion
exchange resin regeneration.) <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Method of concentration, i.e. one of
the following; <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span>i.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Departure form nucleate boiling (DNB) <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span>ii.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Deposition <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span>iii.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Evapouration <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></i></b></div>
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">i)Departure
form nucleate boiling (DNB)</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
Under normal conditions steam bubbles are formed in discrete parts. Boiler
water solids develop near the surface . However on departure of the bubble
rinsing water flows in and redissolves the soluble solids.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQqAjSNZrwqcTnXINKA5k05UwMoaixySuCrY_GUPiCVi_fZOx9bjvuwL8RYfaOwdj_RV8_7wekI4SuZrJ20VREZ_H-aDm3f520nsPz3tYARdGSI1bJ1_E1Va6gKgIqJQkHwEe8vYwMObQ/s1600/4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="118" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQqAjSNZrwqcTnXINKA5k05UwMoaixySuCrY_GUPiCVi_fZOx9bjvuwL8RYfaOwdj_RV8_7wekI4SuZrJ20VREZ_H-aDm3f520nsPz3tYARdGSI1bJ1_E1Va6gKgIqJQkHwEe8vYwMObQ/s400/4.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">However at increased rates the rate of bubble formation may exceed the
flow of rinsing water , and at higher still rate, a stable film may occur with
corrosion concentrations at the edge of this blanket.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">
The magnetite layer is then attacked leading to metal loss.<br />
The area under the film may be relatively intact.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .85in;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">ii) Deposition</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
A similar situation can occur beneath layers of heavy deposition where bubbles
formation occur but the corrosive residue is protected from the bulk water <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
iii),
Evaporation at waterline</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
Where a waterline exists corrosives may concentrate at this point by
evaporation and corrosion occurs.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b>PREVENTIONS</b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Rifling is sometimes fitted to prevent
DNB by inducing water swirl. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Reduce free NaOH by correct water
treatment <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Prevent inadvertent release of NaOH
into system (say from an ion exchange column regenerator ) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Prevent leakage of alkaline salts via
condenser <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Prevent DNB <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Prevent excessive waterside deposits <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: beige; margin-left: 51.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Prevent creation of waterlines in
tubes- slanted or horizontal tubes are particularly susceptible to this at
light loads were low water flows allow stm water stratification. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="" name="HA"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></a></div>
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<a href="" name="HA"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">HYDROGEN ATTACK<o:p></o:p></span></b></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">If the magnetite layer is broken down by corrosive action, high
temperature hydrogen atoms diffuse into the metal, combine with the carbon and
form methane. Large CH-3 molecules causes internal stress and cracking along
crystal boundaries and sharp sided pits or cracks in tubes appear. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .85in;">
<b><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">more in depth:</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Generally confined to internal surfaces of water carrying tubes
that are actively corroding. Usually occurs in regions of high heat flux,
beneath heavy deposits, in slanted and horizontal tubes and in heat regions at
or adjacent to backing rings at welds or near devices that disrupt flow .</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-indent: 0.85in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-indent: 0.85in;">Uncommon in boilers with a W.P.of less than 70 bar</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A typical sequence would be ;</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">NaOH removes the magnetite <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">free hydrogen is formed ( hydrogen in
its atomic rather than diatomic state) by either the reaction of water with the
iron reforming the magnetite or by NaOH reacting with the iron <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: beige; margin-left: 51.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This free hydrogen can diffuse into the
steel where it combines at the grain boundaries to form molecular hydrogen or
reacts with the iron carbide to form methane <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: beige; margin-left: 51.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">As neither molecular hydrogen or
methane can diffuse through the steel the gasses build up , increasing pressure
and leading to failure at the grain boundaries <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: beige; margin-left: 51.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">These micro cracks accumulate reducing
tensile stress and leading to a thick walled failure. Sections may be blown
out. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This form of damage may also occur in
regions of low pH <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: beige; margin-left: 51.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">For boilers operating above 70 bar ,
where high pH corrosion has occurred the possibility of hydrogen damage should
be considered <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="" name="HTC"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="" name="HTC"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">High temperature corrosion.<o:p></o:p></span></b></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Loss of circulation , high temperature in
steam atmosphere, or externally on suphtr tubes</span></div>
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<a href="" name="chel"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></a></div>
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<a href="" name="chel"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Chelant corrosion<o:p></o:p></span></b></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Concentrated chelants ( i,e. amines and
other protecting chemicals) can attack magnetite , stm drum internals most
susceptible.<br />
A surface under attack is free of deposits and corrosion products , it may be
very smooth and coated with a glassy black like substance<br />
Horse shoe shaped contours with comet tails in the direction of the flow may be
present. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .85in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Alternately deep discrete isolated pits may
occur depending on the flow and turbulence <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .85in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The main concentrating mechanism is
evaporation and hence DNB should be avoided <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .85in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Careful watch on reserves and O<sub>2</sub>
prescience should be maintained </span><a href="" name="ph"></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Low pH attack<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Pure water contains equal amounts of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions .
Impurities change the balance . Acidic water has an excess of hydrogen ions
which leads to hydrogen evolution.See previous notes on Hydrogen Evolution <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">For hydrogen absorption to occur no oxygen needs to be present, a
pH of less than 6.5 and so an excess of free hydrogen ions is required.<br />
The Protective film of hydrogen gas on the cathodic surface breaks down as the
hydrogen combines and bubbles off as diatomic hydrogen gas. <br />
May occur due to heavy salt water contamination or by acids leaching into the
system from a demineralisation regeneration. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .85in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Localised attack may occur however where evaporation causes the
concentration of acid forming salts . The mechanism are the same as for caustic
attack. The corrosion is of a similar appearance to caustic gouging <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .85in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Prevention is the same as for caustic attack . Proper maintenance
of boiler water chemicals is essential <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .85in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Vigorous acid attack may occur following chemical cleaning .
Distinguished from other forms of pitting by its being found on all exposed
areas.<br /><br />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .85in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Very careful monitoring whilst chemical cleaning with the temperature being
maintained below the inhibitor breakdown point. Constant testing of dissolved
iron and non ferrous content in the cleaning solution should be carried out. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .85in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">After acid cleaning a chelating agent such as phosphoric acid as
sometimes used . This helps to prevent surface rusting , The boiler is then
flushed with warm water until a neutral solution is obtained. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="" name="oxco"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>OXYGEN CORROSION</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Uncommon in operating boilers but may be
found in idle boilers.<br />
Entire boiler susceptible , but most common in the superheater tubes (reheater
tubes especially where water accumulates in bends and sags ) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .85in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .85in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In an operating boiler firstly the
economiser and feed heater are effected. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .85in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .85in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In the event of severe contamination of
oxygen areas such as the stm drum water line and the stm separation equipment <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .85in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .85in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In all cases considerable damage can occur
even if the period of oxygen contamination is short <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .85in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .85in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Bare steel coming into contact with
oxygenated water will tend to form magnetite with a sound chemical water
treatment program.<br />
However , in areas where water may accumulate then any trace oxygen is
dissolved into the water and corrosion by oxygen absorption occurs( see
previous explanation ) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="" name="oxab"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">OXYGEN ABSORPTION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">in addition to notes above</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> pH between 6- 10, Oxygen present.<br />
Leads to pitting. Very troublesome and can be due to ineffective feed treatment
prevalent in idle boilers. Once started this type of corrosion cannot be
stopped until the rust scab is removed , either by mechanical means or by acid
cleaning. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .85in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .85in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">One special type is called pitting were
metal below deposits being deprived of oxygen become anodic . More common in
horizontal than vertical tubing and often associated with condensers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .85in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .85in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The ensuing pitting not only causes trouble
due to the material loss but also acts as a stress raiser <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: beige;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The three critical factors are<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: beige; margin-left: 87.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -87.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span>i.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">the prescience of water or moisture <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: beige; margin-left: 87.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -87.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span>ii.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">prescience of dissolved oxygen <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: beige; margin-left: 87.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -87.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span>iii.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">unprotected metal surface <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .85in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-indent: 0.85in;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .85in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-indent: 0.85in;">The corrosiveness of the water increases
with temperature and dissolved solids and decreases with increased pH</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .85in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .85in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
Aggressiveness generally increases with increased O<sub>2</sub> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: beige;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: beige;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">The three causes of unprotected metal surfaces are <o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: beige; margin-left: 87.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -87.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: blue;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span>i.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">following acid cleaning <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: beige; margin-left: 87.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -87.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: blue;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span>ii.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">surface covered by a marginally or non protective iron oxide such</span></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: beige; margin-left: 87.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -87.0pt;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">as Hematite (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)
<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: beige; margin-left: 87.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -87.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: blue;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span>iii.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The metal surface is covered with a protective iron oxide such as</span></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: beige; margin-left: 87.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -87.0pt;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">magnetite (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> , black) But holidays or cracks exist in
the coating, this</span></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: beige; margin-left: 87.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -87.0pt;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">may be due to mechanical or thermal stressing. </span><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .85in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .85in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">During normal operation the environment
favours rapid repair of these cracks. However, with high O<sub>2</sub>
prescience then corrosion may commence before the crack is adequately repaired.
</span><a href="" name="feed"></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">FEED SYSTEM CORROSION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Graphitization<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Cast iron , ferrous materials corrode
leaving a soft matrix structur of carbon flakes <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Dezincification<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Brass with a high zinc content in contact
with sea water , corrodes and the copper is redeposited. Inhibitors such as
arsenic , antimony or phosphorus can be used , but are ineffective at higher
temperatures.<br />
Tin has some improving effects <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Exfoliation (denickelfication)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Normally occurs in feed heaters with a
cupro-nickel tubing ( temp 205<sup>o</sup>C or higher)<br />
Very low sea water flow condensers also susceptible.<br />
Nickel oxidised forming layers of copper and nickel oxide <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ammonium corrosion<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ammonium formed by the decompositin of hydrazine<br />
Dissolve cupric oxide formed on copper or copper alloy tubes<br />
Does not attack copper, hence oxygen required to provide corrosion,Hence only
possibel at the lower temperature regions where the hydrazine is less effective
or inactive,<br /><br />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The copper travels to the boiler and leads to piting.</span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08099742129797960720noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6248576815456867660.post-45037153949043402082013-10-08T19:20:00.005+05:302013-10-08T19:20:33.724+05:30BOILER'S SAFETY VALVE REGULATION<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">BASED ON ABS RULES</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>NUMBER OF SAFETY VALVES FOR BOILER</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Each boiler (including exhaust gas boiler) and steam generator is to be fitted with at least one safety valve and where the water-heating surface is more than 46.5 m<sup>2 </sup>(500 ft<sup>2</sup>), two or more safety valves are to be provided. The valves are to be of equal size as far as practicable and their aggregate relieving capacity is not to be less than the evaporating capacity of the boiler under maximum operating conditions.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20px;">SAFETY VALVES - SIZE RESTRICTIONS</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In no case,<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- is the inlet diameter of any safety valve for propulsion boiler and superheaters used to generate steam for main propulsion and other machinery to be less than 38 mm (1.5 in.) nor more than 102 mm (4 in.).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- For auxiliary boilers and exhaust gas economizers, the inlet diameter of the safety valve must not be less than 19 mm (3/4 in.) nor more than 102 mm (4 in.).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20px;">SAFETY VALVES - FOR SUPERHEATER & ECONOMIZER</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Superheater</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Each superheater, regardless of whether it can be isolated from the boiler or not, is to be fitted with at least one safety valve on the superheater outlet.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Economizers</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Each economizer, where fitted with a bypass, is to be provided with a sentinel relief valve, unless the bypass arrangement will prevent a buildup of pressure in the economizer when it is<br />bypassed.</span><span style="line-height: 18px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20px;">MINIMUM RELIEVING CAPACITY FOR BOILER SAFETY VALVE</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">In all cases, the safety-valve relieving capacity is to be determined on the basis of the boiler heating surface and water-wall heating surface along with the fuel-burning equipment, and is not to be less than that given in the table </span><span style="line-height: 18px;">(see later).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Where certification by the boiler manufacturer of the evaporative capacity of the boiler under maximum operating conditions indicates a higher capacity, the higher capacity is </span><span style="line-height: 18px;">to be used.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC0fNDAKvNLLJB9lFUdkIommerN18BJ6QuwfzowSqGA3J3CtIGTtCKK7vmjb9b3wLf88Hj8iux4NPn3XWpqoPN-D2quluCkLW_Ks6fjuv8cDgpKYxCDPKkLEGJ7-2R07H0TpDd2BZnw6Y/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="307" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC0fNDAKvNLLJB9lFUdkIommerN18BJ6QuwfzowSqGA3J3CtIGTtCKK7vmjb9b3wLf88Hj8iux4NPn3XWpqoPN-D2quluCkLW_Ks6fjuv8cDgpKYxCDPKkLEGJ7-2R07H0TpDd2BZnw6Y/s400/1.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20px;">MINIMUM RELIEVING CAPACITY<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>FOR SUPERHEATER SAFETY VALVE</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Where a superheater is fitted as an integral part of a boiler with no intervening valve between the superheater and the boiler, the relieving capacity of the superheater safety valve, based on the reduced pressure, may be included in determining the total relieving capacity of the safety valves </span><span style="line-height: 18px;">for the boiler as a whole.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">In such a case, the relieving capacity of the superheater safety valve is not to be credited for more than 25% of the </span><span style="line-height: 18px;">total capacity required.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">The safety valves are to be so set and proportioned that, under any relieving condition, sufficient steam will pass through the superheater to prevent </span><span style="line-height: 18px;">overheating the superheater.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Specially designed full-flow superheater valves, pilot-operated from the steam drum, may be used.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20px;">PRESSURE RISE DURING RELIEVING</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">For each boiler, the total capacity of the installed safety valves is to be such that the valves will discharge all steam that can be generated by the boiler without allowing the pressure to rise more than 6% above the maximum allowable working </span><span style="line-height: 18px;">pressure.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20px;">PRESSURE SETTING - BOILER DRUMS</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">At least one safety valve on the boiler drum is to be set at or below </span><span style="line-height: 18px;">the maximum allowable working pressure.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">If more than one safety valve is installed, the highest setting among the safety valves is not to exceed the maximum allowable working </span><span style="line-height: 18px;">pressure by more than 3%.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">The range of pressure settings of all the drum safety valves is not to </span><span style="line-height: 18px;">exceed 10% of the highest pressure to which any safety valve is set </span><span style="line-height: 18px;">In no case is the relief pressure to be greater than the design pressure of the steam piping or that of the machinery connected to </span><span style="line-height: 18px;">the boiler plus the pressure drop in the steam piping.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20px;">PRESSURE SETTING – SUPERHEATERS</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Where a superheater is fitted, the superheater safety valve is to be </span><span style="line-height: 18px;">set to relieve at a pressure no greater than the design pressure of the </span><span style="line-height: 18px;">steam piping or the design pressure of the machinery connected to </span><span style="line-height: 18px;">the superheater plus pressure drop in the steam piping.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">In no case is the superheater safety valve to be set at a pressure </span><span style="line-height: 18px;">greater than the design pressure of the superheater.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">In connection with the superheater, the safety valves on the boiler drum are to be set at a pressure not less than the superheater-valve setting plus 0.34 bar (0.35 kgf/cm<sup>2</sup>, 5 psi), plus approximately the </span><span style="line-height: 18px;">normal-load pressure drop through the superheater.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20px;">SAFETY VALVE <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>- EASING GEAR</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Each boiler and superheater safety valve is to be fitted with an efficient mechanical means by which the valve </span><span style="line-height: 18px;">disc may be positively lifted from its seat.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">This mechanism is to be so arranged that the valves may be safely operated from the boiler room or machinery space platforms, either by hand or by any </span><span style="line-height: 18px;">approved power arrangement.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20px;">SAFETY VALVE <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>- CONNECTION TO BOILER & SUPERHEATER</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Safety valves are to be connected directly to the boiler, except that they may be mounted on a common </span><span style="line-height: 18px;">fitting.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">However, they are not to be mounted on the same </span><span style="line-height: 18px;">fitting as that for the main or auxiliary steam outlet.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">This does not apply to superheater safety valves, which may be mounted on the fitting for the </span><span style="line-height: 18px;">superheater steam outlet.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20px;">SAFETY VALVE <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>- ESCAPE PIPE</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">The area of the escape pipe is to be at least equal to the combined outlet area of all of the safety valves </span><span style="line-height: 18px;">discharging into it.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">The pipe is to be so routed as to prevent the accumulation of condensate and is to be so supported that the body of the safety valve is not subjected to </span><span style="line-height: 18px;">undue load or moment.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20px;">SAFETY VALVE <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>- DRAIN PIPE</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Safety valve chests are to be fitted with drain pipes </span><span style="line-height: 18px;">leading to the bilges or a suitable tank.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">No valve or cock is to be fitted in the drain pipe.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20px;">SAFETY VALVE <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>- PRESSURE ACCUMULATION TEST</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Safety valves are to be set under steam and tested with pressure </span><span style="line-height: 18px;">accumulation tests in the presence of the Surveyor.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">The boiler pressure is not to rise more than 6% above the maximum allowable working pressure when the steam stop valve is closed under full firing condition for a duration of 15 minutes for </span><span style="line-height: 18px;">firetube boilers and 7 minutes for watertube boilers.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">During this test, no more feed water is to be supplied than that </span><span style="line-height: 18px;">necessary to maintain a safe working water level.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">The popping point of each safety valve is not to be more than 3% </span><span style="line-height: 18px;">above its set pressure.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20px;">SAFETY VALVE <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>- PRESSURE ACCUMULATION<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>TEST <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(WAIVER)</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Where such accumulation tests are impractical because of superheater </span><span style="line-height: 18px;">design, an application to omit such tests may be approved, provided the following are complied with:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- All safety valves are to be set in the presence of the Surveyor.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">- Capacity tests have been completed in the presence of the Surveyor on each valve </span><span style="line-height: 18px;">type.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- The valve manufacturer supplies a certificate for each safety valve stating its capacity at the maximum allowable working pressure and temperature of the boiler.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- The boiler manufacturer supplies a certificate stating the maximum evaporation of the boiler.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- Due consideration is given to back pressure in the safety valve steam escape pipe.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20px;">CHANGES IN SAFETY VALVE SETTING</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Where, for any reason, the maximum allowable working pressure is lower than that for which the boiler and safety valves were originally designed, the relieving capacity of the valves under lower pressure is to be checked against the </span><span style="line-height: 18px;">evaporating capacity of the boiler.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">For this purpose, a guarantee from the manufacturer that the valve capacity is sufficient for the new conditions is to be submitted for approval, or it is to be demonstrated by a pressure accumulation test, conducted in the presence of a </span></span><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Surveyor. </span></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08099742129797960720noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6248576815456867660.post-53868339048401646732013-09-29T16:34:00.001+05:302013-09-29T16:34:10.577+05:30HOW TO GET PANAMA COC<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px;"><u>ASSESMENT/ ISSUE OF PANAMA TITLE ( COC)</u></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY0w70svdIMIKahLaYwRgLAuU62trtEk_bPSApoNKPGnySE_LwaXIm2Ieq8qs7GOI67Gctj4wv2FxtQILe5RrZLdQgnD76ujhmqVqHRXoJzbYWTBwG_t9F1CFk_RZMOC9RYbstB_IrlO4/s1600/488700708.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY0w70svdIMIKahLaYwRgLAuU62trtEk_bPSApoNKPGnySE_LwaXIm2Ieq8qs7GOI67Gctj4wv2FxtQILe5RrZLdQgnD76ujhmqVqHRXoJzbYWTBwG_t9F1CFk_RZMOC9RYbstB_IrlO4/s320/488700708.gif" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">Effective from the January 27th, 2011, directorate General of Seafarers of Panama Maritime Authority, has declared that Panamanian Title Endorsement </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">might solely be issued to a seafarers by submitting a legitimate Certificate of competency (COC) from the same country of the seafarer’s nationality. Seafarers that submit a COC totally different from a rustic of that they're not nationals should approve the Assessment method (evaluation of the competence) so as to get a Panamanian COC.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">En exception is created by the non-nationalities of the subsequent countries: USA, Canada Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Norway, EU countries, India, UAE, Russia, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Philippines, China, Republic of Korea, Japan, Australia, New Seeland, state (in case of Russians), Singapore, Hong Kong.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Officers that gift a COC from a rustic that's not their position which doesn't seem within the on top of listed countries have to be compelled to pass assessment method, so as to get Panamanian Title.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Having a Panamanian COC is vital for mariners that wish to increase their job opportunities and alternatives. Having a Panamanian COC permits the person to figure in any Panamanian flagged vessel that widens their opportunities since over 500th of the world´s vessels are Panamanian flagged and also the variety is increasing.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Although there are many agencies for getting a PANAMA COC but </span><span style="color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><i style="font-weight: bold;">PANAMA MARITIME DILIGENCE AGENCY</i> </span><span style="line-height: 18px;">is the authorized one. Here is their procedure for PANAMA COC.</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiL2ntGK38CeQnFuz1p-B0LJ_GcAsUwEzuuZ3dxvHlIo5zxwsUnCc7fDzb5J-Rdg53ESGxLFac6Rfbc3Aj9SAXZOJyqZeJQtfxMQxoV9D8zPQM7Fr3YIh7oVRCIeDeM_je9ZD_WPxC0PQ/s1600/Panama_Maritime_diligence_Agency_Blue.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="134" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiL2ntGK38CeQnFuz1p-B0LJ_GcAsUwEzuuZ3dxvHlIo5zxwsUnCc7fDzb5J-Rdg53ESGxLFac6Rfbc3Aj9SAXZOJyqZeJQtfxMQxoV9D8zPQM7Fr3YIh7oVRCIeDeM_je9ZD_WPxC0PQ/s320/Panama_Maritime_diligence_Agency_Blue.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">In order to start with the assessment method and to judge the ability of the officers the subsequent documents should be submitted:</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">· Copy of Certificates of ability, Seaman National License</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">· Copy of valid passport </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">· Copy of ocean Service records</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">· Copy of obtainable STCW 78/95/2010 Certificates</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">· High resolution ID digital colours photos 3x3 cm.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">· Medical Certificate valid. Not older than 24 months</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">· Copy of Payment to PMA. (Bank details are going to be sent once required).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">After analysis of bestowed documents, method of assessment completed, confirmation from the administration of supplying and payment of relevant fees, certificate of ability (COC) and seaman’s book along with corresponding certificates for officers below the STCW Convention 1995/2010 are going to be issued.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Note: Please send all documentation by email to: office@pmacertification.com</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Digital format for documentation pdf. (Only jpg the ID photo).</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><u>UPGRADE CERTIFICATION</u></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Certificate of competence in conjunction with different supporting documents, showing proof of experiences (from 12 to 36 months) shall be submitted for revision, final verification and approval by the Administration. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Approval can take up to at least one week and every one method ought to be completed between 6-8 weeks.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><u>UPGRADES OF RANK</u></b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">1. From Deck and Engine ratings to OOWN / OOWE</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">2. From OOWN to deck Officer and Chief Mate</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">3. From Chief Mate to Master</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">4. From OOWE to Second Engineer</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">5. From Second Engineer to first Engineer and Chief Engineer</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><u>MASTER AND CHIEF ENGINEER STCW REGULATIONS</u></b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">II/2 – necessary minimum needs for certification of masters and chief mates on ships of 500 gross tonnage duty or a lot of</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Master and chief mate on ships of 3,000 gross tonnage duty or more</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b>1</b>. each master and chief mate on a oceangoing ship of 3,000 gross tonnage duty or a lot of shall hold associate applicable certificate.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b>2</b>. each candidate for certification shall:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">.1. meet the wants for certification as a politician guilty of a direction watch on ships of 500 gross tonnage duty or a lot of and have approved oceangoing service in this capacity:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">.1.1. for certification as chief mate, not but 12 months, and</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">.1.2. for certification as master, not but 36 months; but, this era could also be reduced to not but 24 months if not but 12 months of such oceangoing service has been served as chief mate; and</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b>3</b>. have completed approved coaching and meet the quality of competency per section A-II/2 of the STCW Code for masters and chief mates on ships of between 500 and 3,000 gross tonnage duty.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">III/2 – necessary minimum needs for certification of chief engineer officers and second engineer officers on ships supercharged by main propulsion machinery of 3,000 kW propulsion power or a lot of</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Chief Engineers and Second Engineer officers on ships of 3,000 kW or a lot of</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"> <b>1</b>. meet the wants for certification as a politician guilty of associate engineering watch and:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">.1.1. for certification as second engineer officer, shall haven't but 12 months’ approved oceangoing service as assistant engineer officer or engineer officer, and</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">.1.2. for certification as chief engineer officer, shall haven't but 36 months’ approved oceangoing service of that not but 12 months shall are served as associate engineer officer in an exceedingly position of responsibility whereas qualified to function second engineer officer; and</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b>2</b>. have completed approved education and coaching and meet the quality of competency per section A-III/2 of the STCW Code.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i>AS PER SOURCES YOU NEED 3.5 LACKS FOR </i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><i>PANAMA COC WITH INDIAN CDC.</i></b></span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08099742129797960720noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6248576815456867660.post-4827029031105966022013-09-28T18:38:00.000+05:302013-09-29T12:06:05.760+05:30ALL ABOUT BELIZE MARINE LICENSES(COC)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #38445b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 18px;"><u>Issuance of Belize marine licenses(COC)</u></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #38445b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 18px;"><u><br /></u></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSr947lmMiSeSpxsqPwF7SYtKro5zuFv1rYkybPpSETNZ8LpbgV8z0zYtoxquqa94O-EMKowVAC4SrJNw6IWhStX8K6dcW-vH3Qt2mKhCEvuoDZQ8T5WyjpYq83cmxeNst9LNx24QwY-U/s1600/581598556.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSr947lmMiSeSpxsqPwF7SYtKro5zuFv1rYkybPpSETNZ8LpbgV8z0zYtoxquqa94O-EMKowVAC4SrJNw6IWhStX8K6dcW-vH3Qt2mKhCEvuoDZQ8T5WyjpYq83cmxeNst9LNx24QwY-U/s320/581598556.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Belize was placed on the
IMO STCW White List in november 2001. Also, the IMO’s Maritime Safety Committee
has confirmed that in accordance with Regulation 1/8 of the STCW 1978
Convention, it's received the specified freelance analysis that demonstrates
that British Honduras is giving full and complete result to the said
Convention. The procedures for supplying of such Endorsements by IMMARBE are
based on equivalence, requiring proof that the person is in possession of an
acceptable, recognized and valid certificate from a rustic that's on the IMO
White List.</span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Although there are too many agent who promise to get you Belize COC but <a href="http://camabelize.org/">CAMABELIZE</a> i.e. </span></span><span style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">CAMA for IMMARBE-Belize is the only designated IMMARBE Office in INDIA. It is also the Office of the Dy.Registrar – IMMARBE Belize / Principal Officer – CAMA Belize / Dy.Commissioner – Belize Maritime Affairs.</span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">CAMA Belize extends facilities to Indian as well as International Seafarers. CAMA accepts applications for Belize Seaman Book / Belize CDC, Marine Technician Books, Belize COC / License, Belize DC, Belize Endorsement.</span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><i><u>REQUIRED DOCUMENTS</u></i></b></span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">For the issuing of COC’s at the start the subsequent documentary needs would be requested:</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">1. Certificate of competency/Seaman's book</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">2. Valid Passport copy</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">3. STCW Certificates</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">4. Home country continuous discharge book or Seaman's book showing expertise of minimum one year or 2 just in case of upgrade of COC for Master and Chief Engineer. </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;"> Formal letters of corporations / employers proving your experience; showing capability served on board, periods of service, tonnage, kilowatt and sort of vessel, is also accepted.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">4. Medical Certificate (not older than twenty four months)</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">5. 3cm x 3cm photos</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">Depending on every case extra documentation is also requested.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">COC are going to be issued inside one week once all documents area unit reviewed and confirmed to be so as. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"></span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">Delivery of the first documents to the selected address are going to be done once we tend to received confirmation of the corresponding payment.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;"><b><u><i>UP-GRADATION OF RANK REQUIREMENTS</i></u></b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;"><b> </b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;"><b> <u>DECK SIDE</u></b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>Watchkeeping AB/DECK
Ratings wide rule II/4 </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">4 Basic STCW Courses<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Passport Copy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Application Form<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Over 3months seatime
required after Pre-Sea Training<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">OR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Over 6months seatime
required with No Pre-Sea Training<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
<b>OFFICER
IN-CHARGE OF A NAVIGATION WATCH COC</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>wide
rule II/1</b></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">4
Basic STCW<br />
PSCRB, SSO, ARPA, ROC, GMDSS<br />
Passport copy<br />
Seaman Book / CDC seatime endorsed pages<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />
Over 36months seatime required if sailed in the Rank of Ordinary Seaman<br />
OR<br />
Over 6months seatime required if holding B.SC Nautical Science<br />
OR<br />
Over 24months seatime required if holding Pre-Sea Deck Cadet<br />
OR<br />
Over 12months seatime required if holding<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>Ratings
Watchkeeping COC<br />
</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>CHIEF
OFFICER / MATE wide rule II/2 </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Holding II/1 COC with
seatime over 12months<br />
Mandatory STCW certificates<br />
Advanced Fire Fighting, Medical First Aid<br />
Preferably Bridge Simulation & ECDIS mandatory from June 2012 as per STCW
2010<br />
Passport copy<br />
Seaman Book / CDC seatime endorsed pages<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>MASTER wide rule II/2</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Holding MATE COC with
seatime over 36months from the time of holding Officer in-charge of Navigation
Watch<br />
Mandatory STCW courses with Advanced courses<br />
Bridge Team Management Course<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u>ENGINE SIDE</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>UPGRADATION
/ COC<br />
Watchkeeping MOTORMAN/ENGINE Ratings wide rule III/4</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">4 Basic STCW Courses<br />
Passport Copy<br />
Application Form<br />
Over 3months seatime required after Pre-Sea Training OR over 6months seatime
required with No Pre-Sea Training<br />
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>OFFICER
IN-CHARGE OF ENGINEERING WATCH COC</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>wide
rule III/1</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">4 Basic STCW<br />
PSCRB, SSO, MFA<br />
Passport copy<br />
Seaman Book / CDC seatime endorsed pages<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />
Over 36months seatime required if sailed in the Rank of Wiper/Fitter<br />
OR<br />
Over 12months seatime required if holding Mechanical/Electrical Engineering
Diploma , ITI / NCTVT<br />
OR<br />
Over 6months seatime required if holding Engineering Degree<br />
OR<br />
Over 24months seatime required if holding Pre-Sea Engine Cadet<br />
OR<br />
Over 12months seatime required if holding<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>Ratings
Watchkeeping COC<br />
</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>II
ENGINEER wide rule III/2</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Holding III/1 COC
with seatime over 12months<br />
Mandatory STCW certificates<br />
Advanced Fire Fighting, Medical First Aid<br />
Passport copy<br />
Seaman Book / CDC seatime endorsed pages<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>CHIEF
ENGINEER wide rule III/2</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Holding II ENGINEER
COC with seatime over 18months from the time of holding Officer in-charge of
Engineering Watch<br />
Mandatory STCW courses with Advanced courses<br />
Engine Room Simulator Course</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><i><u>MINIMUM SEA EXPERIENCE REQUIRED</u></i></b></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Deck Cadets with <b>1.5 years </b>of experience can <i><b>upgrade</b></i> to <b>3nd Officer Limited</b> to 3000 GTR</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Engineers with <b>1.5 years</b> as engineer can <i><b>upgrade </b></i>to <b>3nd Engineer Limited</b> to 3000 GTR</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #3333ff;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Emperical seamen must have 3 years of experience in order to<b><i> upgrade</i> </b>to<b> 3rd Officer "limited".</b></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; line-height: 20.796875px;">Note: </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: #4e4e4e; line-height: 20.796875px;">any other rank upgrading must send the scan of current documents (letter of discharge, passport, medical cert, etc) listed above for private evaluation and pricing. </span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: yellow; color: #4e4e4e; line-height: 20.796875px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: yellow; color: #4e4e4e; line-height: 20.796875px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; line-height: 20.796875px;"><b><i><u>ADVANTAGES OF BELIZE FLAG REGISTERED SHIPS</u></i></b></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1. A worldwide
network of Deputy Registrars in major maritime centers<br />
2. Worldwide network of General Safety Inspectors<br />
3. Very Competitive tonnage taxes, fees and discount incentives<br />
4. Potentially established legal system and mortgage recording services<br />
5. Political stability of Belize<br />
6. International Business Corporations (IBC)<br />
7. Always on IMO White List<br />
8. Wide choice of Authorized Classification Societies to issuance of Statutory
Certificate w</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 18pt;">ide survey and inspections. This includes all IACS & Non IACS.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">N<i>ow the most important one is how much money we have to pay?</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i>Different agent have different charges but fromone of the source it is 1 Lack INR for <span style="background-color: yellow;">BELIZE COC WITH INDIAN CDC</span>. But t</i><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 20.796875px;"><i>he fee includes all STCW courses, requirements, diligence's and COC</i></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; line-height: 20.796875px;"><b><i><u><br /></u></i></b></span></span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08099742129797960720noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6248576815456867660.post-26665867328427739262013-09-27T15:14:00.000+05:302013-09-27T15:19:28.214+05:30YELLOW FEVER AND YELLOW FEVER VACCINATION<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Yellow Fever may be a illness caused by infectious disease Virus. The infectious disease Virus spreads through infected two-winged insects bites.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Symptoms of infectious disease embrace :</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"># Fever and respiratory illness</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"># harm from many body elements</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"># jaundice</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"># sure organ failure like excretory organ, liver and alternative organs</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"># in severe cases might result in death.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Yellow fever vaccination is taken to stop {yellow fever|yellow jack|black vomit|infectious illness} disease. infectious disease immunogen may be a live, weakened virus, given as a single shot. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO) approves only.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> only three makers of infectious disease vaccine viz :</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1. Aventis biologist, France</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2. BioManguinhos, Brazil</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">3. Institut biologist national capital, Senegal</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The vaccine are effective after 10 days of obtaining the shot, therefore avoid traveling among ten days of being administered.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Yellow fever vaccination isn't to be to :</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"># kids aged less than 9 months for routine immunisation (or less than 6 months throughout associate degree epidemic);</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"># Pregnant ladies – except throughout a infectious disease natural event once the danger of infection is high;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"># individuals with severe allergies to egg protein; and</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"># individuals with severe immunological disorder as a result of symptomatic HIV/AIDS or alternative causes, or within the presence of a thymus disorder.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">You will be given a infectious disease vaccination certificate when the shot, that you would like to hold throughout your international travel. Attaching a model International Certificate of Vaccination or prevention as suggested by UN agency.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #dfebfd; line-height: 14.296875px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">For more information check <a href="http://who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/">http://who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/</a></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #dfebfd; line-height: 115%;"><u><b>YELLOW FEVER
VACCINATION CERTIFICATE</b></u></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">You will be provided infectious disease vaccination Certificate (International Certificate of Vaccination or prevention conjointly referred to as Yellow Card) once you get the infectious disease vaccination shot. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Yellow Fever Vaccination Certificate is valid only:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"># if the vaccination used could be a who approved vaccination and </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"># if infectious disease vaccination centre is selected by the Health administration for the territory during which that center is placed e.g. for india the centre is approved by MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Validity of infectious disease Vaccination Certificate is for amount of 10 years, starting 10 days when the date of vaccination or, if revaccinated at intervals such amount of 10 years, from the date of revaccination. The validity shall extend till the date indicated for the actual vaccination or prevention.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Yellow Fever Vaccination Certificate should be signed by a health professional or different person licensed by the National Health Administration in his own hand. His official stamp isn't AN accepted substitute for his signature.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Yellow Fever Vaccination Certificate shall be totally completed in English or in French. they will even be completed in another language, in addition to either English or French.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Any change of infectious disease Vaccination Certificate, or erasure, or failure to finish any a part of it, might render it invalid.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Yellow Fever Vaccination Certificate shall in no circumstances be used collectively. Separate certificates shall be issued for kids, spouse and different members of the family.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Yellow Fever Vaccination Certificate is proof of vaccination to enter sure countries. Travelers without the certificate can be given the immunizing agent upon entry or detained for up to six days to create sure they're not infected. Cases might vary relying upon the country of visit.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmsW_ktUUhPAmwFMC_aJeVRkKOugekO5g57kzXRnzJk55Iye9SZeM2iJ3IQAtTNhlxN9bhyphenhyphenSuo8fKovP20lRdGqcAlkxjjriT7_eP_feEnG1H4l-F53c9VmbMrZnqBA7zDt63N98zR1Rg/s1600/Yellow-Fever-Vaccination-Certificate-3995.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="468" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmsW_ktUUhPAmwFMC_aJeVRkKOugekO5g57kzXRnzJk55Iye9SZeM2iJ3IQAtTNhlxN9bhyphenhyphenSuo8fKovP20lRdGqcAlkxjjriT7_eP_feEnG1H4l-F53c9VmbMrZnqBA7zDt63N98zR1Rg/s640/Yellow-Fever-Vaccination-Certificate-3995.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">For mariners who want their yellow fever
vaccination from Mumbai just dial </span><span style="background: #DFEBFD;">08291871016. He serve sugarcane juice just outside the MMD Mumbai. Call
him one day before to get in the list. Very important person as the queue is
formed either on the midnight of the previous day or early morning. Pay him 250
rupees.</span></span><b><span style="background-color: #dfebfd; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<span style="background-color: #dfebfd; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14.296875px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #dfebfd; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14.296875px;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #dfebfd; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14.296875px;"><i>SOURCE:JAHJEE.COM</i></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08099742129797960720noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6248576815456867660.post-36580857360606859942013-09-26T17:59:00.000+05:302013-09-26T17:59:23.492+05:30RENEWAL/DUPLICATE/REPLACEMENT OF INDIAN CDC PROCEDURE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>NO
APPLICATION WILL BE ACCEPTED IN PERSON</b> means you have to</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">post the necessary documents xerox and form to the following address <span style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.5in;">by</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Registered / Speed post / Courier service to the </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.5in;">Shipping Master,</span><span style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.5in;">Government Shipping Office, Nau Bhavan, 10. R.K. Marg,</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.5in;">Ballard
Estate,</span><span style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.5in;">Mumbai - 400 001.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.5in;">(Phone No. 022-2269 7971/ 2269 7972, Fax No.
022-</span><span style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.5in;">22693053,</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.5in;">Email: </span><a href="mailto:gsomumbai@dgshipping.com" style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.5in;">gsomumbai@dgshipping.com</a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #0e2233; line-height: 23px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #0e2233; line-height: 23px;">To Renew Indian CDC, following certificates to be sent along with Form B (latest copy) to Mumbai Shipping office.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #0e2233; line-height: 23px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #0e2233; line-height: 23px;">1. CDC</span><br /><span style="background-color: white; color: #0e2233; line-height: 23px;">2. Passport</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #0e2233; line-height: 23px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #0e2233; line-height: 23px;">3. PSSR</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #0e2233; line-height: 23px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #0e2233; line-height: 23px;">4. PST</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #0e2233; line-height: 23px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #0e2233; line-height: 23px;">5. First Aid</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #0e2233; line-height: 23px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #0e2233; line-height: 23px;">6. Fire fighting</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #0e2233; line-height: 23px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #0e2233; line-height: 23px;">7. INDOS</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #0e2233; line-height: 23px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #0e2233; line-height: 23px;">8. COC (If applicable)</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #0e2233; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 23px;">and </span></span><br />
<b style="text-align: justify;"><u><br /></u></b>
<b style="text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Following documents are to be enclosed alongwith the application
Form :</span></u></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> A) For re-validation of CDC
(for CDC Sticker)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(i)3 stamp size photographs in white shirt (size 3
cm x 2.5 cm) – one</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">should be affixed on the application form. Photo in uniform
is not</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">acceptable.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(ii)One self addressed post card <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(iii)One self addressed envelope (size: 5" x
12") with Rs.50/- (Rupees Fifty</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">only) postage stamp affixed (to forward
revalidation CDC Sticker by speed</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">post).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(iv)Xerox copy of CDC.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(v)<span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Copy of the profile registration print out under
Directorate Notice No. 1</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Computer Cell (INDOS)/2010-I dated 09.11.2011.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">B) <u>For duplicate/replacement
of CDC</u></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(i)Two passport size photographs (size 3.5 cm x 3.5
cm) in white shirt in addition to the photo affixed on the application form.
Photo in uniform is not acceptable.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">(ii)</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">One self addressed post card.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(iii)One self addressed envelope (size 5 " x
12") with Rs.100/- postage stamp affixed (to forward the CDC by speed
post).</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(iv)Non-refundable
fee of Rs.1000/- through Demand Draft in favor of Shipping Master, Mumbai payable
at Mumbai.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(v)Attested copy of proper FIR (in case of
duplicate CDC for loss of CDC cases</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">(vi)</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Xerox
copy of CDC, if available (For loss of CDC cases)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">(vii)</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Attested
copy of INDOS Certificate.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(viii)Attested copies of four basic STCW
familiarization courses.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">(ix)</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">CDC
in original. (For additional / Replacement CDC cases)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(x)Print out copy of registration of profile under
Directorate Notice No. 1 Computer Cell (INDOS)/2010-11 dated 09.11.2011.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><div>
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Copy
of the profile registration print out under Directorate Notice No. 1 Computer
Cell (INDOS)/2010-I dated 09.11.2011</span></b>.</span></span><div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span><div>
<span style="background-color: #dfebfd; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #dfebfd; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Download the
CDC Renewal form @ </span><a href="http://www.dgshipping.com/dgship/final/notices/note8_2012_appendixB_a.doc" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background: #DFEBFD; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">M.S. Notice
24 of 2012 Dated 04.12.2012</span></a><span style="background-color: #dfebfd; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> .
CDC renewal form is self explanatory. It covers not only CDC Renewal but also
duplicate and </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">lost CDC replacement</span><span style="background-color: #dfebfd; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> procedure. </span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #dfebfd;">Listing down
important points :</span><br />
<span style="background: #DFEBFD;"># No need of attestation by Gazetted Officer,
Self attestation accepted on copies of your documents.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
<span style="background: #DFEBFD;"># Do not forget to write your Full name and
date of self attestation.</span><br />
<span style="background: #DFEBFD;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background: #DFEBFD;"># Use only CAPITAL LETTERS while filling your
CDC Renewal form.</span><br />
<span style="background: #DFEBFD;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background: #DFEBFD;"># Avoid over-writing !</span><br />
<span style="background: #DFEBFD;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background: #DFEBFD;"># Fill & send only page number 3 to 8
(first 2 instruction pages are for self reference)</span><br />
<span style="background: #DFEBFD;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background: #DFEBFD;"># Write on top left hand of the envelope
(containing documents/CDC renewal form) in BLOCK LETTERS
Replacement/Duplicate/Re-validation of CDC as required.</span><br />
<span style="background: #DFEBFD;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background: #DFEBFD;"># No fees levied
for re-validation of CDC (CDC Sticker).</span><br />
<span style="background: #DFEBFD;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background: #DFEBFD;"># Write your name on the reverse of your
photograph.</span><br />
<span style="background: #DFEBFD;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background: #DFEBFD;"># Send the application by Registered / Speed
post / Courier service to the Shipping Master (from where CDC was obtained i.e.
Mumbai/Kolkata/Chennai, address given in the CDC Renewal form)</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: #dfebfd;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">All
documents list send by me attached below.</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
<span style="background-color: #dfebfd;">Kept the documents list simple, did not add
covering letter or next of kin details (advised by few shipping companies)</span><span style="font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<br /></div>
<span style="background-color: #dfebfd; line-height: 14.296875px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="line-height: 14.296875px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>LIST OF ENCLOSURE</b></span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 14.296875px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN2jvi5iyxqO2sktPJWwlaFqTQbHDZvsvvOu6pkSa3-Tt_gZHU3ffju8rVGzG8UwKopQqHpiGQsnfuq5kb808qUfl5PCu8gVcT5kF6LeTIbbJIo7vXdkw9ZzOZP2aBIpu0IabCK00cPHU/s1600/CDC-Renewal-Form-7892.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN2jvi5iyxqO2sktPJWwlaFqTQbHDZvsvvOu6pkSa3-Tt_gZHU3ffju8rVGzG8UwKopQqHpiGQsnfuq5kb808qUfl5PCu8gVcT5kF6LeTIbbJIo7vXdkw9ZzOZP2aBIpu0IabCK00cPHU/s640/CDC-Renewal-Form-7892.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 14.296875px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 14.296875px;"><br /></span></span>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The 9th one "Copy Of
Profile Registration Printout" is your <o:p></o:p></span><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">E</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">-SAMUDRA,
DG SHIPPING SEAFARER PROFILE REGISTRATION</span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="background-color: #dfebfd; line-height: 14.296875px; margin: 1px; padding: 1px;">
</div>
<div style="background-color: #dfebfd; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 0.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Register
& complete your e-Samudra seafarer profile. Completing your DG Shipping
Seafarer profile, is mandatory as per DG Guidelines.<span style="font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #dfebfd; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14.296875px; margin: 1px; padding: 1px;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5beGLAKg53Eh3wI4ZBxNIDR9TOals67bfBC9Z6FAPLIxZEhWRo7JtFKZD8lmSWrAg9syE9Kl3llRf9VcT-55f-pEGVMqTmYcVB-LNz8BQH1ebsadC7uGvWF0rQ7t4jA0khd7lM60chDA/s1600/e-samudra-DG-Shipping-Seafarer-profile-registration-7891.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="364" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5beGLAKg53Eh3wI4ZBxNIDR9TOals67bfBC9Z6FAPLIxZEhWRo7JtFKZD8lmSWrAg9syE9Kl3llRf9VcT-55f-pEGVMqTmYcVB-LNz8BQH1ebsadC7uGvWF0rQ7t4jA0khd7lM60chDA/s640/e-samudra-DG-Shipping-Seafarer-profile-registration-7891.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="background-color: #dfebfd; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14.296875px; margin: 1px; padding: 1px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: #dfebfd; line-height: 14.296875px; margin: 1px; padding: 1px;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">CDC RENEWAL STATUS</span></b></div>
<div style="background-color: #dfebfd; line-height: 14.296875px; margin: 1px; padding: 1px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">How can one track CDC renewal status once CDC Renewal Form is send ?<br />You need to send a self addressed post card along with your documents. CDC renewal status will be send back to you on this post card. You will be assigned a file number on this post card for future reference related to your CDC Sticker application</span></div>
<div style="background-color: #dfebfd; line-height: 14.296875px; margin: 1px; padding: 1px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #dfebfd; line-height: 14.296875px; margin: 1px; padding: 1px;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE ?</span></b></div>
<div style="background-color: #dfebfd; line-height: 14.296875px; margin: 1px; padding: 1px;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Around 1.5 to 2 month time it required.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: #dfebfd; line-height: 14.296875px; margin: 1px; padding: 1px;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="background-color: #dfebfd; line-height: 14.296875px; margin: 1px; padding: 1px;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">WHAT YOU WILL GET IN RETURN IN THE ENVELOP FROM D.G.SHIPPING?</span></b></div>
<div style="background-color: #dfebfd; line-height: 14.296875px; margin: 1px; padding: 1px;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">CDC RENEWAL STICKER</span></div>
<div style="background-color: #dfebfd; line-height: 14.296875px; margin: 1px; padding: 1px;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Indian CDC contain pages marked "SPACE FOR PASTE OF RENEWAL STICKER" almost at the end of CDC (Page number 29 onwards),please stick your CDC renewal sticker on this page.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: #dfebfd; line-height: 14.296875px; margin: 1px; padding: 1px;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #dfebfd; line-height: 14.296875px; margin: 1px; padding: 1px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">If I had missed something, please do share your experience/updates about CDC renewal sticker.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #dfebfd; line-height: 14.296875px; margin: 1px; padding: 1px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #dfebfd; line-height: 14.296875px; margin: 1px; padding: 1px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #dfebfd; line-height: 14.296875px; margin: 1px; padding: 1px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #dfebfd; line-height: 14.296875px; margin: 1px; padding: 1px;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">SOURCE:JAHAJEE.COM</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08099742129797960720noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6248576815456867660.post-83423499765193146742013-09-19T14:32:00.000+05:302013-09-19T14:32:59.047+05:30BOILER QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsVZgaJk93S_tTUMp6hM883dbgnFc2pFzOiVnyi35WbhmvdWt16SaNvzZSaDu2pdti7DUXapNnCLgGQcqIxuNhcWCvv_GC3WmBiQSMAGWfraDsAcrwAq7lTGcFEawBNkU4sX3g707H_R0/s1600/Boiler_Flow_Schem_DOE.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsVZgaJk93S_tTUMp6hM883dbgnFc2pFzOiVnyi35WbhmvdWt16SaNvzZSaDu2pdti7DUXapNnCLgGQcqIxuNhcWCvv_GC3WmBiQSMAGWfraDsAcrwAq7lTGcFEawBNkU4sX3g707H_R0/s640/Boiler_Flow_Schem_DOE.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Please, share your power and contribute with answers to the visitors' queries. we've got all completely different experiences and nobody is aware of everything, however along we will solve voluminous issues. A straightforward question for you may be a tough one for a colleague or the other way around.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Question: Boiler pressure</b><br />
In tanker vessels we use boilers for cargo heating.<br />
Lets say that steam pressure to deck line adjusted to 5 bar. <br />
What will be most economical? Boiler pressure adjusted to 7 bar or to 16 bar ? <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Answer:</b><br /><span style="background-color: #eeeeee;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>
The higher pressure would be advantageous if the boiler is oil-fired, <br />
but the difference is hardly measurable.<br />
If you have a diesel engine exhaust gas economizer then 7 bar boiler pressure
would gain more heat from the exhaust gases.</b></span></span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Question: Emegency low water level in
the boiler</b><br />
I want to know what should be my immediate action in case I saw no water in the
boiler gauge glass.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Answer:</b><br /><span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">
Stop the burners immediately.</span><br /><span style="font-size: small;">
Do not pump in any feedwater until you know that the boiler is undamaged.</span><br />
If some parts of the plates or tubes are glowing, then increasing of the water
level will cause an enormous evaporation and hence a pressure rise that the
safety valves can't manage and an explosion might be a fact.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Question: Cavitation in a two flow line</b><br />
We have a steam genereting facilty using process heat. The condenser is a
vertical condenser with process vapours on tube side and boiler feed water on
shell side. The outlet of the shell side is a two phase flow. Pipe thickness
reduction of the shell side outlet pipe is observed for last couple of years.
We replace the piece of pipe every one year. I want to know the probable
reasons for this to happen.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Answer:</b><br /><b><span style="color: blue;">
I guess it might be a cavitation problem. Calculate the flow rate. Decreasing
the speed of the flow might be a solution i.e., increase the pipe diameter.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Question: Boiler drum level control goes
haywire</b><br />
We are having 100 tones FBC boilers. Frequent problem observed is that whenever
there is sudden load change the boiler drum level control goes haywire leading
to tripping of boiler and turbine on drum level low or high. Our drum level
control is 3-element control in auto mode.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Answer:</b><br /><b><span style="color: blue;">
The most common fault with a three-point level controller is the steam flow
transmitter.</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Loosen the impulse pipes and cleanse the holes into the measuring orifice.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Question: Firing light crude oil</b><br />
Can a Main Boiler built to fire 380 cst HFO, be fired with light crude oil
directly from the cargo-tanks? <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Answer:</b><br /><b><span style="color: blue;">
A completely new fuel system is required, from deck to the burner rails of the
boiler. To prevent any possibility of gasses leaking from flanges, there have
to be ducting enclosing the entire fuel-system with forced draft fans that vent
30 times the volume of the trunking to the outside. Also there have to be a
burner hood to be constructed all over the burner roof, equally vented.
Naturally there have to be new burners and so is the burner management. </span></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">There are two main contractors who are capable and willing to carry this out:
HAMWORTHY-Combustion Engineering in UK and SAACKE in Germany.</span></b> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Question: Seawater in the boiler</b><br />
If the boiler had to be operated with seawater what would be the result.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Answer:</b><br /><span style="color: blue;"><b>
The salinity will rise rapidly since the salt remains in the boiler while the
water boils off. Salt will son precipitate and accumulate on the bottom and
also on the heating surface where it, just as boiler-scales, inhibit the heat
transmission to the water and causes the metal to overheat and in worst case
burst. You may also get foam in the boiler that will cause difficulties to
maintain the water level and water droplets might follow with the steam,
causing problems with turbines and engines.<br />
It is very dangerous to operate a boiler with salt in it, and you have to
control the salt concentration by frequently blowing off from the bottom of the
boiler and form the water surface to keep the salinity below 9.5% (boilermakers
and classification societies may recommend other values).<br />
It would also be a good measure to reduce the capacity of the boiler.<br />
After this emergency operation it would be wise to open up the boiler for
inspection since seawater further accumulation of scales.<br />
<br />
In the old days some ships sailing on lakes used the lakes water as make up
water for their boilers, but even that water caused problem with salt in the
boilers although it is supposed to be fresh-water.</b></span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Question: Heavy fuel oil viscosity</b><br />
Heavy fuel oil viscosity is defined in the standards as the viscosity at 100°C
yet the oils are often described in terms of their nominal 40 or 50°C
temperature viscosities. e.g. a G35 oil (35cst at 100°C) is often described as
anything from a 350cst to 390cst oil. Refineries blend to control the viscosity
at 100°C. Testing aboard ship or in boiler hosues appears to test the viscosity
at 50°C. Because of the variation in quality of the residual oil and distillate
that make up a heavy fuel oil, it is difficult to make a good correlation
between the 50°C and 100°C measurements. My question is, how is the blending of
oil in the terminals or on fuel barges controlled? and how reliable is this in
achieving the required viscosity?<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Answer:</b><br /><b><span style="color: blue;">
The values you get from my Fuel Oil Calculation program are normally sufficient
for firing a boilers heavy fuel oil burner. For a diesel engine on the other
hand, I assume that an automatic viscosity-controller would be indispensable.</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Question: Heating up a fire-tube boiler</b><br />
Is there a minimum temperature that a fire-tube boiler should reach before
going to a high fire state to prevent tubes from leaking?<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Answer:</b><br /><span style="color: blue;"><b>
The important thing is to heat up the boiler slowly so all parts of the boiler
expand just as much. The leaks occur when some part expands more, or less, than
the rest of the boiler. You will be on the safe side if you slowly heat up the
boiler to, or almost to, normal operation pressure before you start high
firing.<!--EndFragment--> </b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Question: Combustion air preheating</b><br />
Please tell me how air inlet temperature affects boiler efficiency. What are
the benefits of air preheating?<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Answer:</b><br /><b><span style="color: blue;">
The combustion air will be heated to the flame temperature. This heating cost
money. If you have some waste heat to be used for preheating the combustion air
it will pay.</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Question: Water in the heavy fuel oil</b><br />
Is it possible to overheat heavy fuel oil thus causing any water in it to turn
to steam and cause problems at the pump and burner?.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Answer:</b><br /><b><span style="color: blue;">
Yes it is. The temperature of the heavy fuel oil is very often 130°C to 150°C
and water introduced to that temperature would immediately evaporate into
steam. When boiling it expands about 1590 times. The situation might be
dangerous since the safety valves not are designed for steam. <br />
This kind of problem is very likely to occur when you change fuel oil tank and
some water from a poorly drained pipe mixes with the heavy fuel oil.</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Question: Oil showing in the water level
gauge glass</b><br />
Whilst on your engine room rounds, you discover oil showing in the water level
gauge glass of an auxiliary boiler. Describe the remedial actions you would
take, explaining why such actions must not be delayed.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Answer:</b><br /><b><span style="color: blue;">
Stop the burner immediately. <br />
Oil present, even small quantities, in boiler water will cause foaming and
moisture carry-over. It also forms a heat insulating film, sometimes a
carbonized layer, over tubes or shell surfaces. Even a very thin layer may
result in tube or plate material failure due to overheating.<br />
The oil manifests itself by forming an oily ring inside the water gauge
glasses, at the water level.</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Question: Emergency low boiler water
level</b><br />
You are an officer on watch, & finds the boiler water-level gauge glass to
be empty & the burner firing...What is your course of action? (Assuming the
gauge glass to be clear & good working order)<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Answer:</b><br /><span style="color: blue;"><b>
Normally a boiler is provided with two independent sensors for emergency low
water level burner cut-outs. So this would never happen. However, if it does,
don’t take any chances! Shut off the burners immediately! <br />
Before you start raising the level in the boiler you have to find out if any
part of the furnace walls has been overheated. If you raise the level over a
glowing steel-wall then the boiler might produce more steam than the safety
valves can handle and a nasty explosion would be the result.<i><o:p></o:p></i></b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>A quick test to see if it is safe to put water
into the boiler is to temporarily close the steam cock on the gauge glass. If
the level rises to the top of the glass, it means that there is still a water
level in the water leg, which is also over the highest heat exchange surface in
a firetube boiler. The water rises because of the vacuum caused in the glass
with condensing steam.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Question: Differential pressure
transmitters for the steam drum level</b><br />
Way is the high pressure leg of the transmitter connected to the water side and
the low-pressure leg connected to the steam side?<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Answer:</b><br /><b><span style="color: blue;">
The signal from the transmitter ought to increase when the water level raises
and decreases when the level falls. Furthermore the signal shall be zero, and
give impulse to stop the burner, in case of transmitter malfunction, power
failure or cable breakdown.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></b></span><br />
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Both requirements will be fulfilled if the
transmitter is mounted with the high pressure measuring point connected below
the lowest water level and the low pressure measuring point connected above the
highest water level. The output will increase when the level is raised. To
compensate for the water column in the reference leg the output signal's
zero-point has to be elevated.<i> </i><br />
This is the common method.<i><o:p></o:p></i></b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>If the transmitter is swapped, with the low
pressure side to lower end and the high pressure side to upper end, then the
signal will decrease when the level is raised. <br />
This signal can be used to control the level as well, but the signal can not be
used to stop the burner for emergency low level in case of power failure or
cable breakdown. This system requires an extra sensor to trip burner at
emergency low water level.<i> </i><br />
One can of course use the emergency high water level alarm to stop the burner,
but this is not correct. The emergency high water level shall stop the feed
water pump and whenever applicable stop the steam turbine, but not the burner.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Question: Fluctuating boiler water level</b><br />
The feed water control valve is fully open and the water levels fluctuate at
normal boiler load.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Answer:</b><br /><span style="color: blue;"><b>
Check if:<i><o:p></o:p></i></b></span></span><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>the control valve really
is fully open by means of the hand-manoeuvre device. <i><o:p></o:p></i></b></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>all stop valves in the
line are fully open. <i><o:p></o:p></i></b></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>the suction filter to
the feed water pump is satisfactory clean. <i><o:p></o:p></i></b></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>the feed water pump
discharge pressure is sufficient. <i><o:p></o:p></i></b></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>the feed water control
valve pressure drop is normal. (>=2 bar or >=30 psi) <i><o:p></o:p></i></b></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>If all these are fund to be in order, then you
should recalculate the control valves KV-value (CV-value). Under-sized control
valves do exist, even though over-sized control valves more often cause
malfunction of automatic control loops.</b></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>The tuning of the controller(s) is dependent on the system you have, but do not
even try to tune the control loops until the above criteria are fulfilled.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Question:
The burner starts and stops very often</b><br />
The burner starts and stops very often, sometimes every second minute. An
alarming temperature-raise has been observed in the combustion air fans
electric motor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Answer:</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Increasing the burners
turn down ratio would be a nice solution, but it's not always possibly. <i><o:p></o:p></i></b></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Run the burner in
minimum load, i.e., prevent the burner from increasing the load just after
the burner start. <i><o:p></o:p></i></b></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Install a five to ten
minutes' time-delay in the fan-motor stop function. Then the fan will
continue to run during the shortest burner stops and the combustion air
fan motor will get a little rest from the start current.</span></b><i> <o:p></o:p></i></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Question:
Most likely source of errors</b><br />
In which part of a boiler control system is it most likely to get a failure. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Answer:</b> <br /><b><span style="color: blue;">
When you have problem with a boiler control system you should keep in mind that
most faults occur outside the control cubicle, but on the other hand, your
problem might not be among the most common<i>.<o:p></o:p></i></span></b></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; width: 300px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Statistically calculated
faults in control systems<i>.<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><b>Transmitters and sensors<o:p></o:p></b></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><b>40 %<o:p></o:p></b></i></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><b>Actuators <o:p></o:p></b></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><b>25 %<o:p></o:p></b></i></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><b>Controllers<o:p></o:p></b></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><b>10 % <o:p></o:p></b></i></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><b>Loss of electric power<o:p></o:p></b></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><b>5 %<o:p></o:p></b></i></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><b>Others <o:p></o:p></b></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><b>20 %<o:p></o:p></b></i></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<!--EndFragment--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Question:
Open steam valves slowly</b><br />
Why has a steam valve, or at least a big steam valve, to be opened slowly?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Answer:</b><br /><span style="color: blue;"><b>
If you have a one liter of water standing in the pipe just after the valve and
open the valve too fast, then you will get a projectile of one kg rushing down
the pipe. At next valve, bend or other obstacle the speed of the water mass
will be converted into pressure. You can hardly imagine the damage this energy
can cause.<br />
Thermal stress is an other reason to be very cautious and drain out water
carefully when you open a steam valve.<br />
A large steam valve ought to have a small by-pass valve to simplify preheating
of the pipe.</b></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Question:
Low viscosity fuel for high viscosity burners</b> <br />
Our boiler plant is designed to be fired with heavy fuel oil of 590 cSt @ 50°C.
<br />
Would it be safe to run it on Gas Oil of 7 cSt @ 40°C?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Answer:</b><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><b>Well, this is a question for the burner maker. Don't forget to ask them too.
<br />
It is outmost important that the fuel oil heaters are by-passed when firing Gas
Oil or Diesel Oil. These fuels must never be heated above their flash-point. <i><o:p></o:p></i></b></span></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>For a steam atomized
burner you have to switch over to compressed air atomizing since light
fuels must not be atomized by means of steam. This burner will probably
fire the fuel without any problem since they normally are designed for
fuel viscosity between 10 and 20 cSt<i>. <o:p></o:p></i></b></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>A rotary cup burner, on
the other hand, might give some problem with the flame since this
atomizing method normally require a fuel viscosity of about 25 to 60 cSt<i>. <o:p></o:p></i></b></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>In the
event of failed ignition, gas-oil is more likely to cause an explosive mixture
than heavy oil. However, a dangerous situation should never occur if the
procedure for such failed ignition is followed. Upon two consecutive failed
ignition attempts, a thorough investigation into the cause should be sought and
the furnace correctly purged inline with the manufacturers and ruling
classification society’s requirements<i>.<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><i>N.B.
7 cSt @ 40°C = 5.5 cSt @ 50°C.</i><br />
The viscosity’s of lighter fuels are normally given at 40°C and the viscosity
of heavier fuels at 50°C, 80°C, 100°C or even higher temperature. <br />
For conversion of viscosity and density at one temperature to viscosity and
density at an other temperature I recommend <a href="http://www.steamesteem.com/fuels.html" target="MAIN">The FUEL OIL
Calculation Program</a>.</b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Question:
Composite Boilers</b><br />
What is the inherent problem in Composite Boiler?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Answer:</b><br /><span style="color: blue;"><b>
There are different types of composite boilers. Normally one part of the boiler
is heated by means of a fuel oil burner and the other part is heated by the
exhaust gases from a diesel engine.<i><o:p></o:p></i></b></span></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Heating of one part of a
boiler at the time often causes thermal stress that may lead to leakage. <i><o:p></o:p></i></b></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>One single composite
boiler does not fulfill normal requirement of redundancy when the steam is
used for essential service purpose. </b></span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Question:
Steam valves open causing a sudden large load</b> <br />
I have two 82,000 lb/hr natural gas fired boiler that is designed for 300 psig
and operating at 205 psig (saturated). The boilers serve a large campus with
numerous buildings, each with an integrated building management control system.
Due to an unresolvable characteristic of the building control system,
occasionally all of the building steam valves open causing a sudden large load
on the boilers that lasts for 20 to 30 minutes. The demand for steam is not
real in that no heat is actually required by the buildings. When this condition
occurs we have a serious water carryover problem. My question is how can we
maintain boiler pressure and water level while either ignoring or controlling
the sudden false load. Our combustion control system is a PLC based system,
metered/cross limited air-fuel ratio , three element drum level and oxygen
trim.<br />
Shall we try to correct thorugh the control algorithm or add backpressure
control valves. I look forward to any advise.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Answer:</b><br /><b><span style="color: blue;">
The steam capacity doesn’t seem to be sufficient to supply all the fully open
control valves. First of all recalculate the control valves. Over-sized control
valves are very common cause of problems.</span></b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Question:
Transport superheated steam</b> <br />
Is it possible to transport superheated steam of the order of 45 t/h at 30 bar
pressure and temp of 300 deg from a aux boiler to a distance of 1.5 Km?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Answer:</b><br /><b><span style="color: blue;">
Calculate with a velocity of 15 m/s (49 ft/s). To avoid water hammering the
pipe-line should slop slitely downwards in the steam flowing direction. To
start up the line you will need a drain valve on every 30 m (100 ft).</span></b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><b><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></b></i></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><b><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></b></i></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">SOURCE: </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">http://www.steamesteem.com/</span></i></div>
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</ul>
<ul type="disc">
</ul>
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<o:p></o:p><br /></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08099742129797960720noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6248576815456867660.post-26268353258640684842013-09-14T15:07:00.002+05:302013-09-14T15:07:23.941+05:30MEGASHIP MANIA : WHO WILL BENEFIT?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<i>It takes the enormous Emma Maersk, that carries the equivalent of nearly 15,000 twenty-foot containers (TEUs), concerning 3 and a 0.5 miles to come back to a dead stop. however there is no stopping the Triple-E, Maersk Line's even larger category of container ship, from coming into the liner trades over subsequent 3 years.</i><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc1iD80PndcTi8uxi0-_z3A6NwfGlMJzGpG_BnTyg1LZzVxEjrTFmg1Qt5DfAwzM_RSGLOi_w3Q1GE-MYbQllC6mwJqbCDqgpS54CMdTBLY3WFrYxB4Ea6qfGAsvgS8qIGvslud8hGFho/s1600/triple-e-maersk-worlds-largest-ship.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc1iD80PndcTi8uxi0-_z3A6NwfGlMJzGpG_BnTyg1LZzVxEjrTFmg1Qt5DfAwzM_RSGLOi_w3Q1GE-MYbQllC6mwJqbCDqgpS54CMdTBLY3WFrYxB4Ea6qfGAsvgS8qIGvslud8hGFho/s640/triple-e-maersk-worlds-largest-ship.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
Not that Maersk, or different ocean carriers with plans to deploy similar vessels, needs to place a halt to the building of those record-breakers. the corporate has ordered twenty of the ships, with the primary 5 scheduled for delivery within the half of this year. they're going to see service within the Asia-Europe trade. however Maersk has determined to not devour its choice for an extra ten Triple-Es. And despite carriers’ claims that the most important ships can result in far better operational efficiencies and a lower price per instrumentation slot, shippers ar troubled concerning the impact they're going to wear service.<br />
<br />
The Triple Es are the most important vessels of any kind on the water. As Maersk likes to means, every of the new ships might accommodate a gridiron, a court and a hockey building. Their specifications ar actually impressive: quite one,300 feet long, 193 feet wide and 239 feet tall. (Noah’s ark was aforementioned to be solely around 450 feet long. Imagine what percentage a lot of species you may cram into a Maersk container ship.) And whereas the Triple-E are solely slightly wider and longer than the carrier’s previous E-class ships (of that the Emma Maersk was one), it'll be ready to carry an extra 2,500 containers.<br />
<br />
Even shippers see a plus to the newbuilds. “Larger ships use less fuel per instrumentation, [expel] fewer emissions and ar positive to the price structure,” aforementioned Richard Smith, vice chairman of world transportation with Sears Holdings business firm. “But can shippers share the price advantage? That’s associate degree open question.”<br />
<br />
Smith spoke on a panel at the Journal of Commerce’s annual Trans-Pacific Maritime Conference in city, Calif. He applauded carriers’ determination to remain in business, partially through the readying of recent vessel technology, however he puzzled what the impact are on the client.<br />
<br />
Start with the question of however carriers ar attending to fill all those instrumentation slots. Granted, the new arrivals are commutation older and smaller vessels (if you think about a 10,000-TEU ship to be “small”), however most of the displaced duty can find yourself in different trades, primarily the trans-Pacific. Infobahn impact are a lot of capability that has to be crammed. can carriers got to stop at extra ports so as to load enough merchandise to simplyify the trip? can they prolong voyages that were already caught up so as to avoid wasting on fuel? And just however long can it want unload these floating cities after they finally do hit port?<br />
<br />
Landside problems ar equally worrisome. what percentage ports have the {acreage|land ara|area|expanse|surface area} to accommodate the thousands of containers that may be flowing across their docks with each ship call? Major containerports are shift from wheeled to stacked operations so as to spice up potency, however do they need area for all those boxes? will they find, carry and move them out of the port quick enough? What concerning side cranes, that should be reinforced and stretched to figure the extra-wide vessels? “Port productivity is pretty commonplace, with relevancy the quantity of containers which will be processed per hour,” noted Smith.<br />
<br />
Both on dock and on the far side port boundaries, intermodal railyards should be ready to shift all those containers onto and off stack trains in an exceedingly timely manner. Neighborhoods that adjoin port property already complain concerning the noise and pollution generated by trucks, trains and ships on arrival and sailing days. what proportion a lot of congestion can result once all of that activity is triggered by one ship?<br />
<br />
Then there’s the matter of longshore labor. U.S. dockworkers ar traditionally less productive than their counterparts in places like urban center, Singapore and city. can they intensify the pace once the new ships return career, with all those extra boxes to be handled? cistron Seroka, president of ground with APL restricted, aforementioned geographical region ports have already succeeded in boosting labor productivity to some extent. “We’ve seen some efficiencies inside our own company, whereas trade continues to interact with labor,” he said.<br />
<br />
Smith more puzzled what impact the megaships can wear existing slot-sharing arrangements inside multi-carrier alliances. Already he’s sad concerning catching for service with one carrier, solely to seek out that his containers were affected by one amongst that provider’s alliance partners, presumably even returning into a unique terminal. Or say that Sears strategically arranges for 0.5 its containers to be affected by one carrier, and 0.5 by another – then learns that every one of the boxes beneath contract were loaded onto constant vessel. Expect that follow to become even a lot of common with the readying of larger ships. within the event, Smith said, “we lose the leverage we've with the carrier we’re catching with.”<br />
<br />
Seroka defended the megaships, along side the space-sharing alliances, as essential tools for trade survival. “Significant trade losses have forced carriers to drastically scale back prices,” he said.<br />
<br />
He insisted that productivity problems raised by the large new ships ar being addressed . APL is modifying its cranes in line with their wider dimensions. At constant time, it’s finance in new interior container-terminal capability, to alleviate bottlenecks caused by the transfer of boxes between truck and train deep within the interior.<br />
<br />
As for the carrier alliances, they're going to mean larger flexibility for shippers, with a lot of port-pairing choices, Seroka aforementioned. “It doesn’t mean a lot of calls, however the supply of primary, secondary and tertiary service for wider and a lot of expansive service areas.”<br />
<br />
I see a parallel with the event of the airliner A380, associate degree craft which will carry quite 850 passengers in some configurations. I, for one, don't have any want to be one amongst them. Would I feel that very same manner if I were the owner of a instrumentation that’s one amongst 9,000 stowed inside one ship?<br />
<br />
Already shippers are whiny concerning canceled sailings and slowed-down ships. perhaps carriers can discern a way to deploy these megavessels in an exceedingly manner that may yield the mandatory economies of scale while not compromising more on service quality. however plenty of their customers, it seems, have nevertheless to be convinced.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08099742129797960720noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6248576815456867660.post-88729203230194918352013-09-12T14:24:00.000+05:302013-09-12T14:24:07.694+05:30OIL RIG JOB DESCRIPTION<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 class="module_title" style="background-color: white; color: #454545; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>If You're Interested in Joining an Offshore Rig - Oil Rig Job Descriptions Are Plentiful!</i></span></h2>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span></div>
<div>
<div style="font-style: italic;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The common divisor to most offshore oil <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8imIuSFsKXwUM1tjaIb1CK2F6Z6VlUyPLo_Fjv21BkALKbReOEjJdsVv0Y-abHLkZ3l8TAGD_5m318GSl70Z_wyKC1mVWUOIxavZ-Ayq0vrlDBgRalZ9u5A4k34Glpc-EX4FxA2tsrK0/s1600/lens9239551_1264986063Oil_Rig_Jobs_Putting_Two_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8imIuSFsKXwUM1tjaIb1CK2F6Z6VlUyPLo_Fjv21BkALKbReOEjJdsVv0Y-abHLkZ3l8TAGD_5m318GSl70Z_wyKC1mVWUOIxavZ-Ayq0vrlDBgRalZ9u5A4k34Glpc-EX4FxA2tsrK0/s400/lens9239551_1264986063Oil_Rig_Jobs_Putting_Two_.jpg" width="266" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">rig job descriptions involves "tough </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">physical labor", however the silver-lining </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">that comes with it's extraordinarily high-</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">pay for having very little to no expertise.</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">And, even supposing life on an Oil Rig is </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> not specifically glamourous, there's </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">invariably space for quick-advancement</span></div>
<div style="font-style: italic;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> on or off a rig...which in fact means that</span></div>
<div style="font-style: italic;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> huge leaps in pay-grade!</span></div>
<div style="font-style: italic;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-style: italic;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">If you are willing to try and do what many folks would not for a year or an entire career, obtaining a spot on a oil rig will give the job-security you are looking for.</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-style: italic;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Plus, even supposing it's dirty work, several seasoned men and ladies can agree it easy beats cubicle life any day!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; line-height: 115%;">Working on an
offshore oil rig is a tough job, but employees may find themselves living in
accommodation wings that meet 4 or 5 star hotel standards - despite the fact
that you a living in the middle of the ocean.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">While
many of the offshore oil rig jobs are physical in nature, many of the rig
companies go out of their way to make sure your time spent onboard is an
enjoyable one. For instance employees may find themselves living in
accommodation wings that meet 4 or 5 star hotel standards - despite the fact
that you a living in the middle of the ocean. While you are on board the
company will usually meet all food, board and laundry expenses, along with
travel and transfer costs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">There
are a large number of offshore oil rig jobs that are available. The range of
employment opportunities include:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Driller, Derrickman, Shakerhand or Mudman, Toolpusher, Floormen or
Roughnecks, Motorman, Assistant Driller, Crane Operator, Roustabouts,
Cleaner/Painter, Storekeeper, Mechanic/Electrician, Sub Sea Engineer, Rig
Mechanic, Rig Electrician, Rig Welder, Barge Engineer, Ballast Controlman or
Watchstander, Captain and Chief Engineer, Rig Medic and Safety Man.</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Most
offshore oil rig jobs call for a 14/21 day rotation that means you work for 14
days and have 21 off. This equates to you having approximately 3/5 of the year
off on holiday.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">In
the offshore oil rig industry, there are opportunities for drilling employment
and travel to countries such as: Saudi Arabia, Nigeria, the United States,
Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Venezuela, Mexico, Russia, Norway, China, Canada
and the United Kingdom.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Typically
salaries for roustabouts and roughnecks (drill deck workers) are approximately
US $300 per day. Annual salaries work out to be approximately US $47,000.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">More
specialized jobs such as that of Driller is likely to make around $56,000 per
annum, which Toolpushers, Drill Leaders and Supervisors are likely to earn
around the US $75,000 - $100,000 mark per year.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Entry
level positions typically make between US $50,000 - US $80,000 per annum.
Trades, technical and professional positions will likely earn between US
$70,000 - US $220,000 per annum. The website at http://www.oil-rig-job.com
features more information on getting jobs in this industry.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><b>LIFE
OFFSHORE</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">· You
will be issued with safety boots hard hat safety glasses and coveralls.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">· Keep
a good attitude and be focused on why you wanted to work offshore.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">· There
are smoking rooms at various places on a rig where safety matches will be
supplied.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">· For
meals you take off your work gear and eat in the galley.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">· You
may have to work a night shift or two as an oil rig is a 24 hour operation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">· Don't
upset the radio operator, medic or chef. Helicopters, medical attention and
food are most important.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Aboard
an oil rig every piece of lifting equipment has a color code on it - this is an
indication that it was tested as safe to use on the last lifting equipment
check. Only items with the current color code on them should be used.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">When working in the petroleum industry, don't bring alcohol,
illegal drugs, weapons (of any description) including knives, flammable items,
lighters and matches (safety matches will be provided in the smokers room) when
working on energy jobs.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">If
working aboard an offshore rig, remove batteries from electrical equipment
before checking in you luggage. If you are to be transported by helicopter your
mobile phone may be taken from you before you board the helicopter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">A
number of people working aboard oil rigs work are in support roles such as
catering crew and doctors, etc. The following is an outline of what may be
expected for doctors or medics. Because of the physical size of rigs, many of
these types of roles are sole charged and one must be able to make do with the
facilities and resources at end. In the case of doctors or medics based aboard
oil rigs, it may be necessary to treat patients suffering from a huge variety of
ailments and illnesses. Issues can arise as a lot of the workers aboard oil rig
installations may speak foreign languages, so it is critical for the medical
personnel to be able to quickly and effectively diagnose the problem. Generally
medical staff will work one of two shifts, either day or night. Their role can
often also include checking and maintianing stocks of emergency supplies,
testing and verifying drinking water supplies are clean, as well as inspecting
both raw and cooked foods from the kitchen. They are also often responsible for
conducting weekly first aid seminars for all workers aboard the oil rig.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<h2 class="module_title" style="background-color: white; color: #454545; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>Seasoned Oil Rig Job Descriptions</i></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21px;">If you've been on an </span><b style="background-color: white; line-height: 21px;">Oil Rig</b><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21px;"> for any length of time, even a few months, you might qualify for a step-up from the entry level positions described above. Depending on your area of experience...you'd most likely be assigned to a job description in either the </span><b style="background-color: white; line-height: 21px;">Deck Crew</b><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21px;"> or </span><b style="background-color: white; line-height: 21px;">Drill Crew</b><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21px;">.</span><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 21px;" /><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 21px;" /><u style="background-color: white; line-height: 21px;">Here are a few advanced oil rig job descriptions you could potentially apply for:</u><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 21px;" /><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 21px;" /><b style="background-color: white; line-height: 21px;"><u>Drill Crew</u></b><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 21px;" /><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21px;">--> Roughneck: Works on Rig Floor Machinery and in Mud Room, $59K</span><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 21px;" /><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21px;">-->Derrickman: Maintenance and Op of the Mud Pumps and Pits, $65K</span><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 21px;" /><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21px;">-->Assistant Driller: Supervises Derrickmen, Pumpmen and Roughnecks, $72K</span><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 21px;" /><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 21px;" /><b style="background-color: white; line-height: 21px;"><u>Deck Crew</u></b><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 21px;" /><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21px;">-->Assistant Crane Operator: Experienced Roustabout, $59K</span><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 21px;" /><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21px;">-->Crane Operator: Operates Crane and Supervises Roustabouts, $69K</span><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 21px;" /><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 21px;" /><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21px;">Also, if you're a </span><u style="background-color: white; line-height: 21px;"><i>mechanic</i></u><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21px;"> or </span><u style="background-color: white; line-height: 21px;"><i>electrician</i></u><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21px;">, you could also find a job on an oil rig quite eas</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">ily.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 2.8rem;"> </span><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Catering Crew!</span></i></h2>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR3OtIwWU95Z7fCigAJQQY9nQx7W0Jo2JWIUsQ0lm0c2mSQHKZDo8RHmwwsXbTfksFaFkNITXHlvEse3tJQ4j4HXXwnozAYtAx_HB4ENpWnOGBHOVmpVVEvxobUaGqngIDql_y5QZ9jaI/s1600/draft_lens9239551module81826881photo_1264989688Oil_Rig_Job_-_Woman_Cooki.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR3OtIwWU95Z7fCigAJQQY9nQx7W0Jo2JWIUsQ0lm0c2mSQHKZDo8RHmwwsXbTfksFaFkNITXHlvEse3tJQ4j4HXXwnozAYtAx_HB4ENpWnOGBHOVmpVVEvxobUaGqngIDql_y5QZ9jaI/s400/draft_lens9239551module81826881photo_1264989688Oil_Rig_Job_-_Woman_Cooki.jpg" width="266" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Oil rig job descriptions do not endwise deck, as line of work Crews square measure extraordinarily very important players for swish rig operations. Hungry laborers would like food around the clock...which is wherever cooks and room managers come back in!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><div>
<br /></div>
<div>
If you've got expertise in associatey of those positions on or off an oil rig, there square measure perpetually job-openings out there during this sector!</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
--Steward or Stewardess:</div>
<div>
Cleans room, rooms and laundry, $45K</div>
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<br /></div>
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--Cook:</div>
<div>
Organizing and making ready meals for the crew, $59K</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
--Night Baker:</div>
<div>
Bakes all bread for ensuing day, $59K</div>
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<br /></div>
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--Camp "Boss":</div>
<div>
Cleans and is in-charge of line of work $63K</div>
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<br /></div>
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These regular payment ranges may vary from rig-to-rig and reckoning on your level of expertise. Either way, these positions square measure high-paying compared to similar earth jobs.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">source: </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #454545; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 21px;"><span style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold;"> </span><a href="http://www.offshore-rigworker.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #2b5fc6; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Offshore-RigWorker.com</span></a></span></div>
</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08099742129797960720noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6248576815456867660.post-52347710395822255562013-09-09T18:52:00.001+05:302013-09-09T18:53:07.408+05:30SOME GENERAL QUESTIONS?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">PISTON</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Q1.Explain why piston crown thickness is governed by both thermal and mechanical stress considerations. <br />
<br />
Q2.Explain how following factors affect the piston crown reconditioning: <br />
<br />
(a) physical properties of coolant <br />
(b) crown cooling passage design <br />
(c) properties of crown material <br />
(d) capacity of coolant pump <br />
<br />
Q3.Justify following statements:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> (a) proper piston diametrical clearance is essential in diesel engines.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> (b) pistons are usually tapered on top of top piston ring groove.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Q4. Explain the followings:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> (a) factors govern the position of top piston ring. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> (b) functional purpose of wear ring on large piston. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Q5 (a) State the main indications of piston running hot. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> (b) Explain the likely causes of piston running hot.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> (c) State with reasons, the immediate steps to be taken if pistons run hot.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Q6 (a) Identify with reasons, the areas requiring special attention during inspection of piston. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> (b) State the main factors leading to piston crown burning and cracking.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> (c) Explain the repair procedure of cracked piston crown.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>AIR COMPRESSORS</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">With reference to reciprocating air compressors, explain why: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">
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1.(a) suction filter should be kept clean. <br />
(b) correct top end, bottom end and main bearing clearances should be maintained. <br />
(c) suction & discharge valves need regular attention. <br />
(d) intercoolers should be kept clean. <br />
<br />
2.(a) air compression is preferred in stages. <br />
(b) intercoolers are fitted in multi stage compressors. <br />
(c) clearance volume should be as small as possible. <br />
(d) multitubular air coolers are preferable to cooling coils. <br />
(e) synthetic oil is preferred. <br />
<br />
3. Explain why the following practices with air compressors are to be discouraged:<br />
<br />
(a) muffling air intake filter to reduce flow rate. <br />
(b) replacing copper bursting discs with those of greater thickness of steel. <br />
(c) increasing the supply of cylinder oil to seal worn rings. <br />
(d) use of straight mineral oil. <br />
<br />
4.(a) State what routine attention is required whilst the compressor is running. <br />
(b) Identify the common faults to which compressor is susceptible. <br />
(c) Describe how these faults are prevented and rectified. <br />
<br />
5. With reference to main air receiver: <br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (a)sketch in detail the manner in which mountings are attached to the shell. <br /> (b) explain with reasons the areas require special attention. <br /> (c) differentiate between the specific functions of relief valves and fusible plugs.</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<h1>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">CONNECTING ROD & BOLTS</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">1.Explain the difference between the connecting rods of large slow speed and medium speed trunk type engines.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> 2.(a)Explain why bottom end bolts particularly in medium speed engines </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">are prone to failure under normal conditions.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (b)Describe with the aid of simple diagram, the bolt design features in modern engines which inhibit failure.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(c)Explain how this tendency can be minimised by proper maintenance.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">3.(a)Identify with reasons the main areas which require special attention during bolt inspection.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (b)Explain why con-rod bolts require special attention and renewal if particularly a 4-stroke engine inadvertently over speeds.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (c)Explain why modern engines use high UTS bolts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><b>PISTON RINGS</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">1.(a) Explain the functional purpose of compression rings and scraper rings. <br />
(b) State with reasons the clearances to be maintained in piston rings.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><br /> 2.(a) Explain the meaning of "scuffing" as applied to piston rings.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (b)State how the tendency of piston rings to scuff is reduced in practice.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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3.Explain how the following process affect the piston ring life: <br />
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(a) nitriding <br />
(b) plasma coating <br />
(c) contouring of ring profile <br />
(d) chrome plating</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><b><span style="color: blue;">CHAIN DRIVES</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">1.(a)Explain how the variation of torque takes place in a diesel engine camshaft and explain how it effects the camshaft drive. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (b)Describe the constructional features of camshaft and explain how cams are accurately mounted on the camshaft.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (c)Explain the effect of worn camshaft bearing or loose camsaft bearing bolts in large engine.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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2.(a)Explain with reasons why chain adjustment becomes necessary after prolonged service. <br />
(b)Describe with suitable sketch how chain tightening is carried out.<br />
(c) Explain with suitable diagrams the effect of chain adjustment on engine operation and how is it corrected?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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3.(a)Explain the causes of chain vibration. <br />
(b)Describe the routine inspection to be carried out for various components of chain drive. <br />
(c) With a detailed sketch of a chain link, indicate the points of failure generally occur.</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>CRANKSHAFT</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">1.(a) Explain the principle forces acting on the crankshaft of large diesel engines.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">(b)State how resulting stresses are kept within reasonable limit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">2.(a)Explain why solid forged crankshafts are sensitive to misalignment and require special attention.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(b)What are the merit and demerits of semi-built crankshaft in comparison to solid forged crankshaft.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">3.(a)State the limitations of taking bridge gauge reading for main bearing wear measurement.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (b)State the checks to be made prior taking crankshaft deflection of main engine.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (c)Describe the correct procedure of taking crankshaft deflection reading and how do you </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">interpret it.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">(d)Identify with reasons the areas of crankshaft require special attention during inspection.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">(e)State with reason the causes of crankshaft failure<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><b>CYLINDER LINER<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">1.Describe with the aid of simple diagrams the design features of modern large engine cylinder liners that are reinforced to take up high thermal and mechanical loading.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">2.What are the factors that limit the metal temperature of cylinder liner?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">3.Why the cooling water holes in bore cooled cylinder liners are drilled in a slight diagonal instead of vertical.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">4.With reference to Liner of a large diesel engine discuss the:</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">procedure for inspecting liner<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">b) likely faults that can occur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">c) preventive measures to be taken in service<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">5.Explain how cylinder liner wear is measured and recorded for reference in future.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">6.Discuss method of determining if cylinder liner has reached the end of useful life.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">7.State the factors with reasons that can result in<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Normal wear in cylinder liner<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Abnormal cylinder liner wear.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">8.Describe the effects of varying fuel quality on cylinder liner wear and explain how cylinder lubrication can influence liner wear in terms of:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">i)quantity;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">ii)quality;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">9.Discuss the position of lube oil quills and features that assist in spread of oil with respect to timing of oil injection.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">10.Discuss why correct timing of cylinder oil injection is critical with respect to piston position, speed and direction to reduce adhesive and corrosive wear.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">11.With the aid of simple diagram, describe the main design features of modern cylinder lubricator system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><b><span style="color: blue;">ENGINE STRUCTURE</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">1.With the aid of simple diagrams, describe the main features of holding down arrangements of a modern large main propulsion engine.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Identify with reasons the two most heavily loaded part of large engine structure. Describe how such parts have been strengthened for satisfactory operation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Explain the main functional purpose of (i) Longitudinal Girder (ii) Cross Girder and (iii) Bearing saddle. Describe the constructional features and materials used in these essential bedplate components.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">4.”</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Bedplate cross girder along with the bearing saddle of large main propulsion engines is of steel casting in all most all engines”. Justify with reasons.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">5.</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Why bedplates are secured on chocks instead of direct installation on tank top?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">6.</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">With reference to modern holding down arrangements of large main propulsion engines, explain why holding down bolts are free through the tank top, padding, chocks and bedplate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">7.</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">With reference to modern holding down arrangements of large main propulsion engines, explain why holding down bolts are long and made of high UTS steel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">8.</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Explain why many modern engines adopt epoxy resin chocking arrangement.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">9.With the aid of suitable sketches, describe a non-metallic chocking technique for main engine, explaining how such a system is installed.</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">10.Explain the functional purpose of tie bolts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">11.Describe how tie bolts are pre-tensioned in modern engines.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">12.Describe how it can be identified whether or not tie bolts are slack in a running engine.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">13Compare and contrast cast and fabricated construction of frames with particular attention to merits and demerits.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">14.Explain how frames are more heavily loaded in large crosshead type engines in comparison to trunk type engines.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">15.With the aid of simple diagrams, explain the direction of forces in the guide / guide shoe of a large engine during compression & expansion strokes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">16.State why top bracing is sometimes provided for large diesel engines.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">17. Describe with the aid of simple diagrams, the various types of top bracing arrangement to secure the top part of a modern large engine.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">18.State briefly the regular maintenance that needs to be carried out for proper functioning.<span style="font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08099742129797960720noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6248576815456867660.post-77135248764204793732013-09-03T16:17:00.000+05:302013-09-03T16:17:31.331+05:30WHY SIZE MATTERS: CONTAINER SHIP ECONOMIES OF SCALE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<strong style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;"><em><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK8JipAPeWH2P8hudxZEx4X_LGneJXBxY_zkpjIJBe5heIXsu_uQ3r_gwxQsLk8iw4lwlMTpivh_oyBWB7FcWzEKkXOt_9Z4Y6jwelVLaE3PHxk8s1jZiFjj6nswA0ATQQ2N-wAx68J1A/s1600/-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK8JipAPeWH2P8hudxZEx4X_LGneJXBxY_zkpjIJBe5heIXsu_uQ3r_gwxQsLk8iw4lwlMTpivh_oyBWB7FcWzEKkXOt_9Z4Y6jwelVLaE3PHxk8s1jZiFjj6nswA0ATQQ2N-wAx68J1A/s400/-1.jpg" width="400" /></a></em></strong></div>
<strong style="background-color: white; line-height: 24px;"><em><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">Maersk Line’s first 18,000 teu vessel</span>, the Maersk Mc-Kinney Moller, which was doing the rounds on her maiden voyage in Northern Europe last week, has prompted much speculation on her economies of scale, particularly as HHI has just confirmed that it is negotiating an order for five slightly larger ships with UASC, says Drewry Maritime Research in a new paper.</span></em></strong><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The economies of scale offered by Maersk Line’s 18,000 teu vessels are so great that few can ignore them. Assuming the Triple E’s consume 164 tonnes of fuel a day (excluding diesel), the estimated IFO bunker cost of the <em>Maersk Mc-Kinney Moller</em> (18,270 teu) would already be 35% lower than a typical 13,100 teu vessel on a per teu carried basis – $218/teu versus $333/teu. Apart from the fact that the ships are bigger, their hulls are reported to be designed around an average ship speed of only 23 knots, compared to over 24 knots for the first 13,000 teu vessels, enabling them to glide through the water more efficiently.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The unit cost comparison is based on an average westbound ship speed of 20 knots for both sizes of vessel, and an eastbound ship speed of 14.6 knots which is the average of Maersk’s services between Asia and Europe according to Drewry’s 'Carrier Performance Insight' . The ships are also assumed to be 85% full westbound, and 55% full eastbound, which may only be achieved in steady state conditions, when all of the vessels deployed in the AE10 service are Triple Es.<br /><br />As bunker consumption tables for 18,000 teu vessels are not readily available, and Maersk does not disclose such information, the daily consumption has had to be extrapolated from those of vessels ranging between 10,000 teu and 16,000 teu, but they do more-or-less tie in with public announcements from Maersk and national press reports. Maersk claims the vessels to be 35% more fuel efficient per container carried than the first 13,100 teu ships, and the Daily Telegraph has reported that their westbound fuel consumption is approximately 150 tons/day, compared to normal consumption of over 214 tons/day.<br /><br />Ship operating costs, including manning, insurance, stores/lubes, R&M and Admin, are also an impressive 11% cheaper – $76/teu carried versus $85/teu carried, although here again, the result has had to be extrapolated from Drewry’s analysis of vessel sizes ranging between 3,000 teu and 12,000 teu in its report entitled ‘Ship Operating Costs 2012-2013 ’. It is based on 2011 costs, which are currently being updated for this year’s edition.<br /><br />The <em>Maersk McKinney Moller </em>is manned with a crew of just 21, which is not unusual these days, but it is possible to run her with just 13 crew.<br /><br />Putting both IFO bunker and ship operating cost savings together reveals that Maerk’s 18,000 teu ships are a massive 30% cheaper than 13,100 teu ships on a round voyage basis – $294/teu carried versus $418/teu carried. This does not include Suez Canal and port costs, however, so is not a total slot cost, but the differential in ship operating cost is clear.<br /><br />Drilling down into this result in more detail, the westbound saving amounted to $121/teu, which is equivalent to approximately 9% of last week’s average spot freight rate from Shanghai to Rotterdam, according to the World Container Index. The eastbound saving was an even higher $128/teu, which is equivalent to 30% of last week’s spot rate from Rotterdam to Shanghai.<br /><br />Other savings include faster cargo handling. According to APM Terminals, berth and crane productivity of the <em>Maersk Mc-Kinney Moller</em> (18,270 teu) last week already reached a record 215 and 37.1 gross moves per hour respectively in Rotterdam. This compares with a ‘normal’ berth productivity average of between 140 and 150 moves per hour and a crane productivity average of between 32 and 33 moves per hour for a well stowed 14,000 teu vessel. Because of its greater size, an average of seven cranes could be worked on the <em>Maersk Mc-Kinney Moller</em>, with the maximum going up to eight, whereas only six can usually be worked on a 14,000 teu size vessel.<br /><br />Drewry's conclusion is that the rush to order vessels over 16,000 teu for deployment between Asia and Northern Europe will gain momentum, despite the fact that they will be too big for the new Panama Canal locks that are due to open in mid-2015.<br /><br /><em>Source: Drewry Maritime Research</em></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08099742129797960720noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6248576815456867660.post-33105958197683647802013-09-02T15:21:00.001+05:302013-09-02T15:21:32.144+05:30SHIP ATTACK FOILED IN SUEZ CANAL<p>Suez Canal authorities have said that a "terrorist" staged an unsuccessful attack on a container ship passing through the canal in an attempt to disrupt the flow of ships through the waterway.</p>
<p>The Suez Canal is a key global shipping line which is secured by the armed forces.<br></p>
<p>「「<b>The attempt failed completely and there was no damage to the ship or the containers it carried 」</b>」<br>
<i>"Mohab Memish, Head of Suez Canal Authority"</i><br></p>
<p>"One of the terrorist elements has carried out a failed attempt to affect the movement of ships in the Suez Canal by targeting one of the passing ships, Cosco Asia," the head of the Suez Canal Authority Mohab Memish said in a statement on Saturday, referring to the Panama-flagged ship.</p>
<p>"The attempt failed completely and there was no damage to the ship or the containers it carried. The situation was dealt with strictly by the armed forces," he said, adding that the traffic of ships is moving normally.</p>
<p>The statement did not specify what kind of attack it was but shipping sources told the Reuters news agency they heard the sound of two explosions as the ship passed through the waterway.</p>
<p>Blocking the canal would have an immediate effect, especially on exports from Asian factories to markets in Europe and the United States.</p>
<p>Egypt has faced a string of attacks in the North Sinai region after the army, prompted by mass protests, overthrew President Mohamed Morsi on July 3.</p>
<p>More than 1,000 people, including 100 security officers, have died in protests demanding the reinstatement of Morsi.</p>
<p>It was not immediately clear whether the attempted attack was related to the ousting of Morsi.</p>
<p>US warship the San Antonio passed through the waterway on Thursday to join other ships in the Mediterranean that could be used in any strike against Syria after a suspected chemical weapons attack.</p>
<p>The armed forces have issued an order to strengthen their security measures along the Suez waterway, Memish said.</p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie7Cb5EQv7Qyju7aTUKLxn3Whdjkz9PSqoSwcGu1JLtcmhLnZkEKiM6bsmDj9d6aaNlfyQjvo3N0NjJOLSz9V7n1Kn-jzu52pAUhHpb3CN9kp5eNyuX3uhg7dJEN7CA6eH6uQnTCD9WHg/s1600/2013831214924479734_20.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie7Cb5EQv7Qyju7aTUKLxn3Whdjkz9PSqoSwcGu1JLtcmhLnZkEKiM6bsmDj9d6aaNlfyQjvo3N0NjJOLSz9V7n1Kn-jzu52pAUhHpb3CN9kp5eNyuX3uhg7dJEN7CA6eH6uQnTCD9WHg/s640/2013831214924479734_20.jpeg"> </a> </div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08099742129797960720noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6248576815456867660.post-83149570535020403662013-08-26T22:03:00.000+05:302013-08-26T22:50:21.222+05:30First Day at College<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXniLsP0S92kjn8t9hfwwqORAPQHf9sAM3N866jDpBV9cfI11Lx-L_0X0iXvh3Xgm3ZpPMHcEAEOXNr5cEPDwcrKHx5YhF2mLsolqp5-3nqcV1tuZzYWjM2LRXouSbXdGh_M9pw3FW0IE/s1600/First-day-of-college-cartoon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="422" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXniLsP0S92kjn8t9hfwwqORAPQHf9sAM3N866jDpBV9cfI11Lx-L_0X0iXvh3Xgm3ZpPMHcEAEOXNr5cEPDwcrKHx5YhF2mLsolqp5-3nqcV1tuZzYWjM2LRXouSbXdGh_M9pw3FW0IE/s640/First-day-of-college-cartoon.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></b></h2>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: x-large;">What I Wish I’d Known on My First Day at College</span></span></b></h2>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">All across the
country, impressionable, excited, young people are beginning their first days
at college as they begin their journeys down their chosen career paths. High
school is behind them, and adulthood now beckons. College will likely lead to
load of new opportunities and experiences, both inside the classroom and out. </span></i></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
<br />
So as the 2013 maritime trainees begin their voyage Clyde Marine Training asked
some old hands, “what do you wish you’d known on your first day at college?”
Here’s their top ten pearls of wit and wisdom.<br />
<br />
1. “I wish I had known how important all course work was rather than
concentrating on the parts I enjoyed most.” There are some things you are just
better at than others, that’s the case in all walks of life. However everything
is being taught for a reason, and no matter how difficult or boring you find it
try and take it in. Enjoy the subjects you naturally excel at but make it your
business to try and master the other subjects too, because you’ll need them in
the future and you’ll be grateful for the time you invested in them when you
had the opportunity.<br />
<br />
2. “I needed to be self-disciplined, I wasn’t at school now.” You might still
be in a learning environment, still sitting in a classroom but you are most
definitely not at school now. It’s up to you to keep up, to listen, to ask if
you don’t understand and to put the time and effort in. No one else is going to
do it for you. That’s what being an adult is about.<br />
<br />
3. “That I get seasick.” A popular piece of advice. You’ve signed up for a
career at sea, well chances are you might get seasick at some point, so go find
all the seasickness remedies you can and have them handy should that day ever
arrive. The good news is you are not alone almost everyone who works at sea
goes through this at some point.<br />
<br />
4. “That it was an HB2 pencil I needed.” Know the tools you’ll need to master
your trade. If you don’t know make it your business to find out. Be it for
college work or your time at sea make sure you know well in advance what’s
supplied and what you need to source, don't wait until the last minute and
don’t expect someone else to do it for you.<br />
<br />
5. “I can pass this because I’m a smart [person].” Self-confidence is a quality
that’s so elusive to many at school. Here’s the thing; you passed your exams,
you gained entry to this course, many others didn’t and lots of people out
there are envious of you. Don’t be cocky, but understand that you wouldn’t have
been accepted onto the course if some very smart people didn’t think you had
what it takes to make it. You are more than capable of achieving the grade, it
just takes some hard work and application. <br />
<br />
6. “How much knowledge of Math I would need! I didn’t pay that much attention
at school and the majority of the navigation and stability subjects are
math-based so I had a lot of hard work to do.” Yip, for those who wondered what
the point of Math was in real life you are about to find out. But here’s the
thing, you can master it, you wouldn’t be here if that wasn’t the case.<br />
<br />
7. “What going to sea is actually like. It’s hard work and continual learning
when you are on board, it can be difficult but you’ve just got to get stuck
in.” This is the real jump. College feels like a logical progression from
school, but time at sea is different, its work. The environment is different,
the attitude is different and the conditions are different. It’s also the
reason why you are here in the first place, this is your chosen career and it’s
a great industry, but be prepared for it.<br />
<br />
8. “I wish I’d realized that technology would change so much.” What you learn
today will always be valuable, but how you use it will change. Technology
advances, do your best to keep up with it because it won’t wait for you.<br />
<br />
9. “Enjoy yourself, just not too much!” Your college years are great,
you’ll make new friends, visit new places and experience new things. That’s
important. You’ll also socialize, a lot. There will be parties, evenings out,
weekends away and impromptu events you’ll always remember. Embrace them because
they are an important part of being young and of college life. However, find
the balance and don’t let your social life become your whole life.<br />
<br />
10. “Don’t be afraid to take notes and ask questions.” Simple, yes? Yet so many
students find this difficult, speaking up in front of your peer group seems to
terrify some. Remember, the onus is on you to learn, there will be some things
you’ll not fully understand first time, don’t be afraid, the lecturers welcome
questions and want to help you. Asking a question means you’re smart, not the
opposite.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
<br />
source:clydemarinetraining.com<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08099742129797960720noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6248576815456867660.post-82374484433649496692013-08-26T20:30:00.003+05:302013-08-26T20:30:55.816+05:30CONVENTION<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPUSbuC4j1qtYKvNJN1V0UCXrM10M0gIxGWXI-os4T0CA8RkZTiXcnyJbJJl5BCZdEjmEPl-2x9Hj_Td3zCBaiPyO6vEpx_JmrQBG82BxWsmGhrAWHHVdH3s0l9QSueK9vK72gbKNZHE8/s1600/flags.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPUSbuC4j1qtYKvNJN1V0UCXrM10M0gIxGWXI-os4T0CA8RkZTiXcnyJbJJl5BCZdEjmEPl-2x9Hj_Td3zCBaiPyO6vEpx_JmrQBG82BxWsmGhrAWHHVdH3s0l9QSueK9vK72gbKNZHE8/s640/flags.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>INTRODUCTION</b></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The industrial revolution of the
eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and the upsurge in international commerce
which followed resulted in the adoption of a number of international treaties
related to shipping, including safety. The subjects covered included tonnage
measurement, the prevention of collisions, signaling and others.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">By the end of the nineteenth century
suggestions had even been made for the creation of a permanent international
maritime body to deal with these and future measures. The plan was not put into
effect, but international co-operation continued in the twentieth century, with
the adoption of still more internationally-developed treaties.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">By the time IMO came into existence
in 1958, several important international conventions had already been
developed, including the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea
of 1948, the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the
Sea by Oil of 1954 and treaties dealing with load lines and the prevention of
collisions at sea.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">IMO was made responsible for ensuring
that the majority of these conventions were kept up to date. It was also given
the task of developing new conventions as and when the need arose.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The creation of IMO coincided with a
period of tremendous change in world shipping and the Organization was kept
busy from the start developing new conventions and ensuring that existing
instruments kept pace with changes in shipping technology. It is now responsible
for nearly 50 international conventions and agreements and has adopted numerous
protocols and amendments.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoPlainText">
<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>ADOPTING A CONVENTION</b><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This is the part of the process with
which IMO as an Organization is most closely involved. IMO has six main bodies
concerned with the adoption or implementation of conventions. <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">The Assembly and Council are the
main organs,</span> <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">and
the committees involved are the Maritime Safety Committee, Marine Environment
Protection Committee, Legal Committee and the Facilitation Committee</span>.
Developments in shipping and other related industries are discussed by Member
States in these bodies, and the need for a new convention or amendments to
existing conventions can be raised in any of them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="background-color: yellow; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Normally
the suggestion is first made in one of the committees</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, since these meet more frequently than the main organs. <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">If agreement is reached in the
committee, the proposal goes to the Council and, as necessary, to the Assembly.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">If the Assembly or the Council, as
the case may be, gives the authorization to proceed with the work, the
committee concerned considers the matter in greater detail and ultimately draws
up a draft instrument. In some cases the subject may be referred to a
specialized sub-committee for detailed consideration.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Work in the committees and
sub-committees is undertaken by the representatives of Member States of the
Organization. The views and advice of intergovernmental and international
non-governmental organizations which have a working relationship with IMO are
also welcomed in these bodies. Many of these organizations have direct
experience in the various matters under consideration, and are therefore able
to assist the work of IMO in practical ways.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The draft convention which is agreed
upon is reported to the Council and Assembly with a recommendation that a
conference be convened to consider the draft for formal adoption.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Invitations to attend such a
conference are sent to all Member States of IMO and also to all States which
are members of the United Nations or any of its specialized agencies. These
conferences are therefore truly global conferences open to all Governments who
would normally participate in a United Nations conference. All Governments
participate on an equal footing. In addition, organizations of the United
Nations system and organizations in official relationship with IMO are invited
to send observers to the conference to give the benefit of their expert advice
to the representatives of Governments.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Before the conference opens, the
draft convention is circulated to the invited Governments and organizations for
their comments. The draft convention, together with the comments thereon from
Governments and interested organizations is then closely examined by the conference
and necessary changes are made in order to produce a draft acceptable to all or
the majority of the Governments present. The convention thus agreed upon is
then adopted by the conference and deposited with the Secretary-General who
sends copies to Governments. The convention is opened for signature by States,
usually for a period of 12 months. Signatories may ratify or accept the
convention while non-signatories may accede.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The drafting and adoption of a
convention in IMO can take several years to complete although in some cases,
where a quick response is required to deal with an emergency situation,
Governments have been willing to accelerate this process considerably.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>ENTRY INTO FORCE</b><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The adoption of a convention marks
the conclusion of only the first stage of a long process. Before the convention
comes into force - that is, before it becomes binding upon Governments which
have ratified it - it has to be accepted formally by individual Governments.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Each convention includes appropriate
provisions stipulating conditions which have to be met before it enters into
force. These conditions vary but generally speaking, the more important and
more complex the document, and the more stringent are the conditions for its
entry into force. For example, the International Convention for the Safety of
Life at Sea, 1974, provided that entry into force requires acceptance by 25
States whose merchant fleets comprise not less than 50 per cent of the world's
gross tonnage; for the International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of
Ships, 1969, the requirement was acceptance by 25 States whose combined
merchant fleets represent not less than 65 per cent of world tonnage.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">When the appropriate conditions have
been fulfilled, the convention enters into force for the States which have
accepted - generally after a period of grace intended to enable all the States
to take the necessary measures for implementation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In the case of some conventions which
affect a few States or deal with less complex matters, the entry into force requirements
may not be so stringent. For example, the Convention Relating to Civil
Liability in the Field of Maritime Carriage of Nuclear Material, 1971, came
into force 90 days after being accepted by five States; the Special Trade
Passenger Ships Agreement, 1971, came into force six months after three States
(including two with ships or nationals involved in special trades) had accepted
it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">For the important technical
conventions, it is necessary that they be accepted and applied by a large
section of the shipping community. It is therefore essential that these should,
upon entry into force, be applicable to as many of the maritime states as
possible. Otherwise they would tend to confuse, rather than clarify, shipping
practice.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Accepting a convention does not
merely involve the deposit of a formal instrument. A Government's acceptance of
a convention necessarily places on it the obligation to take the measures
required by the convention. Often national law has to be enacted or changed to
enforce the provisions of the convention; in some cases, special facilities may
have to be provided; an inspectorate may have to be appointed or trained to
carry out functions under the convention; and adequate notice must be given to
shipowners, shipbuilders and other interested parties so they make take account
of the provisions of the convention in their future acts and plans.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">At present IMO conventions enter into
force within an average of five years after adoption. The majority of these
instruments are now in force or are on the verge of fulfilling requirements for
entry into force.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>SIGNATURE, RATIFICATION,
ACCEPTANCE, APPROVAL AND ACCESSION</b><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The terms signature, ratification,
acceptance, approval and accession refer to some of the methods by which a
State can express its consent to be bound by a treaty.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="background-color: yellow; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Signature</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Consent may be expressed by signature
where:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">mainframe.asp?topic_id=148mainframe.asp?topic_id=148<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Conventions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">mainframe.asp?topic_id=374mainframe.asp?topic_id=374<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Depositary Information on IMO
Conventions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">mainframe.asp?topic_id=247mainframe.asp?topic_id=247<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Status of Conventions - Summary<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">mainframe.asp?topic_id=248mainframe.asp?topic_id=248<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Status of Conventions by country <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">mainframe.asp?topic_id=771mainframe.asp?topic_id=771<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Convention on the International
Maritime Organization<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">mainframe.asp?topic_id=249mainframe.asp?topic_id=249<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">Latest Ratifications</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">mainframe.asp?topic_id=262mainframe.asp?topic_id=262<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Action Dates (Entry into force dates)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">mainframe.asp?topic_id=250mainframe.asp?topic_id=250<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">SOLAS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">mainframe.asp?topic_id=251mainframe.asp?topic_id=251<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">COLREG<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">mainframe.asp?topic_id=252mainframe.asp?topic_id=252<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">STCW<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">mainframe.asp?topic_id=253mainframe.asp?topic_id=253<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">SAR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">mainframe.asp?topic_id=910mainframe.asp?topic_id=910<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">SUA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">mainframe.asp?topic_id=254mainframe.asp?topic_id=254<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Load Lines<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">mainframe.asp?topic_id=255mainframe.asp?topic_id=255<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">MARPOL 73/78<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">mainframe.asp?topic_id=1604mainframe.asp?topic_id=1604<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Removal of Wrecks<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">mainframe.asp?topic_id=529mainframe.asp?topic_id=529<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Anti-fouling Systems<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">mainframe.asp?topic_id=867mainframe.asp?topic_id=867<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ballast Water Management<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">mainframe.asp?topic_id=256mainframe.asp?topic_id=256<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Liability and Compensation
Conventions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">mainframe.asp?topic_id=257mainframe.asp?topic_id=257<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Maritime Safety Conventions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">mainframe.asp?topic_id=1547mainframe.asp?topic_id=1547<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Maritime Security<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">mainframe.asp?topic_id=258mainframe.asp?topic_id=258<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Prevention of Marine Pollution
Conventions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">mainframe.asp?topic_id=259mainframe.asp?topic_id=259<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Other IMO Conventions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The treaty provides that signature
shall have that effect;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">mainframe.asp?topic_id=260mainframe.asp?topic_id=260<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">List of Conventions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It is otherwise established that the
negotiating States were agreed that signature should have that effect;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">mainframe.asp?topic_id=261mainframe.asp?topic_id=261<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Conventions in Development<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The intention of the State to give
that effect to signature appears from the full powers of its representatives or
was expressed during the negotiations (Vienna Convention on the Law of
Treaties, 1969, Article 12.1).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">mainframe.asp?topic_id=1545mainframe.asp?topic_id=1545<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Abbreviations of Conventions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A State may also sign a treaty
"subject to ratification, acceptance or approval". In such a
situation, signature does not signify the consent of a State to be bound by the
treaty, although it does oblige the State to refrain from acts which would
defeat the object and purpose of the treaty until such time as it has made its
intention clear not to become a party to the treaty (Vienna Convention on the
Law of Treaties, Article 18(a))<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>SIGNATURE SUBJECT TO
RATIFICATION, ACCEPTANCE OR APPROVAL</b><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Most multilateral treaties contain a
clause providing that a State may express its consent to be bound by the
instrument by signature subject to ratification.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In such a situation, signature alone
will not suffice to bind the State, but must be followed up by the deposit of
an instrument of ratification with the depositary of the treaty.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This option of expressing consent to
be bound by signature subject to ratification, acceptance or approval
originated in an era when international communications were not instantaneous,
as they are today.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It was a means of ensuring that a
State representative did not exceed their powers or instructions with regard to
the making of a particular treaty. The words "acceptance" and
"approval" basically mean the same as ratification, but they are less
formal and non-technical and might be preferred by some States which might have
constitutional difficulties with the term ratification.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Many States nowadays choose this
option, especially in relation to multinational treaties, as it provides them
with an opportunity to ensure that any necessary legislation is enacted and
other constitutional requirements fulfilled before entering into treaty
commitments.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The terms for consent to be expressed
by signature subject to acceptance or approval are very similar to ratification
in their effect. This is borne out by Article 14.2 of the Vienna Convention on
the Law of Treaties which provides that "the consent of a State to be
bound by a treaty is expressed by acceptance or approval under conditions
similar to those which apply to ratification."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>ACCESSION</b><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Most multinational treaties are open
for signature for a specified period of time. Accession is the method used by a
State to become a party to a treaty which it did not sign whilst the treaty was
open for signature. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Technically, accession requires the
State in question to deposit an instrument of accession with the depositary.
Article 15 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties provides that
consent by accession is possible where the treaty so provides, or where it is
otherwise established that the negotiating States were agreed or subsequently
agreed that consent by accession could occur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>AMENDMENT</b><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Technology and techniques in the
shipping industry change very rapidly these days. As a result, not only are new
conventions required but existing ones need to be kept up to date. For example,
the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1960 was
amended six times after it entered into force in 1965 - in 1966, 1967, 1968,
1969, 1971 and 1973. In 1974 a completely new convention was adopted
incorporating all these amendments (and other minor changes) and has itself
been modified on numerous occasions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In early conventions, amendments came
into force only after a percentage of Contracting States, usually two thirds,
had accepted them. This normally meant that more acceptances were required to
amend a convention than were originally required to bring it into force in the
first place, especially where the number of States which are Parties to a
convention is very large.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This percentage requirement in
practice led to long delays in bringing amendments into force. To remedy the
situation a new amendment procedure was devised in IMO. This procedure has been
used in the case of conventions such as the Convention on the International
Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972, the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 and SOLAS 1974, all of which
incorporate a procedure involving the "tacit acceptance" of
amendments by States.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Instead of requiring that an
amendment shall enter into force after being accepted by, for example, two
thirds of the Parties, the "tacit acceptance" procedure provides that
an amendment shall enter into force at a particular time unless before that
date, objections to the amendment are received from a specified number of
Parties.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In the case of the 1974 SOLAS
Convention, an amendment to most of the Annexes (which constitute the technical
parts of the Convention) is `deemed to have been accepted at the end of two
years from the date on which it is communicated to Contracting Governments...'
unless the amendment is objected to by more than one third of Contracting
Governments, or Contracting Governments owning not less than 50 per cent of the
world's gross merchant tonnage. This period may be varied by the Maritime
Safety Committee with a minimum limit of one year.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">As was expected the "tacit
acceptance" procedure has greatly speeded up the amendment process. The
1981 amendments to SOLAS 1974, for example, entered into force on 1 September
1984. Compared to this, none of the amendments adopted to the 1960 SOLAS
Convention between 1966 and 1973 received sufficient acceptances to satisfy the
requirements for entry into force.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>ENFORCEMENT</b><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The enforcement of IMO conventions
depends upon the Governments of Member Parties.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Contracting Governments enforce the
provisions of IMO conventions as far as their own ships are concerned and also
set the penalties for infringements, where these are applicable. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">They may also have certain limited
powers in respect of the ships of other Governments.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In some conventions, certificates are
required to be carried on board ship to show that they have been inspected and
have met the required standards. These certificates are normally accepted as
proof by authorities from other States that the vessel concerned has reached
the required standard, but in some cases further action can be taken.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The 1974 SOLAS Convention, for
example, states that "the officer carrying out the control shall take such
steps as will ensure that the ship shall not sail until it can proceed to sea
without danger to the passengers or the crew".<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This can be done if "there are
clear grounds for believing that the condition of the ship and its equipment
does not correspond substantially with the particulars of that
certificate".<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">An inspection of this nature would,
of course, take place within the jurisdiction of the port State. But when an
offence occurs in international waters the responsibility for imposing a
penalty rests with the flag State.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Should an offence occur within the
jurisdiction of another State, however, that State can either cause proceedings
to be taken in accordance with its own law or give details of the offence to
the flag State so that the latter can take appropriate action. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Under the terms of the 1969
Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas, Contracting States are
empowered to act against ships of other countries which have been involved in
an accident or have been damaged on the high seas if there is a grave risk of
oil pollution occurring as a result.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The way in which these powers may be
used are very carefully defined, and in most conventions the flag State is
primarily responsible for enforcing conventions as far as its own ships and
their personnel are concerned.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Organization itself has no powers
to enforce conventions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">However, IMO has been given the
authority to vet the training, examination and certification procedures of
Contracting Parties to the International Convention on Standards of Training,
Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), 1978. This was one of the
most important changes made in the 1995 amendments to the Convention which
entered into force on 1 February 1997. Governments will have to provide
relevant information to IMO's Maritime Safety Committee which will judge
whether or not the country concerned meets the requirements of the Convention.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Relationship between Conventions and
interpretation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Some subjects are covered by more
than one Treaty. The question then arises which one prevails. The Vienna
Convention on the Law of Treaties provides in Article 30 for rules regarding
the relationship between successive treaties relating to the same
subject-matter. Answers to questions regarding the interpretation of Treaties
can be found in Articles 31, 32 and 33 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of
Treaties. A Treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the
ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in
the light of its object and purpose. When a Treaty has been authenticated in
two or more languages, the text is equally authoritative in each language,
unless the treaty provides or the parties agree that, in case of divergence, a
particular text shall prevail.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Uniform law and conflict of law rules<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A substantive part of maritime law
has been made uniform in international Treaties. However, not every State is
Party to all Conventions and the existing Conventions do not always cover all
questions regarding a specific subject. In those cases conflict of law rules
are necessary to decide which national law applies. These conflict of law rules
can either be found in a Treaty or, in most cases, in national law.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>IMO CONVENTIONS</b><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The majority of conventions adopted
under the auspices of IMO or for which the Organization is otherwise
responsible, fall into three main categories.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The first group is concerned with
maritime safety; the second with the prevention of marine pollution; and the
third with liability and compensation, especially in relation to damage caused
by pollution. Outside these major groupings are a number of other conventions
dealing with facilitation, tonnage measurement, unlawful acts against shipping
and salvage, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>TACIT ACCEPTANCE PROCEDURE</b><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The amendment procedures contained in
the first Conventions to be developed under the auspices of IMO were so slow
that some amendments adopted have never entered into force. This changed with
the introduction of the "tacit acceptance" procedure.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Tacit acceptance is now incorporated
into most of IMO's technical Conventions. It facilitates the quick and simple
modification of Conventions to keep pace with the rapidly-evolving technology
in the shipping world. Without tacit acceptance, it would have proved
impossible to keep Conventions up to date and IMO's role as the international
forum for technical issues involving shipping would have been placed in
jeopardy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In the spring of 1968, IMO - then
still called IMCO, the Inter-Governmental Consultative Organization -
celebrated the 20th anniversary of the adoption of the IMO Convention. It
should have been an occasion for some congratulations. But all was not well.
Many of the Organization's Member States were not happy with the progress that
had been made so far.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Many were concerned about the
Organization's structure and its ability to respond to the changes taking place
in shipping. In March, 1967, the oil tanker Torrey Canyon had gone aground off
the coast of England, resulting in what was then the world's biggest oil spill.
IMO was called upon to take action to combat oil pollution and to deal with the
legal issues that arose. But would it be able to do so?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The general disquiet was summed up by
Canada in a paper submitted to the 20th session of the IMO Council in May 1968.
It stated that "the anticipations of twenty years ago have not been fulfilled"
and went on to complain of the effort required by Member States in attending
meetings and dealing with the technical problems raised by IMO. The paper was
discussed by the Council which agreed to establish a working group to prepare a
draft statement of the objectives of IMO and an inventory of further objectives
which the Organization could usefully fulfil in the field of international
maritime transport.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In November 1968 the working group
reported back to the Council. It outlined a list of activities, far broader
than the programmes undertaken by IMO so far. This was approved by the Council,
which also agreed that IMO needed to improve its working methods.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The working group was asked to report
to the Council again at its 22nd session in May 1969.This time it put forward a
number of proposals for improving IMO's working methods, the most important of
which concerned the procedures for amending the various Conventions that had
been adopted under IMO's auspices.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The problem facing IMO was that most
of its Conventions could only be updated by means of the "classical"
amendment procedure. Amendments to the 1960 SOLAS Convention, for example,
would enter into force "twelve months after the date on which the
amendment is accepted by two-thirds of the Contracting Governments including
two-thirds of the Governments represented on the Maritime Safety Committee.
This did not seem to be a difficult target when the Convention was adopted,
because to enter into force the Convention had to be accepted by only 15 countries,
seven of which had fleets consisting of at least 1 million gross tons of
merchant shipping.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">But by the late 1960s the number of
Parties to SOLAS had reached 80 and the total was rising all the time as new
countries emerged and began to develop their shipping activities. As the number
of Parties rose, so did the total required to amend the Convention. It was like
trying to climb a mountain that was always growing higher and the problem was
made worse by the fact that Governments took far longer to accept amendments
than they did to ratify the parent Convention.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Council approved the working
group's proposal that "it would be a useful first step to undertake a
comparative study of the conventions for which IMO is depositary and similar
instruments for which other Members of the United Nations family are
responsible." This proposal was endorsed by the 6th regular session of the
IMO Assembly in October 1969 and the study itself was completed in time to be
considered by the Assembly at its 7th session in 1971.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It examined the procedures of four
other UN agencies: the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the
International Telecommunications Union (ITU), the World Meteorological
Organization (WMO) and the World Health Organization (WHO).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It showed that all of these
organizations were able to amend technical and other regulations. These
amendments became binding on Member States without a further act of
ratification or acceptance being required.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">On the other hand, IMO had no
authority to adopt, let alone amend conventions. Its mandate allowed it only to
"provide for the drafting of conventions, agreements or other instruments
and to recommend these to Governments and to intergovernmental organizations
and to convene such conferences as may be necessary." Article 2 of the IMO
Convention specifically stated that IMO's functions were to be
"consultative and advisory".<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Organization could arrange a
conference - but it was up to the conference to decide whether the Convention
under discussion should or should not be adopted and to decide how it should be
amended. The study concluded that "any attempt to bring IMO procedure and
practice into line with the other organizations would, therefore, entail a
change either in the constitutional and institutional structure of the
Organization itself or in the procedure and practice of the diplomatic
conferences which adopt the conventions of IMO.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The first might involve an amendment
to the IMO Convention itself. The second might require that diplomatic conferences
convened by IMO should grant greater power to the organs of IMO in regard to
the review and revision of the instruments.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The study was discussed at length by
the Assembly. Canada pointed out that the amendments adopted to the 1960 SOLAS
Convention in 1966, 1967, 1968 and 1969 had failed to enter into force and this
"sufficed to show that IMO would henceforth have to tackle serious
institutional problems." A note submitted to the conference by Canada
stated that "unless the international maritime community is sufficiently
responsive to these changed circumstances, States will once again revert to the
practice of unilaterally deciding what standards to apply to their own shipping
and to foreign flag shipping visiting their ports."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The result was the adoption of
resolution A.249(VII) which referred to the need for an amendment procedure
"which is more in keeping with the development of technological advances
and social needs and which will expedite the adoption of amendments." It
called for the Legal Committee and Maritime Safety Committee to prepare draft
proposals for consideration by the 8th Assembly.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A growing urgency was added by the
fact that IMO was preparing a number of new conventions for adoption during the
next few years. Conferences to consider a new Convention on the International
Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea and an International Convention
for Safe Containers were both scheduled for 1972, a major Convention dealing
with the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Ships for 1973 and a conference to
revise SOLAS was scheduled for 1976. All of these treaties required a new,
easier amendment procedure than the traditional method.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The MSC discussed the amendment
question at its 25th session in March 1972. A working group was formed to
discuss the matter in detail and concluded that at current rates of acceptance
the requisite "two-thirds" target needed to amend SOLAS 1960
"will not be achieved...for many years, possibly never." Moreover,
any future amendments would almost certainly suffer the same fate. This would
include any amendments intended to improve the amendment procedure itself.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The working group reported: "It
follows that the only realistic way of bringing an improved amending procedure
into effect within a reasonable period of time is to incorporate it into new or
revised technical conventions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A few weeks later, the Legal
Committee held its 12th session. Among the documents prepared for the meeting
was a report on discussions that had taken place at the MSC and a detailed
paper prepared by the Secretariat. The paper analysed the entry into force and
amendment processes of various IMO Conventions and referred to two possible
methods that had been considered by the Assembly, for speeding up the amendment
procedure. Alternative I was to revise each Convention so that greater
authority for adopting amendments might be delegated to the appropriate IMO
organs. Alternative II was to amend the IMO Convention itself and give IMO the
power to amend Conventions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The study then considered Alternative
I in greater detail. The main reason why amendments took so long to enter into
force was the time taken to gain acceptance by two-thirds of Contracting
Governments. One way of reducing this period would be by "specifying a
date ...of entry into force after adoption by the Assembly, unless that date of
amendment is explicitly rejected by a certain number or percentage of
Contracting Governments." The paper said that this procedure "has the
advantage that all Contracting Governments would be able to advance the
preparatory work for implementing the amended regulations and the industry
would be in a position to plan accordingly."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Committee established a working
group to consider the subject and prepared a preliminary study based on its report,
which again referred to the disadvantages of the classical amendment system.
The study continued: "The remedy for this, which has proved to be workable
in practice, in relation to a number of conventions, is what is known as the
'tacit' or 'passive' acceptance procedure. This means that the body which
adopts the amendment at the same time fixes a time period within which
contracting parties will have the opportunity to notify either their acceptance
or their rejection of the amendment, or to remain silent on the subject. In
case of silence, the amendment is considered to have been accepted by the
party...".<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The tacit acceptance idea immediately
proved popular. The Council, at its meeting in May, decided that the next
meeting of the Legal Committee should consist of technical as well as legal
experts so that priority could be given to the amendment issue. The Committee
was asked to give particular attention to tacit acceptance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The idea was given non-governmental
support by the International Chamber of Shipping, which had consultative status
with IMO and submitted a paper stating that the lack of an effective amendment
procedure created uncertainties and was detrimental to effective planning by
the industry. The classical procedure had also encouraged some governments to
introduce unilateral legislation that, however well intentioned, was
"seriously disruptive to international shipping services." The paper
said that if other Governments did the same "the disruption to
international shipping and the world trade which it serves would become
increasingly severe. Such unilateral action strikes at the purpose of
IMO."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">By the time the Legal Committee met
for its 14th session in September 1972, there was general agreement that tacit
acceptance offered the best way forward. Other ideas, such as amending the IMO
Convention itself, had too many disadvantages and would take too long to
introduce. There was some concern about what would happen if a large number of
countries did reject an amendment and the Committee members agreed that tacit
acceptance should apply only to the technical content of Conventions, which was
often contained in annexes. The non-technical articles should continue to be
subject to the classical (or "positive") acceptance procedure.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Committee also generally agreed
that alternative procedures for amending the technical provisions should be
retained but it did not reach consensus on another issue: should amendments be
prepared and adopted by an appropriate IMO body, such as the Maritime Safety
Committee - or by Contracting Parties to the Convention concerned? This was an
important point at the time, since many Contracting Parties to IMO Conventions
were not yet Members of IMO itself and might object to treaties they had
ratified being amended without them even being consulted.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This issue was still unsettled when
the Conference on Revision of the International Regulations for Preventing
Collisions at Sea opened in October 1972. The purpose of the conference was to
update the Collision Regulations and to separate them from the SOLAS Convention
(the existing regulations were annexed to SOLAS 1960).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The amendment procedure is contained
in Article VI. Amendments to the Collision Regulations adopted by the MSC (by a
two-thirds majority) have to be communicated to Contracting Parties and IMO
Member States at least six months before being considered by the Assembly. If
adopted by the Assembly (again by a two-thirds majority), the amendments enter
into force on a date determined by the Assembly unless more than one third of
Contracting Parties notify IMO of their objection. On entry into force, any
amendment shall "for all Contracting Parties which have not objected to
the amendment, replace and supersede any previous provision to which the amendment
refers."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Less than two months later, on 2
December 1972 a conference held in Geneva adopted the International Convention
for Safe Containers, Article X of which contains procedures for amending any
part or parts of the Convention. The procedure is the traditional
"positive" acceptance system, under which amendments enter into force
twelve months after being adopted by two-thirds of Contracting Parties.
However, Article XI contains a special procedure for amending the technical
annexes which also incorporates tacit acceptance. The procedure is slightly
different from that used in the Collision Regulations, one difference being
that the amendments can be adopted by the MSC "to which all Contracting
Parties shall have been invited to participate and vote." This answered
the question of how to take into account the interests of Parties to
Conventions that were not Member States of IMO.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The next Convention to be considered
was the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships
(MARPOL), which was successfully adopted in May 1973. It, too, incorporated tacit
acceptance procedures for amending the technical annexes. In the meantime, IMO
was preparing for a new SOLAS convention. This was considered necessary because
none of the amendments adopted to the 1960 version had entered into force and
did not appear likely to do so in the near future. The 1966 Load Lines
Convention also contained a classical amendment procedure and the intention was
to combine the two instruments in a new Convention, which was scheduled to be
considered in 1976.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The MSC discussed this proposal at
its 26th session in October-November, but it was clear that this would be a
daunting and time-consuming task. The combined instrument might be a good idea
for the future - but the real priority was to get the amendments to SOLAS 1960
into force as quickly as possible and to make sure that future amendments would
not be delayed. A working group was set up to consider the various
alternatives, but opinion began to move in favour of a proposal by the United
Kingdom that IMO should concentrate on an interim Convention designed to bring
into force the amendments adopted since 1960. The new Convention, it was
suggested, would consist of the 1960 text with the addition of a tacit acceptance
amendment procedure and the addition of amendments that had already been
adopted.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Another advantage, the United Kingdom
pointed out, was that the conference called to adopt the revised Convention
"might be held considerably earlier than 1976 since comparatively little
preparation would be needed." The subject was discussed again at the MSC's
27th session in the spring of 1973 and, although some delegations wanted a more
comprehensive revision, others felt that the workload would be so great that the
conference would be seriously delayed. By a vote of 12 in favor and four
abstentions, the Committee decided to call a conference with limited scope, as
proposed by the United Kingdom.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">On 21 October, 1974, the
International Conference on Safety of Life at Sea opened in London and on 1
November a new SOLAS Convention was adopted, which incorporated the tacit
acceptance procedure.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The tacit acceptance amendment
procedure has now been incorporated into the majority of IMO's technical
Conventions and has been extended to some other instruments as well. Its
effectiveness can be seen most clearly in the case of SOLAS 1974, which has
been amended on many occasions since then. In the process, the Convention's
technical content has been almost completely re-written. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">mainframe.asp?topic_id=1546mainframe.asp?topic_id=1546<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Sources: http://www.imo.org<span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08099742129797960720noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6248576815456867660.post-39631256206639486732013-08-25T18:40:00.002+05:302013-08-25T18:56:39.078+05:30FIRST AID FIRE FIGHTING APPLIANCES<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">TYPES OF FIRST AID FIRE FIGHTING APPLIANCES</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></u></b>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwUjwLDFlrCyhFVY9AdN2NzHXmeRKuQ6ff-VOhTrQReZzI_wgOjua74m8s9_rV8sMta9Ok3RDITd3P59XpirLRXIQekFO1fyaUPCQxlSI_OLUxAVm0NP8KrItq9d2vg-srPsNRy1gcx54/s1600/sa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwUjwLDFlrCyhFVY9AdN2NzHXmeRKuQ6ff-VOhTrQReZzI_wgOjua74m8s9_rV8sMta9Ok3RDITd3P59XpirLRXIQekFO1fyaUPCQxlSI_OLUxAVm0NP8KrItq9d2vg-srPsNRy1gcx54/s640/sa.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>1)</b><b><u>WATER
TYPE</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 129.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><i>a)</i></b>The extinguisher consists of
a cylindrical shaped outer <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">container which is made of mild steel and treated
for anti-corrosion, which contain 9 ltrs. of
water. The container is pressure tested at a pressure of 350 lbs. Psi
(24 bars Approx.). It has an expansion space.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b> <i>b) </i></b>Gas cartridge (cO<sub>2</sub>) is stored inside
cylinder and coupled to the operating head. It contain 60 gram of CO<sub>2</sub>
charged with in the container at pressure of 35 bars which when punctured
releases the gas and pressurize the water.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <b><i>c)</i></b> An operating head is secured
to the outer container with a plunger and striking knob. The knob is protected
by a safety clip or cap to prevent it from accidental operation. There are
three vent holes provided on the cap to allow the pressure to release by which
explosion hazards of the extinguisher can be avoided.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u>OPERATION</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> The
water type extinguishers are operated (used) for “A” class fire. Carry the
extinguisher to the scene of fire, remove the safety clip, make sure the cap is
fully screw down and strike the knob hard, direct the water jet in heart of the
fire with the wind.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u>RECHARGING</u></b><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">a)Make sure that the vent
holes are absolutely clear on the</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> extinguisher head.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">b)Unscrew the CO<sub>2</sub>
cartridge.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">c)Wash out the outer container
and refill it with fresh water, add antifreezing chemicals if required.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">d)Take new CO<sub>2</sub>
cartridge, and after making sure that the plunger is fully withdrawn screw in
the CO<sub>2</sub> cartridge on the head. The plunger must be fully
serviceable.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">e)Screw down the head fully.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">f)Write down the recharging
date on the body and if rubber hose (discharge hose) is fitted make it fully
tight.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u>WATER TYPE STORED PRESSURE</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> This
extinguisher contains a cap fitted with valve group (normally of brass metal)
and a cylinder containing water and space for dry air. The extinguisher is
filled with water and air is charged into it at a pressure of 10 bars. This can
be charged from a compressed air cylinder or from a compressor. The air can be
charged through an adaptor which is fitted permanently to the extinguisher.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u>Test:</u></b><b> - a) </b>Monthly
weigh the cartridge.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <b>b)</b>
Pressure test.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> 2) <u>FOAM
EXTINGUISHER (MECHANICAL)<o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b> </b><b><u>FOAM</u></b> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">foam is a frothy substance entirely consisting of
bubbles and these bubbles contain either CO or Air.Mechanical way of
producing foam is by self aspiration of a foam solution through a foam making
branch pipe by mechanical means and it will produce 72 to 90 ltrs. of foam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <b><u>OPERATION</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">These extinguishers are used on “A” & “B”
classes of fire. When required take extinguisher to the scene of fire, tight
the wheel head assembly, remove the safety clip, hold the discharge hose in the
hand and strike the knob hard use the foam directly on fire.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <b><u>RECHARGING</u></b> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">a)Unscrew the wheel head and
remove the CO<sub>2</sub> cartridge.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">b)Make sure the vent holes are
clean.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">c)Wash the outer container and
fill up 8.6 ltrs of water and mixed. 4 ltr of</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> AFFF (Aqueous Film Forming
Forces) and dilute it properly.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">d)Refill the solution is outer
container.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">e)Take fresh CO<sub>2</sub>
cartridge of 90 gram to 120 gram and connect it to wheel</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;"> head.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">f)Replace the wheel head
assembly and put safety clip on.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> 3) <u>DRY CHEMICAL POWDER EXTINGUISHER<o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">INTRODUCTION<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">various types of dry chemical powders were used for
many years. But they had various drawbacks. Powder Commonly used for class
B&C type fires are usually based on sodium bicarbonate. Potassium
bicarbonate powder is also used in many countries. Powder for dealing with
carbonaceous (class A) fires as well as class B fires known as General purpose
one based on ammonium phosphates. All dry powders are treated to improve their
flow and reduce caking.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">PROPERTIES AND USES<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Modern dry powder extinguisher is very
efficient. They can use for running fires in highly flammable liquids. Recent
developments however have produced powders, which are capable of dealing with
carbonaceous fires.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> The
powder extinguishes the fires by stopping chain reactions occurring in the
flames. Sodium and Potassium Carbonate are found to be the best. When applied
on the flame it smokeless, the fire, draws heat and cools the flame, when it
decomposes produce CO<sub>2</sub> and water even though it is very little. The
importance of the decomposition is that a new cathartically active, surface is
formed and that will become as a fire retardant and destroys the radicals that
propagate the chain reaction. Ammonium phosphate powder not only extinguishes the
class B fire but also class ‘A’ fires. The phosphate content of the
general-purpose powder deals with the smoldering by acting in a manner, which
is similar to that of a fore retardant.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> The
normally used fire-extinguishing agents are inadequate or dangerous when used
on metal fire such as magnesium, aluminum, uranium, titanium, and zirconium
metals. A combination of sodium, potassium and barium chloride (ternary
eutectic chloride) is used for class “D” fire. The melting point is very low
and the capacity for absorbing the latent heat from the metal is very high. The
powder melt and forms a fused skin cover the metal, preventing contact with the
Oxygen in the atmosphere at the same line absorbing the heat from the metal, so
cooling it below its ignition temperature. There are two types of dry chemical
powder extinguishers (a) Stored Pressure and (b) CO<sub>2</sub> gas pressure
type.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 38.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>(a)<span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u>STORED PRESSURE TYPE</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The construction of the
stored pressure type Dry chemical powder extinguisher the outer container is
made of mild steel and treated for anti-corrosion cap or head is made of brass
fitted with valve group (pressure gauge, charging adaptor etc.) 10 Kg Dry
chemical powder and a space for dry air at the pressure of 10 bar/cm<sup>2</sup>.
This can be charged from a compressed air cylinder or from the compressor the
air can be charged through an adaptor, which is permanently fitted to the
extinguisher.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 38.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>(b)<span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u>PRECAUTIONS WHEN RECHARGING</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Make sure the container is thoroughly dried, before
recharging.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Particular care should be taken to ensure that powder remaining in</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> discharge hose and nozzle is fully cleared. When refilling the new</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> powder
container is opened, the powder should be transferred</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> immediately into the
extinguisher and appliance sealed. Personnel</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> handling must take care mixing or
cross contamination should be</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> avoided. Some powder may react which will not be
felt at the same</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> time but at later stage. Only one type of powder extinguisher
be</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> opened at a time to avoid mixing. The examination should be</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> conducted only
in a clean room using dry receptor.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">CO<sub>2</sub> EXTINGUISHER<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Carbon dioxide has been used for many years to extinguish
flammable liquid fires and live electronic equipment fires. Consequently it is
widely employed as an extinguishing agent in fixed installation and also in
portable extinguishers with capacities ranging from 0.9 kg to 6.8 kg of
liquefied gas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">GENERAL CHARECTERSTICS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> CO<sub>2</sub> has a number of properties making it useful for
extinguishing fire. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1.It is non-combustible and
does not react with most substances.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2.It can penetrate and spread
it all part of fire area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">3.It provides its own pressure
for discharge from extinguisher.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">4.It is non-conductor of
electricity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">5.It will not damage
sophisticated electronic equipment. Under normal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> condition CO<sub>2</sub> is
colourless, odourless. It is easily liquefied by pressure</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> and cooling CO<sub>2 </sub>is
relatively nontoxic.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">When CO</span><sub style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2 </sub><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">in
liquid form release from storage cylinder there is an extremely rapid expansion
from liquid to gas which produces a refrigerating effect, that converts the
part of CO</span><sub style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2</sub><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> into “snow” (solid- particles). This snow, which has a
temperature of 79o C, soon sublimes (i.e. transformed directly from solid to
gas). It is the sublimation that produces some cooling effect. When used as an
extinguisher under suitable conditions of control and application some cooling
of the fire may be effected, but it is the extinction of the oxygen to a point
where it will no longer support combustion, which is of primary importance. In
general 1 kg of liquid CO</span><sub style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2</sub><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> in its liquid state</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">will produce about 5
m</span><sup style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">3</sup><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> of free gas at atmospheric pressure.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">OPERATION<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Earlier models were operated by striking a plunger
at the head of the cylinder. This pierced a sealing disc or by actuating lever
device, but in most current models removing a safety pin and then operating the
discharge device release the gas. The essential feature about this device, what
even its type is that it should open quickly and provide a clear passage for
the liquid. If this free passage does not exist, freezing up of the valve
occurs. For this reason the small orifices in commercial valves are not
suitable. The discharge mechanism is usually designed so that, at an ambient
temperature of 15<sup>o</sup> C to 18<sup>o</sup> C not less than 95% of the
content is released in form of continuous discharge is the minimum time.<b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Owing
to the expansion of the discharging gas and its liability to freeze, careful
design of the discharge mechanism is essential.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A
discharge tube is fitted to the cylinder so that liquid CO<sub>2</sub> is
released through the valve in cylinder head. Expansion may commence in the
flexible discharge tube, is fitted, but the greater part of expansion take
place in discharge horn. The ratio of expansion is 1:450. The design of the
discharge horn is very important feature of CO<sub>2</sub> extinguisher’s its
main purpose is to stop the containment of air with the CO<sub>2</sub> by
reducing the velocity of the gas. Without this horn the jet of CO<sub>2</sub>
gas and air acts like a blowtorch and would increase the intensity of fire.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE</span></u></b></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Fire is chain reaction following elements when they
meet together eg. Burning material (or fuel),</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Oxygen(or air) and heat.</span></div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">TYPES OF FIRE</span><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
</h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u>“A” TYPE OR GENERAL FIRE</u></b><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> This fire
involving solid material normally of organic nature compounds of carbon in
which combustion occurs with the formation of glowing ember.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Class “A” fires are the most common and the most effective
extinguishing agent in generally water in the form of jet and spray.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">TYPE “B” OR LIQUID FIRE<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">These are fire involving liquid; or liquefiable
solid; for the purpose of choosing effective extinguishing agent liquid may be
divided in two groups <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1.One which is mixable with
water alcohol and acid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2.Those that are not mixable
with water petroleum products and edible oils etc. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Depending upon a and b the extinguishing agents are
water spray, foam, light water, vaporizing liquid CO<sub>2</sub> and dry
chemical powder.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u>TYPE “C”</u></b><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">These are fires involving gases or liquid gasses in the
form of a liquid spillage or liquid or gas leak and these includes methane, propane,
pentane etc. Foam or dry chemical powder can be used to control the fires
involving shallow laved liquid spill water in form of spray is used to cool the
container.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">TYPE “D” FIRE<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">These fire involving metal extinguishing agents
containing water are ineffective and even dangerous co<sub>2</sub> and
carbonate gasses of dry powders m ay also be hazardous. If applied most metal
fires, powdered graphite powder talk, soda ash, limestone and dry sand are
normally used for class “D” Fires.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“E” ELECTRICAL FIRE<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It is most considered according to present day ideas
that electrical fire constitute a class, since any five involving or started by
electrical equipment most in fact be a fire of class ‘A B & D’.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08099742129797960720noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6248576815456867660.post-13172914921450863552013-08-24T15:29:00.000+05:302013-08-24T15:29:01.903+05:30SHIP STEERING CONTROL AND CONTROL SYSTEMS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">ELECTRO HYDRAULIC STEERING GEAR</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">With these systems the motor
runs continuously. Duplicate motors and duplicate feeders are normally provided
and in certain installations a change-over switch is provided so that each
motor may be supplied by either feeder.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Short circuit protection only
is provided in these feeder circuits, the normal overload protection being
replaced by an overload alarm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">CONTROL SYSTEMS<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">These are of three basic
types:-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">(I) NON FOLLOW UP SYSTEMS<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">With these systems the gear
will run and the rudder will continue to turn while the steering wheel or other
controller is moved from its central position. Rudder movement is stopped only
when the steering control is centred once again (or when the rudder is brought
up against the stops).<br />
<br />
It will be obvious that placing the filler amidships merely stops application
of helm and does not remove it. Removal of helm must be effected by moving the
tiller to the opposite side. Controllers with non follow up systems take the
form of a wheel or a tiller lever or push buttons. A rudder indicator is fitted
to indicate rudder movement.</span></div>
<h2>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
(II) FOLLOW UP SYSTEMS<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">With these systems movement of
the rudder follows the movement of the steering controller e.g. if the
controller is moved to indicate a desired rudder position the rudder will turn
until the actual rudder angle is the same as the desired rudder angle shown on
the steering pedestal after which rudder movement will cease, the controller
remaining offset from its central position. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">(III) AUTOMATIC SYSTEMS</span></h2>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">With these systems the
steering control circuits are controlled by signals received from the master
compass, so that the ship is automatically held on to a selected course. <br />
<br />
Primarily the system is so arranged that when the vessel is on course the
rudder is amidships but as soon as the compass indicates an error the auto
pilot applies an amount of rudder sufficient to bring the vessel back on
course. By the time the vessel is on course again the applied correcting
rudder has been removed.<br />
<br />
With some systems, should it be required to alter the course being steered by
the auto pilot by a few degree, this can be done by a Trim Switch and without
necessarily reverting to hand steering.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWX87wBZc5T0bOrwajR-_OCPGKLbkgV6yS8YbClVEiPRkI3jRndD6J0hJNW673EnISzHsPRrUSPJQvQpIfEoqTyg2UsC3y_5b29ra22vkvppdHmRxnXRRkBNNoCbOiMiHJls3qtiuIAig/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWX87wBZc5T0bOrwajR-_OCPGKLbkgV6yS8YbClVEiPRkI3jRndD6J0hJNW673EnISzHsPRrUSPJQvQpIfEoqTyg2UsC3y_5b29ra22vkvppdHmRxnXRRkBNNoCbOiMiHJls3qtiuIAig/s640/1.jpg" width="560" /></a></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Any and all of the above
systems can be applied to both all electric or electro hydraulic steering
systems so that the following may be fitted:-</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 5.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(i) Hand Electric (Follow Up)<br />
(ii) Hand Electric (Non Follow Up)<br />
(iii) Hand Hydraulic (“Telemotor Control”)<br />
(iv) Automatic<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">and its normal practice to
fit at least two of the systems (i), (ii) and (iii).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Fig indicates Follow Up,
Non Follow Up and Auto Systems fitted to electro hydraulic power systems.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Thus it will be obvious that
an electric system of steering control consists essentially of:-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 5.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">i)Steering pedestal or bridge unit. This produces electrical
impulses by operation of the steering control.<br />
ii)Amplifier or control unit to transmit these impulses to the steering flat.<br />
iii)After power unit to translate these impulses into mechanical movement of
the power steering system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08099742129797960720noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6248576815456867660.post-62901242202818387782013-08-23T22:30:00.000+05:302013-08-23T22:30:05.381+05:30SHIELD METAL-ARC WELDING (SMAW)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjawW4XMxMV4wA6nlV7thP2d5BwvRhk_HeLsOUIOXGhfS2rV1dOmz7kIdswgz1a0Ysqo8RMPr5ouUt2XVG82cwRvUNhdBv25ABkHRK_iy3qyhtKNhyPl33V45S5lsG4q_CkPzT-NReYWMw/s1600/300px-SMAW.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="515" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjawW4XMxMV4wA6nlV7thP2d5BwvRhk_HeLsOUIOXGhfS2rV1dOmz7kIdswgz1a0Ysqo8RMPr5ouUt2XVG82cwRvUNhdBv25ABkHRK_iy3qyhtKNhyPl33V45S5lsG4q_CkPzT-NReYWMw/s640/300px-SMAW.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In
shielded metal-arc welding, the intense heat from an electric arc is used to
melt and fuse metals to form a weld. It is one of the oldest and most widely
used welding processes. Although used chiefly for joining iron and mild steels,
shielded metal-arc welding is well suited to maintenance tasks because the
equipment is relatively inexpensive, simple to operate, and can be used for
welding many different kinds of metals.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Below,
you will find explanations describing the shielded metal-arc welding process
and how the welding machines and accessories are set up and used. You will also
find information on selecting an electrode. The personal safety equipment and
precautions are also described. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>HOW
THE PROCESS WORKS</b><br />
A typical SMAW outfit consists of an electric welding machine, two welding
cables, a ground clamp, an electrode holder, and a covered metal electrode.
Electric current from the welding machine is used to form an electric arc
between the tip of the electrode and the work.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje0VgjQslPvgqrIwfbUZoaLGIM_4ej6IM_HQvv6LeH8jUvHZl3CRTRZoM04Nvf5Ll7Q0xEjB4tfBAmu92bsJQuAx0CC7BAapgDXd_m7buANRkEsUELXsiheFFFcv6yI_ZE5wEKOyucYXo/s1600/stick-welding.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="576" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje0VgjQslPvgqrIwfbUZoaLGIM_4ej6IM_HQvv6LeH8jUvHZl3CRTRZoM04Nvf5Ll7Q0xEjB4tfBAmu92bsJQuAx0CC7BAapgDXd_m7buANRkEsUELXsiheFFFcv6yI_ZE5wEKOyucYXo/s640/stick-welding.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
Welding is started by touching the end of the electrode to the base metal, then
lifting the electrode about ¼ inch. This forms the arc, which produces
temperatures up to 5550°C. The intense heat at the arc area instantly melts the
base metal and begins to burn the covering off the electrode and melt the core.
The melted core becomes filler metal for the weld and the decomposition of the
flux forms a protective gaseous atmosphere around the arc area. The gas forms a
shield against contamination from oxygen and nitrogen in the surrounding air.
Additional shielding is provided by the electrode flux, which forms a deposit
called slag.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
The shielding gas is ionized, and conducts electricity and maintains the
stability of the arc.<br />
<br />
<b>WELDING VOLTAGE AND CURRENT</b><br />
Either direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC) is used. The arc voltage
or working voltage is the voltage present in the welding circuit while an arc
is struck and welding is being done. The arc voltage ranges from 15V to 40V
depending on the arc length.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
The open circuit voltage is the voltage generated by the welding machine when
no welding is being done. Open-circuit voltages are normally set between 50V
and 100V, but drops to the arc voltage level when an arc is struck and welding
begin.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
<b>ARC LENGTH<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In
any electrical circuit, there is a correlation between the voltage, current and
the resistance. The best results are normally obtained with an arc length about
the diameter of the electrode.<br />
<br />
When the arc length is increased, less current flow occurs because of the
increased resistance. The result is a cooler arc and a greater tendency to
spatter. There will be less penetration of the weld, increased exposure to
oxidation and contamination, and an erratic, unstable arc.<br />
<br />
When the arc length is reduced, less resistance more current flows with less
voltage and the arc becomes hotter. With thin material, the heat can melt a
hole in the welding, porosity, and undercutting of the adjacent base
metal.<br />
<br />
<b>POLARITY</b><br />
For DC machines, this is important. When the electrode is negative and the work
piece is positive, this is called Straight Polarity. The opposite of this is
Reverse Polarity.<br />
<br />
DCSP or direct current straight polarity is characterized by faster melting of
the electrode, the weld puddle being broad and penetration into the base metal
is relatively shallow. This is used when fast welding speeds and high
deposition rates are required.<br />
<br />
DCRP or direct current reversed polarity results in a hotter arc, making
deeper, narrower weld puddle. This is used for structural welding, multi pass
welds, and applications requiring deep penetrations.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
Most electrodes are designed to be used with only one polarity.<br />
<br />
<b>POWER SOURCES</b><br />
Most AC power sources contain a transformer that steps down line voltage to the
level required for welding (normally less than 100V)<br />
<br />
<b>WELDING MACHINES</b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Many types and sizes of welding machines are used for shielded metal-arc
welding. The current of a <i>Constant-Current</i> type does not change
significantly in variations in arc length. This is preferred for manual welding
operations.<br />
<br />
The <i>Constant-Potential</i> type of welding machine adjusts the current
according to the arc length. If used in a manual operation, the unavoidable
variations in arc length will produce large fluctuations in the current, resulting
in an unstable, non-uniform arc. For automatic operations, the constant
electrode feed rate establishes a stable arc and uniform arc length.<br />
<br />
The current rating of the machine is its maximum current output. A current
rating of 400 amp means the machine can deliver up to 400 amps of welding
current.<br />
<br />
The duty cycle rating of the machine is the safe operating capacity for
non-stop welding. This is expressed as a percentage over a 10-minute period
over which a machine can deliver its rated maximum welding current output
without damage or overheating. An 80 percent 400-amp machine is one, which can
deliver 400 amps of welding current for a total of 8 minutes out of every 10,
and must idle at least, 2 minutes out of every 10 for cooling.<br />
<br />
<b>TOOLS AND ACCESSORIES</b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The tools for SMAW are: cables, holders, clamps, chipping hammer, wire brush.
The protective equipment are face shield, goggles, apron, gloves, shoes, long
sleeved shirt. The protective equipment is to avoid eye injuries, and burns.
Also there is a need to prevent electric shocks, especially in wet areas.<br />
<br />
<b>SELECTING AN ELECTRODE</b><br />
Electrodes are classified by their core material: mild steel, high-carbon
steel, special alloy steel, cast iron, and non-ferrous. Mild steel electrodes
are the most commonly used. In general, the electrode core material is matched
as closely as possible with the composition of the base metal. Electrode size
varies with the thickness of the base metal.<br />
<br />
The size and characteristics of the selected electrode determine the arc current
settings on the welding machine. Normally, the range of recommended amperage
for the electrode is given by the manufacturer.<br />
<br />
<b>SET UP AND OPERATION</b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Observe
fire precautions before starting to weld. No combustible should be near the
work area. </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
With the electrical power still off; clamp the earth wire to the work piece and
the electrode on the holder. Turn on the power. To strike an arc, position the
end of the electrode about 1 inch above the weld start point. Lower your face
shield and with a rapid tapping of scratching motion, touch the electrode to
the base of the metal. Immediately after the contact, raise the end of the
electrode slightly to establish an arc whose length is approximately equal to
the electrode diameter.<br />
<br />
If you do not raise the electrode fast enough, it will stick to the work. Twist
or bend the electrode to break it free. If the electrode does not break free,
quickly release it from the holder. With a little practice, you can learn to
strike an arc without the electrode sticking.<br />
<br />
When the current settings and a proper arc length is maintained, a continuous
cracking sound is heard while welding. A humming sound indicates that the arc
length is too long or the current is too high. Arcs too short make a popping
sound and may flash on and off, indicating the electrode is sticking and short
circuiting to the base metal.</span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08099742129797960720noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6248576815456867660.post-40946652921232780712013-08-21T23:10:00.000+05:302013-08-21T23:10:02.803+05:30HEAT EXCHANGERS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbz17uzBV2vO3PF1Mcemtxzi2PcY-_TzsDay_2Mp7UjxhVu-OLmqXpeIB_QppHNXm_okVZxjYmTO6o8xShYOd6NVv3cWIZSW5VI5OeFmSqrm4rPkSMY3UbBKuAVPz_V4xz4NiUuAmzTn8/s1600/HEat-Exchanger-1.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbz17uzBV2vO3PF1Mcemtxzi2PcY-_TzsDay_2Mp7UjxhVu-OLmqXpeIB_QppHNXm_okVZxjYmTO6o8xShYOd6NVv3cWIZSW5VI5OeFmSqrm4rPkSMY3UbBKuAVPz_V4xz4NiUuAmzTn8/s640/HEat-Exchanger-1.gif" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -63pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -63pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A heat exchanger is a piece of equipment in
which two fluids are </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">separately circulated</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -63pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">in adjacent spaces so that some of
the heat </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">in </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">the fluid at the higher </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">temperature is transferred into the fluid
at </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">the lower temperature. The fluid having the higher</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -63pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">temperature </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">is therefore
cooled and the fluid having the lower temperature is</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -63pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">heated.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -63pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -63pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The
heat from a fluid can therefore be transferred to another colder fluid by means
of:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;"> a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Separately
circulating them in adjacent spaces.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Mixing
them together. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Surface
heat transfer is defined as heat flowing from a “hot” fluid through a tube wall
or other membrane to another cooler fluid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Contact
heat transfer is defined as heat flowing from a hot fluid to a cooler fluid due
to mixing of one with the other.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A heat exchanger is a device for
transferring thermal energy from one medium to another. It generally consists
of two channels or system of channels, one for each medium, and separated from
each other by partitions through which heat is transferred from the hot medium
to the cold medium.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Most
coolers used on board ship transfer heat from a hot fluid to sea water. For the
main propulsion engine of the motor ship, the engine jacket water, lubricating
oil and charge air must be cooled and generally also water or oil used in
cooling the pistons. In a steamship, apart from the heat yielded to the main
condenser, the turbine and gearbox lubricating oils provide the principal
sources of heat rejected to the circulating cooling water. Auxiliary prime
movers require cooling and air compressors have intercoolers and aftercoolers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Steam
heated heat exchangers include heavy fuel oil heaters, boiler air pre-heaters,
units to heat sea water for tank washing, evaporators, feed heaters and
calorifiers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Shipboard
heat exchangers may therefore be classified under the following categories:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>COOLER
</b><u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The
temperature of a hot liquid is lowered by transferring part of its heat to sea
water.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>CONDENSER</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Heat
from a hot gas or vapour is transferred to seawater to the extent that the gas
or vapour liquefies.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>HEATER</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The
temperature of a liquid or gas is raised by transferring heat energy from a hot
medium, usually steam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>EVAPORATOR</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Heat
energy is transferred to a liquid until it evaporates (changes from liquid to
gas).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">FLOW PATH IN A SHELL AND TUBE
HEAT EXCHANGER</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1qoQWaUbBvHLj2eEramFVfYFTyNEbqBGKfvFHFHJL_u0iVU0NAZC4dIsFxoPCgMX-n9rvqS_jVGdVnh6hCvOOPf_BEH9ZEJHKDNrrZybreyS81y9ehcE-lMpy2KR9GXWYX11DlGxKGyU/s1600/Straight-tube_heat_exchanger_2-pass.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="475" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1qoQWaUbBvHLj2eEramFVfYFTyNEbqBGKfvFHFHJL_u0iVU0NAZC4dIsFxoPCgMX-n9rvqS_jVGdVnh6hCvOOPf_BEH9ZEJHKDNrrZybreyS81y9ehcE-lMpy2KR9GXWYX11DlGxKGyU/s640/Straight-tube_heat_exchanger_2-pass.PNG" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The
flow path of the fluids are fixed by the division plates in the heat exchanger
heads for the cooling fluid and the internal baffles or tube support shets
within the body of the heat exchanger for warm fluid:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The
division plates in the heads or boxes fix the position of the inlet and outlet
branches for the fluid passing through the tubes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The
internal baffles fix the position of the inlet and outlet branches for the
fluid passing through the body of the heat exchanger on the outside of the
tubes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">If
the heat exchanger heads do not contain any division plates, he fluid passing
through the tubes enters at one end of the heat exchanger and leaves at the
other. This arrangement is referred to as a single pass heat exchanger. If the
heat exchanger is a double pass type, a division plate is fitted in one head.
The inlet and outlet connections for the fluid passing through the tubes are
fitted on this head. The division plate prevents the fluid bypassing and causes
it to pass through half the tubes in the heat exchanger which is referred to as
the inlet bank. After the fluid passes through the inlet bank it enters the
other head which is just a bobbin piece and a cover. The direction of fluid
flow is reversed in this head or box and it passes back through the outlet bank
of tubes and leaves at the outlet branch. The fluid has passed through the
tubes in two different paths from which it gets the name two pass, or double
pass.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In
recent designs, the guided flow concept has been introduced, i.e. a secondary
cooling surface in the form of radial fins integral with the tubes between
which flow is guided radially, alternately out and in from section to section.
This gives better heat transfer surface and better heat transfer, lower metal
surface temperature and increase performance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Baffles.
They have thermal significance because the shell-side fluid is made to flow to
and fro across the bundle from one end of the heat exchanger to the other.
Another importance of baffles is that they are spaced to provide support to the
tubes and prevent sagging of tubes and flow-induced vibration.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>MATERIALS</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwqH_2Vy5C9KnzybUD8TcgpY0SVhvWe-kn2ENLSVAj1cdjTN0QMMItMxl7PPMzQaWc4anSsnA_AmVmZjFE14S_xI_Gs4Anybpr2135322L_8Ddx8bW7B7M84KR9SQNRWctcT4ZiLbo6Og/s1600/material.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwqH_2Vy5C9KnzybUD8TcgpY0SVhvWe-kn2ENLSVAj1cdjTN0QMMItMxl7PPMzQaWc4anSsnA_AmVmZjFE14S_xI_Gs4Anybpr2135322L_8Ddx8bW7B7M84KR9SQNRWctcT4ZiLbo6Og/s640/material.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Depending
on the size and duty of the cooler the cylindrical shell may be of fabricated
steel, cast iron or occasionally aluminium bronze. The tube plates are usually
of Naval brass and the tubes of aluminium brass; occasionally 70/30
copper-nickel tubes are used. The usual method of securing the tubes to the
tube plate is to roll-expand them. The cooler headers may be of cast iron. In
such instances the headers act as sacrificial anodes, wasting in preference to
the aluminum-brass tubes. Unless soft iron or mild steel sacrificial anodes or
impressed current cathode protection is used to protect the cooler from
corrosion such headers should not be painted internally.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Shell:
Gun metal (copper, tin, zinc ); or cast iron.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Tubes:
Aluminum brass (copper, zinc, aluminum) or cupro-nickel (copper, nickel)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Tube
plates: Cast naval brass ( copper, zinc, tin ).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Arrangements
for Linear Expansion of Tube Stack.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>There
are three arrangements:</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">One
tube plate expands, shell and tubes fixed. In heat exchangers with cast bodies,
one tube plate is fastened to the flange on one end of the body. The other tube
plate is made to slide within the end of the body. Sealing is effected by
fitting O-rings in circumferentially cut grooves. The O-rings contact the
circular bored end in the body and the tube plate to make a seal. When there is
a difference in expansion between the tubes and the body the differences are
accommodated by the tube plate which slides relative to the body. With this
arrangement the tubes can only be arranged for single or double pass flow. This
arrangement is more commonly used for engine cooling water and lubricating oil
coolers. It also has the advantage of allowing very easy removal of the tube
stack from the exchanger body for chemical cleaning or repair. This is further
facilitated if the cooler is mounted vertically and the sliding tube plate is
at the lower end.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Shell
expands, tube plate and tubes fixed. In some types of heat exchangers the body
is made of mild steel plates, and in order to cater for the differential
expansion between the body and the tubes, a bellows ring is welded
circumferentially a round the body of the heat exchanger. Differences in
expansion are then catered for by the bellows ring that deforms slightly to
accommodate the changing length of the tubes. This type of expansion
arrangement can be used for any number of fluid passes through the tubes.The
tube plates are bolted directly onto the flanges of the body and the tubes may
be roller-expanded at both ends.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Tubes
expand, shell and tube plates fixed. A third arrangement is to fasten the tube
plates to the shell of the exchanger and roller-expand and bell-mouth the inlet
ends of the tubes. The outlet end of the tubes is fitted with a small stuffing
box in the tube late and sealing is made by using cotton cord packing tightened
by a threaded gland ferrule screwed into the threaded end of the stuffing
boxes. Differences in expansion between the tubes and the exchanger body is
accomodated by the tube ends sliding through the packing in the tube plate
gland. This is a common arrangement for exhaust steam condensers.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBVD8Ylkop_EexFbaAsbUXrfjDQiCv0cFCOHUG3a_lJxQ2tb4W55Mcg67CMrp-mhgA8LxeuP_5UOo2o4wq7KGkx7SRMRJgBMUczgVPcyE9v1VEPtJSfOy6_YKdTiqi8prv2yXsUML9hyo/s1600/type.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBVD8Ylkop_EexFbaAsbUXrfjDQiCv0cFCOHUG3a_lJxQ2tb4W55Mcg67CMrp-mhgA8LxeuP_5UOo2o4wq7KGkx7SRMRJgBMUczgVPcyE9v1VEPtJSfOy6_YKdTiqi8prv2yXsUML9hyo/s640/type.gif" width="572" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; padding: 0in;">Shell and tube geometric terminology</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;" summary="Shell and tube geometric terminology">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Stationary (Front)
Head—Channel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> 20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Slip-on Backing Flange<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Stationary (Front)
Head—Bonnet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> 21<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Floating Tubesheet
Skirt<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Stationary (Front) Head
Flange<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> 22<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Floating Tubesheet
Skirt<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Channel Cover<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> 23<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Packing Box Flange<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Stationary Head Nozzle<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> 24<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Packing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Stationary Tubesheet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> 25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Packing Follower Ring<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Tubes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> 26<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Lantern Ring<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Shell<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> 27<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Tie Rods and Spacers<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Shell Cover<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> 28<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Transverse Baffles or
Support Plates<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Shell Flange—Stationary
Head End<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> 29<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Impingement Baffle or
Plate<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Shell Flange—Rear Head
End<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> 30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Longitudinal Baffle<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Shell Nozzle<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> 31<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Pass Partition<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Shell Cover Flange<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> 32<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Vent Connection<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Expansion Joint<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> 33<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Drain Connection<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Floating Tubesheet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> 34<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Instrument Connection<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Floating Head Cover<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> 35<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Support Saddle<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">17<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Floating Head Flange<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> 36<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Lifting Lug<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">18<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Floating Head Backing
Device<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> 37<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Support Bracket<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">19<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Split Shear Ring<span style="color: #2e393d; font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">SEPARATION OF THE FLUIDS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Arrangements to prevent the two mediums from mixing with each
other consists of:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Tubes
expanded to the plates.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Gasket
between end box(header) and shell flange.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">O-
rings between shell and free end of tube plate.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">ARRANGEMENT FOR INDICATING
LEAKAGE AT FREE END</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Separation of the shell and tube fluids at
the floating head is obtained by means of packing rings installed between the outside
of the floating tube plate and recesses in the rear- head flanges. The shell
and tube side fluids each have their own packing rings, which are separated by
a lantern ring provided with weep holes for leak detection. Leakage at the
packing will not cause mixing of the shell and tube side fluids within the
exchanger itself.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The width of the machined bearing surface
at the flating tube plate periphery must accommodate the two packing rings, the
lantern ring and thermal movements of the bundle. In some cases the pressure of
thickness of floating tube plate is sufficient, but if not, the extra bearing
width is obtained by providing a machined skirt at the tube periphery. The
skirt may be an integral part of the plate or attached by welding.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>PLATE TYPE HEAT EXCHANGER</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUVchl3eYwMh3Iut_-JQXffaO1iKgvwMR39RkI1OpdRkr_2fh6nVNMtspediD7Zkz8nxrBLXt8rY6ySZrpfVFRE5LuH2boeF4gGBTwnwPc-e52oK6daG8mQokRL9EIDw7r2tJ3dne8SE0/s1600/1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUVchl3eYwMh3Iut_-JQXffaO1iKgvwMR39RkI1OpdRkr_2fh6nVNMtspediD7Zkz8nxrBLXt8rY6ySZrpfVFRE5LuH2boeF4gGBTwnwPc-e52oK6daG8mQokRL9EIDw7r2tJ3dne8SE0/s640/1.png" width="515" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The
basic plate consists of a thin, rectangular, metal sheet into which a
corrugated pattern has been formed by precision-pressing. One side of each
plate has a full peripheral gasket. The complete unit comprises a number of
such plates, mounted on a frame, and clamped together, face to face, by a
bolting system. The pace between adjacent plates forms a flow channel and the
system is arranged so hat the hot and cold fluids flow through alternate flow
channels, parallel to the long side of the plates. Openings(ports) in the four
corners of each plate direct the two fluids into their respective channels.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><b>CONSTRUCTION</b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKoHe2j0n8vrLjVKoOq9iqU6pcS3hkc7-86IBEIf13c90Puc-CWHFl7f2l09LbFtIYRcvv4UZ1CRNAia3tMOs32DA5B9qCmwAwUJS1XWuYaO5TxgdTZY6wgpDWSE02Y1vkHqBGyBzPpUg/s1600/plate+ttt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKoHe2j0n8vrLjVKoOq9iqU6pcS3hkc7-86IBEIf13c90Puc-CWHFl7f2l09LbFtIYRcvv4UZ1CRNAia3tMOs32DA5B9qCmwAwUJS1XWuYaO5TxgdTZY6wgpDWSE02Y1vkHqBGyBzPpUg/s640/plate+ttt.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The most common metals use in plate type heat exchangers are titanium and
stainless steel Others include titanium-palladium alloy and monel metal Carbon
steel is rarely used because thin plates are required for pressing, which would
have little corrosion resistance. Titanium provides very high resistance to
corrosion by sea water.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">PLATE CORRUGATION TYPES</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr1NnuiOL-EWFYEJHU7PJE0iFrppK7oEVQeA1B_IM0uaTiIb-t2KXS7__WVm9PHObe5jLxDl58RkoC8R3ovsG4rm_q5SAwl-k1jXlyg0IfzTdGq80316OUKxfI9cyQKcr0SZWPXiiyup0/s1600/plate+type.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr1NnuiOL-EWFYEJHU7PJE0iFrppK7oEVQeA1B_IM0uaTiIb-t2KXS7__WVm9PHObe5jLxDl58RkoC8R3ovsG4rm_q5SAwl-k1jXlyg0IfzTdGq80316OUKxfI9cyQKcr0SZWPXiiyup0/s640/plate+type.gif" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A
wide range of corrugation types are available and the pattern and geometry are
proprietary. The most widely used corrugated types are the inter-mating or
washboard type, and the chevron or herringbone type. The plates are corrugated
for two basic reasons:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1) Corrugations
increase the effective area of the plate and promote turbulence. In he
washboard type, turbulence is promoted by a continuously changing flow
direction and velocity of the fluid. In the herringbone type adjacent plates
are assembled such that the flow channel imparts a swirling motion to the
fluid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2) To
enable such thin plates to withstand differential pressures up to at least 10
bar, and in special cases up to 25 bar, the corrugations are essential for
strengthening and mutual support of the plates.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><b>GASKETS</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The
periphery of each plate is grooved to house a molded gasket, which are usually
cemented in; some are ‘snap-on’ type. The gasket is designed to provide a tight
joint without local distortion of the thin plate. The integrity of the complete
nit depends greatly on gasket performance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Gasket
materials range from nitrile rubber( maximum temperature of 135</span><span style="font-family: Symbol;">°</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">C) to Viton(175</span><span style="font-family: Symbol;">°</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">C) and compressed asbestos fiber(260</span><span style="font-family: Symbol;">°</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">C). Compressed
asbestos fiber gaskets, however, are not widely used.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><b>FRAME</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The
frame consists of a fixed head or fixed frame at one end, and a movable head or
pressure plate at the other. The vertical sides of both the fixed frame and
pressure plates are notched at intervals to engage tie bolts which join the
heads together. The pack of plates are compressed together as the tie bolts are
tightened at the movable head end. A horizontal carrier bar at the top of the
frame, and a horizontal guide bar at the bottom, are attached to the fixed head
plate at one end and an end support column at the other. Every heat transfer
plate is free to slide along both bars. The movable head plate is similarly
notched and free to slide along both bars. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The
frame is normally constructed in carbon steel.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><b>PORTS</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The
fluids enter the unit via ports located in one or both end plates. If both
inlet and outlet ports for both fluids are located in the fixed head end, then
the unit may be opened up without disturbing the external piping. This applies
to single-pass arrangements, but with multi-pass arrangements the ports must
always be located on both heads. This means that the unit cannot be opened up
without disturbing the external piping at the movable-head end.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The
port entrance area is the weakest part of the plate because, unlike the
peripheral gasket, the gasket in an adjacent plate is not supported by a
corresponding one.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>FLOW ARRANGEMENTS</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Each
traverse of either fluid from top to bottom of the pack, or vice-versa, is
termed a pass. Usually, all passes have the same number of flow channels in
each pass, but this is not always the case. Single- or multi- pass flow is
possible</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><b>LOOPED FLOW</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A
single pass by both fluids provides counter current or co-current and two arrangements,
termed loop flow, are possible. In the preferred arrangement, all four ports
will be on the fixed head-plate, with the advantage that the pack can be opened
without disturbing any external piping.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><b>ADVANTAGES OF PLATE COOLERS OVER TUBE COOLERS</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1) Plate
coolers are smaller and lighter than a tube cooler giving the same performance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2) No
extra space is needed for dismantling (a tube cooler requires enough clearance
at one end to remove the tube nest).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">3) Their
higher efficiency is shown by the smaller size.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">4) Plates
can be added in pairs to increase capacity and similarly damaged plates are
easily removed, if necessary without replacement.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">5) Inspection
and cleaning is simple as is maintenance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">6) Turbulent
flow helps to reduce deposits which would interfere with heat flow.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">7) With
titanium plates virtually no corrosion or erosion would occur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><b>DISADVANTAGES OF PLATE COOLERS</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1) In comparison with tube coolers in which leakage
tubes are easily located and plugged, leaks in plates are sometimes difficult
to find because the plates cannot be pressurized and inspected with the same
ease as the tube coolers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2) Deterioration
of joints are also a problem; they may be difficult to remove and there are
sometimes problems with bonded new joints.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Tube
coolers may be preferred for lubricating oil cooling because of the pressure
differential.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">3) Cost
is another drawback; there are a large number of expensive joints on plate
coolers and the plates are expensive.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><b>VARIOUS TYPES OF HEAT EXCHANGERS IN USE ON
SHIPS</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Charge
Air Coolers. These are finned-type tubular heat exchangers to provide for
better heat transfer, since air is a poor conductor of heat.These coolers are
normally rectangular in form.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Electric
Machine Coolers. Some large alternators and electric motors are designed for
operation with closed ci5rcuit air cooling. Heat must be extracted from the
circulating air and, for this purpose, finned tube units are employed, inserted
into the air ducting. Sea-water flows through the tubes, while the air passes
over them, flowing between the fins. Spray baffles are usually fitted to these
units so that, in the event of puncture of one of the tubes, sea-water will not
low directly into the alternator or motor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Oil
Heaters. For burning heavy fuel oil in a boiler furnace, or a compression
ignition engine, it is necessary to pre-heat it. Steam is used as the heating
medium in fuel systems and lubrication systems. The type of heater used is
multi-tubular; the tubes are bent into a U- shape and fitted with expanded ends
into a single tube plate. The liquid head or box is fitted with a division
plate in its middle so that the oil flow takes a two-pass flow. The oil enters
the inlet branch of the liquid head, passes through one leg of the U, round the
bend and leaves by the other leg. The
division plate separates the inlet and outlet legs of the U-shaped heater
tubes. The inlet branch is always on the lower side. Tubes are sometimes fitted
with fins bonded to them(the oil flowing outside the tubes) and tubes fitted
internally to promote turbulence in the oil flowing through them. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><b>AIR PRE-HEATERS</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The combustion air required for forced-
draught boiler furnaces may be heated by the exhaust gas in order to improve
the overall efficiency of the whole cycle. This may be carried out in a
conventional heat exchanger, air passing outside the tubes and exhaust gas
inside them.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><b>SEA-WATER HEATERS</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">These are usually the shell-and-tube type construction, with a fully
floating head. The sea water to be heated flows in several passes through the
tubes, being heated by the condensation of steam in one part of the tube bundle
and sub-cooling the condensate in another.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><b>REFRIGERATION SYSTEM</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Shell-and tube type condensers
are used, sea water circulating through
the tubes and refrigerant condensing in the shell. External fins to improve
heat transfer are sometimes used outside of the tubes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><b>CONDENSERS</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A condenser is a vessel in which vapor is deprived of its latent heat of
vaporization and so changed to its liquid state, usually by cooling at constant
pressure. In a steam system, steam enters at an upper level, passes over rubes
in which cold water circulates, falls as water to the bottom and is removed by
a pump or flows to a feed tank. The tube arrangement provides for condensation
with minimum loss of heat: the cooling water normally circulates in two passes,
entering at the bottom.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><b>CONTROL OF TEMPERATURE IN HEAT EXCHANGERS</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">There
are three basic ways by which the temperature of the hot fluid being cooled in
a heat exchanger may be controlled, when the cooling medium is sea water.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">By
by-passing a proportion of the hot fluid flow, the remainder being passed
through the heat exchanger.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">By
throttling the sea water flow, or, alternatively, by-passing a proportion of
it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">By
controlling the temperature of the sea water entering the heat exchanger—this
is done in the sea water system as a whole, by spilling part of the heated
discharge back into the pump suction.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>MAINTENANCE
OF HEAT EXCHANGERS</b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsRghLs-jRufLome05guo055XRHjoLc3oy40UO89znDbmhmlB1mPTRboXIuNmSWS3aZyKJkLSwG7vRioGIj1vJVEc2N68IVL7lXy9GDvmg_U3fhYXJuNDrDCg98DXBxgcHDaHjdWIfAWY/s1600/ma.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="395" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsRghLs-jRufLome05guo055XRHjoLc3oy40UO89znDbmhmlB1mPTRboXIuNmSWS3aZyKJkLSwG7vRioGIj1vJVEc2N68IVL7lXy9GDvmg_U3fhYXJuNDrDCg98DXBxgcHDaHjdWIfAWY/s640/ma.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The
only attention that heat exchangers should require is to ensure that the heat
transfer surfaces remain substantially clean and the flow passages generally
clear of obstruction. Indication that undue fouling is occurring is given by a
progressive increase in the temperature difference between the two fluids, over
a period of time, usually accompanied by a noticeable rise in pressure loss at
a given flow.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Fouling
on the sea water side is the most usual cause of deterioration in performance.
The method of cleaning the sea water side surfaces depends upon the type of
heat exchanger. With the shell-and-tube type, the removal of the header covers
or, in the case of smaller heat exchangers, the headers themselves, will
provide access to the tubes. Obstructions, dirt, scale etc., can then be
removed, using the tools provided by the manufacturer. Flushing through with
fresh water is recommended before a heat exchanger is returned to service. In
some applications, such as piston oil cooling, progressive fouling may take
place on the outside of the tubes. Most manufacturers recommend a chemical
flushing process to remove this in- situ, without dismantling the heat
exchanger.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Plate
heat exchangers may be cleaned by unclamping the stack of plates and
mechanically cleaning the surface of each plate as recommended by the
manufacturers. The plate seals may require replacement from time to time and
here the manufacturers’ instructions should be closely followed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Although maintenance is a rapid, simple operation, the heat transfer
plates must be handled with care.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Corrosion
by sea water may occasionally cause perforation of heat transfer surfaces. This
will cause leakage of one fluid into the other but this is not always easy to
detect whilst the leakage is small, although substantial leaks may become
evident through rapid loss of lubricating oil, jacket water etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Location
of a perforation is a straight forward matter in the case of a tubular heat
exchanger, whether this is of the shell-and-tube type or of other tubular
construction. Having drained the heat exchanger of sea water and removed the
covers or headers to expose the tube ends, some flow of the liquid on the other
side of the surface will be apparent, in the case of oil and water coolers,
from any tubes which are perforated. To test for leaks in air coolers drain
coolers etc. each tube in turn can be plugged at each end and pressurized with
air; inability to hold pressure indicates a leak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">To
aid the detection of leaks in a large cooler such as a main condenser, in which
it is difficult to get the tubes dry enough to witness any seepage, it is usual
to add a special fluorescent dye to the shell side of the cooler. When a
ultra-violet light is shone on to the tubes and tube plates any seepage is seen
since the dye glows with a vivid green light. In plate heat exchangers, the
only way to locate leaks is by visual inspection of the plate surfaces.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">On
docking for any protracted period, such as for repairs, refitting etc. it is
advisable to drain the sea water side of heat exchangers, clean and flush
through with fresh water, after which the heat exchanger should be left
drained, if possible until the ship re-enters service.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
</div>
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