MECHANICAL ENGINEERING INFO!!!!

Fundamental Of Modern Manufacturing By Groover

2011-09-13T23:58:00.000-07:00

www.mechanicalbooklibrary.blogspot.com

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A TextBook of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines Dr. R. K. Bansal

2011-09-13T06:50:00.000-07:00

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Mechanical Vibration By S.S Rao

2011-09-13T06:35:00.000-07:00

Thermodynaics edited by Mizutani Tadashi

2011-09-13T06:15:00.000-07:00

Progress of thermodynamics has been stimulated by the findings of a variety of fields of science and technology. The principles of thermodynamics are so general that the application is widespread to such fields as solid state physics, chemistry, biology, astronomical science, materials science, and chemical engineering. The contents of this book should be of help to many scientists and engineers.

thermodynaics edited by Mizutani Tadashi

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Wah Engineering College Projects Exhibition 2011

2011-09-13T00:45:00.000-07:00

Introduction

At Wah Engineering College we believe in synergistic collaboration with the industry for achieving academic excellence. Our students develop a design & build project at the end of their studies in which they demonstrate their engineering skills to cater the industry needs. This year’s projects in discipline of Mechatronics, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering are being displayed in an exhibition at the WEC Hall on Thursday 26th July 2011.
This exhibition provides an excellent opportunity to industry managers for talent hunt as well as to look for new ideas for their products. So a job fair is also arranged at the venue of the exhibition.

Floor Plan of Exhibition Hall

List of Projects

Click on project title to get more details.

Mechatronics Engineering Projects
		Development of a Work Cell
		Unmanned All Terrain Reconnaissance Ground Vehicle
		Dual Axis Solar Tracking System
		Unmanned Underwater Vessel for Rescue & Search Operations
		Quad Copter with Adaptive Control

Electrical Engineering Projects
		Two Wheel Robotic Balancing
		3 Axis CNC Platform
		GSM Based Energy Monitoring System
		Remote Industrial Plant Monitoring System
		Induction Motor Speed Control
		Design of DC Motor Control using PID Controller
		Image Processing Based Gesture Recognition

Mechanical Engineering Projects
		Subsonic Smoke Wind Tunnel
		Robot for Inspecing Pipes
		Involute Spiral Wind Turbine
		Turbo Jet using Turbo charger
		Desalination of Drinking Water
		Pneumatic Press

Design & Conversion of Gasoline Vehicle to CNG Electric Hybrid Vehicle

2010-10-17T01:10:00.000-07:00

Supervisor: Col (R).Hamid Nawaz
Project Team: Jalal Zafar, Shahzad Saleem, Abid Imtiaz, Abu Sufyan

Objective

We intend to evaluate minimal travelling cost by designing and fabricating a CNG Electric Hybrid Vehicle. The vision behind this project is to cut the increasing fuel cost and Green house effect.

Main Description

The project is divided to attain two main objectives,

Design and Fabrication of Electrical Hybrid Vehicle
Performance evaluation

Series Hybrid

Parallel Hybrid

Thermodynamics

2010-10-15T09:25:00.000-07:00

Thermodynamics:

This studies the behaviour of how objects and systems behave as energy is transferred between them.

Means what happens to objects as energy is added and subtracted.

Two Fundamental Principles:

First Law:

Energy is always conserved. Energy may be transferred between objects and change from one type to another, but the total amount of energy is conserved.

Second Law:

The second law governs the type of energy processes that are possible. Heat energy cannot spontaneously flow from a hot object to a cold object.

APPLICATIONS:

Energy conserved within the

Human body
Electric Toaster
Air-Conditioners
Refrigerators
Internal Combustion Engines
Gas and Steam Turbines
Energy Transmission Through objects

Theory of Vibration with Applications By Willia Thomson

2010-10-10T19:00:00.000-07:00

Mechanicla Vibration by Rao

2010-10-10T18:53:00.000-07:00

Wah Engineering College Projects Exhibition 2010

2010-10-05T06:15:00.000-07:00

Introduction

At Wah Engineering College we believe in synergistic collaboration with the industry for achieving academic excellence. Our students develop a design & build project at the end of their studies in which they demonstrate their engineering skills to cater the industry needs. This year’s projects in discipline of Mechatronics, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering were displayed in an exhibition at WEC Hall on Thursday 26th August 2010.
This exhibition provided an excellent opportunity to industry managers for talent hunt as well as to look for new ideas for their products. So a job fair was also arranged at the venue of the exhibition.

Floor Plan of Exhibition Hall

List of Projects

Mechatronics Engineering Projects
		Robotic Hand for Disabled Persons Using EMG Signals
		Fuel-Less Electricity Generation
		Energy Management Unit for Alternate Energy
		Computerization of Flow Wrap Machine

Electrical Engineering Projects
		Car Safety Assistant
		Design of Analog I/O Interface with Signal Conditioning Features and Monitoring Device Using PLC
		Video Camera Based Corner Shot Gun
		Real Time Data Acquisition and Signal Processing of Brain Signals
		Robotic Arm Control Using EEG
		Remote Design a Device to Measure a Muzzle Velocity
		DC Drive Trainer for Single Quadrant Operation
		Telemetry Artillery Shell Projectile Trajectory

Mechanical Engineering Projects
		CFD Modeling of Airflow Over NACA Aero-File
		Manufacturing and Analysis of Alternate Fuel for Diesel Engine
		Designing & Fabrication of Working Model of the Sun, Earth Moon Rotation
		Design & Conversion of Gasoline Vehicle to CNG Electric Hybrid Vehicle and Undertake its Performance
		Shell and Spiral Coil Heat Exchange
		Implementation of Six Sigma Techniques for Enhancement of Productivity in POF Production Shop
		Designing and Fabrication of Solar Space Heating
		Design and Construction of Quad Rotor Flying Object
		Design and Construction of Remote Control Recon Ground Vehicle
		Implementation of JIT in Manufacturing Industry KSB Pumps
		Design and Analysis of Heat Exchanger for Waste Heat Recovery System in a Power Plant
		Fabrication of Solar Air-Conditioning Using Vapor Absorption Refrigeration Cycle
		Modal Analysis of a Composite Cantilever Beam

Alternate Fuel for Diesel Engine

2010-09-28T00:22:00.000-07:00

Supervisor: Ms. Muazama Arshad
Project Team: Sohaib Ashraf, Abdul Rehman, Rashid Mehmood, Tanveer ur Rehman

The New Generation Energy

Biodiesel has been gaining prominence in recent years. Clean and renewable, biodiesel has been touted as the answer to the issue of diminishing energy reserves.

Introduction

This project involves the study and investigation of waste vegetable oil as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. Edible oils, which are used for several times and become unsuitable for further human use, will be used to make a cheaper fuel. In addition, the performance of engine should not be compromised.

Description

Due to overwhelming prices of fossil fuel, there is a need to find an alternate source of energy for our machines. Keeping this in view, we have taken biodegradable fuel as an alternative for fossils fuel in future and compared its different characteristics with ordinary diesel including engine efficiencies as well.

Block Diagram

Conclusion

Non-toxic and biodegradable
Increases life of engine
Burns cleaner
Safer than petroleum fuels
Utilizes waste products
Reduces waste products
Reduces harmful pollutants emitted into the air
Reduces economic losses to our agricultural industry

CFD Modeling of NACA-2415 Airfoil

2010-09-26T23:15:00.000-07:00

Supervisor: Mr. Bilal Khan
Project Team: Rub Nawaz Khalid (ME3-2003), M. Farooq Haider (ME3-2006), Bushra Naz (ME3-2012), Adnan Mehmood (ME3-2014)

Introduction

The Aerodynamic field offers excellent career opportunities for anyone who is related to Mechanical field and has the necessary educational background including extensive training the project on “Airfoil modeling and simulation” covers the modeling (Gambit) details, simulation procedure, measuring the coefficients and finding the lift, drag and moment on different Mach no and different Angle of Attacks.

Main Description

This is basically a theoretical project on CFD Software. The project has following three main phases,

Pre-processing which includes geometry creation and mashing by using GAMBIT software.
Solving by using FLUENT as solver we determined the required parameters like lift, drag and moments.
Post processing includes the interpretation of the results and comparison with reference results.

Block Diagram

Green Sand Molds

2010-09-26T08:59:00.000-07:00

Casting metal is a simple process - you melt the metal, pour it in a mold, and let it harden. But the mold has to withstand the heat and pressure of the metal while holding it's shape. It's not as simple as it looks.

Making the mold.

For no particular reason, I decided to cast a small wedge and some ingots. Here I've filled and rammed the drag, and sprinkled it with diatomaceous earth as a parting compound

The pattern (a wooden wedge) and the sprue (3/4" copper pipe) in place, ready for ramming. I forgot to sprinkle parting compound on the pattern before I rammed it.

The mold all rammed up, and the sprue pulled.

The mold parted cleanly! This is the first time I've used diatomaceous earth as a parting compound, and believe me, it works better than sawdust.

I drove a screw into the pattern, rapped it...

And pulled it out, nice and clean!

The mold looks good.

I cut a runner into the cope to connect the sprue and the pattern.

The Ingot Mold

Free Mechanical Engineering Software

2010-09-26T08:42:00.000-07:00

All the software listed in this section is Windows based.

CAD Software
CAD/CAM Software
Computational Fluid Dynamics
Finite Element Analysis Software
Dynamic Simulation Software
Thermal Analysis Software
Utility Programs
Assorted software

their is variety of softwares which a mechanical engineer can use to draw the any machine part and also analyse that part of the machines under several conditions...

Like in Pro Engineer software we can draw any 3D part drawing of any machine...
Similarly in Ansys software we can draw and also analyse the part.

Pro Engineer for drawing the 3D parts

Ansys used for Analysis

Governor In Mechanical Engineering

2010-09-23T04:49:00.000-07:00

Fig 28 simplified Mechanical-Hydraulic Governor

Diesel engine speed is controlled solely by the amount of fuel injected into the engine by the injectors. Because a diesel engine is not self-speed-limiting, it requires not only a means of changing engine speed (throttle control) but also a means of maintaining the desired speed. The governor provides the engine with the feedback mechanism to change speed as needed and to maintain a speed once reached.

A governor is essentially a speed-sensitive device, designed to maintain a constant engine speed regardless of load variation. Since all governors used on diesel engines control engine speed through the regulation of the quantity of fuel delivered to the cylinders, these governors may be classified as speed-regulating governors. As with the engines themselves there are many types and variations of governors. In this module, only the common mechanical-hydraulic type governor will be reviewed.
The major function of the governor is determined by the application of the engine. In an engine that is required to come up and run at only a single speed regardless of load, the governor is called a constant-speed type governor. If the engine is manually controlled, or controlled by an outside device with engine speed being controlled over a range, the governor is called a variable speed type governor. If the engine governor is designed to keep the engine speed above a minimum and below a maximum, then the governor is a speed-limiting type. The last category of governor is the load limiting type. This type of governor limits fuel to ensure that the engine is not loaded above a specified limit. Note that many governors act to perform several of these functions simultaneously.

Operation of a Governor
The following is an explanation of the operation of a constant speed, hydraulically compensated governor using the Woodward brand governor as an example. The principles involved are common in any mechanical and hydraulic governor.

The Woodward speed governor operates the diesel engine fuel racks to ensure a constant engine speed is maintained at any load. The governor is a mechanical-hydraulic type governor and receives its supply of oil from the engine lubricating system. This means that a loss of lube oil pressure will cut off the supply of oil to the governor and cause the governor to shut down the engine. This provides the engine with a built-in shutdown device to protect the engine in the event of loss of lubricating oil pressure.

Simplified Operation of the Governor
The governor controls the fuel rack position through a combined action of the hydraulic piston and a set of mechanical flyweights, which are driven by the engine blower shaft.

Figure 28 provides an illustration of a functional diagram of a mechanical-hydraulic
governor. The position of the flyweights is determined by the speed of the engine. As
the engine speeds up or down, the weights move in or out. The movement of the
flyweights, due to a change in engine speed, moves a small piston (pilot valve) in the
governor's hydraulic system. This motion adjusts flow of hydraulic fluid to a large
hydraulic piston (servo-motor piston). The large hydraulic piston is linked to the fuel
rack and its motion resets the fuel rack for increased/decreased fuel.

Detailed Operation of the Governor
With the engine operating, oil from the engine lubrication system is supplied to the
governor pump gears, as illustrated in Figure 29. The pump gears raise the oil pressure to a value determined by the spring relief valve. The oil pressure is maintained in the annular space between the undercut portion of the pilot valve plunger and the bore in the pilot valve bushing. For any given speed setting, the spring speeder exerts a force that is opposed by the centrifugal force of the revolving flyweights. When the two forces are equal, the control land on the pilot valve plunger covers the lower ports in the pilot valve bushing.

Fig 29 Cutway of Woodward Governor

Under these conditions, equal oil pressures are maintained on both sides of the buffer piston and tension on the two buffer springs is equal. Also, the oil pressure is equal on both sides of the receiving compensating land of the pilot valve plunger due to oil passing through the compensating needle valve. Thus, the hydraulic system is in balance, and the engine speed remains constant.

When the engine load increases, the engine starts to slow down in speed. The reduction in engine speed will be sensed by the governor flyweights. The flyweights are forced inward (by the spring), thus lowering the pilot valve plunger (again, due to the downward spring force). Oil under pressure will be admitted under the servo-motor piston (topside of the buffer piston) causing it to rise. This upward motion of the servo-motor piston will be transmitted through the terminal lever to the fuel racks, thus increasing the amount o f fuel injected into the engine. The oil that forces the servo-motor piston upward also forces the buffer piston upward because the oil pressure on each side of the piston is unequal.

This upward motion of the piston compresses the upper buffer spring and relieves the pressure on the lower buffer spring.

The oil cavities above and below the buffer piston are common to the receiving
compensating land on the pilot valve plunger. Because the higher pressure is below the compensating land, the pilot valve plunger is forced upward, recentering the flyweights and causing the control land of the pilot valve to close off the regulating port. Thus, the upward movement of the servo-motor piston stops when it has moved far enough to make the necessary fuel correction.

Oil passing through the compensating needle valve slowly equalizes the pressures above and below the buffer piston, thus allowing the buffer piston to return to the center position, which in turn equalizes the pressure above and below the receiving
compensating land. The pilot valve plunger then moves to its central position and the
engine speed returns to its original setting because there is no longer any excessive
outward force on the flyweights.

The action of the flyweights and the hydraulic feedback mechanism produces stable
engine operation by permitting the governor to move instantaneously in response to the load change and to make the necessary fuel adjustment to maintain the initial engine speed.

Two Stroke Diesel Engine

2010-09-22T05:30:00.000-07:00

The Two-Stroke Cycle
Like the four-stroke engine, the two-stroke engine must go through the same four events: intake, compression, power, and exhaust. But a two-stroke engine requires only two strokes of the piston to complete one full cycle. Therefore, it requires only one rotation of the crankshaft to complete a cycle. This means several events must occur during each stroke for all four events to be completed in two strokes, as opposed to the four-stroke engine where each stroke basically contains one event.

In a two-stroke engine the camshaft is geared so that it rotates at the same speed as the crankshaft (1:1). The following section will describe a two-stroke, supercharged, diesel engine having intake ports and exhaust valves with a 3.5-inch bore and 4-inch stroke with a 16:1 compression ratio, as it passes through one complete cycle. We will start on the exhaust stroke. All the timing marks given are generic and will vary from engine to engine.

Exhaust and Intake
At 82° ATDC, with the piston near the end of its power stroke, the exhaust cam begins to lift the exhaust valves follower. The valve lash is taken up, and 9° later (91° ATDC), the rocker arm forces the exhaust valve off its seat. The exhaust gasses start to escape into the exhaust manifold, as shown in Figure 21. Cylinder pressure starts to decrease.

After the piston travels three-quarters of its (down) stroke, or 132° ATDC of crankshaft rotation, the piston starts to uncover the inlet ports. As the exhaust valve is still open, the uncovering of the inlet ports lets the compressed fresh air enter the cylinder and helps cool the cylinder and scavenge the cylinder of the remaining exhaust gasses (Figure 22).Commonly, intake and exhaust occur over approximately 96° of crankshaft rotation.

At 43° ABDC, the camshaft starts to close the exhaust valve. At 53° ABDC (117° BTDC), the camshaft has rotated sufficiently to allow the spring pressure to close the
exhaust valve. Also, as the piston travels past 48°ABDC (5° after the exhaust valve starts closing), the intake ports are closed off by the piston.

Compression
After the exhaust valve is on its seat (53° ATDC), the temperature and pressure begin to rise in nearly the same fashion as in the four-stroke engine. Figure 23 illustrates the compression in a 2-stroke engine. At 23° BTDC the injector cam begins to lift the
injector follower and pushrod. Fuel injection continues until 6° BTDC (17 total degrees of injection), as illustrated in Figure 24.

Power
The power stroke starts after the piston passes TDC. Figure 25 illustrates the power stroke which continues until the piston reaches 91° ATDC, at which point the
exhaust valves start to open and a new cycle begins.

Engine Of a Car

2010-09-22T05:12:00.001-07:00

How a Car Engine Works

A gasoline engine operates on the principle of combustion. A fuel/air mixture is pulled into a cylinder, the cylinder is then closed off and the piston is thrust upward to create compression. A spark is introduced to ignite the mixture to create combustion to thrust the piston downward in the engine block.

more detail here

Bearings In Mechanical Engineering

2010-09-22T04:59:00.000-07:00

Bearing

It is a mechanical device by which loads are transmitted through contacting surfaces

It is desired to minimize friction and wear

Lubricant – material between surfaces that reduces friction and wear

Any moving part of the machine has to be supported by a relatively stationary part which can be called bearing.

Types of bearings

1) Sliding bearings (bushing, journal, sleeve)

2) Rolling element bearings

3) Fluid bearings.

4) Magnetic bearings.

Lubricants

Oil – heavy petroleum distillate, animal oils, vegetable oils plus additives

Grease – Used as a barrier to dirt and debris. No circulation, thus no cooling or cleaning.

Solid – graphite, Teflon

Mechanical Engine And Its Components

2010-09-22T04:36:00.000-07:00

Study of the engine (petrol engine, diesel engine, rotary engine, stirling engine) is very important in Mechanical Engineering. It has a complete cource named as "IC ENGINES" which the student normally study in BSc Mechanical engineering in 6th or 7th semester.

These are the some pictures which explains you the Working of Engine and Its Different Parts

1. working

2. Components

3. Model

Differential Gear In Mechanical Auromobiles

2010-09-22T04:31:00.000-07:00

Working of Differential Gear:

The differential has three jobs:

•To aim the engine power at the wheels

•To act as the final gear reduction in the vehicle, slowing the rotational speed of the transmission one final time before it hits the wheels

•To transmit the power to the wheels while allowing them to rotate at different speeds.

Car Parts Hybrid Mechanical Technology and Simple Gasoline Engine

2010-09-22T04:26:00.000-07:00

Parts Of the Hybrid and Normal Car

Hybrid Car:

Gasoline Engine:

Mechanical engineering

2010-09-21T15:01:00.000-07:00

Drilling: Introduction

2010-09-18T07:14:00.000-07:00

Drilling is easily the most common machining process. One estimate is that 75% of all metal-cutting material removed comes from drilling operations.

Drilling involves the creation of holes that are right circular cylinders. This is accomplished most typically by using a twist drill, something most readers will have seen before. The figure below illustrates a cross section of a hole being cut by a common twist drill:

The chips must exit through the flutes to the outside of the tool. As can be seen in the figure, the cutting front is embedded within the workpiece, making cooling difficult. The cutting area can be flooded, coolant spray mist can be applied, or coolant can be delivered through the drill bit shaft. For an overview of the chip-formation process, see the Chip Formation Section.

The characteristics of drilling that set it apart from other powered metal cutting operations are:

    * The chips must exit out of the hole created by the cutting.
    * Chip exit can cause problems when chips are large and/or continuous.
    * The drill can wander upon entrance and for deep holes.
    * For deep holes in large workpieces, coolant may need to be delivered through the drill shaft to the cutting front.
    * Of the powered metal cutting processes, drilling on a drill press is the most likely to be performed by someone who is not a machinist.

A view of the metal-cutting area of a drill press is shown below. The workpiece is held in place by a C-clamp since cutting forces can be quite large. It is dangerous to hold a workpiece by hand during drilling since cutting forces can unpredictably get quite large and wrench the part away. Wood is often used underneath the part so that the drill bit can overshoot without damaging the table. The table also has holes for drill overshoot as well as weight reduction. A three-jaw chuck is used since three points determine a circle in two dimensions. Four-jaw chucks are rarely seen since offset of the bit is not necessary. The next section contains illustrations of drill bit chucks. To get an idea of the differing configurations of three and four-jaw chucks, please see the equivalent lathe chucks.

NEW 4 STROKE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

2010-08-22T18:23:00.000-07:00

New 4 Strole Engine

It is bascially related to the change in the air-fuel mixture in a 4 stroke engine.

The first prototype, based on a 1 cylinder engine, had 2 of them, connected with a chain. I had many doubts about resonance problems before I made it. Surprisingly it worked very smoothly, without any flirt or vibrate. Match worked stably exclusively and quietly. I have observed it only that change of part of tension of indirect chain one part of chain was tense before firing of engine - pulling opposite side when started This chain have been transmitted after firing in active time on other part tense , showing that rotary moment proceeds from timing crankshaft FOR main crankshaft. I have concluded from observation of work of engine, that match quietly CAN have two "crankshaft timing" There can be either one or two crankshafts ,but as I had been building the second prototype, I decided that one crankshaft would be a more elegant solution. Here comes also a very fundamental issue - to choose an angle between arm-cranks. It's a timing crankshaft, and must have not necessarily that 90......

HORIZONTAL STIRLING ENGINE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

2010-08-22T07:57:00.000-07:00

AIM:
The project i want to make in the final year of Mechanical Engineering....

NAME:
It is basically the horizontal stirling engine.
It is excellent engine.

WORKING:
It works on the compression and expansion of the gas in the cylinder.

HOW WE WILL WORK:
First of all we will make a CAD program. And make sure that the size and location suits my mill and material.
Now we will make the different parts of he engine. And in the last we will assembled them.

THIS IS NOT SO SIMPLE AS I AM TALKING ABOUT IT!!!!!!