MECHATRONICS DAILY

Force Sensors

2012-05-22T15:09:00.000+05:30

Measuring force becomes very important in some cases like surgical instruments, robotic arms, laproscopic devices, etc; where the force applied is very minute.

In such cases, the force can be measured by using various sensors like;

Strain Gauge
FlexiForce Sensors
Piezo Disc

Strain Gauge

It is the most common device for measuring force. It is named so because, it is used to measure force through the strain produced in it. It consists of an insulating flexible backing which supports a metallic foil pattern as shown in the figure.

This gauge can be fixed (mounted) onto the object, whose strain/force is to be calculated, through a suitable adhesive like silicone or cyanoacrylate. When the object is deformed due to any applied force, the strain gauge experiences tension/compression based on the nature of the force, which causes the resistance to change. This resistance change can be measured by connecting this to a Wheatstone bridge network.

where

is the change in resistance caused by strain,

is the resistance of the undeformed gauge,

is strain and

is the gauge facto.

For metallic foil gauges, the gauge factor is usually a little over 2. For a single active gauge and three dummy resistors, the output from the bridge is:

where

is the bridge excitation voltage.

FlexiForce Sensors

A FlexiForce Sensor is another kind of sensor that is used to measure force. It is shown in the figure. It is an ultra-thin, flexible printed circuit. It is constructed of two layers of substrate (polyester) film.

On each layer, a conductive material (silver) is applied, followed by a layer of pressure-sensitive ink.

Adhesive is then used to laminate the two layers of substrate together to form the force sensor.

The active sensing area is defined by the silver circle on top of the pressure-sensitive ink. Silver extends from the sensing area to the connectors at the other end of the sensor, forming the conductive leads.

This can be mounted on the object on which the force is to be measured. When the force sensor is unloaded, its resistance is very high. When a force is applied to the sensor, this resistance decreases. The resistance can be read by connecting a multimeter to the outer two pins, then applying a force to the sensing area.

Advantages of FlexiForce Sensors over Strain Gauges

Direct force measurement - measures load directly as opposed to correlating strain of an assembly with load.
Larger dynamic range (resistance range from MΩ to KΩ).
Simpler Electronics - simply measured with multimeter or integrated with inexpensive circuitry.
Lower cost - standard sensors start at $65 for a 4-pack.
Easier to integrate - simple mounting process.

Piezo Disc

A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect to measure pressure, acceleration, strain or force by converting them to an electrical charge.

A piezoelectric disk generates a voltage when deformed (change in shape is greatly exaggerated).

Metal disks with piezo material, used in buzzers or as contact microphones

References

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_gauge
http://www.tekscan.com/flexible-force-sensors

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectric_sensor

The HOT SPOT Technology

2011-11-10T17:56:00.001+05:30

The Saga of LBW and Caught Behind

In the early eighties, they introduced Stump Cameras to detect LBW and caught behinds, which served as a helper for the umpires to provide accurate decision. But, as years went on,the technology grew along with cricket and saw the invention of Snickometers in nineties. Still, the people of Channel 9, one of the great broadcasters of cricket in the world, were not satisfied. So, they invented The Hawk-Eye Technology in 2002.

       Still the big technocrat giants didnt sleep. They wanted to make another technology which will be still more accurate in judging these factors. So, they invented The HOT SPOT Technology during the 2006 Ashes Series.

What is hot spot?
   It is an infra-red imaging system, which employs infra-red cameras to capture the happenings of the ground. The basic principle of physics is applied here, which states that, infra-red rays are emitted by hot bodies. Hence, when two bodies come into contact, the impact produces some heat, which emits infra-red rays. Special infra red cameras are used to capture these images.

          Two or more infra-red cameras are situated in suitable parts of the ground on both the sides. They constantly record the proceedings of the ground. They are brought into effect, when there is a suspicion on whether the ball hit the bat or pad in the case of a Leg Before Wicket (lbw) appeal; and also to detect the edge in the case of a Caught Behind appeal.

The infra red camera shows a series of color spectrum, which depicts the range of heat distribution in the focused area. When, the ball makes an impact on either the bat or pad, the heat generated is shown by a white spot on the impact area. From this, we can conclude the result. This technology is more accurate and produces the best result than the previous techniques. The above pictures shows two typical infra red images recorded by the IR camera. THe impact produced by the ball on the bat and pad can be seen by the white spot.

The following video shows how hot spot proved to be correct at a place where Snickometer judged wrongly in a test match between Sri Lanka & England. The Snicko suggested an edge, where as the Hot Spot proved its predecessor wrong.

Why India Cannot Use it
            One of the major drawback in Hot Spot technology is that it cannot be used in the Subcontinent countries and South Africa. This is because, the average temperature of these places is usually 30 deg Celsius, which is very high for an IR camera to capture it as the whole capture area will be white, hence, any faint edges cant be determined by this technique.

              Apart from this, the Hot Spot proved to be a very healthy and useful innovation in the field of cricket. But, there is no end to innovations, as in future we might see even better techniques or even better improvisations of this technique can be done so that it can also be used in hotter countries.

THANK YOU MECHATRONICS!

2011-11-03T06:19:00.000+05:30

MECHATRONICS!!! The buzz word that spread around the class for these four years... MCT 2008-12 batch is well known for its unity amidst the diversity in the people. The variety ranging from Pudukkottai to Noida... but the unity prevails with no barriers in language.

Just as all mentioned in their most emotional speech today, that these four years crossed us like a whisker, is really true. This college life is very short-lived but will remain the best in our life. Here are some of the glorious moments of the FAREWELL which took place on 2/11/2011 at 1:30pm in VKJ217 of Vishwakarma Joth (School of Mechanical Engineering), SASTRA UNIVERSITY.

The whole party started with voting session starting at 9am in the morning. Organized by Shweta Thiyagaran, Shravya Sri, Sriram, Aadhithya, Agastheesh, Gautham and Dhivyasimhon had some of the most unanswerable questions. The votes was counted and the FAREWELL commenced after the completion of attendance AKD sir's attendance for Industrial Robotics, at 1:30pm.

The results of the Various categories of polls are;

PADIPS :

Winner - Sravan

Runner - Arun

LATE-LATIF :

Winner - Dhivyasimhon

Runner - Ravi Kumar

SLEEPY-HEAD :

Winner - Nambirajan

Runner - Agastheesh

OVER BANDHA :

Winner - Nirmal Kumar

Runner - Narasimhan
STYLE ICON :

Winner - Ashwin. B

Runner - Shanmugham
MASS :

Winner - Aadhithya

Runner - Siva Karunakaran
JALDRA :

Winner - Nambirajan

Runner - Prasanna
QUESTION BANK:

Winner - Nirmal Kumar

Runner - Upendran & Chittaranjan
KADALAI :

Winner - Shanmugham

Runner - Harish
SMILE :

Winner - Ashwin. B

Runner - Swetha
DRESSING :

Winner - Ashwin. B

Runner - Aswin. V
MOBILE MANIAC:

Winner - Sri Krithiga

Runner - Venkataraman
BUNK STAR :

Winner - Narasimhan

Runner - Aadhithya
JOVIAL PERSON :

Winner - Hari Prasanth

Runner - Dhivyasimhan

PERFECT :

Winner - Nachiketh Pal

Runner - Riazul Ashraf

LOUDSPEAKER :

Winner - Chittaranjan

Runner - Nirmal

TOTAL DISASTER :

Winner - Chittaranjan

Runner - Vinodh
TENSION PARTY :

Winner - Srinath Redd

Runner - Balamurali & Vinodh
BEST BUDDIES:

Winner - Swetha-Sravya

Runner - Prasanna-Arun Babu
SILENT:

Winner - Arun

Runner - Sudharsan

MR. MCT

NAMBIRAJAN

MISS. MCT

SWETHA THIYAGARAJAN

SPECIAL AWARDS:

BEST BIKER - Nambirajan

BEST GYM BODY - Karthick

BEST NICK NAME - Botha (Siva Karunakaran)

KALAI MA-MANI AWARD FOR DANCE - Anand. S

The award show was followed by some mimic performance by our Aadhithya, Kaushik & Dhivyasimhon on the various personalities that we had come across in our four semesters. It was an exciting fun filled segment which brought the audience on their feet and there was full of claps all around. One of the major part is, Aadhi's mimic as Simbu, TR and Vijay.

Then suddenly to everybody's astonishment, Aadhi came to the dais and gave a heart touching speech. It was a fully emotion filled moment. Following Aadhi, many gave some emotional speech and expressed their feeling about being with "The 62". Nachiketh reminded of one funny incident about Chittharanjan's Wolverine style beard in Fluid Mechanics class. Chittharanjan challenged us to come to SASTRA on the same date, 4 years later; on 2/11/2015, for a MECHATRONICS REUNION MEET. Whereas, Krishna Teja, the ever-different man, said that he never miss us, as he have us in his heart forever.

Prem Sir, was then called upon as the chief guest to this party. He came with a news that he got his promotion (although it was an unofficial news), the whole class broke in to congratulate our sir. He was then asked to address the class, but he was too shy to express his views. Then finally he wished us good luck and left.

Finally, coke and kurkure packets were within the class to mark the end of the FAREWELL, which was followed by hugs and wishes all over the class within "The 62".

An unforgettable day in MECHATRONICS BATCH 2008-12 history... A moment to be cherished and remembered by all...

THANK YOU MECHATRONICS!

FOR BRINGING US TOGETHER!!

Megafactories: Rolls Royce: Videos

2011-10-22T07:10:00.000+05:30

Rolls Royce (RR), another world's luxurious car manufacturing company, uses human labour for work to bring precisions and a perfect finish to its sophisticated handcrafted cars!
Look at the following videos.

Evergreen Lamborghini Plant: Videos

2011-10-20T05:58:00.000+05:30

Can u believe if i say that, the world's one of the best luxurious and fastest car manufacturer, Lamborghini, uses a mostly manual manufacturing plant!

Yes, the Lamborghini manufacturing plant prefers to use manual labor to manufacture one of the fastest car in the world. Except a few parts, most of the plant is fully manually operated and manually assembled. They use highly skilled and specialized labor to do their process..

Take a look at the following video to see the manufacturing of one of the world's fastest car!!

Mindblowing Robots in Action: Chevrolet Camaro ~ Videos

2011-10-17T16:04:00.000+05:30

Chevrolet Camaro, the car that is more famous around the world, after its feature in the world famous movie, TRANSFORMERS, as Bumblebee, became one of the most prestigious car. Here the following videos from the MEGAFACTORIES, shows the manufacturing of Chevrolet Camaro. A fully automated and Robot assisted plant, owns some mindblowing robots in action in the manufacturing of the Autobot. Checkout the following videos:

Extreme Mega Factories

2011-09-05T21:05:00.000+05:30

Have you ever wondered how does small products like, toys, food items, processors for computers, etc., of world famous companies are manufactured?

Certainly they are not all handmade, because of the amount of products they make every year. Hence, they require a fully automated system for the manufacturing of the whole process.

Extreme Mega Factories brings you the production methods of the world biggest companies, like;

Jelly Belly Beans
LEGO Toys
Mardi Gras World
Intel Computer Plant
United States Mint
Repreve Polyester Manufacturing Plant
Tootsie Pops

Automated Bottle Filling Plant - CocaCola : Videos

2011-08-23T14:01:00.001+05:30

The Hawk-Eye Technology

2011-07-10T13:23:00.000+05:30

We all watch live telecasting of games like Cricket and Tennis!
In the 2011 Cricket World Cup final at Wankhede Stadium, when Malinga dropped the ball short with low bounce, and Sehwag playing on the back foot, got the ball rammed straight on his front pads. When the umpire raised his finger, the whole stadium got muted. Sehwag asked for the review, and the Hawk-Eye technology was used to check the correctness of the ball.

Or in Tennis, when Nadal played a back-hand against Federer to score a point on the edge of the line, Hawk-Eye Technology was used to check the point where the ball pitched.

Have we ever wondered how the Hack-Eye Technology for the ball-tracking works on?

Hawk-Eye is a complex computer system used in cricket, tennis and other sports to visually track the trajectory of the ball and display a record of its most statistically likely path as a moving image based on the position, orientation and angle of movement of the previous positions of the ball.

It was developed by engineers at Roke Manor Research Limited of Romsey, Hampshire in the UK, in 2001. Hawk-Eye systems are based on the principles of triangulation using the visual images and timing data provided by at least four high-speed video cameras located at different locations and angles around the playing area. The system rapidly processes the video feeds by a high-speed video camera and ball tracker. A data store contains a predefined model of the playing area and the data on the rules of the game.

In each frame sent from each camera, the system identifies the group of pixels which corresponds to the image of the ball. It then calculates for each frame the 3D position of the ball by comparing its position on at least two of the physically separate cameras at the same instant in time. A succession of frames builds up a record of the path along which the ball has traveled. It also predicts the future flight path of the ball and where it will interact with any of the playing area features that are already programmed into the database. The system can also be used to interpret these interactions to make decisions on the state of the game based on the rules that are fed into it.

The system generates a 3D graphic image of the ball path and playing area, which means that information can be provided to judges, television viewers or coaching staff in near real time.

Hawk-Eye In Games
Recently, Hawk-Eye Technology has also been incorporated in Cricket related games, to provide more realistic effects to it. Codemasters Inc got the license for using the Hawk-Eye technology in the games which they develop and it was been used in its recent games like, Brian Lara International Cricket 2007, Ashes Cricket 2009, International Cricket 2010 and Smash Court Tennis 3.

This is just the starting phase of the Technology, of later, we could see lots of developments and innovations made in this technology, as its the era of technology and innovations.

Innovative Robots

2011-05-18T03:26:00.013+05:30

AGS

____

Landcrawler Robot Wobbles But Doesn’t Fall

A Landcrawler Robot designed to work on 12 legs manoeuvres itself among the concrete platform. The co-ordination of legs and its movement when it takes a turn are amazing!!

Its really a Genius's work out there to have designed such a genius effort!!!

And its even more surprising when we come to know that he made it as his 2 year old son needed some robotic toy to play with!!!

Universal Gripper Utilizes Coffee Bean-Filled Balloon

Gripping and holding of objects is the key task of a Robotic design. Designing of a Universal Joint that can hold any kind of object has been a very important task in the recent past for the engineers of modern world. Some designs like Multi-fingered hand have been proposed, but these involve more software and hardware complexities..

These students have created a Universal Joint by using a Balloon filled with Coffee Bean powder. When pressed onto a target object, flows around it and conforms to its shape. Upon application of a vacuum the granular material contracts and hardens quickly to pinch and hold the object without requiring sensory feedback. The volume changes less than 0.5% suffice to grip objects reliably and hold them with forces exceeding many times their weight.

The universal gripper utilizes ground coffee beans inside of a balloon. The coffee beans offer an interlocking grain that proved better than other materials tested that ranged from sand to ground rubber tires.

The operating principle is the ability of granular materials to transition between an unjammed, deformable state and a jammed state with solid-like rigidity. They delineate three separate mechanisms, friction, suction, and interlocking, that contribute to the gripping force. Using a simple model we relate each of them to the mechanical strength of the jammed state. This advance opens up new possibilities for the design of simple, yet highly adaptive systems that excel at fast gripping of complex objects.

Robotic Arm Inspired By An Elephant's Trunk

Nature has been the ulitmate source of destiny for every innovation. Here goes another inspiration from one of the world's most friendliest animal, The Elephant. Elephant Trunk, which is more easily flexible in nature, can be used to hold, grip and transfer the object in any direction in the 3D space.

FESTO Corporation have designed the first ever Bionic Handling Assistant, which is super flexible and easily controllable just like an Elephant's arm. Using hollow plastic chambers that change size with air pressure, the Bionic Handling Assistant can move through an incredible range of motion in three dimensions. It’s designed to provide gentle forces, and to give when pushed, making it safe for working with humans in a working environment. Opportunities for the Bionic Handling Assistant in medicine, manufacturing, and mechanical repair are shown above.

Iron Man Comes Real

Many are inspired by the adventures of the recent movie, Iron Man, which shows realistic and more feasible and non-superstitious approach of a Super Hero!.. Raytheron has come with yet another successful attempt to bring the fantasy character into real.

Raytheon’s second-generation exoskeleton (XOS 2) is lighter, stronger and faster than its predecessor, yet it uses 50 percent less power, and its new design makes it more resistant to the environment. The wearable robotics suit is being designed to help with the many logistics challenges faced by the military both in and out of theater. Repetitive heavy lifting can lead to injuries, orthopedic injuries in particular. The XOS 2 does the lifting for its operator, reducing both strain and exertion. It also does the work faster. One operator in an exoskeleton suit can do the work of two to three soldiers. Deploying exoskeletons would allow military personnel to be reassigned to more strategic tasks. The suit is built from a combination of structures, sensors, actuators and controllers, and it is powered by high pressure hydraulics.

References:

For more details visit www.mechatronictips.com

Career Oppotunities In Mechatronics

2011-05-16T06:55:00.002+05:30

AGS

____

Why Mechatronics?

Mechatronics, as we all know, is a synergetic combination of Mechanical, Electrical, Electronics and Information Technology. As the world is getting more and more advanced day-by-day along with inventions, improvements and updates in technology, the need for specialized engineers, who can do varied jobs are more in demand in the recent days...

Mechatronics, being an esoteric course, stands amidst one of those many varied advanced engineering technologies that are much needed for the modern world of technologies. Because of his varied knowledge in various fields, a Mechatronics Engineer could easily replace the work done by four different engineers who are specialized in a single field alone.

Job Opportunities

Mechatronics Engineers are much in demand in advance hybrid system, Bio-mechatronics, power engineering, Bio Medical Nano Technology, Orthopedics, Robotics and Research. Aeronautical companies, shipping, and IT companies are other areas where a Mechatronics Engineer finds himself useful.

Many existing jobs categories currently or will soon require Mechatronics skills and problem solving ability among workers who currently design, implement, manufacture, service, and repair a wide array of equipment.

Places to work for Mechatronics graduates:

Shell Exploration & Production
Oncor Electric Delivery
TI Automotive
Toyota Motor Manufacturing
American Electric Power
South Texas Nuclear Project
Trico
Penn Aluminum
Festo Corporation
TYCO
Coca-Cola Bottling Co.
Plastipak, Houston
Gunther & Son
Koch Machine Tool
Toshiba International Corp.
Halliburton
Luminant Power
Southwest Research Institute
Chevron
and many automated plants of famous manufacturing units

Hence, on an over-all study, a Mechatronics Engineer has varied scope in many fields of applications; and also it has proved to be most advantageous and a field-loving course. If you really enjoy the course, you will enjoy to work it out at the manufacturing plants and the daily improvements in technology will amaze u to the core, to make ur selection, a well deserved one..

Good Luck!!

References:

http://www.harlingen.tstc.edu/mt/index.aspx
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechatronics

Aadhi Birthday 1st year

2011-04-27T02:52:00.004+05:30

Special Correspondent

Aadhi, popularly called as Mass Aadhi, is a very famous person in our college.. Either for his leadership skills as MECHATRONICS CLASS REP; or as stylish Left Handed cricketer, who can convert a full-length delivery on the off-stump, into a SIX over Mid-wicket!!!

Finally after becoming one of the most influential person in the college, we, MECHATRONICS students, are proud to say that Mass Aadhi is in our class.. As the day of Aadhi's birthday grew nearer on February 2009, we all planned a surprise for him.. We all put money, and bought a big 2kg of cake in the shape of a Cricket Bat; and a KurukSastra t-shirt of XL size, on which we all signed with our words for Aadhi (It included explicit comments as well, as they are common in college-life)..

The much more exciting fact was, on that day, our Mass Aadhi was wanted by the whole of the SPS hostel at exactly 12 midnight.. He got bums on each floor from the ground to 3rd floor..
Finally when he reached SPS East Wing, we carried him to SPS E-317, and a big crowd was waiting there.. He finally cut the cake and the t-shirt was presented to him..

That was another unforgettable night of MECHATRONICS!!!

Mass Aadhi

Aani Birthday

2011-04-26T07:35:00.004+05:30

Special Correspondent

TEAM MCT DAILY wishes our class Shanmugham Ravichandran @ Aani, on his birthday... On this day let us recollect the glorious past memory which we had on our 1st year Aani's birthday..
When everyone were looking for him @ night 12 o' clock all thorough the hostel, to give him birthday bums; Ganesh found him in SPS East Wing Terrace, hiding under the Water tank and puttin kadala..

That night we planned a sketch for Dhivya Simhon, and successfully executed it in bumping him..
That was great fun, apart from Aani's that year's birthday treat to Gautham (Bluck), Hari Prasanth (Ball) and Ganesh for the ultimate movie which released that time, "KUNGUMA POOVUM KONJUM PURAVUM", where they met our class co-ordinator Prem Sir with his wife...

Follow the link for some exciting pictures of Aani's first year birthday..

http://www.facebook.com/media/set/fbx/?set=a.1679593242486.87206.1617190335

At the Mechatronics Room - E315; (From Left): Ganesh, Shankar, Aani, Simhon & Agastheesh

At the Mechatronics Room- E315

MICROPROCESSOR LAB PROGRAMS - 2

2011-04-24T01:09:00.006+05:30

ENCODER (3 to 8):

Q0 = D1 + D3 + D5 + D7 (8050)

Q1 = D2 + D3 + D6 + D7 (8051)

Q2 = D4 + D5 + D6 + D7 (8052)

The gaps between may not be accurate

ADDRESS	HEXCODE	LABEL	MNEMONICS
8000			MVI D,80
8001
8002			MVI B,01
8003
8004			LXIH 9000
8005
8006
8007
8008		L	MOV A,D
8009			ANA B
800A			MOV M,A
800B			INR L
800C			MOVA,B
800D			RLC
800E			MOV B,A
800F			JNC L
8010
8011
8012
8013			LXIH 9001
8014
8015
8016
8014			MOV A,M
8015			LXIH 9003
8013
8014
8015
8016			ORA M
8017			LXIH 9005
8018
8019
801A
801B			ORA M
801C			LXIH 9007
801D
801E
801F
8020			ORA M
8021			STA 8050
8022
8023
8024
8025			LXIH 9002
8026
8027
8028
8029			MOV A,M
802A			LXIH 9003
802B
802C
802D
802E			ORA M
802F			LXIH 9006
8030
8031
8032
8033			ORA M
8034			LXIH 9007
8035
8036
8037
8038			ORA M
8039			STA 8051
803A
803B
803C
803D			LXIH,9004
803E
803F
8040
8041			MOV A,M
8042			LXIH 9005
8043
8044
8045
8046			ORA M
8047			LXIH 9006
8048
8049
804A
804B			ORA M
804C			LXIH, 9007
804D			ORA M
804E			STA 8052
804F			HLT

BEFORE EXECUTION: AFTER EXECUTION:

A-80 8050 -1

9000 -9007 =00 8051 - 1

8052 - 1

TO DISPLAY THE VALUE OF ( X^2-4*X+4)/4

lxi h,9000

mov a,m

mov b,a

mov c,a

mvi a,00

add b

dcr c

jnz l

inx h

mov m,a

mov c,a

mov a,b

rlc

inx h

mov m,a

mov b,a

mov a,c

sub b

adi 04

inx h

mov m,a

rrc

inx h

mov m,a

hlt

TO CALCULATE THE VALUE OF 1^2+2^2+…. n^2, AND TO STORE THEM IN CONTINUOUS MEMORY LOCATIONS AND THEIR SUM IN THE NEXT LOCATION:

lxi h,9000

mvi c,03

mvi a,01

mov d,a

mov e,a

L1:

add d

dcr e

jnz L1

sub d

mov m,a

inx h

inr d

mov a,d

dcr c

jnz L

lxi h,9000

mvi c,03

mvi a,00

L2:

add m

inx h

dcr c

jnz L2

mov m,a

hlt

ENCODER AND DECODER PROGRAM:

LXI D,A000

MVI A,01

CPI 01

JZ 8000 [ENCODER]

JMP 9000 [DECODER]

ENCODER:

LXI H,8070

MOV B,M

MVI A,90

OUT 31

MOV E,M

LDAX D

OUT 30

INX H

MVI A,90

OUT 31

MOV E,M

LDAX D

OUT 30

MOV A,B

CMA

ANA M

ORA B

STA B000

MOV C,A

MOV A,94

OUT 31

MOV E,C

LDAX D

OUT 30

MOV A,M

CMA

MOV C,A

MOV A,B

CMA

ANA C

INX H

MOV A,92

OUT 31

MOV E,M

LDAX D

OUT30

ANA M

ORA B

STA B001

MOV C,A

MOV A,94

OUT 31

MOV E,C

LDAX D

OUT 30

HLT

DECODER:

LXI H,9070

MOV B,M

MVI A,94

OUT 31

MOV E,M

LDAX D

OUT 30

INX H

MVI A,95

OUT 31

MOV E,M

LDAX D

OUT30

MOV A,B

ANA M

STA B000

MOV C,A

MVI A,90

OUT 31

MOV E,C

LDAX D

OUT 30

MOV A,B

CMA

ANA M

STA B001

MOV C,A

MVI A,91

OUT 31

MOV E,C

LDAX D

OUT 30

MOV A,M

CMA

ANA B

STA B002

MOV C,A

MVI A,92

OUT 31

MOV E,C

LDAX D

OUT 30

MOV A,B

CMA

MOV C,A

MOV A.M

CMA

ANA C

STA B003

MOV C,A

MVI A,93

OUT 31

MOV E,C

LDAX D

OUT 30

HLT

RESULT:

ENCODER: INPUTS- 80703; 80712; 80721 OUTPUTS- B000:Y1; B001:Y0

X3	X2	X1	X0	Y1	Y0
1	X	X	X	1	1
0	1	X	X	1	0
0	0	1	X	0	1
0	0	0	X	0	0

DECODER: INPUTS- 90701; 90710 OUTPUTS- B000:Y3; B001:Y2; B002:Y1; B003:Y0

X1	X0	Y3	Y2	Y1	Y0
0	0	0	0	0	1
1	0	0	0	1	0
0	1	0	1	0	0
1	1	1	0	0	0

AND OR NOT:

LXI H 8050H

MOV D M

INX H

MOV B M

INX H

MOV A M

CPI 01h

JZ AND

INX H

MOV A M

CPI 01h

JZ OR

INX H

MOV A M

CPI 01h

JZ NOT

L1: MVI A 90h

OUT 31h

MVI A 60h

OUT 30h

HLT

L2: MVI A 90h

OUT 31h

MVI A F3h

OUT 30h

HLT

AND: MOV A D

ANA B

CPI 01h

JZ L1

JC L2

HLT

OR: MOV A D

ORA B

CPI 01h

JZ L1

JC L2

HLT

NOT: MOV A D

CPI 01h

JZ L2

JC L1

HLT

*ADDRESS*	*HEXCODE*	*LABEL*	*MNEMONICS*
8000	21		LXI H,8060
8001	60
8002	80
8003	7E		MOV A,M
8004	FE		CPI 01
8005	01
8006	CA		JZ L
8007	15
8008	80
8009	FE		CPI 00
800A	00
800B	C2		JNZ L1
800C	14
800D	80
800E	21		LXI H,8065
800F	65
8010	80
8011	CD		CALL 803E
8012	3E
8013	80
8014	76	L1	HLT
8015	21	L	LXI H,806A
8016	6A
8017	80
8018	CD		CALL 803E
8019	3E
801A	80
801B	76		HLT

WRITE A PROGRAM TO DISPLAY EVEN NUMBERS IF 0 IS GIVEN AS INPUT 0R TO DISPLAY 0DD NUMBERS IF 1 IS GIVEN AS INPUT:

*ADDRESS*	*HEXCODE*	*LABEL*	*MNEMONICS*
803E	OE		MVI C,05
803F	05
8040	06		MVI B,90
8041	90
8042	04	L3	INR B
8043	78		MOV A,B
8044	D3		OUT 31
8045	31
8046	7E		MOV A,M
8047	D3		OUT 30
8048	30
8049	23		INX H
804A	OD		DCR C
804B	C2		JNZ L3
804C	42
804D	80
804E	C9		RETURN

8060-GET INPUT

8065-CODE’0’-F3

8066-CODE’2’-B5

8067-CODE’4’-66

8068-CODE’6’-D7

8069-CODE-‘8’-F7

806A-CODE’1’-60

806B-CODE’3’-F4

806C-CODE’5’-D6

806D-CODE’7’-70

806E-CODE’9’-76

FULL ADDER USING INPUT VALUES IN HEX FORM:

LXI H,8050

MVI C,00

MOV B,M

MOV A,B

SUB C

JZ L1

INR C

MOV A,B

SUB C

JZ L2

INR C

MOV A,B

SUB C

JZ L3

INR C

MOV A,B

SUB C

JZ L4

INR C

MOV A,B

SUB C

JZ L5

INR C

MOV A,B

SUB C

JZ L6

INR C

MOV A,B

SUB C

JZ L7

INR C

MOV A,B

SUB C

JZ L8

MEMORY LOCATION DATA:

L1:

LXI H,9700

CALL 9800

HLT

L2:

LXI H,9706

CALL 9800

HLT

L3:

LXI H,970C

CALL 9800

HLT

L4:

LXI H,9712

CALL 9800

HLT

L5:

LXI H,9718

CALL 9800

HLT

L6:

LXI H,971E

CALL 9800

HLT

L7:

LXI H,9724

CALL 9800

HLT

L8:

LXI H,972A

CALL 9800

HLT

DELAY PROGRAM:

9800:

MVI D,90

MOV A,D

OUT 31

MOV A,M

OUT 30

INR D

INX H

MVI A,96

SUB D

JNZ L

RET

MEMORY LOCATIONS:

9700- F3 9710- 60 9720-F3

9701- F3 9711- F3 9721-60

9702- F3 9712- F3 9722-F3

9703-F3 9713- F3 9723-60

9704-F3 9714- 60 9724-F3

9705-F3 9715- 60 9725-60

9706-F3 9716-F3 9726-60

9707-F3 9717-60 9727-F3

9708-F3 9718- F3 9728-F3

9709-60 9719- 60 9729-60

970A-60 971A- F3 972A-F3

970B-F3 971B- F3 972B-60

970C-F3 971C- 60 972C-60

970D-F3 971D- F3 972D-60

970E-60 971E- F3 972E-60

970F-F3 971F- 60 972F-60

Where F3 & 60 are the equivalent codes for displaying 0 & 1on the 7-segment display.BCD addition with display of inputs and output

MVI C,00

LXI H,9000

MVI D,00

MVI E,09

MVI A,91

OUT 31

MOV A,D

MOV L,A

MOV A,M

OUT 30

MVI A,93

OUT 31

MOV A,E

MOV L,A

MOV A,M

OUT 30

MOV A,D

ADD E

CPI 09

JNC L1

MOV L,A

MVI A,95

OUT 31

MOV A,M

OUT 30

JMP Z

L1: INR C

SUI 01

MOV L,A

MVI A,95

OUT 31

MOV A,M

OUT 30

MOV L,C

MVI A,94

OUT 31

MOV A,M

OUT 30

Z: HLT

B.E:- A.E:-

INPUTS:-D-08, E-09

9000-F3

9001-60

9002-B5

9003-F4

9004-66

9005-D6

9006-D7

9007-70

9008-F7

9009-F6

EQUATION:

lxi h,9000

lxi b,8050

ldax b

mov d,a

mov c,a

mvi a,00

add d

dcr c

jnz L

mov m,a

mov a,d

rlc

inx h

mov m,a

adi 03

inx h

mov m,a

rrc

inx h

mov m,a

hlt

PROGRAGM OF SQUARE ROOT:

LXI H, 8050

MVI E, OO

L3 INR E

MOV D, E

MVI A, OO

L1 ADD E

DCR D

JNZ L1

MOV A, E

STA 8051

HLT

AFTER EXECUTION:

09- 03

MICROCONTROLLER LAB PROGRAMS

2011-04-24T01:08:00.002+05:30

MICROCONTROLLER

Half subtractor:

mov r0,#45h

mov r1,#5ah

mov r6,#50h

mov r5,#70h

mov r7,#00h

loop:

inc r0

inc r1

inc r6

inc r7

inc r5

mov a,@r0

cpl a

mov 60h,a

cpl a

xrl a,@r1

mov b,r0

mov 65h,r6

mov r0,65h

mov @r0,a

mov r0,b

anl a,@r1

mov b,r0

mov 66h,r5

mov r0,66h

mov @r0,a

mov r0,b

cjne r7,#04,loop

end

16 BIT ADDITTION:

MOV 50H,#00H

MOV R0,#40H

MOV B, @R0

INC R0

MOV A,@R0

INC R0

MOV 55H,@R0

MOV R1,55H

INC R0

MOV 56H,@R0

MOV R2,56H

ADDA,R2

MOV 46H,A

MOV A,R1

ADDC A,B

JNC L

INC 50H

MOV 44H

L: MOV 44H,A

END

32 BIT ADDITION:

org 00h

clr c

mov r2,#04h

mov r0,#40h

mov r1,#50h

setb psw.3

mov r0,#60h

clr psw.3

back:mov a,@r0

addc a,@r1

inc r0

inc r1

setb psw.3

mov @r0,a

inc r0

clr psw.3

djnz r2,back

end

RS FLIP FLOP:

org 0000h

mov r1,#00001111b

mov r2,#00110011b

mov r3,#01010101b

mov a,r3

cpl a

anl a,r1

mov r4,a

mov a,r2

cpl a

anl a,r3

orl a,r4

mov p1,a

end

MICROPROCESSOR LAB PROGRAMS - 1

2011-04-24T00:38:00.002+05:30

MICROPROCESSOR

32-bit SUBTRACTION-DIRECT ADDRESSING:

stc

cmc

lxi h,1122

lxi d,3344

mvi b,00

lda 8050

sub l

sta 8060

lda 8051

sbb h

sta 8061

lda 8052

sbb e

sta 8062

lda 8053

sbb d

sta 8063

jnc l

inr b

mov a,b

sta 8064

hlt

COUNT DOWN 0-9-0

ADDRESS 8000

L: LXI H,8070

L₁: MVI D,0A

MVI A,90

OUT 31

MOV A,M

OUT 30

CALL 9000

INX H

DCR D

JNZ L₁

MVI D,0A

MVI A,90

L₂: DCX H

OUT 31

MOV A,M

OUT 30

CALL 9000

DCR D

JNZ L₂

CALL 9000

JMP L

ADDRESS 8070 (7-Segment Display coding)

8070 – F3

8071 – 60

8072 – B5

8073 – F4

8074 – 66

8075 – D6

8076 – D7

8077 – 70

8078 – F7

8079 – F6

ADDRESS 9000 (Delay program of 0.5sec)

L: LXI B,FFFF

DCX B

MOV A,C

ORA B

JNZ L

RET

DISPLAYING THE TRUTH TABLE OF HALF ADDER AND SUBTRACTOR:

LXI H,8070

MVI D,04

MVI A,90

OUT 31

MOV A,M

OUT 30

MVI A,92

OUT 31

INX H

MOV A,M

OUT 30

MVI A,94

OUT 31

INX H

MOV A,M

OUT 30

MVI A,95

OUT 31

INX H

MOV A,M

OUT 30

MOV E,A

CALL DELAY

MOV A,E

INX H

DCR D

JNZ L1

JMP L

HLT

FINDING A PRIME NUMBER:

MVI A,XàNumber to be given.

MVI B,02

L1: MVI A,X

SUB B

JM L

JZ L5

L2:JZ L4

SUB B

JM L5

JMP L2

L5:INR B

JMP L1

L4:INR C

JMP L5

L:MVI A,00

SUB C

JM L6

JP L7

L6:MVI A,93

OUT 31

MVI A,76

OUT 30

L7:MVI A,94

OUT 31

MVI A,47

OUT 30

HLT

AND, OR, NOT GATES :

L :LXI H,8070

MVI D,04

L1:MVI A,90

OUT 31

MOV A,M

OUT 30

MVI A,92

OUT 31

INX H

MOV A,M

OUT 30

MVI A,94

OUT 31

INX H

MOV A,M

OUT 30

MOV E,A

CALL 9000

MOV A,E

INX H

DCR D

JNZ L1

JMP L

DELAY PROGRAM:

LXI B,FFFF

L2:DCX B

MOV A,C

ORA B

JNZ L2

RET

BEFORE EXECUTION

AND:

8070-66 8076-F3

8071-66 8077-66

8072-66 8078-66

8073-66 8079-F3

8074-F3 807A-F3

8075-66 807B-F3

OR:

807C-66 8082-F3

807D-66 8083-66

807E-66 8084-F3

807F-66 8085-F3

8080-F3 8086-F3

8081-F3 8087-F3

NOT:

8088-66

8089-F3

808A-F3

808B-66

D FLIP FLOP:

lxi h,9000

mov a,m

inx h

mov b,m

cpi 01

jnz l

inx h

mov m,a

inx h

mov m,b

hlt

T FLIP FLOP:

lxi h,9000

mov a,m

inx h

mov b,m

cpi 01

jnz l

inx h

mov m,a

mov a,b

mov e,a

cma

inx h

ana m

mov c,a

mov a,m

cma

mov d,a

ana d

ora c

mov m,a

hlt

FULL ADDER:

lxi h,9000

mov a,m

inx h

mov b,m

inx h

mov c,m

add b

adc c

mov b,a

ani 01

sta 8050

mov a,b

rrc

ani 01

sta 8051

hlt

To compute y = ((x*x)-2x+2)/2

LXI H,8050h

MVI A,00h

MVI E,02h

MOV B,M

MOV C,M

L: ADD C

DCR B

JNZ L

MOV B,A

MVI A,00h

L1: ADD C

DCR E

JNZ L1

MOV E,A

MOV A,B

SUB E

ADI 02

MOV D,A

MVI A,00

SUB A

MOV A,D

RAR

STA 9050

HLT

To compute 1+2+3+…+n and simultaneously store in memory address from 1 to n and then the sum:

LXI H,8050h

LXI D,9000h

LDAX D

MOV B,A

MVI A,00

MVI C,01

L MOV M,C

ADD C

INR C

DCR B

INX H

JNZ L

MOV M,A

HLT

Hex to octal:

LXI H,9000

MOV A,M

SUI 08

INR B

JNC L

ADI 08

DCR B

INX H

MOV M,A

MOV A,B

MVI B,00

CPI 08

JNC L

STA 9003

HLT

BEFORE EXECUTION AFTER EXECUTION

9000-FF 9000 –FF (hexadecimal data )

9001-00 9001-07

9002-00 9002-07

9003-00 9003-03

The octal equivalent number of hexadecimal data FF is 377 and is stored in address 9003, 9002, 9001 respectively. Thus hexadecimal number to octal number using 8085 microprocessor kit is done successfully.

MULTIPLEXING:

lxi h,9000
mov a,m
sui 00
jnz p
inx h
mov a,m
sta 8050
jmp l3
p:
sui 01
jnz l1
lxi h,9002
mov a,m
sta 8050
jmp l3
l1:
sui 01
jnz l2
lxi h,9003
mov a,m
sta 8050
jmp l3
l2:
lxi h,9004
mov a,m
sta 8050
l3:
hlt

32 BIT DIVISION:

lxi d,0000

mvi b,02h

lhld 9000

l1:

mov a,l

inx d

sub b

jnc l

mov l,a

dcr h

mov a,h

cpi ff

jnz l1

shld 9000

lhld 9003

dcr l

mov a,l

cpi ff

jnz l1

dcr h

mov a,h

cpi ff

shld 9003

jnz l1

inr h

inr l

shld 9003

lhld 9000

inr h

mov a,l

add b

mov l,a

shld 9000

dcx d

xchg

shld 9100

hlt

To write a program to manipulate and display the value of given mathematical expression as well as to display the value of individual elements containing the variables:

The given expression is:

PROGRAM

MVI D, VALUE OF X

MOV C, D

MVI A, 00 [VALUE OF IS COMPUTED]

ADD D (L1)

DCR C

JNZ L1

STA 9000

MVI A, 00

MVI E, 02

ADD D (L2) [VALUE OF IS COMPUTED]

DCR E

JNZ L2

STA 9001

MVI A, 00

MVI E, 05

ADD D (L3) [VALUE OF IS COMPUTED]

DCR E

JNZ L3

STA 9002

LXI H, 9000

MOV A, M

INX H

SUB M

ADI 04

INX H

MVI B, 00 [THE VALUE OF OVERALL EXPRESSION IS COMPUTED]

SUB M (L4)

INR B

JNC L4

DCR B

INX H

MOV A, B

MOV M, A

LXIH, 9000

MOV A, M

MVI B, 10

MVI C, 00

SUB B (L5)

INR C

JNC L5

DCR C

ADD B [SEPARATE THE UNITS AND TENS DIGITS OF AND DISPLAY THEM]

STA 9004

MOV A, C

STA 9005

MVI A, 90

OUT 31

LXI H, 9005

MOV A, M

OUT 30

MVI A, 91

OUT 31

LXI H, 9004

MOV A, M

OUT 30

CALL 9050 [CALL DELAY]

LXIH, 9001

MOV A, M

MVI B, 10

MVI C, 00

SUB B (L6)

INR C

JNC L6

DCR C

ADD B [SEPARATE THE UNITS AND TENS DIGITS OF AND DISPLAY THEM]

STA 9006

MOV A, C

STA 9007

MVI A, 90

OUT 31

LXI H, 9007

MOV A, M

OUT 30

MVI A, 91

OUT 31

LXI H, 9006

MOV A, M

OUT 30

CALL 9050 [CALL DELAY]

LXIH, 9002

MOV A, M

MVI B, 10

MVI C, 00

SUB B (L7)

INR C

JNC L7

DCR C

ADD B [SEPARATE THE UNITS AND TENS DIGITS OF 5 AND DISPLAY THEM]

STA 9008

MOV A, C

STA 9009

MVI A, 90

OUT 31

LXI H, 9009

MOV A, M

OUT 30

MVI A, 91

OUT 31

LXI H, 9008

MOV A, M

OUT 30

CALL 9050 [CALL DELAY]

LXI H, 9003

MOV A, M

MVI B, 10

MVI C, 00

SUB B (L8)

INR C

JNC L8

DCR C

ADD B

STA 900A

MOV A, C [SEPARATE THE UNITS AND TENS DIGITS OF THE VALUE OF EXPRESSION AND DISPLAY]

STA 900B

MVI A, 90

OUT 31

LXI H, 900B

MOV A, M

OUT 30

MVI A, 91

OUT 31

LXI H, 900A

MOV A, M

OUT 30

DELAY PROGRAM:

9050:

MVI C, 00

LXI B, FFFF

DCX B

MOV A, C

ORA B

JNZ L

RET

RESULT:

FOR X=4

9000 CONTAINS 16( )

9001 CONTAINS 8( )

9002 CONTAINS 20( )

90003 CONTAINS THE VALUE OF EXPRESSION 0

DECODER (3 TO 8):

AIM:

To decode the given 3 bit value.

ALGORITHM:

1) Use 3 registers (E,B,C) to store the 3 input values.

2) The output is 8 bit value and each bit is stored in the address from 9000 to 9007(D0-D7).

3) Use the formulas mentioned below,

_ _ _ _ _

D0= E B C D1= E B C

_ _ _

D2= E B C D3= E B C

_ _ _

D4= E B C D5= E B C

D6= E B C D7= E B C

4) The command CMA is used to compliment the register.

5) AND operation is performed between the registers by the command ANA.

6) Accumulator is used to store the register values temporarily and also for AND operation.

RESULT:

The given 3 bit value is decoded to 8 bit.

ADDRESS	HEXCODE	LABEL	MNEMONICS
8000	1E		MVI E,00
8001	00
8002	06		MVI B,00
8003	00
8004	0E		MVI C,00
8005	00
8006	21		LXI H,9000
8007	00
8008	90
8009	7B		MOV A,E
800A	2F		CMA
800B	5F		MOV E,A
800C	78		MOV A,B
800D	2F		CMA
800E	47		MOV B,A
800F	79		MOV A,C
8010	2F		CMA
8011	4F		MOV C,A
8012	CD		CALL 8050
8013	50
8014	80
8015	79		MOV A,C
8016	2F		CMA
8017	4F		MOV C,A
8018	CD		CALL 8050
8019	50
801A	80
801B	78		MOV A,B
801C	2F		CMA
801D	47		MOV B,A
801E	79		MOV A,C
801F	2F		CMA
8020	4F		MOV C,A
8021	CD		CALL 8050
8022	50
8023	80
8024	79		MOV A,C
8025	2F		CMA
8026	4F		MOV C,A
8027	CD		CALL 8050
8028	50
8029	80
802A	7B		MOV A,E
802B	2F		CMA
802C	5F		MOV E,A
802D	78		MOV A,B
802E	2F		CMA
802F	47		MOV B,A
8030	79		MOV A,C
8031	2F		CMA
8032	4F		MOV C,A
8033	CD		CALL 8050
8034	50
8035	80
8036	79		MOV A,C
8037	2F		CMA
8038	4F		MOV C,A
8039	CD		CALL 8050
803A	50
803B	80
803C	79		MOV A,C
803D	2F		CMA
803E	4F		MOV C,A
803F	78		MOV A,B
8040	2F		CMA
8041	47		MOV B,A
8042	CD		CALL 8050
8043	50
8044	80
8045	79		MOV A,C
8046	2F		CMA
8047	4F		MOV C,A
8048	CD		CALL 8050
8049	50
804A	80
804B	76		HLT
8050	79		MOV A,C
8051	A0		ANA B
8052	A3		ANA E
8053	E6		ANI 01
8054	01
8055	77		MOV M,A
8056	23		INX H
8057	C9		RET

PARITY CHECK

	Mvi b,00

	Mvi a,05

	Mov c,a
L1	Rlc
	Jnc l


	Inr b
L	Cmp c
	Jnz l1


	Mov a,b
L2	Sui 02

	Jnc l2


	Adi 02

	Jnz l3


	Mvi a,90

	Out 31

	Mvi a,97

	Out 30

	Mvi a,91

	Out 31

	Mvi a,e3

	Out 30

	Mvi a,92

	Out 31

	Mvi a 97

	Out 30

	Mvi a,73

	Out 30

	Jmp l4


L3	Mvi a,90

	Out 31

	Mvi a, f3

	Out 30

	Mvi a,91

	Out 31

	Mvi a,e5

	Out 30

	Mvi a,92

	Out 31

	Mvi a,e5

	Out 30

L4	Hlt

MECHATRONICS application in USB/MicroSD manufacturing industry

2011-04-23T14:44:00.000+05:30

The above video shows an industrial application of MECHATRONICS. The robotic arms, conveyors, precision devices and many technologies can be designed by a MECHATRONICS ENGINEER only. Hence they are widely in demand.

WELCOME!!!

2011-04-17T10:09:00.004+05:30

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