Medical Graduate

MCI propose Indian Medical Graduate exam from 2013

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Medicos) — Wed, 10 Aug 2011 10:13:00 +0000

Education.one.india

Harrisons

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Medicos) — Mon, 08 Aug 2011 18:14:00 +0000

The most trusted textbook in medicine — featuring the acclaimed Harrison’s DVD — updated with 57 additional chapters and exclusive video and tutorials Extensively revised and expanded by the world’s leading physicians, Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 18e continues to set the standard as the pinnacle of current medical knowledge and practice, offering the definitive review of disease mechanisms and management. CURRENT
All chapters have been completely up

Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine: Volumes 1 and 2, 18th Edition

Biochemistry Mnemonics

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Medicos) — Mon, 08 Aug 2011 09:47:00 +0000

Essential Amino Acids
PriVaTe TIM HALL
Phe, Val, Thr, Trp, Ile, Met, His, Arg, Leu, Lys

Urea Cycle
Ordinarily, Careless Crappers, Are Also Frivolous About Urination.
Ornithine, Carbamoyl, Citrulline, Arginosuccinate, Aspartate, Fumarate, Arginine, Urea.

Cell division
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.
"People Meet And Talk."

In the PhastedState
Phosphorylate Phosphorylation cascade active when blood glucose low.
DNA expression into mature mRNA
Exons expressed, Introns in the trash.
Pyrimidines are CUT from purines.
Pyrimidines are Cytosine, Uracil, Thiamine and are one ring structures.
Purines are double ring structures.

Porphyrias: acute intermittent porphyria symptoms 5 P's:
Pain in abdomen
Polyneuropathy
Psychologial abnormalities
Pink urine
Precipitated by drugs (eg barbiturates, oral contraceptives, sulpha drugs)

BUN:creatinine elevation: causes ABCD:
Azotremia (pre-renal)
Bleeding (GI)
Catabolic status
Diet (high protein parenteral nutrition)

G6PD: oxidant drugs inducing hemolytic anemia AAA: Antibiotic (eg: sufamethoxazole)
Antimalarial (eg: primaquine)
Antipyretics (eg: acetanilid, but not aspirin or acetaminophen)

Vitamin B3 (niacin, nicotinic acid) deficiency: pellagra
The 3 D's of pellagra: Dermatitis Diarrhea Dementia
· Note vitamin B3 is the 3 D's.

Tangier's disease: hallmark
"Tangierene tonsils":
Hallmark is large orange tonsils.
· Important clinical note: there is no increased risk of atherosclerosis, just like eating tangerenes.

Na+/K+ pump: movement of ions and quantity
K+ and in each consist of 2 characters, so so 2 K+ are pumped in. Na+ and out each consist of 3 characters, so 3 Na+ are pumped out

Glycogen storage: Anderson's (IV) vs. Cori's (III) enzyme defect
ABCD:
Anderson's=Branching enzyme.
Cori's=Debranching enzyme.
· Otherwise, can't really distinguish clinically.

Nitric oxide: amino acid precursor
When the dentist works on your teeth, you say, "AAArg! (Arginine)" before he administers Nitric Oxide (NO) to take the pain away.
· Other players necessary for NO synthesis: NO synthase, Ca++, NADPH.

Pompe's disease: type "Police = Po + lys":
Pompe's disease is a lysosomal storage disease (alpha 1,4 glucosidase).

Metabolic acidosis (normal anion-gap): causes
· With hyperkalemia: RAISE K+:
RTA type 4
Aldosterone or mineralocorticord deficiency
Iatrogenic: NH4Cl, HCl
"Stenosis": obstructive uropathy
Early uremia
· With hypokalemia: ReDUCE K+:
Renal TA type 1 and 2
Diarrhoea
Urine diversion into gut
Carbonate anhydrase inhibitor
Ex-hyperventilation

Galactosaemia: enzyme deficiency
GALIPUT: Galactose 1 Phosphate Uridyl Transferase.
· There is an assay called the Galiput test for this.

Citric acid cycle compounds
"Our City Is Kept Safe And Sound From Malice":
Oxaloacetate Citrate Isocitrate alpha-Ketoglutarate Succinyl-CoA Succinate Fumarate Malate

Folate deficiency: causes A FOLIC DROP:
Alcoholism
Folic acid antagonists
Oral contraceptives
Low dietary intake
Infection with Giardia
Celiac sprue
Dilatin
Relative folate deficiency
Old
Pregnant

Mitochondrial DNA (mt DNA) properties
"mt DNA".
mt stands for: Maternal Transfer Mutates Tremendously (high mutation rate)

Vitamins: which are fat soluble
"The FAT cat is in the ADEK (attic)":
Fat soluble vitamins are A,D,E,K.

Enzyme kinetics: competitive vs. non-competitive inhibition
With Kompetitive inhibition: Km increases; no change in Vmax. With Non-kompetitive inhibition: No change in Km; Vmax decreases.

Glycogen storage: names of types I through VI
"Viagra Pills Cause A Major Hardon":
Von Gierke's
Pompe's
Cori's
Anderson's
McArdle's
Her's

Sickle cell disease pathophysiology
SICKle cell disease is due to a Substitution of the SICKsth amino acid of the B chain.

Glucagon function
"Mr. Gluca has Gone to the cAMP to bring out some Glucose":
· Glucagon elevates glucose by cAMP mechanism.

Van den Bergh reaction (Jaundice test)
"Indirect reacting bilirubin = Unconjugated bilirubin":
Both start with vowels, so they go together:
Indirect & Unconjugated.

Hemoglobin binding curve: causes of shift to right
"CADET, face right!":
CO2
Acid
2,3-DPG (aka 2,3 BPG)
Exercise
Temperature

G proteins for respective receptors
"QISS & QIQ" (Kiss and Kick):
· G-proteins and their respective receptors (alphabetical order):
Q: alpha 1 I: alpha 2 S: beta 1 S: beta 2 &
Q: M1 I: M2 Q: M3

Adrenaline mechanism
"ABC of Adrenaline":
Adrenaline--> activates
Beta receptors--> increases
Cyclic AMP

Citric acid cycle compounds
"Can I Keep Selling Sex For Money, Officer?":
Citrate Isocitrate alpha Ketogluterate Succinyl CoA Succinate Fumerate Malate Oxaloacetate

Carbon monoxide: electron transport chain target
"CO blocks CO":
Carbon monoxide (CO) blocks Cytochrome Oxidase (CO)

Metabolism sites
"Use both arms to HUG":
Heme synthesis Urea cycle Gluconeogenesis · These reactions occur in both cytoplasm and mitochondria.

Na/K pump: concentrations of Na vs. K on inside/outside of cell, pump action, number of molecules moved
HIKIN': There is a HIgh K concentration INside the cell. From this can deduce that the Na/K pump pumps K into cell and Na out of cell. Alternatively: When I was learning this pump (circa 1992), a band that was "in" was Kris Kross, and a band that was "out" was "Sha Na Na Na": So pump moves K K (2 K) in and Na Na Na (3 Na) out. · Sadly, as infectious as their debut album was, Kris Kross can really no longer be classed as "in".

DNA bond strength (nucleotides)
"Crazy Glue":
Strongest bonds are between Cytosine and Guanine, strong like Crazy Glue (3 H-bonds), whereas the A=T only have 2 H-bonds. · This is relevant to DNA replication, as the weaker A=T will be the site where RNA primer makes the initial break.

Dicarboxylic acids (alpha, omega) C2 through C10: common names
"Oh My, Such Good Apple Pie, Sweet As Sugar!":
Oxalic Malonic Succinic Glutaric Adipic Pimelic Suberic Azelaic Sebacic

Infantile Beriberi symptoms
Restlessness Sleeplessness Breathlessness Soundlessness (aphonia) Eatlessness (anorexia) Great heartedness (dilated heart)
· Alternatively: Get 5 of 'em with BERI: Breathless/ Big hearted, Eatless, Restless, Insomnia.

AcetylCoA and acetacetylCoA: amino acids forming them
"A Lighter Lease" (A LyTr LeIs):
A=AcetylCoA or Acetoacetyl CoA
Ly=Lysine
Tr=Tryptophan
Le=Leucine
Is=Isoleucine

Fasting state: branched-chain amino acids used by skeletal muscles
"Muscles LIVe fast":
Leucine
Isoleucine
Valine

Glycolysis steps
"Goodness Gracious, Father Franklin Did Go By Picking Pumpkins (to) Prepare Pies":
Glucose
Glucose-6-P
Fructose-6-P
Fructose-1,6-diP
Dihydroxyacetone-P
Glyceraldehyde-P
1,3-Biphosphoglycerate
3-Phosphoglycerate
2-Phosphoglycerate (to)
Phosphoenolpyruvate [PEP] Pyruvate · 'Did', 'By' and 'Pies' tell you the first part of those three: di-, bi-, and py-.
· 'PrEPare' tells location of PEP in the process.

Fabry's disease
FABRY'S:
Foam cells found in glomeruli and tubules/ Febrile episodes
Alpha galactosidase A deficiency/ Angiokeratomas
Burning pain in extremities/ BUN increased in serum/ Boys
Renal failure
YX genotype (male, X linked recessive)
Sphingolipidoses

B vitamin names
"The Rhythm Nearly Proved Contagious":
· In increasing order: Thiamine (B1) Riboflavin (B2) Niacin (B3) Pyridoxine (B6) Cobalamin (B12)

Electron transport chain: Rotenone's site of action
Rotenone is a site specific inhibitor of complex one.

Citric acid cycle compounds
"Oh! Can I Keep Some Succinate For Myself?":
Oxaloacetate Citrate Isocitrate Ketoglutarate Succinyl coA Succinate Fumarate Malate

Citric acid cycle compounds
"Oh Citric Acid Is Of (course) A SiLly STupid Funny Molecule":
Oxaloacetate Citrate Aconitate Isocitrate Oxalosuccinate Alpha-ketoglutarate SuccinyL-CoA SuccinaTe Fumarate Malate
· SilLy and sTupid used to differentiate succinyL and succinaTe

Type 1 glycogen storage disease
Type 1 = one (Von), ie Von Giereke's disease

Essential amino acids
PVT. TIM HALL: Phe Val Thr Trp Ile Met His Arg Leu Lys
· Pvt. is short for Private in the military.
· Arg and His are considered semiessential.
· Alternatively: "MATT VIL PHLy".

Citric acid cycle compounds
"Can I Ask Sharon Stone For My Orgasm?":
Citrate Isocitrate Alpha-Ketoglutarate Succinyl CoA Succinate Fumerate Maleate Oxaloacetate

Golgi complex: functions
"Golgi Distributes A SPAM":
Distributes proteins and lipids from ER
Add mannose onto specific lysosome proteins
Sulfation of sugars and slected tyrosine
Proteoglycan assembly
Add O-oligosugars to serine and threnonine
Modify N-ologosugars on asparagine

Pyruvate: products of complete oxidation
"4 Naked Fun 3 Coeds + 1 Guy":
· Complete oxidation of pyruvate yields:
4 NADH FADH2 3 CO2 1 GTP

Catabolism steps of branched chain amino acids
"Truck hit the Ox to Death":
Transamination
Oxidative decarboxylation
Dehydrogenation

Niacin deficiency: signs and symptoms
The famous 4 D's:
Diarrhoea Dermatitis Dementia Death (if untreated)

Creatine phosphate: amino acid precursors
"Nice GAMs!": Glycine Arginine Methionine
· Gam is slang for a person's leg, especiallay an attractive female's leg: "Nice gams = nice legs!"
· Creatine phosphate is a muscle energy store, and spontaneously converts to creatinine which is excreted in the urine in direct proportion to muscle mass: clinically useful, such as in MS Dx.

Enzymes: classification
"Over The HILL":
Oxidoreductases
Transferases
Hydrolases
Isomerases
Ligases
Lyases
· Enzymes get reaction over the hill.

Insulin: function
INsulIN stimulates 2 things to go IN 2 cells: Potassium and Glucose.

Collagen concisely covered
COLLAGEN:
C-terminal propeptide (procollagen)/ Covalent Cross links/ C vitamin/ Connective tissue/ Cartilage/ Chondroblasts/ Copper Cofactor (Covalent Cross linking)
Outside the cell is where collagen normally functions/ Osteoblasts/ Osteogenesis imperfecta
Lysyl hydroxylase/ Lysyl oxidase (oxidatively deaminates lysyl and hydroxylysyl residues to form collagen cross links, last biosynthesis step)
Long triple helical fibers/ Ligaments
Alpha chains/ Attached by H bonds form triple helix/ Ascorbate for hydroxylation of lysyl and prolyl residues of pro-Alpha chains (postranslational modification)
Gly in every third position/ Glycosylation of hydroxyl group of hydroxylysine with Glucose and Galactose; GOlgi allows procollagen to GO outside of cell
Extracellular matrix/ Eye (cornea, sclera)/ Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
N-terminal propeptide (procollagen)/ Nonhelical terminal extensions
· Note: Procollagen LEAVEs the cell to be cLEAVEd by procollagen peptidases

Essential amino acids
"PVT. TIM HALL always argues, never tires":
Phe Val Thr Trp Ile Met His Arg Lue Lys
· Always argues: the A is for Arg, not Asp.
· 'Never tires': T is not Tyr, but is both Thr and Trp.

Hypervitaminosis A: signs and symptoms
"Increased Vitamin A makes you HARD":
Headache/ Hepatomegaly
Anorexia/ Alopecia
Really painful bones
Dry skin/ Drowsiness

Heme synthesis: amino acid precursors to basic unit of porphyrins, heme (pyrrole ring)
"Dracula wants to Suck a Co-ed's blood [think heme] with his Glystening teeth!":
Succinyl CoA and Glycine are precursor amino acids to pyrrole rings, which is the basic unit of porphyrins and heme.

Enzymes: competitive inhibitors
"Competition is hard because we have to travel more kilometers (Km) with the same velocity":
With competitive inhibitors, velocity remains same but Km increases

Phosphorylation cascade: action during low glucose
"In the Phasted State, Phosphorylate":
The phosphorylation cascade becomes active when blood glucose is low.

Sickle cell anemia: mutation
"HbS isn't Very Good":
At Sixth position of HB beta chain, Valine is present instead of Glutamic acid.

tRNA: molecular shape
Fortunately, tRNA (Transfer RNA) is shaped like a capital T.
· See diagram.

Malate-aspartate shuttle
"MAD commute":
Malate in. Alpha-ketoglutarate and D (Aspartate) out.

Vitamins: which are fat soluble
KADE: Vitamin K Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E

Phenylketonuria: which enzyme is deficient
PHenylketonuria is caused by a deficiency of: Phenylalanine Hydroxylase

In the Phasted State Phosphorylate
Phosphorylation cascade active when blood glucose low.

Exons expressed, Introns in the trash--DNA expression into mature mRNA

Pyrimidines are CUT from purines.
Pyrimidines are Cytosine, Uracil, Thiamine and are one ring structures.
Purines are double ring structures.

Amino Acids:The ten essential amino acids:
"These Ten Valuable Amino Acids Have Long Preserved Life In
Man."
(Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine, Arginine, Histidine, Lysine,
Phenylalanine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Methionine)

INsulin gets sugar INto cells- (Excess sugar is removed via urine.The Romans noticed bees attracted to the urine of diabetics and coined the term "diabetes" to describe the overflow of sugar.)

GOAT FLAP- Eight hormones: Growth hormone, Oxytocin, Adenocorticotropin, Thyroid stimulating hormone, Follicle stimulating hormone, Leutinizing hormone (interstitial cell stimulating hormone in males), Anti-diruetic(Vasopressin), and Prolactin
(shhhh.... also Melatonin!)

Medicine Mnemonics

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Medicos) — Mon, 08 Aug 2011 09:46:00 +0000

Systemic features of Marfan syndrome:
MARFANS
Mitral prolapse
Aortic dissection
Regurgitant aortic valve
Fingers long (arachnodactyly)
Arm span>height
Nasal voice (high arched palate)
Sternal excavation

· Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia: Each of the MENs is a disease of three or two letters plus a feature.
MEN I is a disease of 3 P's (pituitary, parathyroid, and pancreas) plus adrenal cortex
MEN II is a disease of 2 C's(carcinoma of thyroid and catacholamines [pheochromocytoma]) plus parathyroid for MEN IIa or mucocutaneous neuromas for MEN IIB(aka MEN III)

· Acute pneumonia caused by Pyogenic bacteria--PMN infiltrate

· Acute pneumonia caused by Miscellaneous microbes--Mononuclear infiltrate

· The five W's--post-operative fever
Wind--pneumonia, atelectasis
Wound--wound infections
Water--urinary tract infection
Walking--walking can help reduce deep vein thromboses and pulmonary embolus
Wonderdrugs--especially anesthesia

· Predisposing Conditions for Pulmonary Embolism: TOM SCHREPFER
T--trauma
O--obesity
M--malignancy
S--surgery
C--cardiac disease
H--hospitalization
R--rest (bed-bound)
E--estrogen, pregnancy, post-partum
P--past hx
F--fracture
E--elderly
R--road trip

· ARTERIAL OCCLUSION:
pain
pallor
pulselessness
paresthesias

· HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS: "Anna Cycled Immediately Downhill--Gell & Goombs" or "ACID."
Type I Anaphylaxis
Type II Cytotoxic-mediated
Type III Immune-complex
Type IV Delayed hypersensitivity

· WBC Count: "Never Let Mom Eat Beans" and "60, 30, 6, 3, 1"
Neutrophils 60%
Lymphocytes 30%
Monocytes 6%
Eosinophils 3%
Basophils 1:

Abdominal swelling causes 5 F's:
Fat Feces Fluid Flatus Fetus Full-sized tumors

Patient examination organization SOAP:
Subjective: what the patient says.
Objective: what the examiner observes.
Assessment: what the examiner thinks is going on.
Plan: what they intend to do about it.

Vomiting: non-GIT differential ABCDEFGHI:
Acute renal failure Brain [increased ICP] Cardiac [inferior MI] DKA Ears [labyrinthitis] Foreign substances [Tylenol, theo, etc.] Glaucoma Hyperemesis gravidarum Infection [pyelonephritis, meningitis]

History: quick EMS medical history checklist SAMPLE:
Signs/ Symptoms Allergies Medications Pertinent history Last oral intake Events preceding this incident

Medical history: disease checklist MJ THREADS:
Myocardial infarction Jaundice Tuberculosis Hypertension Rheumatic fever/ Rheumatoid arthritis Epilepsy Asthma Diabetes Strokes

Heart valve auscultation sites "All Patients Take Meds":
· Reading from top left:
Aortic
Pulmonary
Tricuspid
Mitral
· See diagram.
· Alternatively: All Prostitutes Take Money.
· Alternatively: APe To Man.

Short statue causes RETARD HEIGHT:
Rickets Endocrine (cretinism, hypopituitarism, Cushing's) Turner syndrome Achondroplasia Respiratory (suppurative lung disease) Down syndrome Hereditary Environmental (postirradiation, postinfectious) IUGR GI (malabsorption) Heart (congenital heart disease) Tilted backbone (scoliosis)

Ascultation: crackles (rales )"PEBbles":
Pneumonia Edema of lung Bronchitis

Family history (FH)
BALD CHASM:
Blood pressure (high) Arthritis Lung disease Diabetes Cancer Heart disease Alcoholism Stroke Mental health disorders (depression, etc.)

Blood clotting factors
"Foolish People Try Climbing Long Slopes After Christmas Some People Have Fallen"
Factor I = Fibrinogen
Factor II = Prothrombin
Factor III = Tissue factor
Factor IV = Calcium
Factor V = Labile factor
Factor VI - Does not exist as it was named initially but later on discovered not to play a part in blood coagulation.
Factor VII = Stable factor
Factor VIII = Antihemophilic factor A
Factor IX = Antihemophilic factor B or Christmas factor (named after the first patient in whom the factor deficiency was documented)
Factor X = Stuart Prower factor
Factor XI = Antihemophilic factor C
Factor XII = Hageman factor Factor
XIII = Fibrin stabilising factor

Branham sign: definition
BRAnham sign:
BRAdycardia after compression or excision of a large AV fistula.

Glasgow coma scale: components and numbers
· Scale types is 3 V's: Visual response Verbal response Vibratory (motor) response
· Scale scores are 4,5,6:
Scale of 4: see so much more Scale of 5: talking jive Scale of 6: feels the pricks (if testing motor by pain withdrawl)

Meckel’s diverticulum- rule of 2’s
2 inches long,
2 feet from the ileocecal valve,
2% of the population
commonlly presents in the first 2 years of life
may contain 2 types of epithelial tissue

Pheochromocytoma-rule of 10s:
10% malignant
10% Bilateral
10% extraadrenal
10% calcified
10% children
10% familial
* discussed 10 times more often than actually seen

Aphasia
"BROKen aphasia" (Broca’s aphasia-broken speech)
"Wordys aphasia" (Wernicke’s aphasia- wordy, but making no sense)

GET SMASH'D--Causes of Acute pancreatitis
Gallstones, Ethanol, Trauma, Steroids, Mumps, Autoimmune(PAN), Scorpion bites, Hyperlipidemia, Drugs(azathioprine, diuretics)

(Multiple endocrine neoplasia) Each of the MENs is a
disease of three or two letters plus a feature.
"MEN I" is a disease of the 3 Ps (pituitary, parathyroid and pancreas)
plus adrenal cortex.
"MEN II " is a disease of the two Cs (carcinoma of the thyroid and
catacholamines [pheochromocytoma]) plus parathyroid for MEN IIa or
mucocutaneous neuromas for MEN IIb (aka MEN III).

Acute pneumonia caused by Pyogenic bacteria--PMN infiltrate
Acute pneumonia caused by Miscellaneous microbes --Mononuclear infiltrate

Takayasu's diz = pulseless diz, therefore when you have
Takayasu's, I can't Tak'a yu pulse.

Argyll-Robertson Pupil--syphilitic pupil (AKA "Prostitute's pupil" - Accommodates, but doesn't react )
Accommodation reflex present, Pupillary reflex absent

The five W's--post-operative fever
Wind--pneumonia, atelectasis
Water--urinary tract infection
Wound--wound infections
Wonderdrugs--especially anesthesia
Walking--walking can help reduce deep vein thromboses and pulmonary embolus

ACID or "Anna Cycled Immediately Downhill"
classification of hypersensitivity reactions
Type I - Anaphylaxis
Type II - Cytotoxic-mediated
Type III - Immune-complex
Type IV - Delayed hypersensitivity

WBC Count:
"Never Let Momma Eat Beans(60, 30, 6, 3, 1)
Neutrophils 60%
Lymphocytes 30%
Monocytes 6%
Eosinophils 3%
Basophils 1%

A-P-G-A-R:
A - appearance (color)
P - pulse (heart rate)
G - grimmace (reflex, irritability)
A - activity (muscle tone)
R - respiratory effort

Predisposing Conditions for Pulmonary Embolism: TOM SCHREPFER
T--trauma
O--obesity
M--malignancy
S--surgery
C--cardiac disease
H--hospitalization
R--rest (bed-bound)
E--estrogen, pregnancy, post-partum
P--past hx
F--fracture
E--elderly
R--road trip

The 4 P's of arterial Occlusion: pain pallor pulselessness paresthesias

The 4 T's of Anterior Mediastinal Mass:Thyroid tumor,Thymoma,Teratoma, Terrible Lymphoma

-causes of Hematuria
H-Hemorrhagic diseases
E-Endocarditis
M-maignant hypertension
A-A.G.N-acute glomerulonephritis
T-TB kidney,tumor bladder
U-U.T.I
R-renal infarct
I-Idiopathic
A-Anticoagulants
S-Stones in urinary tract,snake bite

Cardiology Mnemonics

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Medicos) — Mon, 08 Aug 2011 09:45:00 +0000

Cardiology
Aortic stenosis characteristics SAD:
Syncope
Angina
Dyspnoea

MI: basic management BOOMAR:
Bed rest
Oxygen
Opiate
Monitor
Anticoagulate
Reduce clot size

ECG: left vs. right bundle block "WiLLiaM MaRRoW":
W pattern in V1-V2 and M pattern in V3-V6 is Left bundle block.
M pattern in V1-V2 and W in V3-V6 is Right bundle block.
· Note: consider bundle branch blocks when QRS complex is wide.

Pericarditis: causes CARDIAC RIND:
Collagen vascular disease
Aortic aneurysm
Radiation
Drugs (such as hydralazine)
Infections
Acute renal failure
Cardiac infarction
Rheumatic fever
Injury
Neoplasms
Dressler's syndrome

Murmurs: systolic types SAPS:
Systolic
Aortic
Pulmonic
Stenosis
· Systolic murmurs include aortic and pulmonary stenosis.
· Similarly, it's common sense that if it is aortic and pulmonary stenosis it could also be mitral and tricusp regurgitation].

MI: signs and symptoms PULSE:
Persistent chest pains
Upset stomach
Lightheadedness
Shortness of breath
Excessive sweating

Heart compensatory mechanisms that 'save' organ blood flow during shock "Heart SAVER":
Symphatoadrenal system
Atrial natriuretic factor
Vasopressin
Endogenous digitalis-like factor
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
· In all 5, system is activated/factor is released

Murmurs: right vs. left loudness "RILE":
Right sided heart murmurs are louder on Inspiration.
Left sided heart murmurs are loudest on Expiration.
· If get confused about which is which, remember LIRE=liar which will be inherently false.

ST elevation causes in ECG, ELEVATION:
Electrolytes
LBBB
Early repolarization
Ventricular hypertrophy
Aneurysm
Treatment (eg pericardiocentesis)
Injury (AMI, contusion)
Osborne waves (hypothermia)
Non-occlusive vasospasm

Beck's triad (cardiac tamponade) 3 D's:
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
Decreased arterial pressure

11

MI: therapeutic treatment ROAMBAL:
Reassure
Oxygen
Aspirin
Morphine (diamorphine)
Beta blocker
Arthroplasty
Lignocaine

CHF: causes of exacerbation FAILURE:
Forgot medication
Arrhythmia/ Anaemia
Ischemia/ Infarction/ Infection
Lifestyle: taken too much salt
Upregulation of CO: pregnancy, hyperthyroidism
Renal failure
Embolism: pulmonary

Murmurs: systolic vs. diastolic PASS: Pulmonic & Aortic Stenosis=Systolic.
PAID: Pulmonic & Aortic Insufficiency=Diastolic.

Murmurs: systolic vs. diastolic Systolic murmurs: MRAS: "MR. ASner".
Diastolic murmurs: MS AR: "MS. ARden".
· The famous people with those surnames are Mr. Ed Asner and Ms. Jane Arden.

Mitral stenosis (MS) vs. regurgitation (MR): epidemiology MS is a female title (Ms.) and it is female predominant.
MR is a male title (Mr.) and it is male predominant.

Pericarditis: EKG "PericarditiS":
PR depression in precordial leads.
ST elevation.

Jugular venous pressure (JVP) elevation: causes HOLT: Grab Harold Holt around the neck and throw him in the ocean:
Heart failure
Obstruction of venea cava
Lymphatic enlargement - supraclavicular
Intra-Thoracic pressure increase

Depressed ST-segment: causes DEPRESSED ST:
Drooping valve (MVP)
Enlargement of LV with strain
Potassium loss (hypokalemia)
Reciprocal ST- depression (in I/W AMI)
Embolism in lungs (pulmonary embolism)
Subendocardial ischemia
Subendocardial infarct
Encephalon haemorrhage (intracranial haemorrhage)
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Shock
Toxicity of digitalis, quinidine

22

Murmurs: innocent murmur features 8 S's:
Soft
Systolic
Short
Sounds (S1 & S2) normal
Symptomless
Special tests normal (X-ray, EKG)
Standing/ Sitting (vary with position)
Sternal depression

Murmur attributes "IL PQRST" (person has ill PQRST heart waves):
Intensity
Location
Pitch
Quality
Radiation
Shape
Timing

Murmurs: locations and descriptions "MRS butt":
MRS: Mitral Regurgitation--Systolic
butt: Aortic Stenosis--Systolic
· The other two murmurs, Mitral stenosis and Aortic regurgitation, are obviously diastolic.

Betablockers: cardioselective betablockers "Betablockers Acting Exclusively At Myocardium"
· Cardioselective betablockers are:
Betaxolol
Acebutelol
Esmolol
Atenolol
Metoprolol

Apex beat: abnormalities found on palpation, causes of impalpable HILT:
Heaving
Impalpable
Laterally displaced
Thrusting/ Tapping
· If it is impalpable, causes are COPD:
COPD
Obesity
Pleural, Pericardial effusion
Dextrocardia

MI: treatment of acute MI COAG:
Cyclomorph
Oxygen
Aspirin
Glycerol trinitrate

Coronary artery bypass graft: indications DUST:
Depressed ventricular function
Unstable angina
Stenosis of the left main stem
Triple vessel disease

Peripheral vascular insufficiency: inspection criteria SICVD:
Symmetry of leg musculature
Integrity of skin
Color of toenails
Varicose veins
Distribution of hair

Heart murmurs "hARD ASS MRS. MSD":
hARD: Aortic Regurg = Diastolic
ASS: Aortic Stenosis = Systolic
MRS: Mitral Regurg = Systolic
MSD: Mitral Stenosis = Diastolic

33

Mitral regurgitation When you hear holosystolic murmurs, think "MR-THEM ARE holosystolic murmurs".

Sino-atrial node: innervation Sympathetic acts on Sodium channels (SS).
Parasympathetic acts on Potassium channels (PS).

Supraventricular tachycardia: treatment ABCDE:
Adenosine
Beta-blocker
Calcium channel antagonist
Digoxin
Excitation (vagal stimulation)

Ventricular tachycardia: treatment LAMB:
Lidocaine
Amiodarone
Mexiltene/ Magnesium
Beta-blocker

Pulseless electrical activity: causes PATCH MED:
Pulmonary embolus
Acidosis
Tension pneumothorax
Cardiac tamponade
Hypokalemia/ Hyperkalemia/ Hypoxia/ Hypothermia/ Hypovolemia
Myocardial infarction
Electrolyte derangements
Drugs

Sinus bradycardia: aetiology "SINUS BRADICARDIA" (sinus bradycardia):
Sleep
Infections (myocarditis)
Neap thyroid (hypothyroid)
Unconsciousness (vasovagal syncope)
Subnormal temperatures (hypothermia)
Biliary obstruction
Raised CO2 (hypercapnia)
Acidosis
Deficient blood sugar (hypoglycemia)
Imbalance of electrolytes
Cushing's reflex (raised ICP)
Aging
Rx (drugs, such as high-dose atropine)
Deep anaesthesia
Ischemic heart disease
Athletes

Rheumatic fever: Jones criteria · Major criteria: CANCER:
Carditis
Arthritis
Nodules
Chorea
Erythema
Rheumatic anamnesis
· Minor criteria: CAFE PAL:
CRP increased
Arthralgia
Fever
Elevated ESR
Prolonged PR interval
Anamnesis of rheumatism
Leucocytosis

JVP: wave form ASK ME:
Atrial contraction
Systole (ventricular contraction)
Klosure (closure) of tricusps, so atrial filling
Maximal atrial filling
Emptying of atrium
· See diagram.

Coronary artery bypass graft: indications DUST:
Depressed ventricular function
Unstable angina
Stenosis of the left main stem
Triple vessel disease

41

Exercise ramp ECG: contraindications RAMP:
Recent MI
Aortic stenosis
MI in the last 7 days
Pulmonary hypertension

ECG: T wave inversion causes INVERT:
Ischemia
Normality [esp. young, black]
Ventricular hypertrophy
Ectopic foci [eg calcified plaques]
RBBB, LBBB
Treatments [digoxin]

Rheumatic fever: Jones major criteria JONES:
Joints (migrating polyarthritis)
Obvious, the heart (carditis, pancarditis, pericarditis, endocarditis or valvulits)
Nodes (subcutaneous nodules)
Erythema marginatum
Sydenham's chorea

Myocardial infarctions: treatment INFARCTIONS:
IV access
Narcotic analgesics (eg morphine, pethidine)
Facilities for defibrillation (DF)
Aspirin/ Anticoagulant (heparin)
Rest
Converting enzyme inhibitor
Thrombolysis
IV beta blocker
Oxygen 60%
Nitrates
Stool Softeners

Atrial fibrillation: causes PIRATES:
Pulmonary: PE, COPD
Iatrogenic
Rheumatic heart: mirtral regurgitation
Atherosclerotic: MI, CAD
Thyroid: hyperthyroid
Endocarditis
Sick sinus syndrome

Atrial fibrillation: management ABCD:
Anti-coagulate
Beta-block to control rate
Cardiovert
Digoxin

Anti-arrythmics: for AV nodes "Do Block AV":
Digoxin
B-blockers
Adenosine
Verapamil

Murmurs: systolic MR PV TRAPS:
Mitral
Regurgitation and
Prolaspe
VSD
Tricupsid
Regurgitation
Aortic and
Pulmonary
Stenosis

Apex beat: differential for impalpable apex beat DOPES:
Dextrocardia
Obesity
Pericarditis or pericardial tamponade
Emphysema
Sinus inversus/ Student incompetence

Pulmonology Mnemonics

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Medicos) — Mon, 08 Aug 2011 09:45:00 +0000

Airflow Passages

Airflows are prominent in Mouthy People who are Loud Talkers.
Mouthy
People
Loud
Talkers
Mouth
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea

Cartilages of the Larynx

There are 4 cartilages in the larynx whose initial letters are TEAC (also the brandname of a home stereo). Associate the TEAC sound and the vocal cords, and you get the connection.
T
E
A
C
Thyroid
Epiglottis
Arytenoid
Cricoid

The snake in Garden of Eden spoke with a lisp, saying "Adam, thry thith apple." This refers to the fact that the THYRoid cartilage is also called the Adam's Apple.

Lung Lobes

The segments of the (right) Middle Lobe of the lung are Medial and Lateral [ML=ML]

Nasal Cavity

Never Call Me Needle Nose helps remember the parts of the nasal cavity: Nares (external), Conchae, Meatuses, Nares (internal), Nasopharynx.

Respiratory Tract

It's a bit of an extended version of the Airflow Passage mnemonic above. Movie Personality Lana Turner's Pretty Sexy Thighs Turn Retinas All Around helps you recall the order of the respiratory tract segments...
Movie
Personality
Lana
Turner's
Pretty
Sexy
Thighs
Turn
Retinas
All
Around
Mouth
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Primary Bronchus
Secondary Bronchus
Teritary Bronchus
Terminal Bronchiole
Respiratory Bronchiole
Alveolar Duct
Alveolar Sac

Three Tonsils

People (or PPL, for short) have three tonsils: Pharyngeal, Palatine, and Lingual.

Nephrology Mnemonics

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Medicos) — Mon, 08 Aug 2011 09:44:00 +0000

HUS/TTP

HUS/TTP is a CRAFTY syndrome:

C : CNS symptoms
R : Renal failure
A : Anemia (microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, "MAHA")
F : Fever
T : Thrombocytopenia
Y : no one knows "Y" it occurs

Normal anion gap acidosis

There's the older mnemonic USED CAR:
U : uterosigmoidostomy
S : saline administration (in the face of renal dysfunction)
E : endocrine (Addisons, spironolactone, triamterene, amiloride,
primary hyperparathyroidism)
D : diarrhea

C : carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
A : ammonium chloride
R : renal tubular acidosis

and a newer mnemonic RAGE:

R : renal tubular acidosis, respiratory acidosis
A : acetazolamide, ammonium chloride
G : GI (diarrhea, enteroenteric fistula, ureterosigmoidostomy)
E : endocrine (same as above endocrine list)

Increased anion gap acidosis

The older mnemonic is MUDPIES:

M : methanol
U : uremia
D : diabetes
P : paraldehyde
I : idiopathic (lactic acidosis)
E : ethylene glycol
S : salicylates

and a newer one called DULSI:

D : diabetic ketoacidosis
U : uremia
L : lactic acidosis
S : salicylate poisoning
I : intoxicants (methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol)

Pediatrics Mnemonics

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Medicos) — Mon, 08 Aug 2011 09:30:00 +0000

Measles: complications "MEASLES COMP" (complications):
Myocarditis
Encephalitis
Appendicitis
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
Laryngitis
Early death
Sh!ts (diarrhoea)
Corneal ulcer
Otis media
Mesenteric lymphadenitis
Pneumonia and related (bronchiolitis-bronchitis-croup)

Sturge-Weber syndrome: hallmark features Sturge-Weber:
1. Seizures
2. PortWine stain

Guthrie card: diseases identified with it "Guthrie Cards Can Help Predict Bad Metabolism":
Galactosaemia
Cystic fibrosis
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Hypothyroidism
Phenylketonuria
Biotidinase deficiency
Maple syrup urine disease

Croup: symptoms 3 S's:
Stridor
Subglottic swelling
Seal-bark cough

Ataxia-Telangiectasia (AT): common sign AT:
Absent
Thymus

Cerebral palsy (CP): most likely cause CP: Cerebral Palsy
Child Premature
· The premature brain is more prone to all the possible insults.

Vacterl syndrome: components VACTERL:
Vertebral anomalies
Anorectal malformation
Cardiac anomaly
Tracheo-esophageal fistula
Exomphalos (aka omphalocele)
Renal anomalies
Limb anomalies

Guthrie card: diseases identified with it GUTHRIE:
Galactosaemia
Urine [maple syrup urine disease]
THyRoid [hypothyroidism]
Inborn Errors of metabolism [eg: PKU]

Duodenal atresia vs. Pyloric stenosis: site of obstruction Duodenal Atresia: Distal to Ampulla of vater.
Pyloric stenosis: Proximal to it.

Bilirubin: phototherapy BiLirUbin absorbs light maximally in the
BLUe range.

Williams syndrome: features WILLIAMS:
Weight (low at birth, slow to gain)
Iris (stellate iris)
Long philtrum
Large mouth
Increased Ca++
Aortic stenosis (and other stenoses)
Mental retardation
Swelling around eyes (periorbital puffiness)

Russell Silver syndrome: features ABCDEF:
Asymmetric limb (hemihypertrophy)
Bossing (frontal)
Clinodactyly/ Cafe au lait spots
Dwarf (short stature)
Excretion (GU malformation)
Face (triangular face, micrognathia)

Dentition: eruption times of permanent dentition "Mama Is In Pain, Papa Can Make Medicine":
1st Molar: 6 years
1st Incisor: 7 years
2nd Incisor: 8 years
1st Premolar: 9 years
2nd Premolar: 10 years
Canine: 11 years
2nd Molar: 12 years
3rd Molar: 18-25 years

Cyanotic heart diseases: 5 types · Use your five fingers:
1 finger up: Truncus Arteriosus (1 vessel)
2 fingers up: Dextroposition of the Great Arteries (2 vessels transposed)
3 fingers up: Tricuspid Atresia (3=Tri)
4 fingers up: Tetralogy of Fallot (4=Tetra)
5 fingers up: Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (5=5 words)

Cyanotic congenital heart diseases 5 T's:
Truncus arteriosus
Transposition of the great arteries
Tricuspid atresia
Tetrology of Fallot
Total anomalous pulmonary venous return

Head circumference with age · Remember 3, 9, and multiples of 5:
Newborn 35 cm
3 mos 40 cm
9 mos 45 cm
3 yrs 50 cm
9 yrs 55 cm

Weights of children with age Newborn 3 kg
6 mos 6 kg (2x birth wt at 6 mos)
1 yr 10 kg (3x birth wt at 1 yr)
3 yrs 15 kg (odd yrs, add 5 kg until 11 yrs)
5 yrs 20 kg
7 yrs 25 kg
9 yrs 30 kg
11 yrs 35 kg (add 10 kg thereafter)
13 yrs 45 kg
15 yrs 55 kg
17 yrs 65 kg

Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome (HUS): components
"Remember to decrease the RATE of IV fluids in these patients":
Renal failure
Anemia (microangiopathic, hemolytic)
Thrombocytopenia
Encephalopathy (TTP)

Cough (chronic): differential When cough in nursery, rock the "CRADLE":
Cystic fibrosis
Rings, slings, and airway things (tracheal rings)/ Respiratory infections
Aspiration (swallowing dysfunction, TE fistula, gastroesphageal reflux)
Dyskinetic cilia
Lung, airway, and vascular malformations (tracheomalacia, vocal cord dysfunction)
Edema (heart failure)

Cystic fibrosis: presenting signs CF PANCREAS:
Chronic cough and wheezing
Failure to thrive
Pancreatic insufficiency (symptoms of malabsorption like steatorrhea)
Alkalosis and hypotonic dehydration
Neonatal intestinal obstruction (meconium ileus)/ Nasal polyps
Clubbing of fingers/ Chest radiograph with characteristic changes
Rectal prolapse
Electrolyte elevation in sweat, salty skin
Absence or congenital atresia of vas deferens
Sputum with Staph or Pseudomonas (mucoid)

Cystic fibrosis: exacerbation of pulmonary infection CF PANCREAS:
Cough (increase in intensity and frequent spells)
Fever (usually low grade, unless severe bronchopneumonia is present)
Pulmonary function deterioration
Appetite decrease
Nutrition, weight loss
CBC (leukocytosis with left shift)
Radiograph (increase overaeration, peribronchial thickening, mucus plugging)
Exam (rales or wheezing in previously clear areas, tachypnea, retractions)
Activity (decreased, impaired exercise intolerance, increased absenteeism)
Sputum (becomes darker, thicker, and more abundant, forming plugs)

Pyloric stenosis (congential): presentation Pyloric stenosis is 3 P's:
Palpable mass
Paristalsis visible
Projectile vomiting (2-4 weeks after birth)

Cyanotic heart diseases: 5 types · 5 T's:
Tetralogy of Fallot
Transposition of the great arteries
Truncus arteriosus
Tricuspid atresia, pulmonary aTresia
Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage

Breast feeding: benefits ABCDEFGH:
· Infant:
Allergic condition reduced
Best food for infant
Close relationship with mother
Development of IQ, jaws, mouth
· Mother:
Econmical
Fitness: quick return to pre-pregnancy body shape
Guards against cancer: breast, ovary, uterus
Hemorrhage (postpartum) reduced

Perez reflex Eliciting the PErEz reflex will make the baby PEE.

WAGR syndrome: components WAGR:
Wilm's tumor
Aniridia
Gential abnormalities
Mental retardation

Haematuria: differential in children ABCDEFGHIJK:
Anatomy (cysts, etc)
Bladder (cystitis)
Cancer (Wilm's tumour)
Drug related (cyclophosphamide)
Exercise induced
Factitious (Munchausen by proxy)
Glomerulonephritis
Haematology (bleeding disorder, sickle cell)
Infection (UTI)
In Jury (trauma)
Kidney stones (hypercalciuria)

Vitamin toxicities: neonatal Excess vitamin A: Anomalies (teratogenic)
Excess vitamin E: Enterocolitis (necrotizing enterocolitis)
Excess vitamin K: Kernicterus (hemolysis)

Rubella: congenital signs "Rubber Ducky, I'm so blue!" (like the "Rubber Ducky" song):
Rubber: Rubella
Ducky: Patent Ductus Arteriosus, VSD and pulmonary artery stenosis.
I'm: Eyes (cataracts, retinopathy, micropthalmia, glaucoma).
Blue: "Blueberry Muffin" rash (extramedullary hematopoesis in skin +purpura)
· Also, deafness, growth retardation, and some more.

Pediatric milestones in development 1 year:
-single words
2 years:
-2 word sentences
-understands 2 step commands
3 years:
-3 word combos
-repeats 3 digits
-rides tricycle
4 years:
-draws square
-counts 4 objects

Gastroschisis: usual location GasTRoscHIsis usually occurs on the
RIGHT side of the umbilicus.
(Unscramble the letters).

Milk protein: women vs. cows Woman: Whey (mostly)
Cow: Casein (mostly)

Short stature: differential ABCDEFG:
Alone (neglected infant)
Bone dysplasias (rickets, scoliosis, mucopolysaccharidoses)
Chromosomal (Turner's, Down's)
Delayed growth
Endocrine (low growth hormone, Cushing's, hypothyroid)
Familial
GI malabsorption (celiac, Crohn's)

Orthopedics Mnemonics

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Medicos) — Mon, 08 Aug 2011 08:12:00 +0000

Back Trouble?
This uses the name of a famous Flemish physician to list off the different factors causing back troubles. It's pretty old, though, as knife and bullet wounds aren't mentioned. :^)
O
V
E
S
A
L
I
U
S
Osteomyelitis
Vertebral Fracture
Extraspinal Tumour
Spondylolisthesis
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Lumbar Disk Increase
Intraspinal Tumour
Unhappiness
Stress

Carpal (Wrist) Bones
"Scared Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle." Starting from the thumb, the eight carpal bones are Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, and Hamate. To tell the three T's apart... triquetrum has "tri/try" in it, and trapezium and trapezoid are in alphabetical order.
CARPenters use their hands. The CARPAL bones are of the hand, and not the foot.

Cranial Bones
Annoying, aren't they? The cranial bones are the PEST OF 6...
P
E
S
T
O
F
Parietal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Temporal
Occipital
Frontal
the six? the number of bones!
Try this one as well: Old People From Texas Eat Spiders.

Cranial Sutures
Sutures have CLASS...
C
L
A
S
S
Coronal
Lambdoid
and
Squamous
Sagittal

Facial Bones
"Con Man Max and Pal Ziggy Lack Nasty Voices". Not the most intuitive acrostic in the world, but it works...
Con
Man
Max
Pal
Ziggy
Lack
Nasty
Voices
Conchae
Mandible
Maxilla
Palatine
Zygomatic
Lacrimal
Nasal
Vomer

Fontanels (Infant Skull)
A baby's first words might be "PAPA!"...
P
A
P
A
Posterior
Anterior
Posterio-Lateral
Anterio-Lateral

Fractures
"Go C3PO" to recall the seven types of bone fractures...
G
O
C
C
C
P
O
Greenstick
Open
Complete
Closed
Comminuted
Partial
Other

Lower Leg Bones
Can't tell your tib from your fib? The TIBia is the Thick, Inner Bone. The FibuLa is Finer, Fluted, and Lateral.

Orbital Bones
This one's a bit silly. It relies on the belief that a species called the FLEZMS are in ORBITaround the earth.
F
L
E
Z
M
S
Frontal
Lacrimal
Ethmoid
Zygomatic
Maxilla
Sphenoid

Two Zulu's Bruised My Cervix
This one is used to remember the branches of the facial nerve...a (Sent to me by axe@iinet.net.au)
T emporal nerve
Z ygomatic nerve
B uccal nerve
M arginal mandibular nerve
C ervical nerve

To Zanzibar By Motorcar
Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle
For the order of the bones in the wrist : Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetral, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate.

Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Breasts Matter Most
For the Cranial Nerves 1 through 12, in determining whether they are Sensory, Motor, or Both (starting with Cranial Nerve 1)

Microbiology Mnemonics

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Medicos) — Mon, 08 Aug 2011 08:08:00 +0000

Clostridium difficile: disease caused

"Difficult to be in a Closet with someone having explosive foul smelling diarrhea, because it would smell and there would be no air in there.

Clostridium Difficile causes explosive foul smelling diarrhea and is an anaeorbe (no air).

E. coli: diseases caused in presence of virulence factors

DUNG:

Diarrhea
UTI
Neonatal meningitis
Gram negative sepsis

_ Dung, since contract E. coli from dung-contaminated water.

E. coli: major subtypes

"HIT by E. coli outbreak":

EnteroHemorrhagic:
HUS from Hamburgers

EnteroInvasive:
Immune-mediated Inflammation

EnteroToxigenic:
Traveller's diarrhea

Entameoba histolytica: disease caused

EntAmoeba causes Amoebic dysEntery.

Action: histo (cell) lytic (burst), so it bursts cells.

Food poisoning: bugs inducing

"Eating Contaminated Stuff Causes Very Big Smelly Vomit":

E. coli O157-H7 [undercooked meat, esp. hamburgers]
Clostridium botulinum [canned foods]
Salmonella [poultry, meat, eggs]
Clostridium perfringens [reheated meat]
Vibrio parahaemolyticus [seafood]
Bacillus cereus [reheated rice]
Staphylococcus aureus [meats, mayo, custard]
Vibrio vulnificus [seafood]

Hepatitis: oral-fecal transmitted types

"A$$ Eaters":

_ Types A and E by oral-fecal route.

Nematodes: ones spreading by egg ingestion [ID 2674]

"ATE eggs":

Ascaris Lumbricoides
Trichuris trichuira
Enterobius vermicularis

spread by ingestion of eggs (vs skin invasion or insect bite)

Vibrio: motility [ID 839]

"Vibrio Vibrates":

Vibrio is a genus of actively motile bacteria.

Endocarditis: causes of culture negative endocarditis [ID 1952]

"With Negative Tests, Investigators Should Focus Attention Somewhere Meaningful":

Wrong diagnosis
Noninfectious endocarditis
Timing (cultures drawn at end of chronic course)
obligate Intracellular organisms
Slow growing fastidious organisms
Fungal infection
Antibiotic used previously
Subacute right-sided endocarditis
Mural endocarditis

Endocarditis: indications for surgery

PUS RIVER:

Prosthetic valve endocarditis (most cases)
Uncontrolled infection
Supporative local complications with conduction abnormalities
Resection of mycotic aneurysm
Ineffective antimicrobial therapy (eg Vs fungi)
Valvular damage (significant)
Embolization (repeated systemic)
Refractory congestive heart failure

Endocarditis: lab results suggesting it

"High Tech Lab Results Point At Endocarditis":

Hematuria
Thrombocytopenia
Leukocytosis, -penia
Red blood cell casta
Proteinuria
Anemia
Elevated ESR

Psedomonas aeruginosa: features

AERUGINOSA:

Aerobic
Exotoxin A
Rod/ Resistance
UTIs, burns, injuries
Green-blue dressings
Iron-containing lesions
Negative gram
Odor of grapes
Slime capsule sometimes (in CF pt)
Adherin pili

Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis: classic presentation

"Sore throat, Face bloat, Pi$$ coke":

Sore throat: 1 week ago
Face bloat: facial edema
Pi$$ coke: coke-coloured urine

_ Alternatively, short version: "Throat, bloat and coke".

Kidney transplant virus

"Borrowed Kidney":

BK virus is associated with kidney transplants.

Proteus: disease caused

Firstly, "PROTeus hates PROTons":

So what does it do to fight the protons? It has a urease that raises the pH.
Urea is in urine, so Proteus causes UTIs.

Pseudomonas details

_ See diagram of patient.

Patient: bug commonly infects nosocomial.
Oxygen tank: oxidase positive.
IV bag: has glucose and lactose, so its OK to give because its a nonlactose fermenter.
Why giving oxygen? Because it commonly caused pneumonia.
IV in the arm: supposed to signify sepsis.
The foley: UTI.
Burn on his foot: can infect burns.

UTI-causing microorganisms Hi Yield [ID 1956]

KEEPS:

Klebsiella
Enterococcus faecalis/ Enterobacter cloacae
E. coli
Pseudomonas aeroginosa/ Proteus mirabilis
Staphylococcus saprophyticcus/ Serratia marcescens

AIDS pathogens (T-cell suppression) worth knowing Hi Yield [ID 2261]

"The Major Pathogens Concerning Complete T-Cell Collapse":

Toxoplasma gondii
M. avium intracellulare
Pneumocystis carinii
Candida albicans
Cryptococcus neoformans
Tuberculosis
CMV
Cryptosporidium parvum

Capsulated microbes

"Some Nasty Killers Have Some Capsule Protection":

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitidis
Klebsiella pnemoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Salmonella typhi
Cryptococcus neoformans
Pseudomanas aerigenosa

Endotoxin features

ENDOTOXIN:

Endothelial cells/ Edema
Negative (gram- bacteria)
DIC/ Death
Outer membrane
TNF
O-antigen
X-tremely heat stable
IL-1
Nitric oxide/ Neutrophil chemotaxis

HIV infection: high-risk groups

HIV:

Homosexuals/ Hemophiliacs
IV drug abusers

IgA protease-producing bacteria

"Nice Strip of Ham":

Neisseria
Streptococcus pneumonia
Haemophilus influenza

Vaccines: types

STARK:

Subunit
Toxoid
Attenuated [live]
Recombinant
Killed [inactivated]

Tetanus: treatment for infection

SAD RAT:

Sedation
Antitoxin
Debridement
Relaxant
Antibiotic
Tracheostomy

Meningitis: risk factors

"Can Induce Severe Attacks Of Head PAINS":

Cancer
Immunocompromised state
Sinusitis
Age extremes
Otitis
Head trauma
Parameningeal infection
Alcoholism
Infections (systemic, esp. respiratory)
Neurosurgical procedures
Splenectomy

Toxoplasma gondii: clinical features

Cat reservoir: a cat.
Bug name is Gondii: cat has a Gandi head.
Cat fecal origin: cat is in the litter box.
Causes brain infection, diagnosed by CAT scan: a "CAT" scan of Gandi's brain.
Toxic to eyes: Gandi has cat eyes.
Lymph nodes enlarged: large nodes around neck.
Affects fetus: small kitten in womb.
AIDS patient commonly: cat is very skinny, like an AIDS patient.

_ See diagram.

Toxoplasma gondii: manifestations

"My Cat Eats Mice":

Mononucleosis-like illness
Chorioretinits/ Congenital infection
Encephalitis
Myocarditis

Trypanosoma brucei: disease caused

"I went on a TRYP to AFRICA":

TRYPanosoma brucei causes AFRICAn sleeping sickness.

Capsulated bacteria

Some Bacteria Have An Effective Paste Surrounding Membrane Yielding Pseudo Fort, Bypassing Killing":

Strep pneumonia
Bacteroides
H. influenza
Anthrax (B. anthracis)
E. coli
Pasteurella
Salmonella
Menigitidis (N. Menigitidis)
Yersinia pestis
Pseudomonas
Francisella
Brucella
Klebsiella

Chlamydia: elementary vs. initial body location

Elementary: Extracellular
Initial: Intracellular

Common cold: viral causes

"Common cold (acute infectious rhinitis, coryza) is PRIMArily caused by":

Paramyxoviruses
Rhinoviruses
Influenza viruses
Myxoviruses
Adenoviruses

DNA viruses: morphology rule of thumb

DNA:

Double-stranded
Nuclear replication
'Anhedral symmetry

_ Rule breakers: pox (cytoplasmic), parvo (single-stranded).

Gram positive stain

Gram Positives

Stain Purple (violet-blue)
because of their thick Peptidoglycan layer

Gram staining: mechanism

"Murein gets the red out" [Allusion to an old eye-wash slogan]:

Peptidoglycan (aka murein) remains purple during Gram staining. The Gram negatives, devoid of murein, are red.
Thus, murein prevents redness and are purple (positive).

Gram+: bacterial cell wall

_ Gram+ has:

+hick pepidoglycan layer.
+eichoic acid in wall.

Hemophilius: culture requirements

Read Hemophilus as "HemoFive":
_ Needs Heme with Factors Five and Ten.

Listeria: motility

Istanbul sounds like Listambul = list + tumble.
Listeria has tumbling motility.

Neisseria: fermentation of N. gonorrhoeae vs. N. meningitidis

Gonorrhoeae: Glucose fermenter only.

MeninGitidis: Maltose and Glucose fermenter.
_ Maltose fermentation is a useful property to know, since it's the classic test to distinguish the Neisseria types.

Obligate anaerobes: members worth knowing

ABC:

Actinomyces
Bacteroides
Clostridium

Picornavirus: features

PICORNAvirus:

ICOsahedral
RNA virus

RNA enveloped viruses

FORT ABC, Puerto Rico:

Flavivirus/ Filo
Orthomyxo
Retro
Toga
Arena
Bunya
Corona
Paramyxo
Rhabdo

Anotomy Mnemonics

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Medicos) — Mon, 08 Aug 2011 07:54:00 +0000

Bones of the Wrist
Some Lovers Try Positions That They Cannot Handle
Slowly Lower Tilly's Pants To The Curly Hairs

Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate

Brachial Plexus
Randy Travis Drinks Cold Beers Robert Taylor Drinks Cold Beer

Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Branches

Branches of the Brachial Plexus (In order from most lateral to most medial)
My Aunt Raped My Uncle

Musculocutaneous, Axillary, Radial, Median, Ulnar

Cranial Nerves
Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Virgin Girls Vaginas And Hymens
You have 1 nose. You have 2 eyes. (The first "O" is Olfactory, second "O" is Optic)

To remember what cranial nerve is Motor, Sensory, or Both use this ( In order from CN I to CN XII):
Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Bras Matter Most

Extraocularmotor muscles
LR6 (SO4) LR6: Lateral rectus --> VI abductens
SO4: Superior Oblique --> IV Trochlear
All other extraocularmotor muscles are CN III

Branches of the Facial Nerve
Ten Zebras Bought My Car
Ten Zebras Bit My Cock
Two Zulus Buggered My Cat
To Zanzibar By Motor Car

Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Masseteric, Cervical

Innervation of phrenic nerve
c345 keeps the phrenic alive
c345 keep the diaphragm alive

Long thoracic nerve innervates serratus anterior
c5-6-7 raise your arms to heaven

Relationship of Thorasic duct to Esophagous and Azygous
The duck is between two gooses.
duck = thoracic duct 2 gooses = azyGOUS and esophaGOUS

Attachments of Pectoralis Major, Teres Major and Latissimus Drosi
A lady between tow majors.
Pectoralis major attaches to lateral lip of bicipital groove, the teres major attaches to medial lip of bicipital groove, and the latissimus dorsi attaches to the floor of bicipital groove. The "lati" is between two "majors."

Innervation of the Penis
Parasympathetic puts it up; sympathetic spurts it out.
Point Shoot Score
Parasympathetic, sympathetic, somatomotor

Lateral and Medial Pectoral Nerve
Lateral is less, medial is more.
Lateral pectoral nerves goes through pectoralis major while medial pn goes though both pectoral major and minor.

Layers of the epidermis
Granpa Shagging Grandma's Love Child.
Brent Spiner Gained Lieutenant Commander
Germinativum or Basale, Spinosum, Granulosum, Lucidum, Corneum

Things going through Orbital Fissure
Seven French Tarts Sit Naked In Anticipation

Brachial plexus subunits"Randy Travis Drinks Cold Beer": Roots Trunks Divisions Cords Branches · Alternatively: "Real Texans Drink Coors Beer".

Tarsal bones
"Tall Californian Navy Medcial Interns Lay Cuties":
· In order (right foot, superior to inferior, medial to lateral): Talus Calcanous Navicular Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneifrom Cuboid

Atrioventricular valves"LAB RAT": Left Atrium: Bicuspid Right Atrium: Tricuspid

Tarsal tunnel: contents
"Tiny Dogs Are Not Hunters":
· From superior to inferior:
T: Tibialis posterior F: flexor Digitorum longus A: posterior tibial Artery N: tibial Nerve H: flexor Hallucis longus

Vagal nerve: path into thoraxVagus nerve, unlike phrenic, continues through diaphragm with esophagus--it is "Not Left Behind": · The left vagus is anterior, right is posterior [behind].

Inguinal canal: walls"MALT: 2M, 2A, 2L, 2T":
· Starting from superior, moving around in order to posterior: Superior wall (roof): 2 Muscles: · internal oblique Muscle · transverse abdominus Muscle Anterior wall: 2 Aponeuroses: · Aponeurosis of external oblique · Aponeurosis of internal oblique Lower wall (floor): 2 Ligaments: · inguinal Ligament · lacunar Ligament Posterior wall: 2Ts: · Transversalis fascia · conjoint Tendon

Bronchopulmonary segments of right lung
"A PALM Seed Makes Another Little Palm":
· In order from superior to inferior: Apical Posterior Anterior Lateral Medial Superior Medial basal Anterior basal Lateral basal Posterior basal

Tarsal bones
"Traverse City (is) Noted (for) MIchigan's Lovely Cherries": Talus Calcaneus (new row) Navicular (new row) Medial Intermediate cuneiforms Lateral cuneiform Cuboid

Aorta vs. vena cava: right vs. leftAorta and right each have 5 letters, so aorta is on the right. Vena and cava and left each have 4 letters, so vena cava is on the left.

Hip: lateral rotators"Play Golf Or Go On Quaaludes": · From top to bottom: Piriformis Gemellus superior Obturator internus Gemellus inferior Obturator externus Quadratus femoris · Alternatively: "P-GO-GO-Q".

Facial bones"Virgil Can Not Make My Pet Zebra Laugh!": Vomer Conchae Nasal Maxilla Mandible Palatine Zygomatic Lacrimal

Scalp layers
SCALP: · From superficial to deep: Skin Connective tissue Aponeurosis Loose areolar tissue Pericranium

Thoracoacromial artery branches"CAlifornia Police Department": Clavicular Acromial Pectoral Deltoid

Ankle: anterior compartment of leg contents
"The Hamptons Are Never Dull Parties": · From medial malleolus: Tibialis anterior tendon (Extensor) Hallacus longus Artery (anterior tibial) Nerve (deep peroneal) (Extensor) Digitorum Peroneus tertius

Erector spinae muscles
"I Love Sex":
· From lateral to medial: Iliocostalis Longissimus Spinalis
· Alternatively:
"I Long for Spinach"
· "Sex" helps you think of "Erector", but "Long" and "Spinach" help you remember the muscles' names.

Leg: anterior muscles of leg"The Hospitals Are Not Dirty Places": T: Tibialis anterior H: extensor Hallucis longus A: anterior tibial Artery N: deep fibular Nerve D: extensor Digitorum longus P: Peronius tertius [aka fibularis tertius]

Nasal cavity components
"Never Call Me Needle Nose!":
Nares [external] Conchae Meatuses Nares [internal] Nasopharynx · Note mnemonic sentence is nasally-related.

Rotator cuff muscles"The SITS muscles":
· Clockwise from top: Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Subscapularis · A pro baseball pitcher has injured his rotator cuff muscles. As a result, he SITS out for the rest of the game, and then gets sent to the minor leagues.

Radial nerve: muscles innervated
"Try A Big Chocolate Chip Sundae, Double Dip Cherries And Peanuts Preferably Included":
· In order of their innervation, proximal to distal:
Triceps Anconeus Brachioradialis ext. Carpi radialis longus ext. Carpi radialis brevis Supinator ext. Digitorum ext.Digiti minimi ext. Carpi ulnaris Abductor poll. longus ext. Poll. brevis ext. P poll. longus ext. Indicis · For the neighboring words that start with the same letter (eg: chocolate and chip), notice that the longer word in the mnemonic, corresponds to the longer of the two muscle names (ex: ext. carpi radialis longus and ext. carpi radialis brevis)

Deep tendon reflexes: root supply
· God designed body reflexes according to a nursery rhyme: One, two-- buckle my shoe. Three, four-- kick the door. Five, six-- pick up sticks. Seven, eight-- shut the gate. S1,2 = ankle jerk L3,4 = knee jerk C5,6 = biceps and brachioradialis C7,8 = triceps

Penis autonomic innervation actions
"Parasympathetic Puts it up. Sympathetic Spurts it out". Alternatively: "Point and Shoot": Parasympathetic Points it, Sympathetic Shoots out the semen.
· Erection and Ejaculation (Emission).

Internal iliac artery: anterior branchesWhat Bill admitted to Hilary: "I Milked Our Insatiable Intern's Udders Under the Desk": Inferior gluteal Middle rectal Obturator Inferior vesical artery Internal pudendal artery Umbilical U/D=Uterine artery (female)/ Deferential artery (male)

Muscles: potentially absent ones· Muscles which may be absent but may be important: 5 P's: Palmaris longus [upper limb] Plantaris [lower limb] Peroneus tertius [lower limb] Pyramidalis [anterior abdominal wall] Psoas minor [posterior abdominal wall]

Carpal bones"Stop Letting Those People Touch The Cadaver's Hand": · Proximal row, lateral-to-medial: Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform · Distal row, lateral-to-medial: Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate

Carpal bones"She Looks Too Pretty; Try To Catch Her": · Proximal row then distal row, both lateral-to-medial: Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrium Pisiform Trapezium Trapezoid Capate Hamate · Alternatively: "She Likes To Play; Try To Catch Her".

Flexor digitorum muscles: how they insert onto fingers· A little rhyme: Superficialis Splits in two, To Permit Profundus Passing through.

Scrotum layers
"Some Damn Englishman Called It The Testis":
· From superficial to deep: Skin Dartos External spermatic fascia Cremaster Internal spermatic fascia Tunica vaginalis Testis

Femoral triangle: contents NAVY:
· In order from lateral to medial: Nerve Artery Vein Y of the groin · Alternatively: Y = Y-fronts [male underwear].

Vagus nerve: path into thorax"I Left my Aunt in Vegas": Left Vagus nerve goes Anterior descending into the thorax.

Supine vs. prone body position Know SUPination is your hand while carrying a bowl of SOUP. Your face follows where your palm is facing [i.e. up]. Put a handpuppet on your hand while hand is in supination and the puppet will be the supine position. · See diagram.

Axillary artery branches
"Suzy Thompkins Loves Sex, Alcohol, and Pot": · From proximal to distal: Superior thoracic Thoracacromial Lateral thoracic Subscapular Anterior circumflex humeral Posterior circumflex humeral

Horner's syndrome componentsSPAM: Sunken eyeballs/ Symphathetic plexus (cervical) affected Ptosis Anhydrosis Miosis

Voicebox: names of parts in sagittal cross-section
"There's 3 V's in your Voicebox": Vestibular fold Ventricle Vocal fold · Note: Vestibular and Vocal cord also known as false and true cords respectively.

Serratus anterior: innervation SALT: Serratus Anterior = Long Thoracic.

Hip: lateral rotators "Piece Goods Often Go On Quilts": Piriformis Gemellus superior Obturator internus Gemellus inferior Obturator externus Quadratus femoris

Thigh: innervation by compartment" MAP OF Sciatic":
Medial compartment: Obturator Anterior compartment: Femoral Posterior compartment: Sciatic
· So all the thigh muscles in that compartment get innervated by that nerve.

Internal jugular vein: tributaries"Medical Schools Let Confident People In": · From inferior to superior: Middle thyroid Superior thyroid Lingual Common facial Pharyngeal Inferior petrosal sinus

Genu valgum vs. genu vargum Genu valGUM (knock-knee): knees are GUMmed together.
· Varum (bowleg) is the other by default, or Far rhymes with Var, so knees are far apart.

Erector spinae muscles"I Like Standing":
· From lateral to medial Illiocostalis Longissimus Spinalis

Cubital fossa contents "N-MAN":
· From lateral to medial: Nerve Muscle Artery Nerve · Specifics are radial Nerve, biceps Muscle tendon, brachial Artery, median Nerve.

External carotid artery branches"Suzy Always Lays Flat On Pillows Making Sex Terrific": Superior thyroid Ascending pharyngeal Lingual Facial Occipital Posterior auricular Maxillary Superificial Temporal

Median nerve: recognizing it in an opened axillaThe Median nerve is the Middle of a giant capital "M" formed by the musculocutaneous and ulnar nerves.

Trigeminal nerve: where branches exit skull"Standing Room Only": Superior orbital fissure is V1 foramen Rotundum is V2 foramen Ovale is V3

Dermatome C7 locationC7 gives the finger to heaven (as in middle finger).

External carotid artery branches"Some Angry Lady Figured Out PMS": Superior thyroid Ascending pharyngeal Lingual Facial Occipital Posterior auricular Maxillary Superificial temporal

Brachioradialis: function, innervation, one relation, one attachment BrachioRadialis: Function: Its the Beer Raising muscle, flexes elbow, strongest when wrist is oriented like holding a beer. Innervation: Breaks Rule: it’s a flexor muscle, But Radial. (Radial nerve usually is for extensors: Recall BEST rule: B was for brachioradialis). Important relation: Behind it is the Radial nerve in the cubital fossa. Attachment: Attaches to Bottom of Radius.

Pleura surface markings"All the even ribs, in order: 2,4,6,8,10,12 show its route": Rib2: sharp angle inferiorly Rib4: the left pleura does a lateral shift to accommodate heart Rib6: both diverge laterally Rib8: midclavicular line Rib10: midaxillary line Rib12: the back · See diagram.

Aortic arch: major branch order "Know your ABC'S":
Aortic arch gives rise to: Brachiocephalic trunk left Common Carotid left Subclavian · Beware though trick question of 'What is first branch of aorta?' Technically, it's the coronary arteries.

V3 innervated muscles (branchial arch 1 derivatives)
"M.D. My TV": Mastication [masseter, temporalis, pterygoids] Digastric [anterior belly] Mylohyoid tensor Tympani tensor Veli palatini

Foramen ovale contents
MALE: Mandibular nerve Accessory meningeal artery Lesser petrosal nerve Emissary veins

Head & Neck
CRANIAL NERVES: I-Optic, II-Olfactory, III-Oculomotor, IV-Trochlear, V-Trigeminal, VI-Abducens, VII-Facial, VIII-Acoustic (Vestibulocochlear), IX-Glossophrayngeal, X-Vagus, XI-Spinal Accessory, XII-Hypoglossal
On Old Olympus Towering Tops, A Finn And German Viewed Some Hops (older and cleaner)
Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel A Girls Vagina And Hymen (newer and, well ...)

Which cranial nerve is Sensory, Motor, or Both- Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Breasts Matter More

BRANCHES OF FACIAL NERVE: Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Mandibular, Cervical
Ten Zebras Beat My Cock
Two Zulus buggered my cat –(for the sicker, amongst you!)

You have I nose. You have II eyes. (I - Olfactory; II -- Optic)

Standing Room Only -Exit of branches of trigeminal nerve from the skull S
V1 -Superior orbital fissure, V2 -foramen Rotundum, V3 -foramen Ovale

For the order of nerves that pass through the superior orbital fissure:
"Lazy French Tarts Lie Naked in Anticipation."
(Lacrimal, Frontal, Trochlear, Lateral, Nosociliary, Internal,
Abducens)

2 Muscle of mastication- Lateral Lowers- lateral pterygoid is the one that opens the jaw
4 Muscles of Mastication MTPP( which could be read as "Empty Peepee") -masseter, temporal, lateral and medial pterygoids --

Arteries as they come off the external carotid:
Superior thyroid, Ascending pharyngeal, Lingual, Facial, Occipital, Post Auricular, Superficial temporal, Maxillary
Some Anatomists Like making babiesing, Others Prefer S & M
Some Angry Lady Figured out PMS

Innervation of Extraocularmotor Muscles: LR6 SO4 3
LR6--Lateral rectus--> VI abductens
SO4--Superior Oblique--> IV Trochlear
3--The remaining 4 eyeball movers = III Oculomotor

ABC'S of the aortic arch!
Aortic arch gives off the Bracheiocephalic trunk,
the left Common Carotid, and the left
Subclavian artery

BRACHIAL PLEXUS: Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Branches
Robert Taylor Drinks Cold Beer.

CERVICAL SPINAL NERVES:
c345 keeps the phrenic alive (innervation of phrenic nerve) c345 keep the diaphragm alive (innervation of diaphragm)
c5-6-7 raise your arms to heaven (nerve roots of long thoracic nerve innervate serratus anterior)

Cranial Bones
Annoying, aren't they?
The cranial bones are the PEST OF 6...

Parietal, Ethmoid,Sphenoid,Temporal,Occipital,Frontal- 6 ? (6-the number of bones!)
( another one) Old People From Texas Eat Spiders.

LOCATION OF THORACIC DUCT: The duck is between two gooses (duck = thoracic duct) 2 gooses = azyGOUS and esophaGOUS

Cartilages of the Larynx - There are 4 cartilages in the larynx whose initial letters are TEAC (also the brandname of a home stereo).
Thyroid, Epiglottis, Arytenoid, Cricoid

Abdomen-Pelvis

INNERVATION OF PENIS:
Parasympathetic puts it up; sympathetic spurts it out
Point , Shoot, Score! (erection, emmision ,ejaculation) Parasympathetic, Sympathetic , Somatomotor
"S2, 3, 4 keep the penis off the floor" Innervation of the penis by branches of the pudental nerve, derived from spinal cord levels S2-4

Structures perforating the esophagus
"At T8 you see, perforates the IVC" (inferior Vena Cava)
the "EsoVagus" pierce T10 (esophagus, vagus nerve)
T12 - red, white and blue (aorta,thoracic duct,azygous vein)

Femoral Sheath (lateral to medial) order of things in thigh -NAVEL
Nerve, Artery, Vein, Empty, Space, Lymphatics

Radial n. innervates the BEST!!!!
Brachioradialis
Extensors
Supinator
Triceps

Course of Ureters
Water runs under the bridge (uterine a. and ductus deferens)

Carotid Sheath-- VAN
Internal Jugular Vein
Common carotid Artery
Vagus Nerve

Dermatomes
C3 is a high turtleneck shirt
T4 is at the nipple
L1 is at the inguinal ligament (or L1 is IL -Inguinal ligament)
Randy Travis Drinks Cold Beer--Brachial plexus
Robert Taylor Drinks Cold Beer
Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Branches

Bones of the wrist -Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium,
Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate

1. Slowly Lower Tilly's Pants To The Curly Hairs
2. Swifty Lower Tilly's Pants to try coitus here. (the risque version)
3.Scared Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle. (Classic version)

Pelvic Diaphragm
PICOLO(A) -Posterior to anterior
PIriformis
COccygeus
Levator Ani

Pelvic Splanchic-Parasympathetic
Sacral Splanchic-Sympathetic

Armies travel over bridges, the Navy travels under.
(Bridge is the ligament...reference to suprascapular artery and nerve.)

Pad, dab. Dorsal ABduct...Palmar ADduct...interosseous muscles of hand/foot.

Layers of the epidermis-Germinativum or Basale, Spinosum, Granulosum, Lucidum, Corneum
Grandpa Shagging Grandma's Love Child.

Limbic System- the 5 F’s- Feeding, Fighting, Feeling, Flight and making babiesing

The 5 sphincters found in the Alimentary Canal are APE OIL:
Anal, Pyloric, Lower Esophogeal, Oddi, and Ileocecum.

Sally Thompson Loves Sex And Pot pie. The branches of the Axillary Artery are: Superior Thoracic, Thoracoacromial, Lateral Thoracic, Subscapular, Anterior Circumflex Humeral, Posterior Circumflex Humeral, and Profunda Brachii.

TIRE- four abdominal muscles -- transversus, internal oblique, rectus abdominus, and external oblique

GFR -Layers of the adrenal:-- Glomerular, Fascicular, Reticular

Pterygoid muscles: function of lateral vs. medial
"Look at how your jaw ends up when saying first syllable of 'Lateral' or 'Medial' ":
"La": your jaw is now open, so Lateral opens mouth.
"Me": your jaw is still closed, so medial closes the mandible.

Supine vs. prone body position"Supine is on your spine.
Therefore, prone's the "other" one. · Also, prone to suffocate in prone position.

Meckel's diverticulum details
2 inches long. 2 feet from end of ileum. 2 times more common in men. 2% occurrence in population. 2 types of tissues may be present. · Note: "di-" means "two", so diverticulum is the thing with all the twos.

Perineal vs. peroneal
Perineal is in between the legs. Peroneal is on the leg.

Anterior forearm muscles: superficial groupThere are five, like five digits of your hand. Place your thumb into your palm, then lay that hand palm down on your other arm, as shown in diagram. Your 4 fingers now show distribution: spells PFPF [pass/fail, pass/fail]: Pronator teres Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Flexor carpi ulnaris Your thumb below your 4 fingers shows the muscle which is deep to the other four: Flexor digitorum superficialis.

Carpal tunnel syndrome causesMEDIAN TRAP: Myxoedema Edema premenstrually Diabetes Idiopathic Agromegaly Neoplasm Trauma Rheumatoid arthritis Amyloidosis Pregnancy · Mnemonic fits nicely since median nerve is trapped.

Lumbar plexus "I, I Get Laid On Fridays":
Iliohypogastric [L1]
Ilioinguinal [L1]
Genitofemoral [L1, L2]
Lateral femoral cutaneous [L2, L3]
Obtruator [L2, L3, L4]
Femoral [L2, L3, L4]
· Alternatively: "I twice Get Laid On Fridays". · Alternatively: "Interested In Getting Laid On Fridays?"

Elbow: muscles that flex itThree B's Bend the elBow: Brachialis Biceps Brachioradialis

Cavernous sinus contents O TOM CAT:
O TOM are lateral wall components, in order from superior to inferior. CA are the components within the sinus, from medial to lateral. CA ends at the level of T from O TOM. · See diagram. Occulomotor nerve (III) Trochlear nerve (IV) Ophthalmic nerve (V1) Maxillary nerve (V2) Carotid artery Abducent nerve (VI) T: When written, connects to the T of OTOM.

Bronchi: which one is more vertical"Inhale a bite, goes down the right": Inhaled objects more likely to lodge in right bronchus, since it is the one that is more vertical

Carotid sheath contents "I See 10 CC's in the IV":
I See (I.C.) = Internal Carotid artery
10 = CN 10 (Vagus nerve)
CC = Common Carotid artery
IV = Internal Jugular Vein

V3 innervated muscles "My A$$ Meets The Toilet":
Mylohyoid
Anterior digastric
Muscles of Mastication
Tensor veli palatini
Tensor tympani

Inferior vena cava tributaries "I Like To Rise So High":
Illiacs
Lumbar
Testicular
Renal
Suprarenal
Hepatic vein.
· Think of the IVC wanting to rise high up to the heart.

Spleen: dimensions, weight, surface anatomy "1,3,5,7,9,11":
Spleen dimensions are 1 inch x 3 inches x 5 inches.
Weight is 7 ounces.
It underlies ribs 9 through 11.

Heart valve sequence "Try Pulling My Aorta":
Tricuspid
Pulmonary
Mitral
Aorta

Liver: side with ligamentum venosum/ caudate lobe vs. side with quadrate lobe/ ligamentum teres "VC goes with VC":
The Venosum and Caudate is on same side as Vena Cava [posterior]. Therefore, quadrate and teres must be on anterior by default.
· See inferior-view diagram.

Cranial bones "PEST OF 6":
Parietal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Temporal
Occipital
Frontal
· The 6 just reminds that there's 6 of them to remember.

Thyroid: isthmus location "Rings 2,3,4 make the isthmus floor":
Isthmus overlies tracheal rings 2,3,4

Cervical plexus: arrangement of the important nerves "GLAST":
· 4 compass points: clockwise from north on the right side of neck:
Great auricular
Lesser occipital
Accessory nerve pops out between L and S
Supraclavicular
Transverse cervical
· See diagram.

Lumbar plexus roots "2 from 1, 2 from 2, 2 from 3":
2 nerves from 1 root: Ilioinguinal (L1), Iliohypogastric (L1).
2 nerves from 2 roots: Genitofemoral (L1,L2), Lateral Femoral (L2,L3).
2 nerves from 3 roots: Obturator (L2,L3,L4), Femoral (L2,L3,L4).

Joints in the midline "SC":
In medial line, below Second Cervical, joints are Secondary Cartilaginous and usually have a diSC.
· Notes: secondary cartilaginous is also known as symphysis. The one that doesn't have a disc is xiphi-sternal.

Anterior forearm muscles: superficial group "Pimps F*ck Prostitutes For Fun":
Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longous
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digitorum superficialis

External carotid artery branches "Some Aggressive Lovers Find Odd Positions More Stimulating":
Superior thyroid
Ascending pharyngeal
Lingual
Facial
Occiptal
Posterior auricular
Maxillary
Superficial temporal

Axillary artery branches "Screw The Lawyer Save A Patient":
Superior thoracic
Thoracoacromiol
Lateral thoracic
Subscapular
Anterior circumflex humeral
Posterior circumflex humeral

Descending abdominal aorta branches from diaphragm to iliacs "Prostitutes Cause Sagging Swollen Red Testicles [in men] Living In Sin":
Phrenic [inferior]
Celiac
Superior mesenteric
Suprarenal [middle]
Renal
Testicular ["in men" only]
Lumbars
Inferior mesenteric
Sacral

Inversion vs. eversion muscles in leg
Second letter rule for inversion/eversion:
· Eversion muscles:
pErineus longus
pErineus brevis
pErineus terius
· Inversion muscles:
tIbialis anterior
tIbialis posterior

External carotid artery branches "Sister Lucy's Powdered Face Often Attracts Silly Medicos":
· Before entering the parotid gland:
Superior thyroid
Lingual
Posterior auricular
Facial
Occipital
Ascending pharyngeal
· Ends as:
Superficial temporal and
Maxillary bifurcating in the in the parotid gland

Spermatic cord contents "3 arteries, 3 nerves, 3 other things":
3 arteries: testicular, ductus deferens, cremasteric.
3 nerves: genital branch of the genitofemoral, cremasteric, autonomics.
3 other things: ductus deferens, pampiniform plexus, lymphatics.
· Note some argument about this: Moore doesn't put in cremasteric nerve, Lumley puts in inguinal...

Fibula vs. tibia: which is the bigger one People talk of telling just a "little white lie", or a "little fib":
Therefore, the fibula is smaller.
· Alternatively: TIBia is the Thicker Inner Bone.
· Alternatively: "Little lat FIB, big fat TIB".

Interossei muscles: actions of dorsal vs. palmar in hand "PAd and DAb":
The Palmar Adduct and the Dorsal Abduct.
· Use your hand to dab with a pad.

Thoracic duct: relation to azygous vein and esophagus "The duck between 2 gooses":
Thoracic duct (duck) is between 2 gooses, azygous and esophagus.

Lumbricals action Lumbrical action is to hold a pea, that is to flex the metacarpophalangeal joint and extend the interphalangeal joints. When look at hand in this position, can see this makes an "L" shape, since L is for Lumbrical.

Pectoral nerves: path of lateral vs. medial "Lateral Less, Medial More":
Lateral pectoral nerve only goes through Pectoralis major, but
Medial pectoral nerve goes though both Pectoralis major and minor.

Intrinsic muscles of hand (palmar surface) "A OF A OF A":
· Thenar, lateral to medial:
Abductor pollicis longus
Opponens pollicis
Flexor pollicis brevis
Adductor pollicis.
· Hypothenar, lateral to medial:
Opponens digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi
Abductor digiti minimi

Diaphragm innervation "3, 4, 5 keeps the diaphragm alive":
Diaphragm innervation is cervical roots 3, 4, and 5.

Femoral triangle: arrangement of contents NAVEL:
· From lateral hip towards medial navel:
Nerve (directly behind sheath)
Artery (within sheath)
Vein (within sheath)
Empty space (between vein and lymph)
Lymphatics (with deep inguinal node)
· Nerve/Artery/Vein are all called Femoral.

Lingual nerve course
The Lingual nerve
Took a curve
Around the Hyoglossus.
"Well I'll be f*#ked!"
Said Wharton's Duct,
"The bastard's gone and crossed us!"

External carotid artery branches
"Some Anatomists Like F*#king, Others Prefer S & M":
Superior thyroid
Ascending pharyngeal
Lingual
Facial
Occipital
Posterior auricular
Superficial temporal
Maxillary
· Alternatively: As She Lay Flat, Oscar's Passion Slowly Mounted".

Abdominal muscles
"Spare TIRE around their abdomen":
Transversus abdominis
Internal abdominal oblique
Rectus abdominis
External abdominal oblique

Bicipital groove: attachments of muscles near it
"The lady between two majors":
Teres major attaches to medial lip of groove.
Pectoralis major to lateral lip of groove.
Latissimus (Lady) is on floor of groove, between the 2 majors.

Carpal bones
"Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle":
· Proximal row then distal row, both lateral-to-medial:
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrium
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capate
Hamate
· Alternatively: "Scared Lovers..."
· Alternatively: "Senior Lecturers...".

Bronchi: which is more vertical "Right on Red":
Many places allow making a right hand turn at a red light, if you first come to a complete stop.
A child swallowing a red penny is more likely to get it stopped down the right bronchus, since it is more vertical.

L4 landmark: 2 items "B4U" [before you]:
Bifurcation of aorta
L4
Umbilicus

Retroperitoneal structures list
SAD PUCKER:
Suprarenal glands
Aorta & IVC
Duodenum (half)
Pancreas
Ureters
Colon (ascending & descending)
Kidneys
Esophagus (anterior & left covered)
Rectum

External carotid artery branches "Some Aberdeen Ladies F#ck, Others Prefer Manual Stimulation":
· From inferior to superior:
Superior thyroid
Ascending pharyngeal
Lingual
Facial
Occipital
Posterior auricular
Maxillary
Superficial temporal

Superior mediastinum: contents
PVT Left BATTLE:
Phrenic nerve
Vagus nerve
Thoracic duct
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve (not the right)
Brachiocephalic veins
Aortic arch (and its 3 branches)
Thymus
Trachea
Lymph nodes
Esophagus

Retroperitoneal organs (major)
"AC/DC Rocker Kids Party Down":
Ascending Colon
Descending Colon
Rectum
Kidneys
Pancreas
Duodenum

Bell's palsy: symptoms
BELL'S Palsy:
Blink reflex abnormal
Earache
Lacrimation [deficient, excess]
Loss of taste
Sudden onset
Palsy of VII nerve muscles
· All symptoms are unilateral.

Liver inferior markings showing right/left lobe vs. vascular divisions There's a Hepatic "H" on inferior of liver. One vertical stick of the H is the dividing line for anatomical right/left lobe and the other vertical stick is the divider for vascular halves. Stick that divides the liver into vascular halves is the one with vena cava impression (since vena cava carries blood, it's fortunate that it's the divider for blood halves).

Extraocular muscles cranial nerve innervation "LR6SO4 rest 3":
Lateral Rectus is 6th
Superior Oblique is 4th
rest are all 3rd cranial nerve

Femoral hernia: epidemiology
FEMoral hernias are more common in FEMales.

Obturator canal: relations of structures "Who's flying in the top of Obturator canal? Obviously Not A Vein!":
Obturator
Nerve
Artery
Vein

Thoracoacromial artery branches ABCD:
Acromial
Breast (pectoral)
Clavicular
Deltoid

Diaphram aperatures: spinal levels "Come Enter the Abdomen:
Vena Cava [8]
Esophagus [10]
Aorta [12]

Cubital fossa contents
"My Bottoms Turned Red":
· From medial to lateral:
Median nerve
Brachial artery
Tendon of biceps
Radial nerve

Thyroids: relative sizes
Thyroid looks like a bra (see picture).
Breasts are bigger in women, so thyroid bigger in women.
Pregnant women have biggest breasts of all, so they have the biggest thyroids.

Navicular contacts 3 of 5 cuneiform bones
"Navicular is like the Navigator logo":
There are 3 things coming off each.
· See diagram.
Therefore, cuboid has to contact 2 of the 5.

Kidney hilums at transpyloric plane [L1] L-1 goes through hilum of only 1 kidney, and it’s the Left one.

Radial nerve: muscles supplied (simplified) "BEST muscles":
Brachioradialis
Extensors
Supinator
Triceps

Superior orbital fissure: structures passing through "Lazy French Tarts Lie Naked In Anticipation Of Sex":
Lacrimal nerve
Frontal nerve
Trochlear nerve
Lateral nerve
Nasociliary nerve
Internal nerve
Abducens nerve
Ophthalmic veins
Sympathetic nerves

Cranial bones"Fraternity Parties Occasionally Teach Spam Etiquette": · The first two letters of each bone: Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal Sphenoid Ethmoid

Internal iliac artery: posterior branchPILS: Posterior branch Iliolumbar Lateral sacral Superior gluteal

Foramen ovale contentsOVALE: Otic ganglion (just inferior) V3 cranial nerve Accessory meningeal artery Lesser petrosal nerve Emisary veins

Anatomical planes: coronal, horizontal, sagittal
Coronal: A classic painting/stained glass window of a saint/angel has a corona radiating around the person's head. The plane of the glass/page is cutting their head in the coronal plane. Horizontal: Someone coming over the horizon has their abdomen cut in the horizontal plane. Sagittal: the remaining one by default.

Brachial plexus branches"My Aunt Raped My Uncle": · From lateral to medial: Musculocutaneous Axillary Radial Median Ulnar

Tibia vs. fibula: which is lateralThe FibuLA is LAteral.

Superior orbital fissure: structures passing through"Lonely Fat Teenage Virgins Rarely Like Swallowing And Never Ingest": Lacrimal nerve Frontal nerve Trochlear nerve Vein: ophthalmic Ring: tendinous · From the ring, arises: Lateral rectus Superior division III Abducent nerve Nasociliary nerve Inferior divison III

Brachial plexus: branches of posterior cordSTAR: Subscapular [upper and lower] Thoracodorsal Axillary Radial

Dermatome C6 location
Stick arm out like crucifixion stance. Curl your thumb and forefinger into an "OK" symbol while keeping your other fingers straight. Your hand should now look like a 6 shape. So C6 dermatome is your thumb and top of arm (reason for crucifix stance). · See diagram.

Heart valves
"Toilet Paper My A$$": · From right to left: Tricuspid Pulmonic Mitral Aortic

Median nerve: hand muscles innervated "The LOAF muscles":
Lumbricals 1 and 2
Opponens pollicis
Abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis brevis
· Alternatively: LLOAF, with 2 L's, to recall there's 2 lumbricals.
· To remember that these are the Median nerve muscles, think "Meat LOAF".

Interossei muscles: number of palmars vs. dorsals "3 on the P, 4 on the Dor":
There are 3 Palmar, and 4 Dorsal interossei.

Carpal bones: trapezium vs. trapezoid location · Since there's two T's in carpal bone mnemonic sentences, need to know which T is where:
TrapeziUM is by the thUMB, TrapeziOID is inSIDE.
· Alternatively, TrapeziUM is by the thUMB, TrapezOID is by its SIDE.

Sperm pathway through male reproductive tract SEVEN UP:
Seminiferous tubules
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Nothing
Urethra
Penis

Ureter to ovarian/testicular artery relation "Water under the bridge":
The ureters (which carry water), are posterior to the ovarian/testicular artery.
· Clinically important, since a common surgical error is to cut ureter instead of ovarian artery when removing uterus.

Soleus vs. gastrocnemius muscle function "Stand on your Soles. Explosive gas":
You stand on soles of your shoes, so Soleus is for posture.
Gasoline is explosive, so Gastrocnemius is for explosive movement.

Serratus anterior: innervation and action "C5-6-7 raise your arms up to heaven":
Long thoracic nerve roots (567) innervate Serratus anterior.
· Test C567 roots clinically by ability to raise arm past 90 degrees.

Wrist: radial side vs. ulnar side Make a fist with your thumb up in the air and say "Rad!".
Your thumb is now pointing to your Radius.
· Note: 'Rad!' was a late 80's catchphrase, short for 'Radical'. Things that were good were called 'Rad'.

Medial malleolus:
order of tendons, artery, nerve behind it "Tom, Dick, And Nervous Harry":
· From anterior to posterior:
Tibialis
Digitorum
Artery
Nerve
Hallicus
· Full names for these are: Tibialis Posterior, Flexor Digitorum Longus, Posterior Tibial Artery, Posterior Tibial Nerve, Flexor Hallicus Longus.
· Alternatively: "Tom, Dick ANd Harry".
· Alternatively: "Tom, Dick And Not Harry".

Hip posterior dislocation: most likely arrangement for one "Hitting the brake pedal before the accident":
You are sitting, so hip is flexed, and adducted and medially rotated so can move your foot away from the gas pedal over to the brake pedal.
· Note: car accidents are

Diaphragm apertures "3 holes, each with 3 things going through it":
Aortic hiatus: aorta, thoracic duct, azygous vein.
Esophageal hiatus: esophagus, vagal trunks, left gastric vessels.
Caval foramen: inferior vena cava, right phrenic nerve, lymph nodes.

Buttock quadrant safest for needle insertion "Shut up and butt out":
The Upper Outer quadrant of the Buttock safely avoids hitting sciatic nerve.

Superior thyroid artery branches "May I Softly Squeeze Charlie's Girl?":
Muscular
Infrahyoid
Superior laryngeal
Sternomastoid
Cricothyroid
Glandular

Deep tendon reflexes: root supply "1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8":
S1-2: ankle
L3-4: knee
C5-6: biceps, supinator
C7-8: triceps

Vertebrae: recognizing a thoracic from lumbar Examine vertebral body shape:
Thoracic is heart-shaped body since your heart is in your thorax.
Lumbar is kidney-bean shaped since kidneys are in lumbar area.
· See diagram.

Cubital fossa contents MBBR:
· From medial to lateral:
Median nerve
Brachial artery
Biceps tendon
Radial nerve

Ear: bones of inner ear Take a Hammer: Malleus
Hit an Indian Elephant: Incus
It puts its foot in a stirrup: Stapes
· Describes the shape, and relative position (from out to in) of the inner ear bones.
· Alternatively: "Mailing Includes Stamps".

Popliteal fossa: muscles arrangement The two Semi's go together, Semimembranosus and Semitendonosus.
The Membranosus is Medial and since the two semis go together, Semitendonosus is also medial.
Therefore, Biceps Femoris has to be lateral.
Of the semi's, to remember which one is superficial: the Tendonosus is on Top.

CN VII innervated muscles (branchial arch 2 derivatives)
"Imagine someone making the facial expression to say 'PSS...' ":
Facial expression muscles
Posterior belly of digastric
Stapedius
Stylohyoid

Carpal bones
"Scottish Lads Take Prostitutes To The Caledonian Hotel":
· Proximal row, then distal row:
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrium
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capate
Hamate
· Alternatively: "Students Like Taking Prostitutes To The Carelton Hotel".

Bronchopulmonary segments of the left lung "Astute Anatomists Share Inside Secrets About Lungs":
Apicoposterior (S1+2)
Anterior (S3)
Superior (S4)
Inferior (S5)
Superior (S6)
Anteromedial basal (S7+8)
Lateral basal (S9)

Biceps brachii muscle: origins
"You walk shorter to a street corner. You ride longer on a superhighway.":
· Short head originates from coracoid process.
· Long head originates from the supraglenoid cavity.

Extrinsic muscles of tongue [for pro soccer fans] "Paris St. Germain's Hour":
Palatoglossus
Styloglossus
Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
· PSG is a French soccer team (foreign), hence extrinsic comes to mind.

Anteflexed vs. anteverted: what bodypart each describes "Anteflexed and Anteverted both bend toward Anterior".
· The "V" words go together: Verted is for the cerVix (therefore flexed must be uterus).

Lung lobe numbers: right vs. left Tricuspid heart valve and tri-lobed lung both on the right side.
Bicuspid and bi-lobed lung both on the left side.

Axillary artery branches "Send The Lord to Say A Prayer":
· From proximal to distal:
Superior thoracic
Thoracacromial
Lateral thoracic
Subscapular
Anterior circumflex humeral
Posterior circumflex humeral

Foramen spinosum: location on base of skull Foramen spinosum is adjacent to the spine of sphenoid.

Tonsils: The three types "PPL (people) have tonsils":
Pharyngeal
Palatine
Lingual

Palmaris longus: location, relative to wrist nerves "The Palmaris between two Palmars":
Palmaris longus is between the Palmar cutaneous branch of Ulnar nerve and Palmar cutaneous branch of Median nerve.

Hyoid bone: muscle attachments "Christ, He Didn't Screw Girls Much. That's Obvious, Stupid":
· The first sentence is for 6 muscles attaching superiorly, the second sentence is for 3 muscles attaching inferiorly.
· Both sentences are in order from lateral to medial:
Constricter (middle)
Hyoglossus
Digastric
Stylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Myloyoid
Thyrohyoid
Omohyoid
Sternohyoid

Lung lobes: segments of right middle lobe "ML=ML":
Segments of Middle Lobe are Medial & Lateral.

Female pelvic organs' blood supply "3 organs, each get 2 blood supplies":
Uterus: uterine, vaginal.
Rectum: middle rectal, inferior rectal [inferior rectal is the end of pudendal].
Bladder: superior vesical, inferior vesical.

Face muscles: large muscle groups' cranial innervation Mandibular nerve: Mastication.
Facial nerve: Facial expression.

Femoral triangle: arrangement of nerve, artery, vein VAN:
· From medial to lateral:
Vein
Artery
Nerve
· Nerve/Artery/Vein are all called Femoral.

Cranial bones "Old Pygmies From Thailand Eat Skulls":
Occipital
Parietal
Frontal
Temporal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
· Note: 'skull-eating pygmies' helps remind that mnemonic is for the skull.
· Alternatively: "Old People From Texas Eat Spiders".
· Alternatively: "Prostitutes Offer Free Sex To Everyone".

Psoas major: innervation If you hit L2, 3, 4
Psoas gets sore!

Ansa cervicalis nerves "GHost THought SOmeone STupid SHot Irene":
Geniohyoid
Thyrohyoid
Superior Omohyoid
Sternothyroid
Sternohyoid
Inferior omohyoid

Leg: anterior muscles of leg "Tom's Hairy ANd Dirty Penis":
T: Tibialis anterior
H: extensor Hollicis longus
AN: anterior tibial Artery & deep fibular Nerve
D: extensor Digitorum longus
P: Peronius tertius [aka fibularis tertius]

Eye rotation by oblique muscles "I Love S&M":
Inferior oblique: Lateral eye rotation.
Superior oblique: Medial eye rotation.

Inversion vs. eversion direction in the foot Little INtroVERted boys roll their feet in when talking to girls.
Also, can just watch which way the sole of the foot goes: does it face in or out?
· See diagram.

Bowel components
"Dow Jones Industrial Average Closing Stock Report": · From proximal to distal: Duodenum Jejunum Ileum Appendix Colon Sigmoid Rectum · Alternatively: to include the cecum, "Dow Jones Industrial Climbing Average Closing Stock Report".

Ulnar nerve to ulnar artery and radial nerve to radial artery relationsThink "peripheral nerves": The ulnar nerve is "ulnar" to the ulnar artery. Radial nerve is "radial" to the radial artery.

Carpal bones
"Her C#nt's Too Tight So Lubricate The Penis": · Anticlockwise: Hamate Capate Trapezoid Trapezium Scaphoid Lunate Triquetral Pisiform

Oblique muscles: direction of externals vs. internals
"Hands in your pockets": When put hands in your pockets, fingers now lie on top of external obliques and fingers point their direction of fibers: down and towards midline. · Note: "oblique" tells that must be going at an angle. · Internal obliques are at right angles to external.

Murphy's point organ [for Irish]"Murphy was an Irishman (and Murphy is a classic Irish surname), and Ireland=green": Green organ in body is gallbladder, so Murphy's point is the gall bladder.

Duodenum: lengths of parts"Counting 1 to 4 but staggered": 1st part: 2 inches 2nd part: 3 inches 3rd part: 4 inches 4th part: 1 inch

Elbow: which side has common flexor originFM (as in FM Radio): Flexor Medial, so Common Flexor Origin is on the medial side.

Carpal bones
"She Licks Toms Prick; Her Cu*t's Too Tight": Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Hamate Capitate Trapezoid Trapezium

Supination vs. pronation: which is more powerfulScrews were designed to be tightened well by majority of people. "Righty tighty": to tighten screws you turn to the right. Majority of people are right-handed. Turning right-hand to the right is supination.

Median and ulnar nerves: common featuresEach supply 1/2 of flexor digitorum profundus. Each supplies 2 lumbricals. Each has a palmar cutaneous nerve that pops off prematurely. Each supplies an eminence group of muscles [ulnar: hypothenar. median: thenar]. Each enters forearm through two heads [ulnar: heads of flexor carpi ulnaris. median: heads of pronator teres]. Each has no branches in upper arm. Each makes two fingers claw when cut at wrist. Each supplies a palmaris [median: palmaris longus. ulnar: palmaris brevis].

Bowel components "Dublin Sisters Ceramic Red Colored Jewelry Apparently Illegal":
· 2-4 letters of each component:
Duodenum
Sigmoid
Cecum
Rectum
Colon
Jejunum
Appendix
Ileum

Thoracic duct: which half of upper body does it drain Know drains all of lower body, but was it the right or the left part of the upper body?
Answer: its Lymph from the Left of the upper body.

Mediastinums: posterior mediastinum structures
There are 4 birds:
The esophaGOOSE (esophagus)
The vaGOOSE nerve
The azyGOOSE vein
The thoracic DUCK (duct)

Maxillary artery branches
"DAM I AM Piss Drunk But Stupid Drunk I Prefer, Must Phone Alcoholics Anonymous":
Deep auricular
Anterior tympanic
Middle meningeal
Inferior alveolar
Accessory meningeal
Masseteric
Pterygoid
Deep temporal
Buccal
Sphenopalatine
Descending palatine
Infraorbital
Posterior superior alveolar
Middle superior alveolar
Pharyngeal
Anterior superior alveolar
Artery of the pterygoid canal

Ulna bone: quick recognition in oral exam The Ulnar bone has a "U" at the end where it goes over the trochlea.

Vetebrae subtypes "Certain Doctors Luv Saddling Coeds":
· From superior to inferior:
Cervical
Dorsal
Lumbar
Sacrum
Coccyx

External carotid artery branches StApLE OPIS:
Superior thyroid
Ascending pharyngeal
Lingual
External maxillary (facial)
Occipital
Posterior auricular
Internal maxillary
Superficial temporal

Carpal bones "The boat sailed to the moon with 3 pEas in a rOw, at the wheel was Captain Hook":
· Carpal bones in order of occurrence:
Boat is scaphoid. Moon is lunate. 3 is triquetrum. Peas is pisiform (stressing the E sound for trapezium). Row is trapezoid (stressing the O for trapezOid). Captain is capitate. Hook is hamate (hamate has the hook).

Coelic trunk: branches Left Hand Side (LHS):
Left gastric artery
Hepatic artery
Splenic artery

Penis: spinal level innervation "S2, 3, 4 keep the penis off the floor":
· Alternatively: "S2, 3, 4 make a mess on the floor".
Penis innervated by pudendal nerve branches, derived from spinal cord levels S2-4.

Thoracic cage: relations to the important venous structures Behind the sternoclavicular joints: the brachiocephalic veins begin.
Behind the 1st costal cartilage on the right the superior vena cava begins.
Behind the 2nd costal cartilage on the right the azygos vein ends.
Behind the 3rd costal cartilage on the right the superior vena cava ends.

Lacrimal nerve course "Lacrimal's story of 8 L's":
Lacrimal nerve runs on Lateral wall of orbit above Lateral rectus, then Lets communicating branch join in, then supplies Lacrimal gland, then Leaves it and supplies Lateral upper eye Lid!

Saphenous veins: path of great vs. small at malleolus "MAGdelaine has varicose veins" [The saphenous veins are important for varicose veins]:
Medial maleolus, Anterior to maleolus, and Great saphenous go together.
Then the opposites of these go together: Small saphenous is posterior to the lateral maleolus.

Leino- definition "Leino" rhymes with "spleen-o":
Therefore leino- means something to do with the spleen.

Spermatic cord contents "Piles Don't Contribute To A Good Sex Life":
Pampiniform plexus
Ductus deferens
Cremasteric artery
Testicular artery
Artery of the ductus deferens
Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
Sympathetic nerve fibers
Lymphatic vessels

Brachial plexus organization "The Castrated Dog Turns Rabid":
· From lateral to medial:
Terminal branches
Cords
Divisions
Trunks
Roots

Lordosis vs. kyphosis Lordosis: Lumbar.
KYphosis is HY up on the spine.

Carpal bones "Happy Cat Tom Took Pie To Little Sister":
Hamate
Capitate
Trapezoid
Trapezium
Pisiform
Triquital
Lunate
Scaphoid

Plantarflexion vs. dorsiflexion Plantar flexion occurs when you squish a Plant with your foot.

Autonomics to the gut "The PARAsympathetics follow a rule of TWO" [pair = two]:
· The vagus does the top, the sacral splanchnics the outflow tract.
"The sympathetics follow a rule of threes":
· Greater, lesser, least splanchnic nerves go to the celiac,superior and inferior mesenteric ganglion.

Adductor magnus innervation "AM SO!":
Adductor Magnus innervated by Sciatic and Obturator.

Carpal tunnel syndrome: causes TRAMP:
Trauma (occupational)
Rheumatiod arthritis
Acromegaly
Myxoedema
Pregnancy
· Alternatively: ARMPIT to include Idiopathic.

Musculocutaneous nerve: muscles innervated BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation):
Biceps brachii
Brachioradialis
Coracobrachialis

Descending abdominal aorta: seven divisions "Sometimes Intestines Get Really Stretched Causing Leakage":
Suprarenals [paired]
Inferior mesenteric
Gonadal [paired]
Renals [paired]
Superior mesenteric
Celiac
Lumbar [paired]

Menisci attachments in knee "Each meniscus has something attached to it":
The medial meniscus has the medial collateral ligament.
The lateral meniscus is attached to the popliteal muscle.

Carpel bones "So Long To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb":
· Proximal row, lateral-to-medial, then distal row, medial-to-medial:
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrium
Pisiform
Hamate
Capate
Trapezoid
Trapezium

Cruciate ligaments: insertions PAMS APPLES:
Posterior [passes] Anterior [inserts] Medially.
Anterior [passes] Posteriorly [inserts] Laterally.

Sperm: path through male reproductive system "My boyfriend's name is STEVE":
Seminiferous Tubules
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct

Femoral artery deep branches "Put My Leg Down Please":
Profundus femoris (deep femoral artery)
Medial circumflex femoral artery
Lateral circumflex femoral artery
Descending genicular arteries
Perforating arteries

Lower limb peripheral nerve injurys "Drop into a DEeP PIT and shuffle your way out":
Foot Drop results from Dorsiflexors and Evertors paralysis, due to common Peroneal nerve lesion.
Plantarflexion and Inversion impairment due to Tibial nerve lesion, results in a shuffling gait.

Supination vs. pronation "SOUPination": Supination is to turn your arm palm up, as if you are holding a bowl of soup.
"POUR-nation": Pronation is to turn your arm with the palm down, as if you are pouring out whatever is your bowl.
· Alternatively, Pronation donation: Pronation is palm facing downward, as if making a donation.

Subclavian artery branches "Very Tired Individuals Sip Strong Coffee Served Daily":
Vertebral artery
Thyrocervical trunk
---Inferior thyroid
---Superficial cervical
---Suprascapular
Costocervical
---Superior intercostal
---Deep cervical

Scalp: nerve supply GLASS:
Greater occipital/ Greater auricular
Lesser occipital
Auriculotemporal
Supratrochlear
Supraorbital

Tibia: muscles of pes anserinus (the muscles attached to tibia's medial side) "A Girl between Two Sargeants":
Gracilus is between
Sartorius and
Semitendonosus

Rib costal groove: order of intercostal blood vessels and nerve VAN:
· From superior to inferior:
Vein
Artery
Nerve

Internal pudendal branches "I Pee Pee But Don't Dump!":
Inferior rectal
Posterior scrotal (or labial)
Perineal
Bulb
Deep artery
Dorsal artery

Spinal cord: length in vertebral column SCULL:
Spinal Cord Until L2 (LL).

Erector spinae muscles: order Spinalis is on the spine (most medial).
Iliocostalis is on the ribs (most lateral).
And it's a Long (Longissimus) way between the spine and the ribs!

Portal-systemic anastomoses: main 2 places that retroperitoneals connect into systemic RetroPeritoneals hook up with Renal and Paravertebral veins.

Carpum and tarsum "SCIT":
(Artum) Superior Carpum
(Artum) Inferior Tarsum

Brachial artery: recurrent and collateral branches "I Am Pretty Sexy"
Inferior ulnar collateral artery goes with Anterior ulnar recurrent artery.
Posterior ulnar recurrent artery goes with Superior ulnar collateral artery.
· Alternatively: "I Am Pretty Smart".

Orbit: bones of medial wall "My Little Eye Sits in the orbit":
Maxilla (frontal process)
Lacrimal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid (body)

Facial nerve branches "Two Zombies Buggered My Cat":
· From superior to inferior:
Temporal branch
Zygomatic branch
Buccal branch
Mandibular branch
Cervical branch
· Alternatively: "Two Zulus Bit My Cat".
· Alternatively: "Two Zebras Bit My Coccyx".
· Alternatively: "To Zanzibar By Motor Car".
· Alternatively: "Tall Zulus Bear Many Children".

Cartilage derivatives of 1st pharyngeal arch (mandibular) "I'M A Super Sexy Guy" (or Girl):
Incus
Malleus
Anterior ligament of malleus
Spine of sphenoid
Sphenomandibular ligament
Genial tubercle of mandible

Facial nerve: branches after Stylomastoid foramen "Ten Zulus Buggered My Cat (Painfully)":
· From superior to inferior:
Temporal branch
Zygomatic branch
Buccal branch
Mandibular branch
Cervical branch
(Posterior auricular nerve)
· Alternatively: "PAssing Through Zanzibar By Motor Car" (PA for Posterior Auricular).

Sperm pathway through male reproductive tract "STaRT DEEP--VD!":
· Sperm duct system progression, from smallest to largest:
ST: Seminiferous Tubules
RT: Rete Testes
DE: Ductus Efferentes
EP: Epididymis
VD: Vas Deferens

Superior orbital fissure: structures passing through "Live Free To See Absolutely No Insult":
Lacrimal nerve
Frontal nerve
Trochlear nerve
Superior branch of oculomotor nerve
Abducent nerve
Nasociliary nerve
Inferior branch of oculomotor nerve

Vertebrae: number of facets a typical thoracic has Typical Thoracic has Ten facets.

External carotid artery branches "So Long For Acting Old Parenting Means Stability":
Superior thyroid
Lingual
Facial
Ascending pharyngeal
Occiptal
Posterior auricular
Maxillary
Superficial temporal

Horner's syndrome components "HORNy PAM"
· Horner's is:
Ptosis
Anhidrosis
Miosis

Superior mediastinum contents "BATS & TENT":
Brachiocephalic veins
Arch of aorta
Thymus
Superior vena cava
Trachea
Esophagus
Nerves (vagus & phrenic)
Thoracic duct

Scrotum layers "Some Days Eddie Can Irritate People Very Thourougly":
Skin
Dartos layer
External spermatic fascia
Cremaster muscle
Internal spermatic fascia
Parietal tunica vaginalis
Visceral tunica vaginalis
Tunica albuginea

External carotid artery branches "Sally Ate Lots Of Fresh Produce March Through September":
Superior thyroid
Ascending laryngeal
Lingual
Occipital (O before F is an extremely common variation)
Facial
Posterior auricular
Maxillary
Transverse facial
Superficial temporal

Cubital fossa contents "Really Need Booze To Be At My Nicest":
· From lateral to medial:
Radial Nerve
Biceps Tendon
Brachial Artery
Median Nerve

Cricoarytenoids: abductor vs. adductor When aliens abduct you, they Probe you.
Posterior cricoarytenoids abduct. Lateral therefore is adduct by default.

Extensor expansion location in the hand The eXtensor eXpansion is on the proXimal phalynX.

Carpal bone having the hook The Hamate has the Hook.

External carotid artery branches "She Lay Flaccid As Olaf's Penis Slipped In":
· From caudal to cephalad:
Superior thyroid
Lingual
Facial
Ascending pharyngeal
Occipital
Posterior auricular
Superficial temporal
(Internal) maxillary

Brachial artery is medial to biceps tendon "BAMBI":
Brachial Artery is Medial to Biceps In elbow.

Ossification ages "Every Potential Anatomist Should Know When"
· When they ossify, in order of increasing year:
Elbow: 16 years
Pelvis, Ankle: 17 years
Shoulder, Knee: 18 years
Wrist: 19 years

Carpal bones (multangular names) "Never Lower Tillie's Pants. Mother May Come Home.":
Navicular
Lunate
Triquetrium
Pisiform
greater Multangular (trapezium)
lesser Multangular (trapezoid)
Capitate
Hamate

V3: sensory branches "Buccaneers Are Inferior Linguists":
Buccal
Auriculotemporal
Inferior alveolar
Lingual

Pharmacology Mnemonics

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Medicos) — Mon, 08 Aug 2011 07:51:00 +0000

Pulmonary infiltrations inducing drugs "Go BAN Me!":
Gold
Bleomycin/ Busulphan/ BCNU
Amiodarone/ Acyclovir/ Azathioprine
Nitrofurantoin
Melphalan/ Methotrexate/ Methysergide

MPTP: mechanism, effect MPTP:
Mitochondrial Parkinson's-Type Poison.
· A mitochondrial poison that elicits a Parkinson's-type effect.

Antimuscarinics: members, action
"Inhibits Parasympathetic And Sweat":
Ipratropium Pirenzepine Atropine Scopolamine
· Muscarinic receptors at all parasympathetic endings sweat glands in sympathetic.

Teratogenic drugs: major non-antibiotics TAP CAP:
Thalidomide Androgens Progestins Corticosteroids Aspirin & indomethacin Phenytoin

Steroid side effects CUSHINGOID:
Cataracts
Ulcers
Skin: striae, thinning, bruising
Hypertension/ Hirsutism/ Hyperglycemia
Infections
Necrosis, avascular necrosis of the femoral head
Glycosuria
Osteoporosis, obesity
Immunosuppression
Diabetes

Beta blockers with CYP2D6 polymorphic metabolism
"I Met Tim Carver, the metabolic polymorph":
· The following beta blockers require dose adjustment due to CYP2D6 polymorphic metabolism:
Metoprolol Timolol Carvedilol (in patients with lower or higher than normal CYP2D6 activity)

Beta blockers with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity
Picture diabetic and asthmatic kids riding away on a cart that rolls on pinwheels. Pindolol and Carteolol have high and moderate ISA respectively, making them acceptable for use in some diabetics or asthmatics despite the fact that they are non-seletive beta blockers.

Muscarinic effects SLUG BAM:
Salivation/ Secretions/ Sweating
Lacrimation
Urination
Gastrointestinal upset
Bradycardia/ Bronchoconstriction/ Bowel movement
Abdominal cramps/ Anorexia
Miosis

Sulfonamide: major side effects
· Sulfonamide side effects:
Steven-Johnson syndrome
Skin rash
Solubility low (causes crystalluria)
Serum albumin displaced (causes newborn kernicterus and potentiation of other serum albumin-binders like warfarin)

Epilepsy types, drugs of choice:
"Military General Attacked Weary Fighters Pronouncing 'Veni Vedi Veci' After Crushing Enemies":
· Epilepsy types: Myoclonic Grand mal Atonic West syndrome Focal Petit mal (absence)
· Respective drugs: Valproate Valproate Valproate ACTH Carbamazepine Ethosuximide

Quinolones [and Fluoroquinolones]: mechanism
"Topple the Queen": Quinolone interferes with Topoisomerase II.

Beta blockers:
B1 selective vs. B1-B2 non-selective
A through N: B1 selective: Acebutalol, Atenolol, Esmolol, Metoprolol.
O through Z: B1, B2 non-selective: Pindolol, Propanalol, Timolol.

Ribavirin: indications RIBAvirin:
RSV
Influenza B
Arenaviruses (Lassa, Bolivian, etc.)
Hypertension: treatment ABCD:
ACE inhibitors/ AngII antagonists (sometimes Alpha agonists also) Beta blockers
Calcium antagonists
Diuretics

Narcotics: side effects "SCRAM if you see a drug dealer": Synergistic CNS depression with other drugs
Constipation
Respiratory depression
Addiction
Miosis
Sex hormone drugs: male "Feminine Males Need Testosterone":
Fluoxymesterone
Methyltestosterone
Nandrolone
Testosterone

Ca++ channel blockers: uses CA++ MASH:
Cerebral vasospasm/ CHF
Angina
Migranes
Atrial flutter, fibrillation
Supraventricular tachycardia
Hypertension
· Alternatively: "CHASM":
Cererbral vasospasm / CHF
Hypertension
Angina
Suprventricular tachyarrhythmia
Migranes

Disulfiram-like reaction inducing drugs "PM PMT" as in Pre Medical Test in the PM:
Procarbazine
Metronidazole
Cefo (Perazone, Mandole, Tetan).

Delerium-causing drugs ACUTE CHANGE IN MS:
Antibiotics (biaxin, penicillin, ciprofloxacin)
Cardiac drugs (digoxin, lidocaine)
Urinary incontinence drugs (anticholinergics)
Theophylline
Ethanol
Corticosteroids
H2 blockers
Antiparkinsonian drugs
Narcotics (esp. mepridine)
Geriatric psychiatric drugs
ENT drugs
Insomnia drugs
NSAIDs (eg indomethacin, naproxin)
Muscle relaxants
Seizure medicines

Morphine: side-effects MORPHINE:
Myosis
Out of it (sedation)
Respiratory depression
Pneumonia (aspiration)
Hypotension
Infrequency (constipation, urinary retention)
Nausea
Emesis

Therapeutic dosage: toxicity values for most commonly monitored medications
"The magic 2s":
Digitalis (.5-1.5) Toxicity = 2.
Lithium (.6-1.2) Toxicity = 2.
Theophylline (10-20) Toxicity = 20.
Dilantin (10-20) Toxicity = 20.
APAP (1-30) Toxicity = 200.

Diuretics:
thiazides: indications "CHIC to use thiazides":
CHF
Hypertension
Insipidous
Calcium calculi

Migraine: prophylaxis drugs
"Very Volatile Pharmacotherapeutic Agents For Migraine Prophylaxis":
Verpamil
Valproic acid
Pizotifen
Amitriptyline
Flunarizine
Methysergide
Propranolol

Adrenoceptors: vasomotor function of alpha vs. beta
ABCD:
Alpha = Constrict.
Beta = Dilate.

Antiarrhythmics: classification
I to IV MBA College
· In order of class I to IV:
Membrane stabilizers (class I)
Beta blockers
Action potential widening agents
Calcium channel blockers

Opiods: mu receptor effects "MD CARES":
Miosis
Dependency
Constipation
Analgesics
Respiratory depression
Euphoria
Sedation

Cancer drugs: time of action between DNA->mRNA ABCDEF: Alkylating agents
Bleomycin
Cisplastin
Dactinomycin/ Doxorubicin
Etoposide
Flutamide and other steroids or their antagonists (eg tamoxifen, leuprolide)

Busulfan: features ABCDEF:
Alkylating agent
Bone marrow suppression s/e
CML indication
Dark skin (hyperpigmentation) s/e
Endrocrine insufficiency (adrenal) s/e
Fibrosis (pulmonary) s/e

Tricyclic antidepressants: members worth knowing
"I have to hide, the CIA is after me":
Clomipramine Imipramine Amitrptyline
· If want the next 3 worth knowing, the DNDis also after me:
Desipramine Norrtriptyline Doxepin

Torsades de Pointes: drugs causing APACHE:
Amiodarone Procainamide Arsenium Cisapride Haloperidol Eritromycin

Serotonin syndrome: components Causes HARM:
Hyperthermia Autonomic instability (delirium) Rigidity Myoclonus

Tetracycline: teratogenicity
TEtracycline is a TEratogen that causes staining of TEeth in the newborn.

Patent ductus arteriosus: treatment
"Come In and Close the door": INdomethacin is used to Close PDA.

Physostigmine vs. neostigmine LMNOP:
Lipid soluble
Miotic
Natural
Orally absorbed well
Physostigmine
· Neostigmine, on the contrary, is:
Water soluble
Used in myesthenia gravis
Synthetic
Poor oral absorption

Beta 1 selective blockers
"BEAM ONE up, Scotty":
Beta 1 blockers:
Esmolol
Atenolol
Metropolol

Antirheumatic agents (disease modifying): members
CHAMP:
Cyclophosphamide
Hydroxycloroquine and choloroquinine
Auranofin and other gold compounds
Methotrexate
Penicillamine

Auranofin, aurothioglucose: category and indication
Aurum is latin for "gold" (gold's chemical symbol is Au).
Generic Aur- drugs (Auranofin, Aurothioglucose) are gold compounds.
· If didn't learn yet that gold's indication is rheumatoid arthritis, AUR- Acts Upon Rheumatoid.

Antiarrhythmics: class III members BIAS:
Bretylium
Ibutilide
Amiodarone
Sotalol

MAOIs: indications MAOI'S:
Melancholic [classic name for atypical depression]
Anxiety
Obesity disorders [anorexia, bulemia]
Imagined illnesses [hypochondria]
Social phobias
· Listed in decreasing order of importance.
· Note MAOI is inside MelAnchOlIc.

SIADH-inducing drugs ABCD:
Analgesics: opioids, NSAIDs
Barbiturates
Cyclophosphamide/ Chlorpromazine/ Carbamazepine
Diuretic (thiazide)

K+ increasing agents K-BANK:
K-sparing diuretic
Beta blocker
ACEI
NSAID
K supplement

Reserpine action:
Reserpine depletes the Reserves of catecholamines [and serotonin].

Succinylcholine:
action, use Succinylcholine gets Stuck to Ach receptor, then Sucks ions in through open pore. You Suck stuff in through a mouth-tube, and drug is used for intubation.
Beta-blockers: side effects "BBC Loses Viewers In Rochedale": Bradycardia
Bronchoconstriction
Claudication
Lipids
Vivid dreams & nightmares
-ve Inotropic action
Reduced sensitivity to hypoglycaemia
Cisplatin: major side effect, action "Ci-Splat-In":
Major side effect: Splat (vomiting sound)--vomiting so severe that anti-nausea drug needed. Action: Goes Into the DNA strand.

Vir-named drugs: use"-vir at start, middle or end means for virus": · Drugs:
Abacavir,
Acyclovir,
Amprenavir,
Cidofovir,
Denavir,
Efavirenz,
Indavir,
Invirase,
Famvir,
Ganciclovir,
Norvir,
Oseltamivir,
Penciclovir,
Ritonavir,
Saquinavir,
Valacyclovir,
Viracept,
Viramune,
Zanamivir,
Zovirax.

Phenobarbitone: side effects
Children are annoying (hyperkinesia, irritability, insomnia, aggression).
Adults are dosy (sedation, dizziness, drowsiness).

Prazocin: usage
Prazocin sounds like an acronym of "praszz zour urine".
Therefore Prazocin used for urinary retention in BPH.

Opioids: effects BAD AMERICANS:
Bradycardia & hypotension
Anorexia
Diminished pupilary size
Analgesics
Miosis
Euphoria
Respiratory depression
Increased smooth muscle activity (biliary tract constriction) Constipation
Ameliorate cough reflex
Nausea and vomiting
Sedation

TB: antibiotics used
STRIPE:
STreptomycin Rifampicin Isoniazid Pyrizinamide Ethambutol

Phenytoin: adverse effects PHENYTOIN:
P-450 interactions
Hirsutism
Enlarged gums
Nystagmus
Yellow-browning of skin
Teratogenicity
Osteomalacia
Interference with B12 metabolism (hence anemia)
Neuropathies: vertigo, ataxia, and headache

Narcotic antagonists
The Narcotic Antagonists are NAloxone and NAltrexone. · Important clinically to treat narcotic overdose.

Thrombolytic agents USA:
Urokinase Streptokinase Alteplase (tPA)

Routes of entry: most rapid ways meds/toxins enter body
"Stick it, Sniff it, Suck it, Soak it":
Stick = Injection
Sniff = inhalation
Suck = ingestion
Soak = absorption

Asthma drugs: leukotriene inhibitor action
zAfirlukast: Antagonist of lipoxygenase
zIlueton: Inhibitor of LT receptor

Direct sympathomimetic catecholamines DINED:
Dopamine
Isoproterenol
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Dobutamine

Anticholinergic side effects
"Know the ABCD'S of anticholinergic side effects":
Anorexia
Blurry vision
Constipation/ Confusion
Dry Mouth
Sedation/ Stasis of urine

Atropine use: tachycardia or bradycardia
"A goes with B": Atropine used clinically to treat Bradycardia.

Bleomycin: action
"Bleo-Mycin Blows My DNA to bits": Bleomycin works by fragmenting DNA (blowing it to bits). My DNA signals that its used for cancer (targeting self cells).

Aspirin: side effects ASPIRIN:
Asthma
Salicyalism
Peptic ulcer disease/ Phosphorylation-oxidation uncoupling/ PPH/ Platelet disaggregation/ Premature closure of PDA
Intestinal blood loss
Reye's syndrome
Idiosyncracy
Noise (tinnitus)

Lupus: drugs inducing it HIP:
Hydralazine
INH
Procanimide

Vigabatrin: mechanism Vi-GABA-Tr-In:
Via GABA Transferase Inhibition

Morphine: effects at mu receptor PEAR:
Physical dependence
Euphoria
Analgesia
Respiratory depression

Enoxaprin (prototype low molecular weight heparin): action, monitoring EnoXaprin only acts on factor Xa. Monitor Xa concentration, rather than APTT.

Beta-1 vs Beta-2 receptor location "You have 1 heart and 2 lungs":
Beta-1 are therefore primarily on heart. Beta-2 primarily on lungs.

SSRIs: side effects SSRI:
Serotonin syndrome
Stimulate CNS
Reproductive disfunctions in male
Insomnia

Ipratropium: action Atropine is buried in the middle:
iprAtropium, so it behaves like Atropine.

Warfarin: action, monitoring WePT:
Warfarin works on the extrinsic pathway and is monitored by PT.

Propranolol and related '-olol' drugs: usage"olol" is just two backwards lower case b's. Backward b's stand for "beta blocker". · Beta blockers include acebutolol, betaxolol, bisoprolol, oxprenolol, propranolol.

Depression: 5 drugs causing it PROMS:
Propranolol
Reserpine
Oral contraceptives
Methyldopa
Steroids

Lead poisoning: presentation ABCDEFG:
Anemia
Basophilic stripping
Colicky pain
Diarrhea
Encephalopathy
Foot drop
Gum (lead line)

Myasthenia gravis: edrophonium vs. pyridostigmine
eDrophonium is for Diagnosis.
pyRIDostigmine is to get RID of symptoms.

Morphine: effects MORPHINES:
Miosis
Orthostatic hypotension
Respiratory depression
Pain supression
Histamine release/ Hormonal alterations
Increased ICT
Nausea
Euphoria
Sedation

Inhalation anesthetics SHINE:
Sevoflurane
Halothane
Isoflurane
Nitrous oxide
Enflurane
· If want the defunct Methoxyflurane too, make it MoonSHINE.

Cholinergics (eg organophosphates): effects
If you know these, you will be "LESS DUMB":
Lacrimation
Excitation of nicotinic synapses
Salivation
Sweating
Diarrhea
Urination
Micturition
Bronchoconstriction

Benzodiazapines: ones not metabolized by the liver (safe to use in liver failure) LOT: Lorazepam Oxazepam Temazepam

Benzodiazepines: actions
"Ben SCAMs Pam into seduction not by brain but by muscle":
Sedation
anti-Convulsant
anti-Anxiety
Muscle relaxant
Not by brain: No antipsychotic activity.

Botulism toxin: action, related bungarotoxin
Action: "Botulism Bottles up the Ach so it can't be the released":
Related bungarotoxin: "Botulism is related to Beta Bungarotoxin (beta-, not alpha-bungarotoxin--alpha has different mechanism).

Teratogenic drugs "W/ TERATOgenic":
Warfarin
Thalidomide
Epileptic drugs: phenytoin, valproate, carbamazepine
Retinoid
ACE inhibitor
Third element: lithium
OCP and other hormones (eg danazol)

Gynaecomastia-causing drugs DISCOS:
Digoxin
Isoniazid
Spironolactone
Cimetidine
Oestrogens
Stilboestrol

Benzodiazepenes: drugs which decrease their metabolism
"I'm Overly Calm":
Isoniazid
Oral contraceptive pills
Cimetidine
· These drugs increase calming effect of BZDs by retarding metabolism.

Anesthesia: 4 stages "Anesthesiologists Enjoy S & M":
Analgesia
Excitement
Surgical anesthesia
Medullary paralysis

4-Aminopyradine (4-AP) use"4-AP is For AP":
For AP (action potential) propagation in Multiple Sclerosis.

Osmotic diuretics: members GUM:
Glycerol
Urea
Mannitol

Sodium valproate: side effects VALPROATE:
Vomiting
Alopecia
Liver toxicity
Pancreatitis/ Pancytopenia
Retention of fats (weight gain)
Oedema (peripheral oedema)
Appetite increase
Tremor
Enzyme inducer (liver)

Nitrofurantoin: major side effects NitroFurAntoin:
Neuropathy (peripheral neuropathy)
Fibrosis (pulmonary fibrosis)
Anemia (hemolytic anemia)
Zafirlukast, Montelukast, Cinalukast:
mechanism, usage"Zafir-luk-ast, Monte-luk-ast, Cina-luk-ast": · Anti-Lukotrienes for Asthma.
· Dazzle your oral examiner: Zafirlukast antagonizes leukotriene-4.
Zero order kinetics drugs (most common ones) "PEAZ (sounds like pees) out a constant amount":
Phenytoin
Ethanol
Aspirin
Zero order
· Someone that pees out a constant amount describes zero order kinetics (always the same amount out)

Hepatic necrosis: drugs causing focal to massive necrosis
"Very Angry Hepatocytes":
Valproic acid
Acetaminophen
Halothane

Steroids: side effects BECLOMETHASONE:
Buffalo hump
Easy bruising
Cataracts
Larger appetite
Obesity
Moonface
Euphoria
Thin arms & legs
Hypertension/ Hyperglycaemia
Avascular necrosis of femoral head
Skin thinning
Osteoporosis
Negative nitrogen balance
Emotional liability

Amiodarone: action, side effects 6 P's:
Prolongs action potential duration
Photosensitivity
Pigmentation of skin
Peripheral neuropathy
Pulmonary alveolitis and fibrosis
Peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 is inhibited -> hypothyroidism

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors:
Members "PIT of despair":
Phenelzine
Isocarboxazid
Tranylcypromine ·
A pit of despair, since MAOs treat depression

Warfarin: metabolism SLOW:
· Has a slow onset of action.
· A quicK Vitamin K antagonist, though.
Small lipid-soluble molecule
Liver: site of action
Oral route of administration.
Warfarin

Propythiouracil (PTU):
Mechanism It inhibits PTU:
Peroxidase/ Peripheral deiodination
Tyrosine iodination Union (coupling)

Antibiotics contraindicated during pregnancy MCAT:
Metronidazole
Chloramphenicol
Aminoglycoside
Tetracycline

Beta-blockers:
nonselective beta-blockers"Tim Pinches His Nasal Problem"
(because he has a runny nose...):
Timolol
Pindolol
Hismolol
Naldolol
Propranolol

Methyldopa:
side effects METHYLDOPA:
Mental retardation
Electrolyte imbalance
Tolerance
Headache/ Hepatotoxicity psYcological upset
Lactation in female
Dry mouth
Oedema
Parkinsonism
Anaemia (haemolytic)

Lithium: side effects LITH:
Leukocytosis
Insipidus [diabetes insipidus, tied to polyuria]
Tremor/ Teratogenesis
Hypothyroidism

Respiratory depression inducing drugs "STOP breathing":
Sedatives and hypnotics
Trimethoprim
Opiates
Polymyxins

Benzodiazepenes: antidote "Ben is off with the flu":
Benzodiazepine effects off with Flumazenil.

USA : list of universities accepting foreign students

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Medicos) — Sun, 07 Aug 2011 10:16:00 +0000

University of Rochester
NIH
Yale University
Harvard
Emory
Northwestern
Weil Cornell
NYU
University of Massachusettes
University of Cincinnati
Uni of Connecticut
Brown Alpert
SUNY downstate
Louisvelle University
Maimonides
North Shore/LIJMC
Mount Sinai
Henry Ford(no fees, requires USMLE step 1 but can exempt it)
Baylor College of Medicine
Case Western Reserve University.
Cleaveland Clinic(requires step1)
Mayo Clinic(requires step1)
University of Alabama
Albert Einstein college of medicine(requires step 1)
Wayne State University (requires step 1)
Albany
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
TUFTS
University of Texas Medical Branch of Medicine
Thomas Jefferson University
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
University of Virginia
University of Pennsylvania
Southwestern Medical Center
East Carolina University

Books for FMGE / MCI Exam

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Medicos) — Sat, 06 Aug 2011 13:17:00 +0000

Here I have marked the subjects with '*' and '^' according to the importance of the subject. While one can't afford to miss the subjects with a * mark, the subjects with a ^ mark are the 2nd line or scoring subjects (sometimes these subjects helps to pass). Please click on the subjects to see which books to follow :

Anotomy* Surgery*

Physiology Medicine*

Biochemistry* Obstetrics* / Gynaecology*

Pharmacology* Ophthalmology*

Pathology * Orthopedics

Microbiology* Dermatology^

Forensic^ Psychiatry

Preventive and Social Medicine* Radiology

Anaesthesia ENT^

Paediatrics^

I hope you have already enjoyed your college life. Now, enjoy studying.

MCQs

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Medicos) — Sat, 06 Aug 2011 12:33:00 +0000

Currently there are no MCQs. Question Bank will be available from October 2011. Sorry for the delay...
Please click on the desired subject :

Anotomy Surgery

Physiology Medicine

Biochemistry Obstetrics / Gynaecology

Pharmacology Ophthalmology

Pathology Orthopedics

Microbiology Dermatology

Forensic Psychiatry

Preventive and Social Medicine Radiology

Anaesthesia ENT

Paediatrics

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Medicos) — Sat, 06 Aug 2011 12:03:00 +0000

FAQs

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Medicos) — Sat, 06 Aug 2011 06:14:00 +0000

Please feel free to ask any doubts or if you want to stay anonymous click here

Medical mnemonics for everyone especially students

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Medicos) — Fri, 05 Aug 2011 17:35:00 +0000

Please PRESS the tab on lower right corner for full screen viewMedical mnemonics pdf_print_version

View more documents from 维卡普 Pardhu

Suggest a Site

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Medicos) — Fri, 05 Aug 2011 06:18:00 +0000

Please share with us the medical sites you like to browse for information

Backlinks

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Medicos) — Fri, 05 Aug 2011 03:20:00 +0000

&lt;p&gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;p&amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;br /&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; &amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;/p&amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Diabetes

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Medicos) — Wed, 03 Aug 2011 15:39:00 +0000

A much familiar term from the medical dictionary. Atleast 1 person whom you know, may be suffering from it. Diabetes is a 'ghost rider' as there are many other ailments associated with it. Many of us might not be aware of a few facts which we must know about this condition.

First of all, let us see how it affects us? To know this we need to learn about the types of diabetes

Types of Diabetes
There are two types

Diabetes Insipidus
Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes insipidus is a condition caused by vassopressin or Anti-Diuretic Hormone charecterised by excessive thirst and excretion of large amounts of severely diluted urine. This condition is of less relevance here.

Diabetes Mellitus which is commonly referred to as 'Diabetes' is of much more relevance due to its rising numberof cases in the world. Diabetes Mellitus (from here on will be referred as DM) is of two types

DM Type I
DM Type II

DM type 1 (insulin dependant) results from the autoimmune destruction of the insulin producing beta cells of the pancreas more or less due to genetic susceptibility, a trigger and exposure to a driving antigen. The classical symptoms being polydipsia (thirstiness), polyurea (increased urination) and polyphagia (increased hunger) and weight loss. In the long run it is fatal unless treated with insulin.

DM Type 2 (formerly non insulin dependant) is a metabolic disorder possibly due to a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors and is charecterized by high glucose due to insulin resistance or relative insulin deficiency. Please note that in DM Type 1 above there is no insulin but here is decreased compared to the high amount of glucose in the blood. Often seen in obese patients but can be managed by exercise lifestyle modifications and avoiding stress. And if the condition continues further one may require to take medications.

Complications of Diabetes

Effects can be seen on

Heart
Eye Sight
Kidneys
Blood Circulation
Blood Pressure

Diabetes is diagnosed by Glucose Tolerance Test in which the blood sugar levels are checked.

Prevention of Type 2 DM
Onset of type 2 diabetes can be delayed or prevented through proper nutrition and regular exercise. Intensive lifestyle measures may reduce the risk by over half. Evidence for the benefit of dietary changes alone however is limited. In those with impaired glucose tolerance diet and exercise and/or metformin or acarbose may decrease the risk of developing diabetes. Lifestyle interventions are more effective than metformin.

Preparing for exams? Do not forget these

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Medicos) — Fri, 22 Jul 2011 14:38:00 +0000

Source : freedigitalphotos.net

Often when I hear about an exam, chill runs down my spine. This can be seen with manyothers too. I still remember how i managed to pass my final exams.
Let us see what we need to pass an exam with flying colours

A good memory
Good Health

That is it. Yes, its just these two which are the most important of all. So, now let us discuss these

Memory
Are you often unable to remember the names of people you've met? Do you go to a room and think what are you there for? Well don't worry this is just a tip of an iceberg. There are many more issues related. Just ask the person who is suffering how much demoralising that can be. Memory is an important skill that you can improve.

Here are a few things which you can do to improve learning and retaing:

Source : freedigitalphotos.net

Use mnemonics - use by associating it with people or, by rhyming, or, just a funny phrase which makes it more fun to learn.
Mind mapping - just write a word and link everything around it. For e.g. write car and circle it. Now draw arrow and write its colour, type, segment, etc. and so on. This is how you do it.
Visualise on a regular basis - No you won't start hallucinating. Visualisation if done regularly will help you to associate and recall images.
Focus on important things - of course you won't be able to remember everything you read. So, its important to focus
Revise often - It helps you to shift the information from short memory to long memory.
Socialise - It helps you keep your mind alert as while communicating with someone you focus and concentrate on the words and that helps you.

Now about Health

Eat well.
Drink plenty of water.
Manage stress.
Get enough sleep.
Limit Caffeine, Alcohol.
Stop smoking.
Exercise at least 15 min./day.

This way you can maximize your brain's abilities.Try these and see the results for yourself. Though i can't gaurantee the success but, yes you can improve your memory

FMGE / MCI Exam Preparation Tips

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Medicos) — Wed, 20 Jul 2011 17:14:00 +0000

FMGE / MCI Exam Preparation Tips

Source - FreeDigitalPhotos

FMGE (or Foreign Medical Graduate's Exam) is conducted by National Board of Examinations (NBE) on the last sunday of March and September.
Scared ?
well there is nothing to be scared about. No examination has ever framed that can't be retained in the brain. This is anxiety(exam fear).
Yea, you might be thinking if it is possible to pass the exam even if you didn't study during the whole course. well the answer is yes.
just follow what i've stated and you will be confident enough that you can pass the exam.

What subjects you need to study?
There are two parts of examination Non-Clinical and Clinical and you have to study just these subjects

Non-Clinical
Biochemistry (DIAMS notes/ across)
Anatomy (DIAMS notes/ across/ mudit khanna)
Microbiology (Rachna chaurasia/ DIAMS notes)
Pharmacology (DIAMS notes / Gobind,Sparsh)

Clinical
Surgery (DIAMS notes/ Amit Ashish)
Medicine (Marwah Sahab's notes (DIAMS) / Mudit Khanna)
Obstetrics / Gynaecology (Sakshi Arora/ DIAMS notes)
Ophthalmology (at least 25 questions) (DIAMS notes / Across)
PSM (at least 25 questions) (Vivek Jain / DIAMS notes)

If you think this is a lot, well, its not
So, now the question. What books to follow
I've listed above a few authors. Apart from those you can buy

Self Assessment and Review of FMGE / MCI Screening Examination by KAMAL K V - This book has the last five years questions from MCI Screening.

Platinum Notes (3 volumes) - These books has got all the necessary information for passing the exam though it is for PG, but, it helps.

Whether you should join coachin classes or not?
well in my opinion it is better to join coaching (DIAMS or DAMS) as you will be updated about the new information or pattern or topics being asked more in the exams.(DIAMS, Gautam Nagar, has better faculty and good results)
well option 2 is that you buy or get the notes of coaching centres in the xerox shop right next to the institute. But I'd say those notes might confuse you more if you didn't join the classes because th abbreviations etc are more.

How much time to spend?
It completely depends on the rate at which you can study. Here's a little help
I can study three pages in 1 hour so i decide the time like that.
You have a lot of time to study so don't worry.
While studying take 5 min. break every 30-45 min.

How much time you have?

6 Months - the target can be achieved

3 Months - the target can be achieved

2 Months - i suggest you start studying the MCQs and leave the theory and do revise the part of theory you already know.

Just keep aside at least half the number of days you take to study these subjects for revision.
DONT SLEEP UNTILL YOU ACHIEVE YOUR TARGET

thats all i can tell you but if you have any queries just comment below and i'll answer asap.

Remember guys you are DOCTORS. This exam might push you to low self-confidence but, don't be discouraged. YOU CAN DO IT !

ALL THE BEST