Medicina e Arte, Ciência e Tecnologia

Rascunho infecto: Meningites.

2011-04-22T17:07:00.000-07:00

Agudas e crônicas. Aguda: processo inflamatório das leptomeníngeas.
Vai ter alteração do liquor cefalorraquidiano.
Agentes etiológicos: Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae. Essas são as mais comuns. Teoricamente qualquer bactéria pode dar meningite.
Via hematogênica, por contigüidade, ou acesso direto.
Quadro clínico: cefaléia, vômito e febre; rigidez de nuca; alterações funcionais SNC; Obs: lactentes(abaulamento de fontanela). Não é dor cervical, é rigidez.
Comprometimento meníngeo: rigidez de nuca; sinal de Brudzinski; sinal de Kernig; sinal do “tripé”; sinal de Lasègue.
Meningococcemia:
Sépsis pelo meningococo(Neisseria meningitidis); transmissível por gotículas. É uma doença de diagnóstico clínico vasto, rara...
- Meningite;
- Meningite + meningococcemia (sepse)
- Meningococcemia: nem chega a ter meningite.
Adequação volêmica: veia calibrosa, se possível; SF 40-60mL/kg/hora na 1º aula; monitorizar PA, pulso, FC, nível de consciência...
Correção dos distúrbios metabólicos e ácido-básicos.
Pode ser usado corticóide, porém há controvérsia. Uma coisa é certa, se a pessoa tem sinal de sinal de vasculite, paralisia de nervos cranianos, convulsão...
Faz-se a punção do liquido cefalorraquidiano. Geralmente lombar ou sub occiptal, com o paciente em decúbito lateral ou sentado, em L5-S1. A subocciptal faz com o paciente deitado e o pescoço levemente fletido.
Muitas vezes, quando se colhe já dá pra ver o aspecto do liquido. É feita uma análise quimiocitológico: aumento de glóbulos vermelhos e brancos...predomínio de polimorfonucleares é bacterianas, linfomononuclear é viral. Diminuição de glicose: glicorragia. O normal é 40-60. Se tiver abaixo disto há o consumo de glicose. Pela liberação de interleucinas há o aumento de proteínas no liquor.
Coloração de gram. Diplococcus gram -; bacilo gram -;
Na meningite tuberculosa, vai ter menos células proporcionais à proteína.
Na viral, geralmente não há consumo de glicose.
Testes imunológicos: contra-imunoeletroforese...
Tratamento: se tem o agente: meningocóccica: penicilina cristalina ou Ampicilina;
Sem diagnóstico presuntivo: depende da idade, cefalosporina de 3º geração.
.... ... ...
Complicações:
Supurativas, coleções subdurais, trombose do seio cavernoso, complicações neurológicas: vasculites, herniaçoes, comprometimento nervo craniano;
Tardias: paralisia cerebral; retardo mental; epilepsia; hidrocefalia; artrite...

Rascunho nefro: Glomerulopatias.

2011-04-22T16:57:00.000-07:00

Glomérulo: podócitos emitem prolongamentos que formam a fenda de ultrafiltração. A membrana basal glomerular...formando alças. Mesângio é uma célula de sustentação que tem função de reticulo endotelial. Os podócitos são vistos na microscopia eletrônica.
Pedicelos e prolongamentos primários, são os prolongamentos dos podócitos, que se mantém afastados uns dos outros pela carga negativa.
O endotélio é multifenestrado.
Biópsia renal: tem que ter 3, senão pode jogar fora. Óptica, Imunoflorescência e eletrônica.
Definições histológicas: focal: alguns glomérulos. Difusa: todos os glomérulos. Segmentar e global tem a ver com glomérulos. Segmentar: apenas um segmento de glomérulo, global: atinge todo glomérulo.
Imunoflorescência: presença de anticorpo anti-membrana basal glomerular. O Padrão é o depósito de imunocomplexos. Essa é a doença que tem Padrão Linear.
O padrão granular é muito mais comum. Depósito de imunocomplexo circulante no rim. Daí o padrão granular. Além da imunoflorescência faz-se a microscopia eletrônica.
Lesão crescente: proliferação da célula epitelial da cápsula de Bowman. Pior prognóstico. É uma definição histológica, precisa saber a causa.
As glomerulonefrites são iguais nos dois rins, biopsia-se apenas um rim.
Lesão esclerose: deposição de matriz mesangial, pela produção aumentada desta.
Síndrome nefrítica: o glomérulo está inflamado. As alças capilares estão infiltradas e portanto diminui a filtração glomerular.: hematúria, oligúria, azotemia, hipertensão, edema, proteinúria. O processo inflamatório faz “vazar” hemácia e proteína. Proteinúria normal é até 150mg/dia.
Síndrome nefrótica: perde a carga negativa e a albumina vai ser filtrada. Proteinúria >3,5g/24 horas. Hipoproteinemia, edema, hiperlipidemia, lipidúria.
O fígado normaliza a produção de albumina. Até um limite que é >3,5g/24 horas. Caindo a albumina plasmática, vai dar edema generalizado. A dislipidemia é porque o fígado está exausto de produzir albumina e então aumenta a produção de lipoproteínas, como colesterol e triglicérides. Sinal de cacifo ou Godet positivos. Pode ter ascite, intratórax.
Principais causas: primárias ou secundárias.
Todos os pacientes com síndrome nefrótica tem que colher sorologia para hepatite B, hepatite C e HIV.
Investigação de causa secundária: LES ou outras colagenoses;
Endoscopia digestiva alta;
Colonoscopia;
Exame de próstata;
Avaliação ginecológica: mamas e útero.
Pede-se glicemia de jejum (TT se necessário).
Principais causas de síndrome nefrótica pura: - de lesões mínimas. Perde a carga elétrica dos pedicelos, chamado lesão dos pedicelos, que estão colados, fundidos.
Nefrose é um termo ultrapassado.
O que causa a perda da carga negativa dos pedicelos?
É muito mais comum na infância. Síndrome nefrótica em criança é 99% lesões mínimas.
Etiologia idiopática na maioria.
Associada a IVAS em 60% dos casos.
Neoplasias hematológicas...hodgkin, outros.
Basicamente perde somente albumina;
Predisposição genética.
Após tratamento a remissão acontece em um mês. A maioria tem recaída.
Corticoterapia.
Glomeruloesclerose segmentar e focal.
TTo: corticóide e por vezes ciclofosfamida.
:::.Glomerulonefrite membranosa

Rascunho de infecto: Febre de origem indeterminada.

2011-04-22T16:43:00.000-07:00

Febre de origem indeterminada: elevação da temperatura por disfunção do centro termorregulador do hipotálamo, ativando neurônios vasomotores, com constrição periférica.
A alteração se dá pela produção de prostaglandina E2 (PGE2), aumentando AMPc, pelas células gliais.
Pirogênios endógenos: anticorpos...
Hipertermia: aumento da temperatura, mas o centro está normal, ocorre em alguns distúrbios neurológicos; muita roupa em dia quente. Drogas como anestésicos e neurolépticos.
É uma febre igual ou superior 38,3°C com 2 ou mais semanas de evolução.
A maioria é de manifestação atípica de doença comum.
Nem sempre tem se febre por infecção: colagenoses, neoplasias, outras causas.
Infecções virais: EBV, CMV, Hepatite, HIV.
Infecções bacterianas L((--;;;;.......tem que fazer a anamnese completa............---;;;))-J
Tudo é pista...abordagem ao paciente:
História clínica, confirmar febre, exame físico, hemograma, VHS, PCR, EAS, bioquímica.
Epidemiologia: idade, distribuição geográfica, hábitos de vida, exposições ocupacionais; história familiar.
História patológica pregressa: cirurgia recente; próteses; valvopatias; transfusões; doenças imunodepressoras, ...AIDS, transplantes de medula e órgãos; alguns antiinflamatórios mascaram a febre.
Cocaína pode provocar febre e hemorragia intracraniana.
Exames: baseado na história para solicitar o melhor exame.
Dificuldades no manuseio: inexperiência profissional; origem?; precipitação terapêutica; munchausen; falso positivo ou negativo; avaliação multiprofissional?

Rascunho de hemato:Doenças mieloproliferativas crônicas.

2011-04-22T16:34:00.000-07:00

Rascunho de hemato:Doenças mieloproliferativas crônicas.

Doenças mieloproliferativas crônicas:
Leucemia mielóide crônica: hoje tem a citogenética bem definida. Cromossomo Filadélfia. LMC tem que ter PCR e/ou citogenética, para diferenciar a linhagem mielóide que está proliferando.
LMC: fase crônica, fase acelerada e crise blástica.
Fase crônica: achado sintomático, fadiga, perda de peso, sudorese e febrícula. Leucocitose de 25000 a 400000. Todas as fases de maturação. MO: medula cheia de células, número de blastos na medula inferior a 10% para ser considerado crônica. Pode ter ou não esplenomegalia. DHL e ácido úrico aumentado.
Fase acelerada: pode ser oligossintomático; febre, dores ósseas, emagrecimento, sudorese noturna; progressiva resistência à quimioterapia. Aumento de basófilos.
Crise Blástica: transformação da LMA para LMC. Frequente: febre, sudorese, emagrecimento, dores ósseas. Clínica de leucemia aguda. Esplenomegalia. Infiltração extra-medular: linfonodos, pele, ossos e SNC. Blastos na MO>30%.
Bastonete de Auer: marcador de linhagem mielóide.
50% dos casos: mieloblastos LMA secundária a LMC.
25% dos casos: Linfoblastos: LLA secundária a LMC
25% dos casos: indiferenciados ou bifenotípicos.
Sobrevida: 3 a 6 meses.
O tratamento altera a sobrevida do doente. Estamos vivendo um momento histórico da LMC.
Diagnóstico: hemograma: neutrofilia às custas de células maduras; hipercelularidade no mielograma; BMO avalia presença de fibrose, mau prognóstico; precisa da citogenética para documentar o Filadélfia e conseguir o tratamento pelo governo.
Tratamento: curativo: TMO alogênico: jovem com doador HLA idêntico. TMO x Glivec.
De controle: retardar a fase acelerada e aliviar os sintomas.
Bussulfano; Hidroxiuréia; IFN; Mesilato de Imatinibe – GLIVEC – 1º linha.
Acima de 60 anos não faz transplante. Porém, consegue-se boa sobrevida.
O prognóstico varia de acordo com a fase evolutiva. 60-70% dos pacientes respondem bem ao Glivec. Resposta molecular e citogenética, dão o prognóstico, com exame após um ano do tratamento.
Doença Linfoproliferativa Crônica: LLC e linfomas de baixo grau ou indolentes, de crescimento lento.
Todas doenças oncológicas passam por ativação de oncogene e perda da função genesupressor de tumor.
Leucemia linfóide crônica: neoplasia clinicamente indolente que resulta da proliferação linfocitária, envolvendo na sua maioria expansão clonal de linfócitos B.
Predomínio no sexo masculino e 5º década de vida. Indivíduos expostos a asbestos, agricultores e expostos ao benzeno.
QC: 30% dos casos são assintomáticos. Funcionalmente é um imunodeprimido. Cursa com hipogamaglobulinemia. Suscetibilidade a S. pneumoniae, H. influenza, Staphylococcus sp...
Hemólise rara em fases iniciais da doença.
Toda doença auto-imune tem problema no linfócito B.
Evolução bastante variável, de meses a anos.
Fatores prognósticos: grau de linfocitose; idade avançada; sexo masculino; tempo de duplicação dos linfócitos; padrão de infiltração da MO. A difusa tem pior prognóstico. A falência medular ocorre a partir de 80% de infiltração.
Estadiamento: RAI modificado.
Evolução: síndrome de Richter: transformação para LDGC ou linfoma imunoblástico. Há aumento de linfocitose e linfadenopatia; hepatoesplenomegalia; dor abdominal; febre; emagrecimento.
Sobrevida de 4-5 meses.
Tratamento: visa o controle, não visa a cura. Tratamento na medida que a doença atacar.
Estádio 0 e 1 não precisa tratar.
Drogas: agentes alquilantes: clorambucil; análogo de nucleosídeo: fludarabina.
TMO: ...
Interpretação nos casos clínicos: criança em BEG com petéquias e gengivorragia há 5 dias, início súbito. Sem febre. Hb: 12,1g/dL; Leucócitos: 8.000 (bastonetes, segmentados,...); Plaquetas: 13.000. ::::: Púrpura. Punciona-se pelo baixo número de plaquetas. Mielograma.

Rascunho urologia: Hiperplasia prostática benigna.

2011-04-22T16:02:00.001-07:00

Hiperplasia prostática benigna:

Historia natural: médicos – curso doença não tratada; reconhecer em que fase o doente chega.

Paciente: o que acontecerá; melhor operar ou não? Isso mata?

Estudos: H.P.B. sintomáticos: melhora 30 a 70%, espontaneamente, com manifestações oscilantes, nem todos precisam instituir terapêutica. No estudo deve-se incluir os pacientes sintomáticos e assintomáticos.

O médico deve vestir a sandália da humildade...

Evolução da doença não tratada: 5 estudos:

32% -59%: melhoram sintomas

9% - 42%: cirurgia

Pacientes: procuraram já com sintomas HPB

Arrighi: 1057 homens: 30 anos

Maior prevalência de sintomas (0 e 1)

Manifestações HPB oscilantes

Eficácia duvidosa de certas drogas.

Isaacs: placebo x droga: remissão sintomas 30 a 70:

Complicações:

Retenção urinária aguda: bexigoma: ou o cara vai chegar dizendo que tem dor supra-púbica e não urina, ou o cara vai chegar e dizer que tá urinando toda hora: incontinência paradoxal: tá obstruído, chega um momento que vai vazar a urina. Procurar o bexigoma: indicar sondagem vesical. Quanto mais tempo obstruído, mais pressão na bexiga, dilata ureter, hidronefrose e IRA. Obstruído por 24 horas já acontece isso.

IRA: pode evoluir para infiltração pulmonar. Existe a poliúria pós obstrutiva. :::vasoconstritor TbA2:::

Litíase vesical: pelo aumento da urina na bexiga.

ITU/hematúria: de repetição em idoso geralmente tem que descartar processo obstrutivo da próstata. O rompimento de vasos da mucosa e submucosa causa a hematúria. Existe também a falência do músculo detrusor da bexiga, depois de hipertrofia muscular. A mucosa hernia por meio das traves, formando os pseudo-divertículos. Vê-se isso no ultra-som, o espessamento vesical, constituindo o quadro da bexiga de esforço. Se o regime de obstrução progredir acontece então a falência da musculutara detrusora. O exame que mede a função da bexiga é a urodinâmica. Fluxo baixo com hipocontratibilidade vesical.

Hoje em dia basicamente existem 3 tipos de drogas: fitoterápicos, anti-andrógenos, alfa-bloqueador: tratamento clínico.

Progressão anatômica: a próstata cresce até perto dos 30 anos, estabiliza até os 45, depois tende a crescer novamente. A hiperplasia benigna da próstata se encontra na zona periférica.

Peso: 20-25g, cresce 4g por década. Mc Neal: crescimento: histologia:

Até 70 anos: hiperplasia...

Quanto mais velho, mais freqüente, não há predomínio em negros, menos em amarelos. Necropsia: 40-59 anos: 50 a 60 anos. Acima de 70 anos, 95% vão ter hiperplasia.

Avalia-se clinicamente a hiperplasia, através de exames como o PSA. A hiperplasia é uma condição histopalógica da próstata. Ocorre, porque com o passar do tempo, há menos apoptose e a próstata continua crescendo pelo estímulo hormonal da testosterona.

Escore de sintomas: são sete perguntas e no final dá a nota. O máximo é 35. Isso ajuda na classificação: leve: 0-7, moderado: 8-19, grave: 20-35.

IPSS: avalia sintomas irritativos e obstrutivos. Pode ser auto aplicável, não é especifico para doença obstrutiva.

Obstrutivos: esforço miccional, hesitância, gotejamento final, jato fraco, jato interrompido, esvaziamento incompleto, incontinência paradoxal, retenção urinária.

Sintomas irritativos: urgência, polaciúria, nictúria, incontinência de urgência, capacidade reduzida, dor supra-púbica.

Avaliação clinica: 40 anos: antecedentes familiares e negros; 45 anos: outras situações; dados obrigatórios: história clinica: natureza e duração, antecedentes: cirurgia, medicações...

Exame físico: toque retal: tamanho, consistência, irregularidades, sensibilidade, nódulos, tônus esfíncter, RBC (reflexo), motricidade, sensibilidade dos MMII. O toque avalia 60% do seu volume. Volume prostático x obstrução urinária.

O volume da próstata nem sempre se relaciona com a obstrução.

Exames: Urina I: leucócitos, hematúria.

Creatinina:...

Glicemia: diabéticos urinam muito pela glicose e não sabem que são.

Imagem: ultrassom de próstata: não substitui toque retal, ajuda fazer as punções.

Abdominal (bexiga repleta), transretal, volume próstata, peso,

Resíduo pós-miccional: mede com bexiga cheia, esvazia e mede novamente, volume alto de resíduo pode dar lesão no rim, textura (não é bom para ver neoplasia), complicações: litíase vesical/hidronefrose. Só é feito em pacientes com sintomas clínicos. O transretal tem maior acurácia.

Estudo urodinâmico:

Dois eletrodos ligados ao software. Uma sonda mede a pressão dentro da bexiga, a outra sonda mede a pressão abdominal, e é colocado no reto. Com injeção de solução na bexiga, o paciente urina e o software então mede o fluxo urinário, pressão vesical, pressão abdominal e a pressão do detrusor, que é a pressão abdominal menos a pressão vesical. Esse estudo é feito para decidir por cirurgia ou não.

Urofluxometria e estudo fluxo-pressao: avaliação funcional, caracterização da obstrução, fluxo urinário máximo. Maior que 15mL/s normal, 10-15mL/s: duvidosos. Estudo do fluxo...

Resíduo pós miccional: elevado acima de 120mL. Acima de 300mL já tem riscos ao trato urinário superior. Cuidados: variação no mesmo indivíduo, deve ser repetido.

Uretrocistografia: estenose, divertículos e cálculos dentro da bexiga.

Uretroscopia: péssimo exame pra ver obstrução. Sem relevância no diagnostico de obstrução. Trabeculação na bexiga, divertículos, cálculos, tumores, são bem visto.

Urodinâmica: sintomas irritativos maior que os obstrutivos, incontinência urinária, doença neurológica, retenção urinária, longa permanência de cateter vesical, pós-miccional acima de 500mL.

Tratamento clínico:

Fitoterápico: não há estudos controlados que mostrem sua eficácia.

Antiandrógena: mecanismo de ação: HPB: 1-estático: compressão pela massa tumoral: cirurgia também, finasteria e dutasterida(alfa 1 e 2)age mais rápido, em seis meses. A finasterida bloqueia 5-alfa redutase2 (1 ano de tratamento) que é um proativo, que quando se junta a diidrotestosterona estimula o DNA a se replicar. Finasterida x placebo: usar para próstata acima de 40g, pois aí houve diferença estatística de significância. Podem causa redução esperma, disfunção erétil, menores efeitos colaterais do que alfa bloqueadores. Importante: diminui em 50% após 6 meses de uso. Multiplicar por dois para calcular o PSA real. Ocorre diminuição do IPSS, diminuição de libido. Dose de 5mg/dia.

2- Dinâmico: tônus da musculatura lisa do estroma e da cápsula prostática.

Os alfa bloqueadores funcionam em 10-15 dias. Em próstata grande usa-se os dois. Em menor de 40g só alfa bloqueador. Doxazosina: começa com 2mg por dia, avalio, se respondeu bem deixa assim, porque pode ter hipotensão e AVC. A dose chega até 4mg por dia. Tamsulosina: cecotex...Tamsulom...bloqueador alfa 1 super seletivo, vantagem de liberação lenta. É mais cara que a doxazosina.

Geralmente o tratamento é indicado pelo IPSS. Leve: observar. Moderado e incomodado: medicamentoso: cirurgia, que é o mais eficaz. Condições mandatórias: complicações: ITU, litíase vesical...a exceção é a falência da musculatura detrusora.

Tipos de cirurgia: aberto e o método endoscópico. Acima de 80g faz-se cirurgia aberta, tirar a parte da zona de transição que cresceu, o paciente continua com a próstata. Prostectomia radical é somente em neoplasia. A mais comum é pela bexiga, pelos meatos ureterais, corta-se a mucosa, acha-se a cápsula cirúrgica da próstata. Vai ficar um buraco alargado, sutura, faz um chuleio na mucosa vesical. Coloca-se uma sonda uretral e uma sonda vesical. Prostectomia transuretral. Em próstata menores usa-se RTU, ressecção transuretral. Não se usa em próstata grande porque em caso de corte de veia, o soro usado entra na circulação e pode dar hemólise e insuficiência renal. Pode causar edema intracelular generalizado, inclusive intracerebral. Usa-se diurético osmótico se isso ocorrer (manitol).

Vantagem do laser é o tempo que fica com a sonda, é bem menor, o problema é o custo. R$XXXXX. Existe a eletrovaporização...baixo rendimento...

RTU a plasma: adaptação no bisturi, o eletrodo vai coagulando, vantagem que é mais barato...

Rascunho de Gastro: Doença de Wilson.

2011-04-22T15:51:00.001-07:00

…mutação no cromossom 13, gene ATP7B, levando a alteração do transporte transmembrana do cobre, falha na incorporação do cobre na ceruplasmina: proteína transmembrana.

Prevalência: 30/10⁶.

Jovens;

Neurológico: tremores ou movimentos involuntários, sialorréia, disartria, distonia, enxaqueca migrania, insônia;

Psiquiátrico: depressão, neurose, distúrbio de personalidade, psicoses.

Anel de Kayser-Fleischer: anel na periferia da retina. Patognômonico. Cobre urinário deve estar elevado e ceruloplasmina: deve estar baixo.

Deficiência de alfa-1 antitripsina (AAT):

O transtorno hereditário caracterizado por deficiência da AAT – uma proteína circulante que protege os tecidos do corpo de serem danificados pela enzima elastase presente nos neutrófilos, monócitos e eosinófilos.

Quadro de cirrose, a maioria é pulmonar, mas pode ser hepática. É mais fácil uma manifestação atípica de uma doença comum, do que uma manifestação típica de uma doença rara.

Dx: dosagem de proteína. Acomete paciente jovem e pode ter enfisema pulmonar.

Cirrose biliar primária:

Doença colestática crônica e progressiva, de etiologia desconhecida, cujos principais marcadores são a destruição inflamatória dos pequenos canais biliares intra-hepáticos e a presença de auto-anticorpos contra uma variedade de antígenos. Pede-se anti-mitocôndria.

Clínica: fadiga, xantomas, mulher de meia idade, elevação de fosfatase alcalina...

Colangite Esclerosante Primária:

Doença idiopática rara caracterizada por inflamação, esclerose e obliteração progressiva das vias biliares.

Entre 25-45 anos. Mais prevalente em homes.

Freqüentemente associada à colite ulcerosa (70%).

Dx: colangio-ressonância/CPER; pANCA e FAN.

Hemocromatose:

Doença hereditária caracterizada pela predisposição para a absorção excessiva de ferro da alimentação.

QC: perda de cabelo, vertigem, perda de memória, cardiopatia, pele escura, dourada, cirrose hepática, diabetes, atrofia testicular, artrite. Pensa-se nessa doença quando a saturação de ferritina e transferrina estiverem elevada.

Icterícia:

causas: Hiperbilirrubinemia indireta: muita bilirrubina chegando no fígado, há hemólise. Se for anemia, há alguns sinais, reticulocitose. Com hemólise pode ser a talassemia.

Se não tiver hemólise: alteração do metabolismo: Gilbert, Crigler-Najjar, Lucey-Driscoll, drogas, icterícia neonatal.

Redução do transporte de bilirrubina: ICC, choque, hipóxia, desidratação, hipoalbuminemia.

Com hemólise: intravascular (haptoglobina diminuída): CIVD, SHU, PTT;

Extravascular: enzimopatias, problemas de membrana, auto-imune, hemoglobinopatias.

Hiperbilirrubinemia Direta: a bilirrubina não é excretada. Solicitar Ultrassonografia. Separa-se então em obstrutivo e não obstrutivo.

ARTIGO DE ATUALIZAÇÃO: O acesso glissoniano intra-hepático nas ressecções do fígado.

2011-04-18T19:37:00.001-07:00

Revista do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões

Print version ISSN 0100-6991

Rev. Col. Bras. Cir. vol.35 no.1 Rio de Janeiro Jan./Feb. 2008

doi: 10.1590/S0100-69912008000100011

ARTIGO DE ATUALIZAÇÃO

O acesso glissoniano intra-hepático nas ressecções do fígado

The intra-hepatic glissonian approach for liver ressections

Antonio Cavalcanti de A. Martins TCBC-PE^I; Marcel Autran C. Machado TCBC-SP^II

^ICirurgião do Serviço de Cirurgia Geral – IMIP; Escola Pernambucana de Saúde FBV-IMIP; Mestre e Doutorando em Cirurgia pela UFPE
^IIProfessor Livre Docente da USP-SP

Endereço para correspondência

ABSTRACT

The intra-hepatic glissonian approach has been considered an advance in the modern hepatic surgery by allowing a safe resection, with minor bleeding and maximum preservation of hepatic tissue. This paper explores the history, the anatomy, the techniques and how to perform and understand the intra-hepatic glissonian approaches.

Key words: Hepatectomy; Anatomy; Liver; Surgery

INTRODUÇÃO

A melhor resolução dos exames de imagem e o aprendizado decorrente do seguimento de pacientes de alto-risco (pacientes cirróticos e com câncer colorretal) tem resultado na detecção de lesões hepáticas cada vez menores e múltiplas. Para essas lesões, as grandes hepatectomias são inadequadas, havendo necessidade de ressecções hepáticas segmentares¹.

O conhecimento anatômico detalhado é o pré-requisito fundamental para esse tipo de procedimento, uma vez que a filosofia da cirurgia hepática moderna baseia-se na remoção completa do tecido tumoral, com preservação máxima do parênquima sadio, através de uma ressecção segura, sem sangramento¹. O acesso glissoniano intrahepático destaca-se como uma técnica de abordagem aos pedículos intra-hepáticos cujos principais objetivos são assegurar a redução do sangramento intra-operatório e garantir a preservação da vascularização do parênquima hepático subjacente, resultando na ressecção da menor quantidade de fígado necessária ao tratamento^2,3. O fundamento básico que garante uma ressecção hepática segura através da técnica glissoniana intra-hepática é anatômico: enquanto o método clássico de abordagem das estruturas do pedículo hepático prevê o isolamento da veia porta, artéria hepática e via biliar fora da substância hepática, na técnica glissoniana intra-hepática, o parênquima é incisado junto à fissura hepática principal e o isolamento das estruturas do pedículo (veia porta, artéria hepática e ducto biliar) é feito dentro do fígado onde essas estruturas são envelopadas por uma bainha derivada da cápsula de Glisson^2-5.

A realização da técnica glissoniana intra-hepática, no entanto, não é simples. Como essa técnica interessa especificamente ao cirurgião hepático, seu aprendizado tem envolvido períodos prolongados de observação da prática cirúrgica em centros especializados. A realização bem sucedida da técnica glissoniana intra-hepática, demanda uma compreensão tridimensional da anatomia hepática, aliada a um nível de destreza motora cuja obtenção pode ser facilitada pelo treinamento em um Laboratório de Cirurgia¹.

HISTÓRICO

A cirurgia hepática no século XX

Wendell⁶, em 1911, foi o primeiro e aceitar clinicamente a descrição de Cantlie e realizar a primeira hepatectomia direita utilizando a ligadura de estruturas hilares, no entanto, a aceitação universal da anatomia segmentar hepática só aconteceu a partir de 1957 com os trabalhos de Claude Couinaud⁷. Ele tornou a anatomia segmentar hepática clinicamente aplicável através da numeração dos segmentos de I a VIII⁷.

Um contínuo progresso científico e a experiência da II Guerra Mundial fizeram com que Jean Louis LortatJacob⁸, um ex-cirurgião de guerra, na época lotado no Hospital Brousse de Paris, realizasse a primeira ressecção hepática anatômica com controle vascular prévio. Esse relato chamou muita atenção na comunidade cirúrgica na época e seus efeitos foram potencializados pelo relato do cirurgião americano J. K. Quattlebaum⁹, que havia realizado uma lobectomia direita quatro meses após Lortat-Jacob. No Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 14 meses após Jacob e 10 meses após Quattlebaum, George T. Pack também realizou uma hepatectomia direita e foi o primeiro a descrever e documentar a regeneração do fígado humano após esse procedimento ^10,11.

Trabalhando em sentido oposto a essa corrente de pensamento, Lin et al.¹², promulgaram e defenderam a técnica de digitocrasia ("finger-fracture") que consistia em hepatotomia e ligadura dos pedículos intra-hepáticos encontrados. Através dessa técnica, removia-se um lobo hepático em 10 minutos, às custas de uma reposição média de 2000ml de sangue. Apesar das desvantagens, essa técnica representou uma forma primitiva de uma abordagem intra-hepática a um pedículo glissoniano.

O instrumental diagnóstico para a cirurgia hepática era bastante limitado nas décadas de 50 e 60. Existiam apenas a arteriografia e alguns marcadores tumorais. A ultra-sonografia (USG), tomografia computadorizada (TC) e a ressonância magnética (RM) tornaram-se disponíveis para uso clínico. Além disso, métodos diagnósticos invasivos delicados como a colangiografia endoscópica retrógrada e a colangiografia transparieto-hepática surgiram no contexto da investigação das doenças hepatobiliares. A utilização da USG trans-operatória por Makuuchi¹³ mudou efetivamente o tratamento dos hepatocarcinomas em pacientes cirróticos, facilitando a abordagem, especialmente das lesões menores que 5cm, não palpáveis pelo cirurgião. A laparoscopia e a USG laparoscópica nos anos 90 aumentaram a acurácia diagnóstica e a capacidade de determinar o estágio pré-operatório da doença. Os índices de laparotomias desnecessárias caíram e a ressecabilidade das lesões hepáticas aumentou¹⁴.

O acesso glissoniano – visão histórica

Com esses avanços, consolidou-se gradualmente a noção de que ressecções hepáticas simples poderiam ser realizadas com o uso de hepatotomias limitadas e controle intrahepático e (extra) glissoniano da tríade portal.

O resgate das técnicas de controle intra-hepático preconizadas inicialmente por Lin et al.¹², Tung & Nguyven¹⁵foi iniciado por Couinaud¹⁶, que utilizou a bainha de Glisson para a realização de uma hepatectomia esquerda.

Galperin e Karagiulian¹⁷ relataram o isolamento bilateral dos pedículos portais sem abertura da bainha de Glisson, utilizando os dedos (acesso glissoniano intra-hepático).

Baseados na teoria de Couinaud¹⁶ e fundamentados nos princípios técnicos de Galperin e Karagiulian¹⁷, Launois e Jamieson desenvolveram e padronizaram a chamada técnica de acesso posterior aos pedículos glissonianos intra-hepáticos, aplicando-a para várias hepatectomias^2,3. Blumgart e Fong, acrescentaram flexibilidade ao procedimento, utilizando grampeadores¹⁸.

Batignani¹⁹ enfatizou o conceito do "descolamento da placa hilar" para o acesso extra-glissoniano extra-hepático ao pedículo direito. Esse método promove a realização de hepatectomia direita dispensando a incisão do lobo caudado.

Recentemente, Machado et al., aperfeiçoaram e refinaram a abordagem da placa hilar, através da realização de pequenas incisões perihilares que possibilitam o isolamento seletivo e/ou superseletivo dos pedículos glissonianos do fígado direito. Posteriormente ampliaram o conceito para os segmentos do fígado esquerdo^20-22.

A técnica glissoniana intra-hepática posterior^2,3e a padronizada aos segmentos do fígado direito^20,21 serão descritas detalhadamente a seguir.

Anatomia cirúrgica do fígado

O fígado é dividido pela fissura umbilical e pelo ligamento falciforme em dois lobos: o lobo direito, o maior, e o lobo esquerdo. Na superfície inferior do lobo direito está a fissura hilar transversa, que constitui o limite posterior desse lobo. A porção do lobo direito localizada anteriormente a essa fissura é chamada de lobo quadrado, limitado à esquerda pela fissura umbilical e a direita pela fossa vesicular. Posterior a fissura hilar transversa, está o lobo caudado ou de Spiegel. O fígado é, portanto, grosseiramente dividido em dois lobos principais e dois acessórios que são individualizados por fissuras bem definidas (fissura umbilical e hilar transversa). Esses são os conceitos básicos da anatomia morfológica do fígado (Figura 1A e B).

O entendimento da anatomia funcional do fígado iniciou-se a partir dos trabalhos de Cantlie²³, MacIndoe & Counseller²⁴, Hjortsjö²⁴, Goldsmith & Woodburne²⁴ e finalmente Couinaud⁷, em 1957. Essa revolução do entendimento anatômico clássico do fígado, que possibilitou o surgimento da anatomia hepática cirúrgica, consolidou-se em 1957 quando Couinaud⁷ demonstrou que a segmentação hepática baseia-se na distribuição intraparenquimatosa da artéria hepática, ducto biliar e veia porta (tríade portal). O conhecimento da segmentação portal e a localização das veias hepáticas é o fundamento anatômico que hoje norteia as ressecções regradas do fígado.

Para a anatomia funcional, não mais o ligamento falciforme, mas sim a cisura portal principal, uma linha imaginária que se estende do ponto médio da fossa vesicular até a margem esquerda da veia cava supra-hepática (linha de Cantlie)²³, determina a divisão do fígado em lobos direito e esquerdo (Figura 1A). A cisura portal principal corresponde ao trajeto da veia hepática média. A veia hepática direita divide o setor medial (ou anterior) do lateral (ou posterior) do lobo direito, que por sua vez são constituídos pelos segmentos V e VIII e VI e VII respectivamente. A linha que divide esses setores e que corresponde ao trajeto da veia hepática direita é chamada de cisura portal direita. A veia hepática esquerda, o correspondente da cisura portal esquerda, subdivide-se em dois ramos. O menor desses ramos drena o setor posterior (segmento II), enquanto o maior direciona-se ao setor anterior, constituído pelos segmentos III e IV. A fissura umbilical, na superfície externa do fígado ajuda a reconhecer os limites entre os dois segmentos do setor anterior, enquanto a cisura portal esquerda marca a transição entre os setores anterior e posterior do lobo esquerdo. Atrás da veia porta e do segmento IV do lobo esquerdo, localiza-se o segmento I, que corresponde, na anatomia clássica, ao lobo caudado ou de Spiegel.

Essa descrição, feita por Couinaud⁷, que apresenta o fígado dividido em duas partes e composto na sua totalidade por oito segmentos numerados por algarismos romanos é hoje aceita universalmente (Figura 2).

A utilidade cirúrgica dessa segmentação deriva do fato de que as estruturas da tríade portal, na sua entrada e trajetória no parênquima hepático, estão envoltas por uma extensão da cápsula hepática que permite o isolamento do pedículo como um todo⁷. Essa peculiaridade anatômica já havia sido demonstrada por Johannis Walaeus em 1640, dois anos antes da descrição da cápsula conjuntiva do fígado por Glisson²⁴. A ausência desse envoltório na porção extra-hepática leva a necessidade da dissecção individualizada das estruturas do pedículo, uma tarefa custosa, dificultada pela presença de alterações anatômicas freqüentes nessa área. Já na dissecção intra-hepática, possibilitada pela presença da bainha conjuntiva resistente, o pedículo é isolado como um todo e seu pinçamento intra-operatório pode ser realizado. Essa manobra de pinçamento auxilia a delimitar a área de ressecção, através da mudança de coloração do fígado^2,3.

Técnicas de ressecção hepática

Visão geral

As ressecções hepáticas podem ser anatômicas (regradas) ou não anatômicas (não-regradas). As técnicas nãoregradas desconsideram os conceitos funcionais de segmentação hepática. A secção do parênquima faz-se sem controle do influxo e da drenagem vascular.

É sabido que o resultado oncológico das hepatectomias regradas é bem melhor ao longo prazo²⁵, porém, existem algumas situações nas quais uma ressecção nãoregrada pode ser a melhor escolha terapêutica. Ressecções hepáticas em pacientes cirróticos, ressecção de sarcomas que invadem o fígado e tumores neuroendócrinos são exemplos onde ressecção não-regrada pode ser a primeira escolha. Pacientes cirróticos, com baixa reserva funcional, suportam apenas ressecções de pequena quantidade de tecido hepático (ressecção em cunha). Nos sarcomas com invasão hepática, a ressecção em bloco pode aumentar a sobrevida, enquanto que nos tumores neuroendócrinos, a diminuição da massa promove melhora dos sintomas relacionados à secreção hormonal²⁰.

As técnicas regradas, por sua vez, podem ser agrupadas em técnicas glissonianas e não-glissonianas (abordagem clássica). Na abordagem clássica, as estruturas da tríade portal são isoladas e ligadas fora do parênquima, o que significa que basicamente apenas duas cirurgias podem ser realizadas: hepatectomias esquerda e direita. Com o uso dessas técnicas, o princípio moderno de preservação máxima do parênquima não pode ser obtido e é comum que os defensores dessa abordagem realizem cirurgias extensas na vigência de pequenas lesões²⁰.

A técnica idealizada por Tung¹⁵, preenche algumas características de uma abordagem glissoniana, já que o parênquima hepático é aberto na linha da fissura hepática principal e, após a incisão de uma quantidade razoável de tecido hepático, os pedículos portais direito e/ou esquerdo podem ser isolados em sua porção intra-hepática. No entanto, além de seccionar grande quantidade de parênquima, esse método não prevê o isolamento segmentar dos pedículos.

A técnica glissoniana intra-hepática posterior

Convencionou-se chamar técnica glissoniana intrahepática a abordagem cirúrgica dos segmentos hepáticos baseada na presença da cápsula de tecido conjuntivo que acompanha as estruturas que entram e saem do pedículo. Essa técnica difere da técnica clássica de ressecção hepática por adotar o uso de incisões no parênquima, para acesso, em bloco, da porção específica do pedículo que se distribui ao segmento desejado. A técnica glissoniana intra-hepática posterior difere ainda da técnica clássica por executar o isolamento das veias hepáticas ao final da hepatotomia ^2,3.

Para realizar a técnica glissoniana intra-hepática, o fígado é mobilizado de modo habitual para expor a superfície visceral. Os ligamentos falciforme e triangular são liberados, na dependência do tipo de hepatectomia a ser realizada. Se existente, a vesícula biliar pode ser liberada do seu leito e usada, durante o procedimento, para tracionar o ducto hepático e servir de guia para a identificação da porta hepatis.

Para isolamento das divisões principais do pedículo hepático, duas incisões do parênquima são necessárias, sendo uma posterior e outra anterior ao hilo (Figura 3). Existem duas maneiras de realizar essas incisões e a hepatectomia direita pode ser feita usando ambas as técnicas. A divisão do parênquima pode ser feita com eletrocautério, digitoclasia e ligadura ou bisturi ultra-sônico, sob pinçamento temporário do hilo hepático (manobra de Pringle)²⁶. No primeiro método, uma incisão localizada 0,5cm à direita e no sentido da veia cava inferior, é feita no processo caudado. A segunda incisão é realizada anterior ao hilo, na fossa vesicular, na base do segmento IV. O dedo ou um instrumento rombo é inserido através da incisão posterior do parênquima, em direção à incisão anterior, isolando a bainha desejada (Figura 4). Com o pedículo liberado, a bainha isolada pode ser seletivamente pinçada e a mudança de coloração do fígado confirmará o isolamento da porção correta do pedículo. Nesse estágio, as subdivisões mais centrais do pedículo podem ser isoladas através da dissecção proximal ao longo da bainha, reduzindo a área de ressecção ao menor número de segmentos necessários para remoção adequada da lesão ^2,3,5 (Figura 5).

O segundo método, usado com mais freqüência, posiciona as incisões em sentido horizontal. A incisão anterior estende-se do leito da vesícula até a fissura umbilical próxima ao hilo. O parênquima hepático pode ser empurrado para cima, de maneira semelhante ao descolamento da placa hilar descrita por Couinaud⁷. A incisão posterior ao hilo é feita imediatamente anterior ao processo caudado (Figura 3). O dedo indicador do cirurgião é insinuado por essa incisão até atingir a abertura hilar anterior. A incisão posterior pode, por vezes, ocasionar um sangramento maior, como resultado da secção de pequenas veias hepáticas. Esse sangramento, em geral, cessa espontaneamente. Após o isolamento das bainhas direita e esquerda, uma fita pode passada em torno de cada uma delas para promover sua tração.

A partir do pedículo direito, a bainha pode ser dissecada no sentido da periferia do órgão. A primeira subsecção do pedículo a ser encontrada é a do segmento V, logo atrás do leito da vesícula biliar. Apesar da anatomia das divisões anterior e posterior do pedículo direito ser bastante variável, Blumgart^4,5 descreve que a bainha medial direita (segmentos V e VIII) é usualmente encontrada com essa manobra. Já a bainha do segmento VII permanece escondida, em uma localização posterior ao pedículo principal direito. O pinçamento seletivo dessas bainhas pode delinear, precisamente, a área a ser ressecada (Figura 5).

Para operações no fígado esquerdo a abordagem descrita acima pode ser utilizada, no entanto, a bainha esquerda pode ser isolada sem a necessidade do acesso posterior, apenas afastando-se a base do lobo quadrado. Caso o acesso posterior seja utilizado, o pequeno omento deve ser aberto para expor o processo caudado medialmente.

Técnica padronizada de acesso aos segmentos do fígado direito

O acesso intra-hepático aos pedículos glissonianos modificado por Machado^20,21 visa a obter, por meio de três pequenas incisões sobre o parênquima, acesso seletivo aos pedículos glissonianos do fígado direito.

Inicialmente, o fígado direito é todo mobilizado e o hilo hepático é circundado com fita cardíaca e aplicado um torniquete, caso seja necessária a manobra de Pringle²⁶, que não precisa ser realizada rotineiramente. A fita cardíaca propicia a tração caudal do hilo hepático e o estiramento do tecido conjuntivo que recobre as estruturas do pedículo portal, possibilitando uma melhor visualização da placa hilar. O próximo passo é a realização de uma colecistectomia.

Realiza-se, então, uma pequena incisão horizontal no parênquima, com bisturi elétrico, logo acima da placa hilar. Essa manobra é complementada através da dissecção romba por 12cm de profundidade, de modo a expor o pedículo glissoniano do fígado direito. Para esse passo complementar, o autor recomenda o uso de um aspirador infantil metálico, como meio de obter uma fácil dissecção romba. O objetivo final de toda a manobra é identificar a margem medial (esquerda) do pedículo direito, que delimita a bifurcação do hilo hepático^20,21.

Com o acréscimo de duas pequenas (5 mm) incisões verticais, uma na borda lateral direita do leito vesicular e outra no segmento VII, no local da junção com o lobo caudado pode-se isolar parte ou todo o pedículo direito (Figura 6A). Com a margem esquerda do pedículo direito demarcada, introduz-se uma pinça curva grande (Mixter ou Gray) pela primeira incisão. De acordo com a direção em relação às incisões verticais e o ângulo que a pinça percorre pode-se isolar o pedículo hepático direito inteiro (A-C) (Figura 6) e as tríades glissonianas anterior (A-B) e posterior (B-C) (Figura 6B e C) (segmentos VI/ VII e segmentos V/VIII respectivamente). Para o isolamento do pedículo posterior direito (V e VIII), a pinça deverá percorrer um trajeto mais profundo e curvilíneo ligando as duas incisões verticais (Figura 6C). É possível evitar a entrada na pinça no pedículo, utilizando-se a informação tátil derivada da presença da subsecção da bainha de Glisson: enquanto o fígado circunjacente é bem mais macio e pouco resistente, o conteúdo do pedículo, envolto na bainha, é mais firme e oferece resistência à ponta do instrumento²⁰. É uma abordagem que promove um acesso rápido, seguro e preciso dos segmentos do fígado direito, dispensando a perigosa e demorada dissecção do pedículo hepático. Após o isolamento desses pedículos, é possível realizar a ressecção isolada de cada segmento (V, VI, VII ou VIII)^20,21.

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Endereço para correspondência:
Antonio Cavalcanti de Albuquerque Martins
Rua Deputado Pedro Pires Ferreira, 325/1.601 Graças
52050-480 - Recife – PE
Tel.: (81) 9973-8223, (81) 3267-2670
E-mail: acam@elogica.com.br

Recebido em 26/03/2007
Aceito para publicação em 23/05/2007
Conflito de interesses: nenhum
Fonte de financiamento: nenhuma

Trabalho realizado no Serviço de Cirurgia Geral – IMIP e Escola Pernambucana de Saúde FBV-IMIP.

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Rascunho dermato: Dermatoviroses.

2011-04-18T19:25:00.001-07:00

Dermatoviroses:

Alfa: herpes simples, tipo 1 e 2. Varicela zoster tipo 3.

Beta: citomegalovirus tipos.

Herpes simples:

Primo-infecção na mucosa, em geral infância, pode ser assintomático e cair em latência, ou ter uma gengivo estomatite ou vulvovaginite. Os dois vão ou podem ter reativação e manifestar. O vírus tem preferência por gânglio neural, principalmente o 1 e 2 e/ou varicela.

Pode ficar em latência a vida toda, bloqueado quietinho, em outras pessoas, por questão de imunidade eles reativam.

Tipo 1: perioral

Tipo2: genital.

Gengivoestomatite herpética:

3 a 10 dias incubação;

Discreto com vesículas, subfebril.

Vesículas e úlceras orais extremamente tóxicas. Lesões ulceradas. E eventualmente em região genital, em masculino é mais raro ainda.

Herpes simples recidivante:

- no local da inoculação primaria.

-ardor inicial, vesículas sobre base eritematosa e posterior pústula e úlcera com crostas;

- desencadeantes: trauma, tensão, menstruação, infecções.

7 dias para cicatrizar, o primeiro episódio é mais forte, e este pode deixar cicatriz.

Pode ser vesículas isoladas ou agrupadas. Eventualmente pode-se ter herpes em qualquer lugar.

Herpes genital:

Transmissão sexual: HSV2: 5-10 dias após contato, em pênis, vulva ou região perianal. Normalmente cursa com adenopatia dolorosa. Involução em 2 semanas. Impossibilita vida sexual.

Queratoconjuntivite herpética: úlceras profundas e pode levar a cegueira. Cuidado com corticóides usados de maneira errada. Se der conjuntivite herpética pode perfurar a córnea. Auto-inoculação.

Panarício herpético:

-mais comum em profissionais de saúde.

- primo infecção com vesículas e adenopatia mais febre.

Herpes simples neonatal:

Lesões em cabeça ou nádega consoante a apresentação.

-grave, seqüelas neurológicas e ocular. Indicação formal de parto cesárea. Vai aparecer na criança num local dependente da posição fetal.

Herpes simples em imunosuprimido:

Encefalite herpética, quando o vírus generaliza. Rigidez de nuca, evolui mal, indicação de aciclovir endovenoso. É sempre quadro exacerbado.

Diagnóstico: citodiagnóstico de Tzanck. Sorologia pouco útil. É demorado. Retira-se o teto da bolha e encaminha ao patologista.

Tratamento: padrão ouro: aciclovir: meia vida curta, por isso surgiu derivados: penciclovir: tópico, mesmo assim aplica-se a cada duas horas. Impede a replicação do vírus. Valaciclovir 2g/dia.

Herpes simples genital: aciclovir: 200mg 4/4 horas, suprimindo dose noturna. 1 g/dia. 10 dias. Duas caixas.

Herpes genital recorrente: valaciclovir 500mg 3 a 5 dias. Ou aciclovir 200mg 5x dia.

Supressão: aciclovir 400mg 1 vez/dia. Durante algum tempo...

Herpes neonatal: 400mg 4/4 horas. Imunossuprimidos: raridade...

Poucos efeitos colaterais, como náuseas e vômitos;

Gravidez categoria pelo FDA C.;

Queratoconjuntivite com boas respostas;

Associar antibiótico em infecções bacterianas.;

Resultado controverso em vacinas.

A- estudo em humanos, mesmo em altas doses não causa dano ao feto.

B- estudo em animais, mostrando que mesmo em altas doses não tem problemas para o feto.

C- estudo em animais, não comprovado em humanos.

D-em alta dose causa problemas no feto, custo xbenefício. Em UTI...autorizado, sabendo do risco. Estudo em humano.

X-não pode ser usado na gravidez.

A maioria é B ou C. O aciclovir é categoria C.

Varicela:

“catapora” – transmissão aérea e imunidade definitiva. Período de incubação de 2 a 3 semanas.

Após 7 dias desaparecem febre e ficam as crostas. Em adultos e neonatos é mais grave.

Imunocomprometidos: lesões hemorrágicas, necróticas, pneumonite, encefalite.

1º trimestre da gravidez, anormalidades fetais como catarata, atrofia ótica e SNC.

É grave em adultos.

Vesículas em pele e/ou mucosas, que vão se rompendo, deixando crostas hemáticas, as vezes com halo eritematoso, compromete todo tegumento.

DX: Tzanck, imunohistoquimica e sorologia, que é pouco útil. TTo sintomático, água boricada/KMnO₄, antibióticos se infecção bacteriana.

Varicela Zoster: dor prévia 20% com grande intensidade, em idosos e imunossuprimidos há lesões necro-hemorrágicas.

Ramo oftálmico;

Nervo facial-paralisia de Bell;

Comprometimento do nervo facial e auricular- síndrome de Ransay-Hunt- dor auricular/surdez e vertigem.

Segue o trajeto neural. Em geral é intercostal.

Caracteristicamente segue a linha medial. Dor chata, neurítica.

Vesículas isoladas ou agrupadas, base eritematosa, mais intenso.

Há casos intra e extra-oral, raro. Em dois dermatos...imunossupressão.

:::::

Laboratorial: Tzanck.

Cicatriza em 2 semanas.

Neuralgia persistente, principalmente em idosos.

Tratamento: aciclovir em doses altas: 4 a 8g/dia,de 5 a 10 dias. Fanciclovir e valaciclovir(valtrex-alto custo);

AINH, corticosteróide (controverso).

Neuralgia: carbamazepina/amitriptilina/gabapentina.

Papilomavírus:

Classificação: Papilomavírus (HPV): 120 tipos. Causando diversas doenças.

HPV: algun oncogênicos, ppte 16 e 18.

Verrugas: proliferação epitelial causada pelo HPV em pele e mucosas.

Contagio direto e indireto, incubação extremamente variável.

Verruga vulgar: as mais comuns, mais freqüente em crianças. Necrosamento de alças capilares.

Pápula hiperqueratótica com pontos enegrecidos.

Verrugas filiformes: pediculada;

Verrugas plantares: “olho de peixe”;

Verruga plana: jovem, face, pápulas amarronzadas, em dorso da mão Tb.

Verrugas genitais-condiloma acuminado:

-visualizaçao melhor com ácido acético 5% zonas acetobrancas;

-em adultos contato sexual;

-Abuso sexual em crianças;

-condiloma gigante (Buschke-Loewnstein), em imunossuprimidos e pode ocorrer e desenvolver na gestação.

As lesões podem ser tanto no prepúcio quanto na mucosa, região perianal.

Papulose Bowenóide: pápulas planas, mais freqüente no homem.

Clinicamente benigna, histopatologicamente....para descartar carcinoma espinocelular...

Epidermodisplasia verruciforme:

-doença de Lutz-Lewandowski-imunodeficiêntes.

HPV e malignidade:

Importante nos genitais, câncer de colo de útero.

Tratamento: verruga vulgar, periungueal, filiforme e plantar:

Quimiocauterização, eletrocauterização, criocauterização, imiquimod, zinco/cimetidina(comprovação?), Bleomicina e interferon intralesional.

Químicos: Ác. Salicílico, lático, nítrico fumegante, ác. Tricloroacético, DNCB/DFCP, podofilina ou podotoxifilina.

Vacina anti HPV A. vacina Gardasil (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18).

Paracoxvírus: Molusco contagioso: freqüente em criança, em regiao genital pode ser DST.

Em atópicos área eczematótica. Lesão em pápula com um “bico...”. lesões assintomáticas.

Tratamento:

-curetagem;

-crioterapia;

-KOH.

RNA-Vírus:

Sarampo: contagiosa, contato ou inalação de partículas virais, eliminado pelo doente 2 dias antes e até 4 dias após exantema.

Incubação 1-2 semanas.

Pródomo com coriza, conjuntivite, tosse, febre e linfoadenopatia. Após 1-7 dias com exantema morbiliforme, craniocaudal.

-Sinal de Koplik.

DX: clínica: evolução para cura, mas pode complicar com encefalites bacterianas, púrpura trombocitopência, laboratório pouco ajuda.

TTo sintomático, vitamina A, vacina.

Exantema, conjuntivite, ectema de lábio, ptose. Rubéola é dx diferencial.

Rubéola: benigno, exceto na gestação, transmissão 5-7 dias antes do exantema.

Laboratorial de grande utilidade de IgM nas infecções agudas, pode ser demorado.

IgG positivo indica imunidade.

Dengue:

Endêmica em mais 100 países...

Aedes aegypti;

4 subtipos:

Clássico: febre, mialgia intensa, dor nos olhos, 5-7 dias e pode ocorrer em qualquer idade. Pode ter hepatomegalia dolorosa e linfoadenopatia.

Problema saúde pública. Descuido em relação ao foco.

Hemograma: leucopenia importante...

Manifestações cutâneas em 50-80%...exantema em tronco, área de eritema intenso e área sã. É diferente, mas não é regra. Queda de cabelo intensa após cura.

Dengue hemorrágica:

-grave, febre alta, fenômenos hemorrágicos, hepatomegalia e falência circulatória, menores 16 anos. Petéquias, púrpuras, sufusões hemorrágicas intensa.

Rascunho cirurgia: Afecções cirúrgicas do fígado.

2011-04-18T18:56:00.001-07:00

Afecções cirúrgicas do fígado:

Hepatite B e C, se crônicos evoluem para cirrose. Hepatite A: normalmente benigna, eventualmente fulminante: indicação de transplante.

Doenças infecciosas: abscessos...

Neoplasias benignas, primárias sólidas malignas...

Abscesso piogênico: drenar abscesso...

Punção por ultrassom...

Incisão de “Kocher”

Abscesso amebiano...Raro...

Cisto hidático (equinococose)...

Neoplasias benignas sólidas:

-Hemangioma é o mais comum; melhor exame é a ressonância magnética. Só quando é grande que se faz cirurgia.

-adenoma celular do fígado: anticoncepcional;

-hiperplasia nodular focal;

Neoplasias primárias sólidas malignas:

-dosar alfafetoproteína, se alta, quase certo de tumor primário maligno do fígado...pode transplantar? Se for único, menor que 5cm, está indicado transplante, cura o câncer e a cirrose. Se tiver 3 pode? Se menores que 3cm. Fora disso não pode. Estudar caso a caso. Sai do critério de transplantes, o índice de metástase é muito alto.

-Colorretal: o que mais dá metástase no fígado. Uma só: enucleação. Mais de uma: segmentéctomia.

Neoplasias císticas: aspiração do líquido dentro do cisto.

Doença policística do fígado.

Ligamento falciforme e redondo. Na operação...

Lobo esquerdo, direito, caudado, quadrado...Na anatomia cirúrgica: segmento I ao IX. Isso por causa da irrigação. Artéria, veia e canalículo formam o pedículo “glissoniano”. Entender a fisiologia...

Tronco celíaco:...hepática esquerda...artéria hepática direita...

Todos os vídeos cedidos por www.drmarcel.com.br

Fabricante de tela touchscreen.

2011-04-12T21:04:00.000-07:00

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Colelitíase

2011-04-12T21:02:00.000-07:00

Colelitíase:

História clinica: dor prandial que cessa com o uso de antiespasmódicos. Mais comum acima 40 anos. Exame físico: ver se o paciente está ictérico ou não. Pode ter abdome flácido ou sinal de Murphy ou Corvasier Terrier positivos. O segundo está mais presente em neoplasias. A dor está localizada no hipocôndrio direito.

Colecistite crônica calculosa: febre e dor persistente. Pra diferenciar vêem-se os exames, principalmente US. Colecistite aguda: acontece em doentes imunodeprimidos, que estão em UTI há muito tempo. É mais comum em diabéticos.

Diagnóstico: na calculosa precisa-se basicamente de hemograma, enzimas hepáticas, BTF...

Na colecistite aguda pede-se os mesmos exames, pode se encontrar leucocitose, o US é o melhor exame. O doente na coleciste aguda pode ter enzimas hepáticas alteradas...

Colecistectomia laparoscópica: dor, queixas de dor em cólica. Assintomático opera-se também se não houver problemas clínicos. Todos os doentes é melhor que devam ser operados, com exceção da idade e problemas clínicos.

Na videolaparoscopia faz se punção em determinados pontos, de 5mm. O pós operatório é muito bom. Durante a cirurgia alguns doentes merecem uma colangiofrafia intraoperatoria: esses doentes são os que têm aumento de enzimas hepáticas, pancreatite. Só não faz em calculo grande (1,5cm) e se não houver queixas. Faz se por cateterização do ducto cístico...

Íleo biliar: o calculo cai para o duodeno...

Colecistite aguda: o calculo impacta-se, há distensão e dor, proliferação bacteriana, isquemia, no diabético é pior. Só se trata com antibiótico caso não haja contra-indicação muito grande para cirurgia. A C.A. é de procedimento cirúrgico de urgência, normalmente é feito por laparoscopia.

Conduta na colelitíase e coledocolitíase: congiografia endoscópica retrógada. Pode se retirar os cálculos por essa técnica e depois operar a vesícula por laparoscopia. O problema é na suspeita de cálculo. Quando há calculo no colédoco pode se fazer a coledocolitotomia e retirar os cálculos. Pode se colocar o dreno de Kehr. Espera-se 6 semanas para retirada.

Há o tratamento endoscópico... lembrar o doente que há morbidades...

Papiloesfincteroplastia...

Anastomose biliodisgestiva...

Litíase intrahepática... retira-se grande parte d

Neurônios Eletrônicos

2011-04-10T20:04:00.003-07:00

Neurônios Eletrônicos
Newton C. Braga (newtoncbraga@sili.com.br)
Se há algo que apavora a humanidade, principalmente depois do advento dos computadores, é imaginar que um dia estes possam pensar e com isso tomar decisões que venham afetar nosso futuro ou mesmo, segundo alguns acreditam, implicar na submissão do homem à máquina. Muitos livros e filmes de ficção focalizam este assunto de maneira até chocante, levando os leitores menos informados a pensar que realmente isso pode acontecer. Até que ponto as máquinas podem vir um dia a pensar e o que estamos fazendo no sentido de obter (ou evitar) isso é algo que todos gostariam de saber, principalmente os que hoje têm um computador ou trabalham com um. Neste artigo vamos fazer uma análise do que realmente pode ocorrer no futuro e está ocorrendo agora e que levariam a termos máquinas que realmente pudessem ser chamadas de inteligentes.
Para os cientistas do passado estava tudo resolvido: Sir Isaac Newton e outros achavam que uma vez que o homem era capaz de equacionar qualquer sistema, vivo ou inerte, bastaria ter os elementos correspondentes para poder fazer sua reprodução.
Assim, uma vez que tivéssemos as "equações" que descrevessem uma flor, uma pedra ou um pássaro seria possível reproduzir qualquer um deles com perfeição, a ponto de ser impossível distinguir o "natural" do "artificial".
Houve até quem, na época, propusesse que as academias de ciências, universidades e centros de pesquisas deveriam ser fechados e os cientistas e pesquisadores aposentados definitivamente por que "não havia mais nada para ser descoberto!".
Puro engano!
Quando pensamos na complexidade que o cérebro humano tem, com suas bilhões de unidades lógicas (neurônios), vemos que o homem está muito longe de conseguir uma reprodução, por mais simplificada que seja, de algo a que possamos atribuir uma inteligência.
Isso ficou claro quando as primeiras máquinas de calcular foram desenvolvidos, revelando-se meros dispositivos mecânicos.
O advento do computador inicialmente trouxe uma esperança de que não estaria longe o dia em que as máquinas "pudessem pensar’, e muitos achavam nos anos 50 que, antes do ano 2 000, já teríamos verdadeiras "máquinas pensantes" a nosso serviço.
Os pesquisadores, entretanto, subestimaram a complexidade de nosso cérebro e superestimaram a capacidade dos computadores, e mesmo agora, a menos de 5 anos do fim do século, estamos muito longe de ter "máquinas pensantes".
Isso não significa, entretanto, que não exista uma preocupação no sentido de se obter máquinas que possam aprender pela experiência, a tomar decisões que não sejam programadas e até a reconhecer sons, como o da voz humana, ou formas como a da fisionomia, e estão sendo conseguidos alguns resultados bastante positivos. A própria evolução dos computadores que usamos hoje na maioria dos locais, e que são dispositivos baseados puramente em lógica, dificulta a obtenção desses comportamentos, mas isso não significa que não estejam sendo procuradas soluções e que algumas não estejam até levando a resultados muito interessantes.
As implicações morais e éticas que a convivência, no futuro, com uma máquina que raciocine e que até possua sentimentos, não fazem parte deste artigo. Deixamos isso para que o próprio leitor pense e quem sabe até nos dê algumas opiniões sobre o assunto.

AS SOLUÇÕES
a) Solução por SoftwareUm computador não pode fazer nada que não tenha sido previamente programado.Se programarmos um computador de tal forma que ele saiba que
2+1= 3, no dia em que aparecer o problema inverso, perguntando quanto é 1+2, ele não será capaz de concluir que é a mesma coisa. E claro que, se ele for programado para isso, as coisas mudam, mas isso implica na ação externa!
O homem se comporta de modo diferente: tudo que faz, gerando novas experiências, ele assimila e usa na resolução de novos problemas. E o que denominamos aprendizado pela experiência.
A estrutura lógica de um computador, baseada em regras fixas, no comportamento absolutamente lógico e inflexível dos circuitos, impede que ele tenha esse mesmo comportamento, pelo menos de forma natural.
Nos Estados Unidos, na Universidade de Carnegie Mellon, pesquisadores estão trabalhando no sentido de criar programas que possam fazer com que, se novas informações forem obtidas no processamento ou no trabalho normal de um computador, elas sejam "assimiladas" e passem a fazer parte deste programa.
O sistema denominado SOAR, quando recebe um problema para resolução, em primeiro lugar, verifica se ele conhece uma solução.
Se isso não acontecer, usa um procedimento especial no sentido de procurar, no "universo" dessas soluções, uma que possa ser usada, e se der certo, ele a "incorpora" de modo a poder usar em outras situações.
Os sistemas "inteligentes" em que isso ocorre podem, portanto, aumentar seu "conhecimento" à medida que trabalharem, pois cada nova experiência passa a fazer parte de um arquivo que ele consulta na resolução dos problemas seguintes.
Esse trabalho, muito interessante, é feito por um grupo de pesquisadores que então prevê que o computador não tenha todas as soluções dos problemas programadas inicialmente, mas sim uma série de procedimentos no sentido de procurá-las.
Desta forma, à medida que processa problemas e vai encontrando soluções, ele vai "aprendendo" e com isso consegue resolver os problemas mais rapidamente à medida que "adquire experiência".
Talvez, no futuro , seja interessante vermos nos anúncios de venda de computadores "usados" a importante citação de "tantos anos de experiência" que valorizariam ainda mais uma máquina desse tipo!

Muitos sistemas "inteligentes" atuais, baseados em software, comportam-se desta forma, podendo incorporar a solução encontrada para um problema não programado a um banco de dados.
Mas existe uma dificuldade enorme no sentido de se obter máquinas realmente inteligentes: os cientistas acreditam que para que a máquina possa realmente tomar decisões por conta própria num nível aceitável, seriam necessárias pelo menos 10 milhões de situações programadas para que houvesse um banco de consulta que possibilitasse a resolução dos problemas mais comuns.
E, para decepcionar um pouco os que esperam ver esta máquina funcionando rapidamente, informamos que até agora, depois de 5 anos de trabalho, os cientistas só conseguiram prever 1,5 milhão dessas situações programadas.

A solução por software, ao que parece, mesmo com as enormes velocidades dos nossos computadores e um crescente número de unidades de memória, ainda está um pouco longe.
b) A Solução EletrônicaBiônica é o nome da ciência que, por meios eletrônicos e mecânicos, procura imitar os seres vivos. Um braço mecânico que tenha circuitos sensores interligados com o sistema nervoso de uma pessoa e que pode mover-se comandado por impulsos nervosos vindos do cérebro dessa pessoa é um exemplo de aplicação da biônica.Se pudermos montar células nervosas artificiais e ligá-las numa estrutura semelhante ao nosso cérebro, é de se esperar que esta estrutura adquira uma propriedade muito almejada: a inteligência.
Os pesquisadores que procuram imitar os neurônios por meio de circuitos eletrônicos vêm realizando seus trabalhos há décadas.
O próprio autor deste artigo trabalhou em pesquisa, com uma equipe de médicos da Escola Paulista de Medicina, em São Paulo - SP, nos anos 70, no sentido de obter um "neurônio eletrônico".
Acreditava-se, na ocasião, que se um certo número desses neurônios fosse interligado, seria possível estudar de maneira mais eficaz o modo como se processa o aprendizado, e com isso partir para a construção de verdadeiras máquinas inteligentes.
As pesquisas no Brasil infelizmente não duraram muito, mas em outros países os avanços foram multo grandes e hoje já se fala em "redes neurais", ou "computadores neurais" que possuem uma estrutura completamente diferente dos computadores comuns, assemelhando-se mais à estrutura de nosso cérebro (com muito mais simplicidade, é claro) mas que também apresentam propriedades extremamente interessantes.
Para entender bem a solução por hardware será interessante entendermos inicialmente como funciona o neurônio ou célula nervosa natural, e a partir daí tentar reproduzir um equivalente eletrônico.
O que diferencia o nosso sistema nervoso, incluindo o cérebro, de um computador comum, é a forma como os pulsos são processados.
Os computadores digitais trabalham exclusivamente com lógica, respondendo apenas de duas maneiras possíveis aos estímulos: sim ou não ou HI ou LO.
Um neurônio também trabalha com impulsos, mas de forma completamente diferente. Para os que pensam que um neurônio é um processador complexo, com a capacidade de trabalhar com informações de uma forma que a eletrônica não pode imitar temos reservada uma surpresa.
Conforme mostra a figura 4, os neurônios possuem "terminais de entrada" que recebem trens de impulsos e um "terminal de saida" que emite um trem de impulsos que depende da combinação dos impulsos recebidos nas entradas.
Diferentemente dos circuitos lógicos, os neurónios levam em conta na resposta tanto a amplitude como a duração e a própria quantidade de impulsos de cada entrada para fornecer sua resposta.
Além disso, devemos levar em conta que existem "entradas" que tanto podem servir para estimular como inibir a célula.
Não se trata, portanto, de um dispositivo digital propriamente dito, mas sim com um comportamento mais próximo do analógico, pois variando linearmente os três parâmetros de entrada podemos ter uma combinação quase infinita de situações.
Mais do que isso, o neurônio não tem uma resposta fixa aos estímulos, mas "se adapta" a elas.
Se numa certa entrada predominarem estímulos de determinadas características, por exemplo de determinada intensidade, a faixa de repostas do neurônio que inicialmente era larga pode se estreitar e se adaptar a estes estímulos, conforme mostra a figura 5.
Isso significa que ele aprende" a reconhecer tais estímulos, e em pouco tempo deixará de responder aos estímulosque estejam fora desta faixa.

A SOLUÇAO ELETRÔNICA

Evidentemente não vamos utilizar circuitos lógicos para obter uma estrutura que se comporte da forma indicada.Mas, se o leitor pensa que seria muito difícil obter um circuito capaz de apresentar o comportamento descrito está enganado.
Uma equipe de pesquisadores do lnstitute of Technology de Pasadena Califórnia, encontrou uma solução bastante simples e interessante para reproduzir neurônios e que pode até ser usada para experiências pelos leitores interessados.
Analisemos o circuito desenvolvido pelos pesquísadores:
lnicialmente vamos tomar uma configuração bastante conhecida de nossos leitores que é o amplificador diferencial com dois transistores, mostrado na figura 6.
Os dois transistores nesta configuração conduzem de modo a manter o mesmo potencial nos seus emissores que estão interligados.
Se um dos transistores recebe um sinal de base, o circuito se desequilibra de tal forma que o outro transistor também modifica seu estado de condução.
Se os dois transistores forem excitados, o circuito reage de forma combinada para que na saida tenhamos uma tensão que corresponda a uma diferença amplificada dessas tensões.
Se as tensões ou estímulos aplicados nas entradas deste circuito forem iguais, o circuito se ajusta e não temos tensão de saída.
Em outras palavras, este circuito só fornece uma resposta se os estímulos ou tensões de entrada forem diferentes entre si, daí seu nome de "amplificador diferencial".
Observe que circuito funciona de maneira bem diferente dos circuitos digitais em quê temos saídas do tipo O ou 1, ou seja, apenas dois níveis de tensão: neste circuito temos uma saída proporcional à diferença das tensões de entrada, numa ampla gama de valores.
Este comportamento nos permite fazer uma associação muito mais real ao neurônio, onde temos uma entrada estimuladora e uma Inibidora.
Mas ainda podem ser feitos aperfeiçoamentos neste circuito, se desejarmos que ele responda a pulsos com o mesmo formato de onda que os neurônios, levando em conta agora os tempos.
Para isso, o que se faz é acrescentar um integrador ao circuito. Com ele os Impulsos muito rápidos não provocam respostas, mas somente os impulsos na forma de trens que então geram uma resposta contínua, conforme mostra a figura 7.
iMas a resposta continua ainda não é interessante, pois não corresponde à realidade. Os neurônios respondem a trens de pulsos gerando novos trens de pulsos. Uma forma de se conseguir isso é ligando o par diferencial a um novo par diferencial que tenha uma realimentação positiva feita por um capacitor.Temos então um oscilador comandado por tensão, conforme mostra a
figura 8.
A quantidade de pulsos gerados por este circuito e sua velocidade, assim como a intensidade, vão depender agora da tensão contínua aplicada à sua entrada.
Nosso neurônio eletrônico passa então a ter um comportamento que se aproxima multo do neurônio "de verdade", conforme mostra a figura 9.
Os trens de impulsos ou estímulos aplicados nas entradas determinam, pelas suas características, o nível de tensão gerado no par diferencial. Se os trens tiverem a mesma intensidade, um inibidor e outro excitador, a tensão será nula e não haverá resposta.
No entanto, se um dos trens pré dominar, a tensão desta etapa fará com que o segundo par diferencial, ligado como oscilador controlado, gere um trem de pulsos de saída.
A quantidade desses pulsos (frequência) e sua intensidade dependem justamente da combinação dos impulsos de entrada, exatamente como no neurônio real.
Este circuito não tem, entretanto, uma propriedade Importante dos neurônios reais, mas que pode ser agregada com um pouco de estudo:
O aprendizado.
- As respostas aos estímulos, se bem que admitam uma enorme variedade de combinações, diferentemente do O e 1 digital, se mantêm constantes, não alterando com o tempo.
Uma idéia a ser estudada seria o acréscimo de circuitos de amostragem e retenção nos neurônios, cone, forme mostra a figura 10.
Estes circuitos poderiam ser usados para armazenar os níveis de tensão mais comuns na entrada de modo a levar o neurônio ao seu reconhecimento. O capacitor de retenção faria o papel de memória. Mesmo armazenando cargas, talvez no máximo durante algumas horas, isso poderia ser suficiente para satisfazer um pesquisador numa bateria de testes.Montando uma boa quantidade destes circuitos seria possível criar uma estrutura neural capaz de processar sinais de forma bem diferente dos circuitos digitais, talvez revelando traços de comportamento que até então eram atribuidos apenas às criaturas vivas.Conclusão
As máquinas neurais já funcionam em muitos lugares.
Computadores deste tipo são usados em aeroportos para "farejar" explosivos e tóxicos, pois os sensores não podem excitar circuitos digitais comuns dada a variedade de respostas que podem ter.
Máquinas que, pelas informações de sensores, monitoram seu próprio funcionamento, dando indicações de onde estariam prováveis defeitos, já são baseadas em redes neurais.
Não resta dúvida que o próximo passo na interligação mais íntima do homem com a máquina seria justamente uma estrutura com um funcionamento baseado em princípios comuns, e o neurônio é a solução.
Somente com este tipo de circuito o homem conseguirá "conversar" com um computador em sua linguagem e ser entendido por ele. Dizer, entretanto, que quando isso ocorrer, o computador alcançará o nível humano com pensamentos e sentimentos próprios é algo que não podemos arriscar.
Mas leve-se em conta quantas coisas também não nos atrevíamos a afirmar há apenas algumas dezenas de anos...

Quantum Computing Group

2011-04-10T20:03:00.000-07:00

Quantum Computing Group

Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica

Home News Research areas People Seminars Publications Software Links Contact

Our group is hosted by the National Laboratory of Scientific Computing (LNCC) which is an institute of the Ministry of Science and Technology (MCT) at the Imperial City of Petrópolis. The research activities of LNCC are mainly directed to the area of Scientific Computing, proposing mathematical and computational models to solve scientific and technological problems.

The Quantum Computing Group is involved in the following activities:

Research in quantum computation and quantum information
Supervision of Master and Doctoral thesis
Graduate courses
Writing pedagogic material
Regular meetings
Workshop organization

Post-doc Fellowships: Productive researchers are welcome to apply for post-doc fellowships in LNCC. There are fellowships available for short visits (1 month). [email]

Graduate studies: Students are welcome to email us (see Contact) in order to get further information about graduate courses and supervision at Doctoral and Master levels, funded by scholarships from CAPES, FAPERJ and CNPq.

Undergraduate supervision: Our group welcomes undergraduate students willing to do research under the Scientific Initiation program PIBIC of CNPq.

A CERTIDÃO DE NASCIMENTO DA MAÇONARIA

2011-04-10T18:16:00.000-07:00

A CERTIDÃO DE NASCIMENTO DA MAÇONARIA

Para se falar na Origem Documentada da Maçonaria, foi preciso fazer esse giro pelos arraiais da Maçonaria Mística. E depois demonstrar que até o ano 1000, o que servia de proteção, como Casa e Lar do homem – era a Madeira. E que a profissão que predominava e sobressaia, era a de Carpinteiro e Marceneiro. Tanto era verdade, que as primitivas Organizações – as Guildas – eram compostas de homens que praticavam essas duas Antigas Profissões.

Com o advento das Construções de Pedras e Alvenarias, começa a florescer e destacar-se outra profissão – a dos Canteiros, Entalhadores. Isso começou a acontecer a partir do século XII. Grandes quantidades de guerreiros, seguiram na Primeira Cruzada, rumo à Cidade Santa de Jerusalém, que estavam nas mãos dos Sarracenos, dos Infiéis. Nas Estradas precárias da Europa, grupos de Salteadores e Bandoleiros cresciam em número e em audácia. As Propriedades do começo do 1º século do 2º milênio, eram atacadas por hordas de famintos e estrangeiros. Daí a necessidade de se erguerem muralhas, fortalezas para proteger os Burgos e seus proprietários, famílias e servos.

O Cristianismo estava em pleno progresso. Povos e mais povos eram catequizados pelos Soldados de Cristo – isto é, Bispo de grandes capacidades de catequeses. E a Igreja ao receber Reis e a Nobreza, em suas fileiras, passou a contar, também, com uma ajuda financeira muito grande de seus novos Fiéis. E com dinheiro se faz muitas coisas. Então aqueles feios amontoados de madeira sujeito ao fogo e aos raios e outros fenômenos da natureza, começavam a dar lugar às Grandes Catedrais de Pedras, como mostramos logo no início deste trabalho. Entre os anos de 1100 e 1300, milhares de Igrejas, Catedrais, Mosteiros, conventos, etc, foram erguidos na Europa. E para dar conta de tanto Trabalho, uma leva de homens foi se especializando na arte de Construir. Uma Arte Antiga, mas pouco divulgada. E essa leva de Profissionais de Pedra, precisava se organizar. Precisavam de um Estatuto. Precisavam de um espaço só seu. Foi então que Doze Freemasons (Pedreiro especializados em trabalhar na Pedra Franca), liderados por Henry Yevele, é bom guardar bem esse nome – Henry Yevele, nasceu em 1320 e morreu no ano de 1400 – foram até à Prefeitura de Londres, levando um esboço de um Estatuto do Trabalhador da Pedra e, numa audiência com o Alderman (Prefeito) e os Edis, apresentaram seu esboço de Estatuto, onde previa, além da Obediência às autoridades locais, também previa uma fidelidade (quase canina), ao Rei e à Religião Vigente, e, ainda, um pedido para que suas reuniões fossem fechadas, sem a presença de pessoas que não estivessem ligadas a ela.

Esses 12 homens saíram daqui, do local onde está Igreja, Antiga Guilda – desta Guildhall, no dia 2 de fevereiro de 1356. É bom repetir – dois de fevereiro de 1356.

Aqui está o Berço, o Dia, o Mês e o Ano do Nascimento da Maçonaria Documentada. Enquanto não apresentarem outro Documento, confiável, mais antigo. Este Documento que se encontra ainda hoje, na Biblioteca da Prefeitura de Londres, levará a glória e terá o privilégio de ser o Documento Maçônico mais Antigo.

Mas para que não surja ou permaneça nenhuma dúvida, segundo o pesquisador da Quatuor Coronati, o Irmão G. H. T. French:

“O Primeiro Código ou Regulamento dos Maçons da Inglaterra, é datada de 2 de fevereiro de 1356, quando, como resultado da disputa entre Carvoeiros e Maçons, Pintores, Doze Mestres de uma Obra, representando aquele ramo da Arte de Construir, foram até ao Prefeito e Edis de Londres, na sede da Prefeitura e eles obtiveram uma Autorização Oficial, para que fizessem um Código e um Regulamento Interno, para a Instalação de uma Sociedade e, acabar, de vez, com a disputa e, também, para que de uma forma geral, ajudasse nos Trabalhos. O Preâmbulo do Código, confirma que aqueles homens, foram lá, realmente juntos; porque o seu Ofício, até então, não havia sido regulamentado, de nenhuma forma pelo Governo do Povo, como já acontecia com outras Profissões.”

Essa Sociedade dos Maçons (The Fellowship of Masons), durou, ou prevaleceu sozinha durante 20 anos – até 1376, quando foi fundada a Companhia dos Maçons de Londres.

Incidentemente, a primeira Regra desse Regulamento, regido naquela ocasião, como objetivo, do “Delimitação em Disputa”, quando estabelecida “que, muitos homens da profissão, podiam trabalhar em qualquer serviço relacionado com a sua profissão, desde que ele fosse perfeitamente hábil e conhecesse muito bem a profissão.”

Daí por diante, eles passaram a trabalhar segundo esse Código. E muitos outros foram surgindo, formando o que chamamos de Old Charges, ou Constituições Góticas.

Colaboração do Ir.·. Renato Burity Oliveira

ARLS Fraternidade Rionovense nº 32, Or.·. de Ipiaú (BA)

Fonte: O Aprendiz Maçom de Assis Carvalho, saudoso Xico Trolha.

Termos de uso do site.

2011-03-06T10:37:00.001-08:00

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Estruturas e maquinários para o beneficiamento do café

2011-02-04T17:35:00.001-08:00

Procurando no mercadolivre e no google o valor e características de máquinas para beneficiamento de café encontrei este artigo bastante instrutivo a respeito.

ESTRUTURAS E MAQUINÁRIOS PARA O BENEFICIAMENTO DO CAFÉ
Marcos Moulin Teixeira
1. INTRODUÇÃO
A recomendação do momento adequado para colheita do café é baseada no estádio de maturação dos frutos. Ela deve ser iniciada quando o percentual de frutos maduros for superior a 80% (FERRÃO et al., 2004, p. 48 e FONSECA et al., 2007, p. 504). O café deve ser transportado imediatamente após a colheita para o local de secagem e esparramado para evitar fermentações indesejáveis. Dessa forma processar-se-á uma pré-secagem que reduzirá o volume de café a ser usado em secadores.
Existem diversos tipos construtivos de terreiros e vários modelos de secadores que podem ser utilizados para a correta secagem do café. Abordar-se-á nesse caso somente os terreiros e secadores mais comumente utilizados na maioria das propriedades rurais e que permitem ao cafeicultor produzir um café de qualidade superior.
2. SECAGEM EM TERREIRO
2.1 Terreiro suspenso (Figura 1)
Construído com sombrite 50%, suportes de madeira, arame liso tracionado e tela plástica apropriada. Geralmente tem largura de 3 metros e comprimento conforme a necessidade do cafeicultor. Recomenda-se usar 80 litros de café cereja para cada 3 metros quadrados de terreiro. Apresenta como vantagens principais: fácil construção; baixo custo de implantação; dispensa de terraplanagem e fácil manuseio. Como desvantagem cita-se o requerimento periódico de manutenção.
Figura 1 – Terreiro suspenso de sombrite 50%, com cobertura de lona plástica removível.

2.2. Terreiro de cimento (Figura 2)
Construído com o uso de argamassa de cimento, areia e brita. Como os demais tipos de terreiros, devem ser construídos próximo às estruturas de beneficiamento. Sua largura deve ter o maior aproveitamento possível no terreno, permitindo uma máxima redução do seu comprimento, tornando o mais próximo de uma construção quadrática facilitando o processo de secagem. Utilizam o mesmo volume de café por área que o anterior. Tem como desvantagem o alto custo de implantação em relação ao primeiro, além de necessitar de terraplanagem, é de fácil manuseio e requer pouca manutenção.

Figura 2 – Terreiro de cimento a céu aberto.

2.3. Estufa plástica (Figura 3)
Pode ser usada sobre terreiro suspenso ou terreiro a céu aberto. Constitui-se de uma cobertura com lona plástica transparente com espessura de 150 micras, tendo como principal cuidado na sua construção, a verificação da direção dos ventos fortes para evitar sua danificação.

Figura 3 – Estufa plástica.

Tem como principais desvantagens: o alto custo de implantação e uso de mão de obra especializada, porém tem a vantagem de possibilitar a secagem de todos os tipos de produtos durante todo o ano, reduz os riscos de produzir com qualidade inferior e proporciona menor tempo de secagem.
3. SECAGEM EM SECADOR ROTATIVO
3.1 – Secador de fogo indireto (Figura 4)
São construídos utilizando chapas de aço, engrenagens e motores, para através da queima da lenha e posterior condução da massa de ar quente, retirar a umidade dos grãos até o teor de umidade recomendado para o armazenamento. O secador é composto de câmara de combustão, portas de abastecimento, grelha, cinzeiros, entrada de ar primário, ciclone, exaustor (chaminé) e câmara de secagem.

Figura 4 – Secador rotativo de fogo indireto

3.2 Secador de fogo direto (Figura 5)
São os secadores mais utilizados na secagem do café conilon e pouco utilizados para o café arábica.A diferença entre os secadores de fogo indireto e fogo direto, consiste na retirada do exaustor ou chaminé, inserindo diretamente o ar aquecido na câmara de secagem sem a retirada de fagulhas e fumaça. Este procedimento permite secagem em altas temperaturas reduzindo o tempo de secagem, entretanto produz um café de qualidade inferior, com odor enfumaçado e secagem forçada. Além do comprometimento da qualidade da bebida proporciona o aparecimento de defeitos como grãos pretos e ardidos.

Figura 5 – Secador de fogo direto

4. BENEFICIAMENTO DO CAFÉ
Após a correta secagem do café o seu beneficiamento (descascamento) pode ser feito imediatamente. Entretanto, para se obter um produto de qualidade superior recomenda-se armazenar o café em coco em tulhas revestidas de madeira, por um período superior a 60 dias. Este processo de “repouso” do café permite uniformizar a umidade entre os grãos.
As operações de beneficiamento compreendem o descascamento e separação das cascas, não ocorre a separação dos grãos por diferentes tamanhos ou coloração, obtendo o café denominado de “bica corrida” (Figura 6).
O rebeneficiamento do café é utilizado para atender aos diferentes tipos de mercados internos e externos. Ele consiste na primeira fase em separação das impurezas, densidade dos grãos e escolha e tamanho dos grãos. Na segunda fase é feita a seleção dos grãos por coloração.

Figura 6 – Rebeneficiamento do café.
A separação das impurezas como torrões, paus, pedras, metais, entre outros é realizada por equipamento comumente denominado de “catador de pedras” (Figura 7).

Figura 7 – Catador de pedras.

O produto a ser processado é alimentado pela parte superior da máquina. Ao atingir a mesa inclinada o produto se distribui uniformemente ao longo da largura da peneira metálica de desenho especial, formando uma camada de espessura uniforme. Ao ser submetida a uma corrente de ar ascendente esta camada é estratificada, fazendo com que os grãos de café flutue, enquanto os materiais pesados permanecem em contato com a peneira e são transportados para cima pelo movimento vibratório da mesa. O produto limpo é descarregado por gravidade na extremidade inferior da mesa. A separação de pedras é ajustada através de dois controles: inclinação da mesa e pressão do ar.
Retiradas as impurezas dos grãos eles são elevados à parte superior da “densimétrica” (Figura 8), onde são separados por peso. Os grãos leves, mal granados, chochos, quebrados, pretos, ardidos e brocados, são separados dos grãos normais. Após este processo tem-se os grãos com densidade desejável para o consumo, separados da escolha. A escolha é considerada imprópria para o consumo humano, mas pode ser utilizada para outros fins como extração de óleos e alguns compostos orgânicos.

Figura 8 – Densimétrica.

O processo seguinte à retirada da escolha (Figura 9) é a separação dos grãos por tamanho ou peneiras: basicamente para os cafés “commodities”, café arábica peneiras: 17 e acima, 16, 15,14 e moca, café conilon peneiras: 13 acima e 13 abaixo.

Figura 9 – Retirada da escolha.

Atualmente existem equipamentos compactos, com menor consumo de energia, de menor custo e de fácil operação, disponíveis no mercado.
O modelo apresentado abaixo (Figura 10) possui cinco equipamentos em um:
 Bica de jogo para separação de terra e outros materiais estranhos;
 Catador de pedras com ventilador;
 Descascador com vazadeiras;
 Separador de palhas (sururuca) e
 Catador de escolhas com divisões e fluxos independentes.

Figura 10 – Equipamento de rebenefício de café com múltipla função.

Para mercados específicos, sofisticados e mais exigentes utiliza-se seleção eletrônica de grãos (Figura 11), a qual permite a separação individual dos grãos pela sua coloração. São classificados como verde característico, com maior cotação de mercado, verde mais claro e verde mais escuro.

Figura 11 – Seletora eletrônica de grãos.

A obtenção de cafés rebeneficiados para atendimento aos mercados mais exigentes é uma necessidade para a permanência nos mercados já conquistados e para ampliação e abertura de novos. Identificados os mercados, as classificações por tipo e por bebida (Figura 12) são feitas em conformidade com padrões estabelecidos pelos organismos competentes.

Figura 12 – Sala de classificação por tipo e bebida.

5. ARMAZENAMENTO E TRANSPORTE
O armazenamento é feito em locais secos, com pouca luz e umidade. Para o café arábica a umidade do grão deve ser de 12,0% e para o café conilon de 13,0%.
O transporte do café beneficiado pode ser feito em sacarias de juta com 60 Kg (Figura 13B) ou em “big-bag” de 1.200 kg (Figura 13A). É importante recomendar ao transportador para não permanecer em postos de abastecimento de combustíveis durante todo o trajeto, isto porque o café tem grande capacidade de absorver aromas, podendo comprometer sua boa qualidade.

(A)

(B)

Figura 13 – Embalagens para transporte do café beneficiado, em sacarias de juta com 60 Kg (B) ou em big-bag de 1200 Kg (A)

REFERÊNCIAS
FERRÃO, R. G.; FONSECA, A. F. A.; FERRÃO, M. A. G.; DE MUNER, L. H.; VERDIM FILHO, A. C.; VOLPI, P. S.; MARQUES, E. M. G.; ZUCATELI, F. Café conilon: técnicas de produção com variedades melhoradas. Vitória, ES: Incaper, 2004, 60 p. (Incaper: Circular Técnica, 03-I).
FONSECA, A. F. A.; FERRÃO, R. G.; FERRÃO, M. A. G.; VERDIM FILHO, A. C.; VOLPI, P. S. Qualidade do café conilon: operações de colheita e pós-colheita. In: Ferrão, R. G. et al. (ed.). Café conilon. Vitória, ES: Incaper, 2007. p. 500-507.
PACHITO, E. M. Como obter qualidade em café. In: DAHER, F. A.; TEIXEIRA, M. M. (coord.) Apostila . . . Vitória, ES: CETCAF, 200?. p. 49-74.

The New Daughter

2011-02-02T16:17:00.000-08:00

Nossa! péssimo filme, Kevin,
continue com a banda, porque como
guarda costas tá mal!

108 min - Horror | Thriller -
7 October 2010 (Netherlands)

5.3/10

Users: (2,974 votes) 45 reviews |
Critics: 46 reviews

A single father moves his two children
to rural South Carolina, only to watch
his daughter exhibit increasingly
strange behavior.

Director:

Luis Berdejo

Writers:

John Travis (screenplay),
John Connolly (short story)

Stars:

Kevin Costner, Ivana Baquero
and Samantha Mathis

Os Mercenários (2010) The Expendables (original title)

2011-02-02T16:14:00.000-08:00

103 min - Action | Adventure | Thriller - 13 August 2010 (Brazil)

6.7/10

Users: (69,556 votes) 585 reviews | Critics: 325 reviews Metascore: 45/100 (based on 35 reviews from Metacritic.com)

A team of mercenaries head to South America on a mission to overthrow a dictator.

Filme Encontro Explosivo.

2011-02-02T16:09:00.000-08:00

Muito bom filme, chega a ser hilário, tamanha a diversão.

CURIOSIDADES

- O primeiro nome do filme era Wichita.
- Para fazer este filme, Tom Cruise saiu de O Turista (2010).

- Embora o longa tenha sido filmado, principalmente, em Massachusetts, seis dias de filmagens ocorreram em Salzburgo, na Áustria. Algumas filmagens extras também foram feitas na Andaluzia, Espanha, Port Antonio, Jamaica e em Los Angeles, Califórnia.

- Chris Tucker, Adam Sandler e Gerard Butler foram considerados para o papel principal antes de Tom Cruise.

FICHA TÉCNICA

Diretor: James Mangold

Elenco: Tom Cruise, Cameron Diaz, Maggie Grace, Peter Sarsgaard, Paul Dano, Marc Blucas

Produção: Arnon Milchan, E. Bennett Walsh

Roteiro: Dana Fox, Scott Frank

Fotografia: Phedon Papamichael

Trilha Sonora: John Powell

Duração: 115 min.

Ano: 2010

País: EUA

Gênero: Comédia Romântica

Cor: Colorido

Distribuidora: Fox Film

Estúdio: New Regency Pictures / Pink Machine / Tree Line Films / Wintergreen Productions / Regency Enterprises

Classificação: 14 anos

Sons do Coração

2011-01-29T11:27:00.001-08:00

Ruído Normal S1 (mp3, 423 kb)

S3 (fisiológico kb) (mp3, 428 kb)

S4 (mp3, 431 kb)

Estenosis Aórtica (mp3, 431 kb)

Regurgitação Mitral (mp3, 440 kb)

Clic Mesosistólico (mp3, 446 kb)

Defeito Septal Ventricular (mp3, 480 kb)

Defeito Septal Auricular (mp3, 411 kb)

Estenosis Mitral (mp3, 414 kb)

Regurgitação Aórtica (mp3, 403 kb)

Ruído Normal da Traquéia (mp3, 231 kb)

Ruído Normal Vesicular (mp3, 210 kb)

Crepitantes Finos com sons bronquiais (mp3, 293 kb)

Crepitantes Fortes (mp3, 244 kb)

Ruído Bronquial (mp3, 282 kb)

Estridor Inspiratório (mp3, 259 kb)

Roncus (mp3, 272 kb)

Quejidos (mp3, 194 kb)

Crepitantes Finos (mp3, 300 kb)

Frote Pleural (mp3, 323 kb)

Uso do seu Estetoscópio

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Uso do seu Estetoscópio

O seu Estetoscópio Littmann lhe proporcionará muitos anos de serviço duradouro, especialmente se você seguir as dicas de cuidados e manutenção abaixo.

Cuidados GeraisSeu estetoscópio Littmann foi desenvolvido para render anos de serviço confiável. Limpar seu estetoscópio com freqüência assegurará o máximo em desempenho acústico. Para maiores informações, ver Cuidados e Limpeza.

Maximizando o Desempenho AcústicoSe o desempenho acústico de seu estetoscópio aparenta estar ruim ou ausente, tente uma das alternativas a seguir:

Alinhamento Adequado dos Headsets:Os Estetoscópios Littmann possuem headsets que foram desenvolvidos para serem utilizados em ângulo anatômico correto, orientado em direção aos canais auriculares de quem os utiliza. Antes de colocar as olivas em seus ouvidos, segure o headset do estetoscópio à sua frente para que as hastes apontem para longe de você (Figura A). Quando as olivas estiverem em seus ouvidos, elas devem estar apontadas para frente (Figura B). Nem todos os canais auriculares são iguais. Se após inserir as olivas da forma correta, elas não se encaixarem de forma confortável, e o desempenho acústico não melhorar, segure cada uma das hastes, ajustando o headset para obter uma fixação personalizada. Utilizar de forma incorreta o estetoscópio pode resultar em selamento acústico deficiente e, em alguns casos, bloqueio completo do som (Figura C).

Figura A
Inserção Correta

Figura B
Posicionamento Correto

Figura C
Posicionamento Incorreto

Fixação Correta de Olivas:É importante que olivas de tamanho adequado sejam utilizadas para a obtenção de máximo desempenho acústico. Isto se dá especialmente ao utilizar olivas de selamento leve. Se a oliva de selamento leve for muito grande para o usuário, a compressão daquela oliva, enquanto na orelha, pode resultar em desempenho acústico deficiente. Isto também pode ser verdadeiro se a oliva for muito pequena. Descobrir o tamanho correto da orelha de cada indivíduo resulta no melhor desempenho acústico.

Verificar Obstrução:Se o estetoscópio for normalmente levado dentro de um bolso, ou não for limpo com freqüência, é possível que fios ou sujeira possam obstruir o trajeto do som. Cuidados e manutenção de rotina podem prevenir tal acontecimento.

Verificar o Selamento:Estetoscópios dependem de selamento hermético para transmitir sons desde o corpo do paciente até o ouvido do usuário. Partes soltas no auscultador, tubos soltos, ou rachados podem impedir um selamento hermético.

Indexar o Sino:Quando utilizar um estetoscópio de dois lados, o usuário precisa abrir, ou indexar, o sino ou diafragma girando o auscultador. Se o diafragma estiver aberto, o sino será fechado, prevenindo que o som entre através do sino, e vice versa.

Técnicas de Auscultador Estas recomendações permitem executar uma auscultação adequada:

2011-01-29T09:58:00.000-08:00

Técnicas de Auscultador

Estas recomendações permitem executar uma auscultação adequada:

Sala silenciosa, bem iluminada e quente. [Elimina ruídos estranhos e facilita a inspeção cardíaca.]

Paciente devidamente despojado. [Permite que o estetoscópio seja colocado diretamente sobre o peito.]

Capacidade de examinar o paciente nas posições de costas, sentado e reclinado lateralmente pelo lado esquerdo (ver Diagrama A). [Vários sons, especialmente sons anormais, podem ser obtidos em posições diferentes.]

Capacidade de examinar pelo lado direito. [Diminui a probabilidade de produção de sons estranhos desde os tubos do estetoscópio atingindo objetos.]

Estetoscópio com sino e diafragma ou capacidade de atuar com o sino ou diafragma. [O sino, quando seguro levemente contra o peito, capta sons de baixa freqüência. O diafragma, quando pressionado com força suficiente para deixar impressão posterior, capta sons de alta freqüência.]

Seqüência de auscultação (ver Diagrama B). Pelo menos quatro áreas devem ser auscultadas utilizando-se primeiramente o diafragma e, depois, o sino:
1. Borda Lateral Esquerda do Esterno (LLSB) – quarto espaço intercostal à esquerda do esterno. Sons de tricúspide e à direita do coração são ouvidos melhor nesta área.
2. Ápice – quinto espaço intercostal na linha clavicular medial.
  Sons mitrais e à esquerda do coração são ouvidos melhor nesta área.
3. Base Direita – segundo espaço intercostal à direita do esterno. Sons desde a válvula aórtica são ouvidos melhor nesta área.
4. Base Esquerda – Segundo espaço intercostal à esquerda do esterno. Sons desde a válvula pulmonar são ouvidos melhor nesta área.

Capacidade de ouvir seletivamente. [Atenção a um som por vez. Quando estamos ouvindo sons em sístole, sons em diástole são inicialmente ignorados.]

A seqüência mencionada acima é apenas uma das muitas aceitáveis. O ponto importante é que as quatro áreas mencionadas sejam auscultadas a cada vez, de maneira consistente, e que cada área seja avaliada para sons tanto de baixa, quanto de alta freqüência.

Diferenças em Acústica
Existem muitos fatores que contribuem para uma resposta acústica, como o selamento completo desde o ponto de auscultação até o canal auricular do usuário do estetoscópio.
Nossos resultados laboratoriais não incluem fatores como ruído ambiente, artefato de movimento e selamento de canal auricular. Devido a estas variáveis e diferenças na habilidade de audição de cada indivíduo, recomendamos experimentar diferentes modelos de estetoscópios antes da compra.

Anatomia de um Estetoscópio Littmann Cardiology III

2011-01-29T09:54:00.000-08:00

Anatomia

Anatomia do Estetoscópio
Anatomia de um Estetoscópio Littmann Cardiology III

Para saber mais sobre determinadas peças do estetoscópio Cardiology III, selecione o nome da peça e consulte a descrição detalhada abaixo.

Estetoscópio Littmann® Cardiology III

Selecione o nome de uma peça acima para visualizar maiores detalhes aqui

Tubos Curtos vs. Longos

Constantemente, profissionais da área de saúde fazem questionamentos sobre o comprimento dos tubos baseando-se em publicações antigas, que alegam que tubos mais curtos fornecem melhor resposta acústica. Alguns instrutores têm recomendado que seus alunos comprem tubos mais curtos, quando possível. Em uma tentativa de esclarecer a informação sobre o comprimento de tubos, a linha de produtos dos estetoscópios Littmann foi testada para apresentar as seguintes informações sobre comprimento de tubos.

Para explicar os resultados de nossos testes, é interessante que os tubos do estetoscópio sejam comparados a uma mangueira de jardinagem. Por exemplo, um aumento no comprimento de uma mangueira de jardinagem diminuirá a pressão, ao final da mangueira, como resultado de forças de atrito internas e outras. O mesmo efeito ocorre quando o comprimento dos tubos de um estetoscópio é aumentado. Contudo, no caso de tubos de estetoscópio, a mudança no comprimento é relativamente pequena; tal diminuição na pressão acústica não é detectável pelo ouvido humano.

Além disso, na medida em que o comprimento dos tubos aumenta, a freqüência de ressonância diminui. Considerando tal fato, um aumento no comprimento de tubos fornece melhor resposta aos sons de baixa freqüência (uma vantagem na auscultação). Muitos sons do coração são mais baixos do que 150 Hz e são considerados baixa freqüência. Como já foi demonstrado que o ouvido humano é menos sensível aos sons de baixa freqüência, uma resposta aprimorada à baixa freqüência é uma vantagem.

Levando em conta estes dois fatores, não há diferença notável em desempenho acústico entre os estetoscópios Littmann com tubos mais curtos e aqueles com tubos mais longos. Na verdade, pode haver algum aprimoramento com relação aos sons de baixa freqüência.

Quando for adquirir um estetoscópio, o profissional da área de saúde precisa considerar suas próprias necessidades e práticas. Tubos mais longos podem ser mais apropriados para pessoas utilizando o estetoscópio em volta de seus pescoços, vestindo melhor. A altura e tamanho do braço do profissional também devem ser fatores determinantes para o melhor comprimento dos tubos. Muitos profissionais gostariam de um pouco mais de distância de pacientes um pouco mais doentes, quando auscultam. Tubos mais longos também reduzem a necessidade de se curvar sobre o paciente de costas, o que pode tencionar a parte abdominal das costas do profissional.

The Book of Numbers

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The Book of Numbers

One.
All comes from one source,
This source moves through all,
One Source, One Force.
In this way,
we Initiate.

Two.
One and not one,
Two and not two,
The basic polarity.
In this way,
we Generate.

Three.
Two and one,
From two and The one,
Becoming two and one.
In this way,
we Separate.

Four.
Two groups of two,
Reflected in a square,
Referencing each other.
In this way,
we Create.

Five.
Four and one,
Self-reflecting, Self-correcting,
Awareness of awareness.
In this way,
we Elevate.

Six.
Two groups of three,
Connected yet separated,
Depending on dependence.
In this way,
we Imitate.

Seven.
At the center of the cycle,
Balancing all balances,
The Lock and the Key.
In this way,
we Resonate.

Eight.
Two groups of four,
A balance of systems,
Seeking commonality.
In this way,
we Integrate.

Nine.
Three groups of three,
Connected - separated - recombined,
Into something greater.
In this way,
we Concentrate.

Ten.
Two groups of five,
Awareness' join,
Acting as one.
In this way,
we Cocreate.

Eleven.
Not part of any cycle,
An isolated system,
A changing constant,
Existing to not.Dissonant.

Twelve.
A common interface,
A divine pattern revealed,
Sharing - the Golden Mean.
In this way,
we Cooperate.

Thirteen.
Twelve and the One,
The One which moves through All,
Microcosm, Macrocosm.
In this way,
we Illuminate.

Onmia quia sunt, lumina sunt.

Transcribed by Uaxac Cib
Dedicated to Robert Herring

BOOK OF ENOCH From The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament R.H. Charles Oxford: The Clarendon Press

2011-01-28T09:41:00.001-08:00

BOOK OF ENOCH

From-The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament
R.H. Charles
Oxford: The Clarendon Press

Section I. Chapters I-XXXVI

INTRODUCTION

[Chapter 1]
1 The words of the blessing of Enoch, wherewith he blessed the elect and righteous, who will be 2 living in the day of tribulation, when all the wicked and godless are to be removed. And he took up his parable and said -Enoch a righteous man, whose eyes were opened by God, saw the vision of the Holy One in the heavens, which the angels showed me, and from them I heard everything, and from them I understood as I saw, but not for this generation, but for a remote one which is 3 for to come. Concerning the elect I said, and took up my parable concerning them:
The Holy Great One will come forth from His dwelling,
4 And the eternal God will tread upon the earth, (even) on Mount Sinai,
[And appear from His camp]
And appear in the strength of His might from the heaven of heavens.
5 And all shall be smitten with fear
And the Watchers shall quake,
And great fear and trembling shall seize them unto the ends of the earth.
6 And the high mountains shall be shaken,
And the high hills shall be made low,
And shall melt like wax before the flame
7 And the earth shall be wholly rent in sunder,
And all that is upon the earth shall perish,
And there shall be a judgement upon all (men).
8 But with the righteous He will make peace.
And will protect the elect,
And mercy shall be upon them.
And they shall all belong to God,
And they shall be prospered,
And they shall all be blessed.
And He will help them all,
And light shall appear unto them,
And He will make peace with them'.
9 And behold! He cometh with ten thousands of His holy ones
To execute judgement upon all,
And to destroy all the ungodly:
And to convict all flesh
Of all the works of their ungodliness which they have ungodly committed,
And of all the hard things which ungodly sinners have spoken against Him.
[Chapter 2]
1 Observe ye everything that takes place in the heaven, how they do not change their orbits, and the luminaries which are in the heaven, how they all rise and set in order each in its season, and 2 transgress not against their appointed order. Behold ye the earth, and give heed to the things which take place upon it from first to last, how steadfast they are, how none of the things upon earth 3 change, but all the works of God appear to you. Behold the summer and the winter, how the whole earth is filled with water, and clouds and dew and rain lie upon it.
[Chapter 3]
Observe and see how (in the winter) all the trees seem as though they had withered and shed all their leaves, except fourteen trees, which do not lose their foliage but retain the old foliage from two to three years till the new comes.
[Chapter 4]
And again, observe ye the days of summer how the sun is above the earth over against it. And you seek shade and shelter by reason of the heat of the sun, and the earth also burns with growing heat, and so you cannot tread on the earth, or on a rock by reason of its heat.
[Chapter 5]
1 Observe ye how the trees cover themselves with green leaves and bear fruit: wherefore give ye heed and know with regard to all His works, and recognize how He that liveth for ever hath made them so. 2 And all His works go on thus from year to year for ever, and all the tasks which they accomplish for Him, and their tasks change not, but according as God hath ordained so is it done. 3 And behold how the sea and the rivers in like manner accomplish and change not their tasks from His commandments'.
4 But ye -ye have not been steadfast, nor done the commandments of the Lord,
But ye have turned away and spoken proud and hard words
With your impure mouths against His greatness.
Oh, ye hard-hearted, ye shall find no peace.
5 Therefore shall ye execrate your days,
And the years of your life shall perish,
And the years of your destruction shall be multiplied in eternal execration,
And ye shall find no mercy.
6a In those days ye shall make your names an eternal execration unto all the righteous,
b And by you shall all who curse, curse,
And all the sinners and godless shall imprecate by you,
7c And for you the godless there shall be a curse.
6d And all the . . . shall rejoice,
e And there shall be forgiveness of sins,
f And every mercy and peace and forbearance:
g There shall be salvation unto them, a goodly light.
I And for all of you sinners there shall be no salvation,
j But on you all shall abide a curse.
7a But for the elect there shall be light and joy and peace,
b And they shall inherit the earth.
8 And then there shall be bestowed upon the elect wisdom,
And they shall all live and never again sin,
Either through ungodliness or through pride:
But they who are wise shall be humble.
9 And they shall not again transgress,
Nor shall they sin all the days of their life,
Nor shall they die of (the divine) anger or wrath,
But they shall complete the number of the days of their life.
And their lives shall be increased in peace,
And the years of their joy shall be multiplied,
In eternal gladness and peace,
All the days of their life.
[Chapter 6]
1 And it came to pass when the children of men had multiplied that in those days were born unto 2 them beautiful and comely daughters. And the angels, the children of the heaven, saw and lusted after them, and said to one another: 'Come, let us choose us wives from among the children of men 3 and beget us children.' And Semjaza, who was their leader, said unto them: 'I fear ye will not 4 indeed agree to do this deed, and I alone shall have to pay the penalty of a great sin.' And they all answered him and said: 'Let us all swear an oath, and all bind ourselves by mutual imprecations 5 not to abandon this plan but to do this thing.' Then sware they all together and bound themselves 6 by mutual imprecations upon it. And they were in all two hundred; who descended in the days of Jared on the summit of Mount Hermon, and they called it Mount Hermon, because they had sworn 7 and bound themselves by mutual imprecations upon it. And these are the names of their leaders: Samlazaz, their leader, Araklba, Rameel, Kokablel, Tamlel, Ramlel, Danel, Ezeqeel, Baraqijal, 8 Asael, Armaros, Batarel, Ananel, Zaq1el, Samsapeel, Satarel, Turel, Jomjael, Sariel. These are their chiefs of tens.
[Chapter 7]
1 And all the others together with them took unto themselves wives, and each chose for himself one, and they began to go in unto them and to defile themselves with them, and they taught them charms 2 and enchantments, and the cutting of roots, and made them acquainted with plants. And they 3 became pregnant, and they bare great giants, whose height was three thousand ells: Who consumed 4 all the acquisitions of men. And when men could no longer sustain them, the giants turned against 5 them and devoured mankind. And they began to sin against birds, and beasts, and reptiles, and 6 fish, and to devour one another's flesh, and drink the blood. Then the earth laid accusation against the lawless ones.
[Chapter 8]
1 And Azazel taught men to make swords, and knives, and shields, and breastplates, and made known to them the metals of the earth and the art of working them, and bracelets, and ornaments, and the use of antimony, and the beautifying of the eyelids, and all kinds of costly stones, and all 2 colouring tinctures. And there arose much godlessness, and they committed fornication, and they 3 were led astray, and became corrupt in all their ways. Semjaza taught enchantments, and root-cuttings, 'Armaros the resolving of enchantments, Baraqijal (taught) astrology, Kokabel the constellations, Ezeqeel the knowledge of the clouds, Araqiel the signs of the earth, Shamsiel the signs of the sun, and Sariel the course of the moon. And as men perished, they cried, and their cry went up to heaven . . .
[Chapter 9]
1 And then Michael, Uriel, Raphael, and Gabriel looked down from heaven and saw much blood being 2 shed upon the earth, and all lawlessness being wrought upon the earth. And they said one to another: 'The earth made without inhabitant cries the voice of their cryingst up to the gates of heaven. 3 And now to you, the holy ones of heaven, the souls of men make their suit, saying, "Bring our cause 4 before the Most High."' And they said to the Lord of the ages: 'Lord of lords, God of gods, King of kings, and God of the ages, the throne of Thy glory (standeth) unto all the generations of the 5 ages, and Thy name holy and glorious and blessed unto all the ages! Thou hast made all things, and power over all things hast Thou: and all things are naked and open in Thy sight, and Thou seest all 6 things, and nothing can hide itself from Thee. Thou seest what Azazel hath done, who hath taught all unrighteousness on earth and revealed the eternal secrets which were (preserved) in heaven, which 7 men were striving to learn: And Semjaza, to whom Thou hast given authority to bear rule over his associates. And they have gone to the daughters of men upon the earth, and have slept with the 9 women, and have defiled themselves, and revealed to them all kinds of sins. And the women have 10 borne giants, and the whole earth has thereby been filled with blood and unrighteousness. And now, behold, the souls of those who have died are crying and making their suit to the gates of heaven, and their lamentations have ascended: and cannot cease because of the lawless deeds which are 11 wrought on the earth. And Thou knowest all things before they come to pass, and Thou seest these things and Thou dost suffer them, and Thou dost not say to us what we are to do to them in regard to these.'
[Chapter 10]
1 Then said the Most High, the Holy and Great One spake, and sent Uriel to the son of Lamech, 2 and said to him: 'Go to Noah and tell him in my name "Hide thyself!" and reveal to him the end that is approaching: that the whole earth will be destroyed, and a deluge is about to come 3 upon the whole earth, and will destroy all that is on it. And now instruct him that he may escape 4 and his seed may be preserved for all the generations of the world.' And again the Lord said to Raphael: 'Bind Azazel hand and foot, and cast him into the darkness: and make an opening 5 in the desert, which is in Dudael, and cast him therein. And place upon him rough and jagged rocks, and cover him with darkness, and let him abide there for ever, and cover his face that he may 6,7 not see light. And on the day of the great judgement he shall be cast into the fire. And heal the earth which the angels have corrupted, and proclaim the healing of the earth, that they may heal the plague, and that all the children of men may not perish through all the secret things that the 8 Watchers have disclosed and have taught their sons. And the whole earth has been corrupted 9 through the works that were taught by Azazel: to him ascribe all sin.' And to Gabriel said the Lord: 'Proceed against the bastards and the reprobates, and against the children of fornication: and destroy [the children of fornication and] the children of the Watchers from amongst men [and cause them to go forth]: send them one against the other that they may destroy each other in 10 battle: for length of days shall they not have. And no request that they (i.e. their fathers) make of thee shall be granted unto their fathers on their behalf; for they hope to live an eternal life, and 11 that each one of them will live five hundred years.' And the Lord said unto Michael: 'Go, bind Semjaza and his associates who have united themselves with women so as to have defiled themselves 12 with them in all their uncleanness. And when their sons have slain one another, and they have seen the destruction of their beloved ones, bind them fast for seventy generations in the valleys of the earth, till the day of their judgement and of their consummation, till the judgement that is 13 for ever and ever is consummated. In those days they shall be led off to the abyss of fire: and 14 to the torment and the prison in which they shall be confined for ever. And whosoever shall be condemned and destroyed will from thenceforth be bound together with them to the end of all 15 generations. And destroy all the spirits of the reprobate and the children of the Watchers, because 16 they have wronged mankind. Destroy all wrong from the face of the earth and let every evil work come to an end: and let the plant of righteousness and truth appear: and it shall prove a blessing; the works of righteousness and truth' shall be planted in truth and joy for evermore.
17 And then shall all the righteous escape,
And shall live till they beget thousands of children,
And all the days of their youth and their old age
Shall they complete in peace.
18 And then shall the whole earth be tilled in righteousness, and shall all be planted with trees and 19 be full of blessing. And all desirable trees shall be planted on it, and they shall plant vines on it: and the vine which they plant thereon shall yield wine in abundance, and as for all the seed which is sown thereon each measure (of it) shall bear a thousand, and each measure of olives shall yield 20 ten presses of oil. And cleanse thou the earth from all oppression, and from all unrighteousness, and from all sin, and from all godlessness: and all the uncleanness that is wrought upon the earth 21 destroy from off the earth. And all the children of men shall become righteous, and all nations 22 shall offer adoration and shall praise Me, and all shall worship Me. And the earth shall be cleansed from all defilement, and from all sin, and from all punishment, and from all torment, and I will never again send (them) upon it from generation to generation and for ever.
[Chapter 11]
1 And in those days I will open the store chambers of blessing which are in the heaven, so as to send 2 them down upon the earth over the work and labour of the children of men. And truth and peace shall be associated together throughout all the days of the world and throughout all the generations of men.'
[Chapter 12]
1 Before these things Enoch was hidden, and no one of the children of men knew where he was 2 hidden, and where he abode, and what had become of him. And his activities had to do with the Watchers, and his days were with the holy ones. 3 And I Enoch was blessing the Lord of majesty and the King of the ages, and lo! the Watchers 4 called me -Enoch the scribe- and said to me: 'Enoch, thou scribe of righteousness, go, declare to the Watchers of the heaven who have left the high heaven, the holy eternal place, and have defiled themselves with women, and have done as the children of earth do, and have taken unto themselves 5 wives: "Ye have wrought great destruction on the earth: And ye shall have no peace nor forgiveness 6 of sin: and inasmuch as they delight themselves in their children, The murder of their beloved ones shall they see, and over the destruction of their children shall they lament, and shall make supplication unto eternity, but mercy and peace shall ye not attain."'
[Chapter 13]
1 And Enoch went and said: 'Azazel, thou shalt have no peace: a severe sentence has gone forth 2 against thee to put thee in bonds: And thou shalt not have toleration nor request granted to thee, because of the unrighteousness which thou hast taught, and because of all the works of godlessness 3 and unrighteousness and sin which thou hast shown to men.' Then I went and spoke to them all 4 together, and they were all afraid, and fear and trembling seized them. And they besought me to draw up a petition for them that they might find forgiveness, and to read their petition in the presence 5 of the Lord of heaven. For from thenceforward they could not speak (with Him) nor lift up their 6 eyes to heaven for shame of their sins for which they had been condemned. Then I wrote out their petition, and the prayer in regard to their spirits and their deeds individually and in regard to their 7 requests that they should have forgiveness and length. And I went off and sat down at the waters of Dan, in the land of Dan, to the south of the west of Hermon: I read their petition till I fell 8 asleep. And behold a dream came to me, and visions fell down upon me, and I saw visions of chastisement, and a voice came bidding (me) I to tell it to the sons of heaven, and reprimand them. 9 And when I awaked, I came unto them, and they were all sitting gathered together, weeping in 10 'Abelsjail, which is between Lebanon and Seneser, with their faces covered. And I recounted before them all the visions which I had seen in sleep, and I began to speak the words of righteousness, and to reprimand the heavenly Watchers.
[Chapter 14]
1 The book of the words of righteousness, and of the reprimand of the eternal Watchers in accordance 2 with the command of the Holy Great One in that vision. I saw in my sleep what I will now say with a tongue of flesh and with the breath of my mouth: which the Great One has given to men to 3 converse therewith and understand with the heart. As He has created and given to man the power of understanding the word of wisdom, so hath He created me also and given me the power of reprimanding 4 the Watchers, the children of heaven. I wrote out your petition, and in my vision it appeared thus, that your petition will not be granted unto you throughout all the days of eternity, and that judgement 5 has been finally passed upon you: yea (your petition) will not be granted unto you. And from henceforth you shall not ascend into heaven unto all eternity, and in bonds of the earth the decree 6 has gone forth to bind you for all the days of the world. And (that) previously you shall have seen the destruction of your beloved sons and ye shall have no pleasure in them, but they shall fall before 7 you by the sword. And your petition on their behalf shall not be granted, nor yet on your own: even though you weep and pray and speak all the words contained in the writing which I have 8 written. And the vision was shown to me thus: Behold, in the vision clouds invited me and a mist summoned me, and the course of the stars and the lightnings sped and hastened me, and the winds in 9 the vision caused me to fly and lifted me upward, and bore me into heaven. And I went in till I drew nigh to a wall which is built of crystals and surrounded by tongues of fire: and it began to affright 10 me. And I went into the tongues of fire and drew nigh to a large house which was built of crystals: and the walls of the house were like a tesselated floor (made) of crystals, and its groundwork was 11 of crystal. Its ceiling was like the path of the stars and the lightnings, and between them were 12 fiery cherubim, and their heaven was (clear as) water. A flaming fire surrounded the walls, and its 13 portals blazed with fire. And I entered into that house, and it was hot as fire and cold as ice: there 14 were no delights of life therein: fear covered me, and trembling got hold upon me. And as I quaked 15 and trembled, I fell upon my face. And I beheld a vision, And lo! there was a second house, greater 16 than the former, and the entire portal stood open before me, and it was built of flames of fire. And in every respect it so excelled in splendour and magnificence and extent that I cannot describe to 17 you its splendour and its extent. And its floor was of fire, and above it were lightnings and the path 18 of the stars, and its ceiling also was flaming fire. And I looked and saw therein a lofty throne: its appearance was as crystal, and the wheels thereof as the shining sun, and there was the vision of 19 cherubim. And from underneath the throne came streams of flaming fire so that I could not look 20 thereon. And the Great Glory sat thereon, and His raiment shone more brightly than the sun and 21 was whiter than any snow. None of the angels could enter and could behold His face by reason 22 of the magnificence and glory and no flesh could behold Him. The flaming fire was round about Him, and a great fire stood before Him, and none around could draw nigh Him: ten thousand times 23 ten thousand (stood) before Him, yet He needed no counselor. And the most holy ones who were 24 nigh to Him did not leave by night nor depart from Him. And until then I had been prostrate on my face, trembling: and the Lord called me with His own mouth, and said to me: ' Come hither, 25 Enoch, and hear my word.' And one of the holy ones came to me and waked me, and He made me rise up and approach the door: and I bowed my face downwards.
[Chapter 15]
1 And He answered and said to me, and I heard His voice: 'Fear not, Enoch, thou righteous 2 man and scribe of righteousness: approach hither and hear my voice. And go, say to the Watchers of heaven, who have sent thee to intercede for them: "You should intercede" for men, and not men 3 for you: Wherefore have ye left the high, holy, and eternal heaven, and lain with women, and defiled yourselves with the daughters of men and taken to yourselves wives, and done like the children 4 of earth, and begotten giants (as your) sons? And though ye were holy, spiritual, living the eternal life, you have defiled yourselves with the blood of women, and have begotten (children) with the blood of flesh, and, as the children of men, have lusted after flesh and blood as those also do who die 5 and perish. Therefore have I given them wives also that they might impregnate them, and beget 6 children by them, that thus nothing might be wanting to them on earth. But you were formerly 7 spiritual, living the eternal life, and immortal for all generations of the world. And therefore I have not appointed wives for you; for as for the spiritual ones of the heaven, in heaven is their dwelling. 8 And now, the giants, who are produced from the spirits and flesh, shall be called evil spirits upon 9 the earth, and on the earth shall be their dwelling. Evil spirits have proceeded from their bodies; because they are born from men and from the holy Watchers is their beginning and primal origin; 10 they shall be evil spirits on earth, and evil spirits shall they be called. [As for the spirits of heaven, in heaven shall be their dwelling, but as for the spirits of the earth which were born upon the earth, on the earth shall be their dwelling.] And the spirits of the giants afflict, oppress, destroy, attack, do battle, and work destruction on the earth, and cause trouble: they take no food, but nevertheless 12 hunger and thirst, and cause offences. And these spirits shall rise up against the children of men and against the women, because they have proceeded from them.
[Chapter 16]
1 From the days of the slaughter and destruction and death of the giants, from the souls of whose flesh the spirits, having gone forth, shall destroy without incurring judgement -thus shall they destroy until the day of the consummation, the great judgement in which the age shall be 2 consummated, over the Watchers and the godless, yea, shall be wholly consummated." And now as to the watchers who have sent thee to intercede for them, who had been aforetime in heaven, (say 3 to them): "You have been in heaven, but all the mysteries had not yet been revealed to you, and you knew worthless ones, and these in the hardness of your hearts you have made known to the women, and through these mysteries women and men work much evil on earth." 4 Say to them therefore: " You have no peace."'
[Chapter 17]
1 And they took and brought me to a place in which those who were there were like flaming fire, 2 and, when they wished, they appeared as men. And they brought me to the place of darkness, and to a mountain the point of whose summit reached to heaven. And I saw the places of the luminaries and the treasuries of the stars and of the thunder and in the uttermost depths, where were 4 a fiery bow and arrows and their quiver, and a fiery sword and all the lightnings. And they took 5 me to the living waters, and to the fire of the west, which receives every setting of the sun. And I came to a river of fire in which the fire flows like water and discharges itself into the great sea towards 6 the west. I saw the great rivers and came to the great river and to the great darkness, and went 7 to the place where no flesh walks. I saw the mountains of the darkness of winter and the place 8 whence all the waters of the deep flow. I saw the mouths of all the rivers of the earth and the mouth of the deep.
[Chapter 18]
1 I saw the treasuries of all the winds: I saw how He had furnished with them the whole creation 2 and the firm foundations of the earth. And I saw the corner-stone of the earth: I saw the four 3 winds which bear [the earth and] the firmament of the heaven. And I saw how the winds stretch out the vaults of heaven, and have their station between heaven and earth: these are the pillars 4 of the heaven. I saw the winds of heaven which turn and bring the circumference of the sun and 5 all the stars to their setting. I saw the winds on the earth carrying the clouds: I saw the paths 6 of the angels. I saw at the end of the earth the firmament of the heaven above. And I proceeded and saw a place which burns day and night, where there are seven mountains of magnificent stones, 7 three towards the east, and three towards the south. And as for those towards the east, was of coloured stone, and one of pearl, and one of jacinth, and those towards the south of red stone. 8 But the middle one reached to heaven like the throne of God, of alabaster, and the summit of the 9,10 throne was of sapphire. And I saw a flaming fire. And beyond these mountains Is a region the end of the great earth: there the heavens were completed. And I saw a deep abyss, with columns of heavenly fire, and among them I saw columns of fire fall, which were beyond measure alike towards 12 the height and towards the depth. And beyond that abyss I saw a place which had no firmament of the heaven above, and no firmly founded earth beneath it: there was no water upon it, and no 13 birds, but it was a waste and horrible place. I saw there seven stars like great burning mountains, 14 and to me, when I inquired regarding them, The angel said: 'This place is the end of heaven and earth: this has become a prison for the stars and the host of heaven. And the stars which roll over the fire are they which have transgressed the commandment of the Lord in the beginning of 16 their rising, because they did not come forth at their appointed times. And He was wroth with them, and bound them till the time when their guilt should be consummated (even) for ten thousand years.'
[Chapter 19]
1 And Uriel said to me: 'Here shall stand the angels who have connected themselves with women, and their spirits assuming many different forms are defiling mankind and shall lead them astray into sacrificing to demons as gods, (here shall they stand,) till the day of the great judgement in 2 which they shall be judged till they are made an end of. And the women also of the angels who 3 went astray shall become sirens.' And I, Enoch, alone saw the vision, the ends of all things: and no man shall see as I have seen.
[Chapter 20]
1,2 And these are the names of the holy angels who watch. Uriel, one of the holy angels, who is 3 over the world and over Tartarus. Raphael, one of the holy angels, who is over the spirits of men. 4,5 Raguel, one of the holy angels who takes vengeance on the world of the luminaries. Michael, one 6 of the holy angels, to wit, he that is set over the best part of mankind and over chaos. Saraqael, 7 one of the holy angels, who is set over the spirits, who sin in the spirit. Gabriel, one of the holy 8 angels, who is over Paradise and the serpents and the Cherubim. Remiel, one of the holy angels, whom God set over those who rise.
[Chapter 21]
1,2 And I proceeded to where things were chaotic. And I saw there something horrible: I saw neither 3 a heaven above nor a firmly founded earth, but a place chaotic and horrible. And there I saw 4 seven stars of the heaven bound together in it, like great mountains and burning with fire. Then 5 I said: 'For what sin are they bound, and on what account have they been cast in hither?' Then said Uriel, one of the holy angels, who was with me, and was chief over them, and said: 'Enoch, why 6 dost thou ask, and why art thou eager for the truth? These are of the number of the stars of heaven, which have transgressed the commandment of the Lord, and are bound here till ten thousand years, 7 the time entailed by their sins, are consummated.' And from thence I went to another place, which was still more horrible than the former, and I saw a horrible thing: a great fire there which burnt and blazed, and the place was cleft as far as the abyss, being full of great descending columns of 8 fire: neither its extent or magnitude could I see, nor could I conjecture. Then I said: 'How 9 fearful is the place and how terrible to look upon!' Then Uriel answered me, one of the holy angels who was with me, and said unto me: 'Enoch, why hast thou such fear and affright?' And 10 I answered: 'Because of this fearful place, and because of the spectacle of the pain.' And he said unto me: 'This place is the prison of the angels, and here they will be imprisoned for ever.'
[Chapter 22]
1 And thence I went to another place, and he mountain [and] of hard rock. 2 And there was in it four hollow places, deep and wide and very smooth. How smooth are the hollow places and deep and dark to look at. 3 Then Raphael answered, one of the holy angels who was with me, and said unto me: 'These hollow places have been created for this very purpose, that the spirits of the souls of the dead should 4 assemble therein, yea that all the souls of the children of men should assemble here. And these places have been made to receive them till the day of their judgement and till their appointed period [till the period appointed], till the great judgement (comes) upon them.' I saw (the spirit of) a dead man making suit, 5 and his voice went forth to heaven and made suit. And I asked Raphael the angel who was 6 with me, and I said unto him: 'This spirit which maketh suit, whose is it, whose voice goeth forth and maketh suit to heaven ?' 7 And he answered me saying: 'This is the spirit which went forth from Abel, whom his brother Cain slew, and he makes his suit against him till his seed is destroyed from the face of the earth, and his seed is annihilated from amongst the seed of men.' 8 The I asked regarding it, and regarding all the hollow places: 'Why is one separated from the other?' 9 And he answered me and said unto me: 'These three have been made that the spirits of the dead might be separated. And such a division has been make (for) the spirits of the righteous, in which there is the bright spring of 10 water. And such has been made for sinners when they die and are buried in the earth and judgement has not been executed on them in their 11 lifetime. Here their spirits shall be set apart in this great pain till the great day of judgement and punishment and torment of those who curse for ever and retribution for their spirits. There 12 He shall bind them for ever. And such a division has been made for the spirits of those who make their suit, who make disclosures concerning their destruction, when they were slain in the days 13 of the sinners. Such has been made for the spirits of men who were not righteous but sinners, who were complete in transgression, and of the transgressors they shall be companions: but their spirits shall not be slain in the day of judgement nor shall they be raised from thence.' 14 The I blessed the Lord of glory and said: 'Blessed be my Lord, the Lord of righteousness, who ruleth for ever.'
[Chapter 23]
1,2 From thence I went to another place to the west of the ends of the earth. And I saw a burning 3 fire which ran without resting, and paused not from its course day or night but (ran) regularly. And 4 I asked saying: 'What is this which rests not?' Then Raguel, one of the holy angels who was with me, answered me and said unto me: 'This course of fire which thou hast seen is the fire in the west which persecutes all the luminaries of heaven.'
[Chapter 24]
1 And from thence I went to another place of the earth, and he showed me a mountain range of 2 fire which burnt day and night. And I went beyond it and saw seven magnificent mountains all differing each from the other, and the stones (thereof) were magnificent and beautiful, magnificent as a whole, of glorious appearance and fair exterior: three towards the east, one founded on the other, and three towards the south, one upon the other, and deep rough ravines, no one of which 3 joined with any other. And the seventh mountain was in the midst of these, and it excelled them 4 in height, resembling the seat of a throne: and fragrant trees encircled the throne. And amongst them was a tree such as I had never yet smelt, neither was any amongst them nor were others like it: it had a fragrance beyond all fragrance, and its leaves and blooms and wood wither not for ever: 5 and its fruit is beautiful, and its fruit n resembles the dates of a palm. Then I said: 'How beautiful is this tree, and fragrant, and its leaves are fair, and its blooms very delightful in appearance.' 6 Then answered Michael, one of the holy and honoured angels who was with me, and was their leader.
[Chapter 25]
1 And he said unto me: 'Enoch, why dost thou ask me regarding the fragrance of the tree, 2 and why dost thou wish to learn the truth?' Then I answered him saying: 'I wish to 3 know about everything, but especially about this tree.' And he answered saying: 'This high mountain which thou hast seen, whose summit is like the throne of God, is His throne, where the Holy Great One, the Lord of Glory, the Eternal King, will sit, when He shall come down to visit 4 the earth with goodness. And as for this fragrant tree no mortal is permitted to touch it till the great judgement, when He shall take vengeance on all and bring (everything) to its consummation 5 for ever. It shall then be given to the righteous and holy. Its fruit shall be for food to the elect: it shall be transplanted to the holy place, to the temple of the Lord, the Eternal King.
6 Then shall they rejoice with joy and be glad,
And into the holy place shall they enter;
And its fragrance shall be in their bones,
And they shall live a long life on earth,
Such as thy fathers lived:
And in their days shall no sorrow or plague
Or torment or calamity touch them.'
7 Then blessed I the God of Glory, the Eternal King, who hath prepared such things for the righteous, and hath created them and promised to give to them.
[Chapter 26]
1 And I went from thence to the middle of the earth, and I saw a blessed place in which there were 2 trees with branches abiding and blooming [of a dismembered tree]. And there I saw a holy mountain, 3 and underneath the mountain to the east there was a stream and it flowed towards the south. And I saw towards the east another mountain higher than this, and between them a deep and narrow 4 ravine: in it also ran a stream underneath the mountain. And to the west thereof there was another mountain, lower than the former and of small elevation, and a ravine deep and dry between them: and another deep and dry ravine was at the extremities of the three mountains. And all the ravines were deep rand narrow, (being formed) of hard rock, and trees were not planted upon 6 them. And I marveled at the rocks, and I marveled at the ravine, yea, I marveled very much.
[Chapter 27]
1 Then said I: 'For what object is this blessed land, which is entirely filled with trees, and this 2 accursed valley between?' Then Uriel, one of the holy angels who was with me, answered and said: 'This accursed valley is for those who are accursed for ever: Here shall all the accursed be gathered together who utter with their lips against the Lord unseemly words and of His glory speak hard things. Here shall they be gathered together, and here 3 shall be their place of judgement. In the last days there shall be upon them the spectacle of righteous judgement in the presence of the righteous for ever: here shall the merciful bless the Lord of glory, the Eternal King. 4 In the days of judgement over the former, they shall bless Him for the mercy in accordance with 5 which He has assigned them (their lot).' Then I blessed the Lord of Glory and set forth His glory and lauded Him gloriously.
[Chapter 28]
1 And thence I went towards the east, into the midst of the mountain range of the desert, and 2 I saw a wilderness and it was solitary, full of trees and plants. And water gushed forth from 3 above. Rushing like a copious watercourse [which flowed] towards the north-west it caused clouds and dew to ascend on every side.
[Chapter 29]
1 And thence I went to another place in the desert, and approached to the east of this mountain 2 range. And there I saw aromatic trees exhaling the fragrance of frankincense and myrrh, and the trees also were similar to the almond tree.
[Chapter 30]
1,2 And beyond these, I went afar to the east, and I saw another place, a valley (full) of water. And 3 therein there was a tree, the colour (?) of fragrant trees such as the mastic. And on the sides of those valleys I saw fragrant cinnamon. And beyond these I proceeded to the east.
[Chapter 31]
1 And I saw other mountains, and amongst them were groves of trees, and there flowed forth from 2 them nectar, which is named sarara and galbanum. And beyond these mountains I saw another mountain to the east of the ends of the earth, whereon were aloe-trees, and all the trees were full 3 of stacte, being like almond-trees. And when one burnt it, it smelt sweeter than any fragrant odour.
[Chapter 32]
1 And after these fragrant odours, as I looked towards the north over the mountains I saw seven mountains full of choice nard and fragrant trees and cinnamon and pepper. 2 And thence I went over the summits of all these mountains, far towards the east of the earth, and passed above the Erythraean sea and went far from it, and passed over the angel Zotiel. And I came to the Garden of Righteousness, 3 I and from afar off trees more numerous than I these trees and great-two trees there, very great, beautiful, and glorious, and magnificent, and the tree of knowledge, whose holy fruit they eat and know great wisdom. 4 That tree is in height like the fir, and its leaves are like (those of) the Carob tree: and its fruit 5 is like the clusters of the vine, very beautiful: and the fragrance of the tree penetrates afar. Then 6 I said: 'How beautiful is the tree, and how attractive is its look!' Then Raphael the holy angel, who was with me, answered me and said: 'This is the tree of wisdom, of which thy father old (in years) and thy aged mother, who were before thee, have eaten, and they learnt wisdom and their eyes were opened, and they knew that they were naked and they were driven out of the garden.'
[Chapter 33]
1 And from thence I went to the ends of the earth and saw there great beasts, and each differed from the other; and (I saw) birds also differing in appearance and beauty and voice, the one differing from the other. And to the east of those beasts I saw the ends of the earth whereon the heaven 2 rests, and the portals of the heaven open. And I saw how the stars of heaven come forth, and 3 I counted the portals out of which they proceed, and wrote down all their outlets, of each individual star by itself, according to their number and their names, their courses and their positions, and their 4 times and their months, as Uriel the holy angel who was with me showed me. He showed all things to me and wrote them down for me: also their names he wrote for me, and their laws and their companies.
[Chapter 34]
1 And from thence I went towards the north to the ends of the earth, and there I saw a great and 2 glorious device at the ends of the whole earth. And here I saw three portals of heaven open in the heaven: through each of them proceed north winds: when they blow there is cold, hail, frost, 3 snow, dew, and rain. And out of one portal they blow for good: but when they blow through the other two portals, it is with violence and affliction on the earth, and they blow with violence.
[Chapter 35]
1 And from thence I went towards the west to the ends of the earth, and saw there three portals of the heaven open such as I had seen in the east, the same number of portals, and the same number of outlets.
[Chapter 36]
1 And from thence I went to the south to the ends of the earth, and saw there three open portals 2 of the heaven: and thence there come dew, rain, and wind. And from thence I went to the east to the ends of the heaven, and saw here the three eastern portals of heaven open and small portals 3 above them. Through each of these small portals pass the stars of heaven and run their course to the west on the path which is shown to them. And as often as I saw I blessed always the Lord of Glory, and I continued to bless the Lord of Glory who has wrought great and glorious wonders, to show the greatness of His work to the angels and to spirits and to men, that they might praise His work and all His creation: that they might see the work of His might and praise the great work of His hands and bless Him for ever.

Section II. Chapters XXXVII-LXXI
The Parables

[Chapter 37]
1 The second vision which he saw, the vision of wisdom -which Enoch the son of Jared, the son 2 of Mahalalel, the son of Cainan, the son of Enos, the son of Seth, the son of Adam, saw. And this is the beginning of the words of wisdom which I lifted up my voice to speak and say to those which dwell on earth: Hear, ye men of old time, and see, ye that come after, the words of the Holy 3 One which I will speak before the Lord of Spirits. It were better to declare (them only) to the men of old time, but even from those that come after we will not withhold the beginning of wisdom. 4 Till the present day such wisdom has never been given by the Lord of Spirits as I have received according to my insight, according to the good pleasure of the Lord of Spirits by whom the lot of 5 eternal life has been given to me. Now three Parables were imparted to me, and I lifted up my voice and recounted them to those that dwell on the earth.
[Chapter 38] 1 The first Parable.
When the congregation of the righteous shall appear,
And sinners shall be judged for their sins,
And shall be driven from the face of the earth:
2 And when the Righteous One shall appear before the eyes of the righteous,
Whose elect works hang upon the Lord of Spirits,
And light shall appear to the righteous and the elect who dwell on the earth,
Where then will be the dwelling of the sinners,
And where the resting-place of those who have denied the Lord of Spirits?
It had been good for them if they had not been born.
3 When the secrets of the righteous shall be revealed and the sinners judged,
And the godless driven from the presence of the righteous and elect,
4 From that time those that possess the earth shall no longer be powerful and exalted:
And they shall not be able to behold the face of the holy,
For the Lord of Spirits has caused His light to appear
On the face of the holy, righteous, and elect.
5 Then shall the kings and the mighty perish
And be given into the hands of the righteous and holy.
6 And thenceforward none shall seek for themselves mercy from the Lord of Spirits
For their life is at an end.
[Chapter 39]
1 [And it shall come to pass in those days that elect and holy children will descend from the 2 high heaven, and their seed will become one with the children of men. And in those days Enoch received books of zeal and wrath, and books of disquiet and expulsion.]
And mercy shall not be accorded to them, saith the Lord of Spirits.
3 And in those days a whirlwind carried me off from the earth,
And set me down at the end of the heavens.
4 And there I saw another vision, the dwelling-places of the holy,
And the resting-places of the righteous.
5 Here mine eyes saw their dwellings with His righteous angels,
And their resting-places with the holy.
And they petitioned and interceded and prayed for the children of men,
And righteousness flowed before them as water,
And mercy like dew upon the earth:
Thus it is amongst them for ever and ever.
6a And in that place mine eyes saw the Elect One of righteousness and of faith,
7a And I saw his dwelling-place under the wings of the Lord of Spirits.
6b And righteousness shall prevail in his days,
And the righteous and elect shall be without number before Him for ever and ever.
7b And all the righteous and elect before Him shall be strong as fiery lights,
And their mouth shall be full of blessing,
And their lips extol the name of the Lord of Spirits,
And righteousness before Him shall never fail,
[And uprightness shall never fail before Him.]
8 There I wished to dwell,
And my spirit longed for that dwelling-place:
And there heretofore hath been my portion,
For so has it been established concerning me before the Lord of Spirits.
9 In those days I praised and extolled the name of the Lord of Spirits with blessings and praises, because He hath destined me for blessing and glory according to the good pleasure of the Lord of 10 Spirits. For a long time my eyes regarded that place, and I blessed Him and praised Him, saying: 'Blessed is He, and may He be blessed from the beginning and for evermore. And before Him there is no ceasing. He knows before the world was created what is for ever and what will be from 12 generation unto generation. Those who sleep not bless Thee: they stand before Thy glory and bless, praise, and extol, saying: "Holy, holy, holy, is the Lord of Spirits: He filleth the earth with 3 spirits."' And here my eyes saw all those who sleep not: they stand before Him and bless and say: 'Blessed be Thou, and blessed be the name of the Lord for ever and ever.' And my face was changed; for I could no longer behold.
[Chapter 40]
1 And after that I saw thousands of thousands and ten thousand times ten thousand, I saw a multitude 2 beyond number and reckoning, who stood before the Lord of Spirits. And on the four sides of the Lord of Spirits I saw four presences, different from those that sleep not, and I learnt their names: for the angel that went with me made known to me their names, and showed me all the hidden things. 3 And I heard the voices of those four presences as they uttered praises before the Lord of glory. 4,5 The first voice blesses the Lord of Spirits for ever and ever. And the second voice I heard blessing 6 the Elect One and the elect ones who hang upon the Lord of Spirits. And the third voice I heard pray and intercede for those who dwell on the earth and supplicate in the name of the Lord of Spirits. 7 And I heard the fourth voice fending off the Satans and forbidding them to come before the Lord 8 of Spirits to accuse them who dwell on the earth. After that I asked the angel of peace who went with me, who showed me everything that is hidden: 'Who are these four presences which I have 9 seen and whose words I have heard and written down?' And he said to me: 'This first is Michael, the merciful and long-suffering: and the second, who is set over all the diseases and all the wounds of the children of men, is Raphael: and the third, who is set over all the powers, is Gabriel: and the fourth, who is set over the repentance unto hope of those who inherit eternal life, is named Phanuel.' 10 And these are the four angels of the Lord of Spirits and the four voices I heard in those days.
[Chapter 41]
1 And after that I saw all the secrets of the heavens, and how the kingdom is divided, and how the 2 actions of men are weighed in the balance. And there I saw the mansions of the elect and the mansions of the holy, and mine eyes saw there all the sinners being driven from thence which deny the name of the Lord of Spirits, and being dragged off: and they could not abide because of the punishment which proceeds from the Lord of Spirits. 3 And there mine eyes saw the secrets of the lightning and of the thunder, and the secrets of the winds, how they are divided to blow over the earth, and the secrets of the clouds and dew, and there 4 I saw from whence they proceed in that place and from whence they saturate the dusty earth. And there I saw closed chambers out of which the winds are divided, the chamber of the hail and winds, the chamber of the mist, and of the clouds, and the cloud thereof hovers over the earth from the 5 beginning of the world. And I saw the chambers of the sun and moon, whence they proceed and whither they come again, and their glorious return, and how one is superior to the other, and their stately orbit, and how they do not leave their orbit, and they add nothing to their orbit and they take nothing from it, and they keep faith with each other, in accordance with the oath by which they 6 are bound together. And first the sun goes forth and traverses his path according to the commandment 7 of the Lord of Spirits, and mighty is His name for ever and ever. And after that I saw the hidden and the visible path of the moon, and she accomplishes the course of her path in that place by day and by night-the one holding a position opposite to the other before the Lord of Spirits.
And they give thanks and praise and rest not;
For unto them is their thanksgiving rest.
8 For the sun changes oft for a blessing or a curse,
And the course of the path of the moon is light to the righteous
And darkness to the sinners in the name of the Lord,
Who made a separation between the light and the darkness,
And divided the spirits of men,
And strengthened the spirits of the righteous,
In the name of His righteousness.
9 For no angel hinders and no power is able to hinder; for He appoints a judge for them all and He judges them all before Him.
[Chapter 42]
1 Wisdom found no place where she might dwell;
Then a dwelling-place was assigned her in the heavens.
2 Wisdom went forth to make her dwelling among the children of men,
And found no dwelling-place:
Wisdom returned to her place,
And took her seat among the angels.
3 And unrighteousness went forth from her chambers:
Whom she sought not she found,
And dwelt with them,
As rain in a desert
And dew on a thirsty land.
[Chapter 43]
1 And I saw other lightnings and the stars of heaven, and I saw how He called them all by their 2 names and they hearkened unto Him. And I saw how they are weighed in a righteous balance according to their proportions of light: (I saw) the width of their spaces and the day of their appearing, and how their revolution produces lightning: and (I saw) their revolution according to the 3 number of the angels, and (how) they keep faith with each other. And I asked the angel who went 4 with me who showed me what was hidden: 'What are these?' And he said to me: 'The Lord of Spirits hath showed thee their parabolic meaning (lit. 'their parable'): these are the names of the holy who dwell on the earth and believe in the name of the Lord of Spirits for ever and ever.'
[Chapter 44]
Also another phenomenon I saw in regard to the lightnings: how some of the stars arise and become lightnings and cannot part with their new form.
[Chapter 45]
1 And this is the second Parable concerning those who deny the name of the dwelling of the holy ones and the Lord of Spirits.
2 And into the heaven they shall not ascend,
And on the earth they shall not come:
Such shall be the lot of the sinners
Who have denied the name of the Lord of Spirits,
Who are thus preserved for the day of suffering and tribulation.
3 On that day Mine Elect One shall sit on the throne of glory
And shall try their works,
And their places of rest shall be innumerable.
And their souls shall grow strong within them when they see Mine Elect Ones,
And those who have called upon My glorious name:
4 Then will I cause Mine Elect One to dwell among them.
And I will transform the heaven and make it an eternal blessing and light
5 And I will transform the earth and make it a blessing:
And I will cause Mine elect ones to dwell upon it:
But the sinners and evil-doers shall not set foot thereon.
6 For I have provided and satisfied with peace My righteous ones
And have caused them to dwell before Me:
But for the sinners there is judgement impending with Me,
So that I shall destroy them from the face of the earth.
[Chapter 46]
1 And there I saw One who had a head of days,
And His head was white like wool,
And with Him was another being whose countenance had the appearance of a man,
And his face was full of graciousness, like one of the holy angels.
2 And I asked the angel who went with me and showed me all the hidden things, concerning that 3 Son of Man, who he was, and whence he was, (and) why he went with the Head of Days? And he answered and said unto me:
This is the son of Man who hath righteousness,
With whom dwelleth righteousness,
And who revealeth all the treasures of that which is hidden,
Because the Lord of Spirits hath chosen him,
And whose lot hath the pre-eminence before the Lord of Spirits in uprightness for ever.
4 And this Son of Man whom thou hast seen
Shall raise up the kings and the mighty from their seats,
[And the strong from their thrones]
And shall loosen the reins of the strong,
And break the teeth of the sinners.
5 [And he shall put down the kings from their thrones and kingdoms]
Because they do not extol and praise Him,
Nor humbly acknowledge whence the kingdom was bestowed upon them.
6 And he shall put down the countenance of the strong,
And shall fill them with shame.
And darkness shall be their dwelling,
And worms shall be their bed,
And they shall have no hope of rising from their beds,
Because they do not extol the name of the Lord of Spirits.
7 And these are they who judge the stars of heaven,
[And raise their hands against the Most High],
And tread upon the earth and dwell upon it.
And all their deeds manifest unrighteousness,
And their power rests upon their riches,
And their faith is in the gods which they have made with their hands,
And they deny the name of the Lord of Spirits,
8 And they persecute the houses of His congregations,
And the faithful who hang upon the name of the Lord of Spirits.
[Chapter 47]
1 And in those days shall have ascended the prayer of the righteous,
And the blood of the righteous from the earth before the Lord of Spirits.
2 In those days the holy ones who dwell above in the heavens
Shall unite with one voice
And supplicate and pray [and praise,
And give thanks and bless the name of the Lord of Spirits
On behalf of the blood of the righteous which has been shed,
And that the prayer of the righteous may not be in vain before the Lord of Spirits,
That judgement may be done unto them,
And that they may not have to suffer for ever.
3 In those days I saw the Head of Days when He seated himself upon the throne of His glory,
And the books of the living were opened before Him:
And all His host which is in heaven above and His counselors stood before Him,
4 And the hearts of the holy were filled with joy;
Because the number of the righteous had been offered,
And the prayer of the righteous had been heard,
And the blood of the righteous been required before the Lord of Spirits.
[Chapter 48]
1 And in that place I saw the fountain of righteousness
Which was inexhaustible:
And around it were many fountains of wisdom:
And all the thirsty drank of them,
And were filled with wisdom,
And their dwellings were with the righteous and holy and elect.
2 And at that hour that Son of Man was named In the presence of the Lord of Spirits,
And his name before the Head of Days.
3 Yea, before the sun and the signs were created,
Before the stars of the heaven were made,
His name was named before the Lord of Spirits.
4 He shall be a staff to the righteous whereon to stay themselves and not fall,
And he shall be the light of the Gentiles,
And the hope of those who are troubled of heart.
5 All who dwell on earth shall fall down and worship before him,
And will praise and bless and celebrate with song the Lord of Spirits.
6 And for this reason hath he been chosen and hidden before Him,
Before the creation of the world and for evermore.
7 And the wisdom of the Lord of Spirits hath revealed him to the holy and righteous;
For he hath preserved the lot of the righteous,
Because they have hated and despised this world of unrighteousness,
And have hated all its works and ways in the name of the Lord of Spirits:
For in his name they are saved,
And according to his good pleasure hath it been in regard to their life.
8 In these days downcast in countenance shall the kings of the earth have become,
And the strong who possess the land because of the works of their hands,
For on the day of their anguish and affliction they shall not (be able to) save themselves.
And I will give them over into the hands of Mine elect:
As straw in the fire so shall they burn before the face of the holy:
As lead in the water shall they sink before the face of the righteous,
And no trace of them shall any more be found.

10 And on the day of their affliction there shall be rest on the earth,
And before them they shall fall and not rise again:
And there shall be no one to take them with his hands and raise them:
For they have denied the Lord of Spirits and His Anointed.
The name of the Lord of Spirits be blessed.
[Chapter 49]
l For wisdom is poured out like water,
And glory faileth not before him for evermore.
2 For he is mighty in all the secrets of righteousness,
And unrighteousness shall disappear as a shadow,
And have no continuance;
Because the Elect One standeth before the Lord of Spirits,
And his glory is for ever and ever,
And his might unto all generations.
3 And in him dwells the spirit of wisdom,
And the spirit which gives insight,
And the spirit of understanding and of might,
And the spirit of those who have fallen asleep in righteousness.
4 And he shall judge the secret things,
And none shall be able to utter a lying word before him;
For he is the Elect One before the Lord of Spirits according to His good pleasure.
[Chapter 50]
1 And in those days a change shall take place for the holy and elect,
And the light of days shall abide upon them,
And glory and honour shall turn to the holy,
2 On the day of affliction on which evil shall have been treasured up against the sinners.
And the righteous shall be victorious in the name of the Lord of Spirits:
And He will cause the others to witness (this)
That they may repent
And forgo the works of their hands.
3 They shall have no honour through the name of the Lord of Spirits,
Yet through His name shall they be saved,
And the Lord of Spirits will have compassion on them,
For His compassion is great.
4 And He is righteous also in His judgement,
And in the presence of His glory unrighteousness also shall not maintain itself:
At His judgement the unrepentant shall perish before Him.
5 And from henceforth I will have no mercy on them, saith the Lord of Spirits.
[Chapter 51]
1 And in those days shall the earth also give back that which has been entrusted to it,
And Sheol also shall give back that which it has received,
And hell shall give back that which it owes.
5a For in those days the Elect One shall arise,
2 And he shall choose the righteous and holy from among them:
For the day has drawn nigh that they should be saved.
3 And the Elect One shall in those days sit on My throne,
And his mouth shall pour forth all the secrets of wisdom and counsel:
For the Lord of Spirits hath given (them) to him and hath glorified him.
4 And in those days shall the mountains leap like rams,
And the hills also shall skip like lambs satisfied with milk,
And the faces of [all] the angels in heaven shall be lighted up with joy.
5b And the earth shall rejoice,
c And the righteous shall dwell upon it,
d And the elect shall walk thereon.
[Chapter 52]
l And after those days in that place where I had seen all the visions of that which is hidden -for 2 I had been carried off in a whirlwind and they had borne me towards the west-There mine eyes saw all the secret things of heaven that shall be, a mountain of iron, and a mountain of copper, and a mountain of silver, and a mountain of gold, and a mountain of soft metal, and a mountain of lead. 3 And I asked the angel who went with me, saying, 'What things are these which I have seen in 4 secret?' And he said unto me: 'All these things which thou hast seen shall serve the dominion of His Anointed that he may be potent and mighty on the earth.' 5 And that angel of peace answered, saying unto me: 'Wait a little, and there shall be revealed unto thee all the secret things which surround the Lord of Spirits.
6 And these mountains which thine eyes have seen,
The mountain of iron, and the mountain of copper, and the mountain of silver,
And the mountain of gold, and the mountain of soft metal, and the mountain of lead,
All these shall be in the presence of the Elect One
As wax: before the fire,
And like the water which streams down from above [upon those mountains],
And they shall become powerless before his feet.
7 And it shall come to pass in those days that none shall be saved,
Either by gold or by silver,
And none be able to escape.
8 And there shall be no iron for war,
Nor shall one clothe oneself with a breastplate.
Bronze shall be of no service,
And tin [shall be of no service and] shall not be esteemed,
And lead shall not be desired.
9 And all these things shall be [denied and] destroyed from the surface of the earth,
When the Elect One shall appear before the face of the Lord of Spirits.'
[Chapter 53]
1 There mine eyes saw a deep valley with open mouths, and all who dwell on the earth and sea and islands shall bring to him gifts and presents and tokens of homage, but that deep valley shall not become full.
2 And their hands commit lawless deeds,
And the sinners devour all whom they lawlessly oppress:
Yet the sinners shall be destroyed before the face of the Lord of Spirits,
And they shall be banished from off the face of His earth,
And they shall perish for ever and ever.
3 For I saw all the angels of punishment abiding (there) and preparing all the instruments of Satan. 4 And I asked the angel of peace who went with me: ' For whom are they preparing these Instruments?' 5 And he said unto me: ' They prepare these for the kings and the mighty of this earth, that they may thereby be destroyed. 6 And after this the Righteous and Elect One shall cause the house of his congregation to appear: henceforth they shall be no more hindered in the name of the Lord of Spirits.
7 And these mountains shall not stand as the earth before his righteousness,
But the hills shall be as a fountain of water,
And the righteous shall have rest from the oppression of sinners.'
[Chapter 54]
1 And I looked and turned to another part of the earth, and saw there a deep valley with burning 2 fire. And they brought the kings and the mighty, and began to cast them into this deep valley. 3 And there mine eyes saw how they made these their instruments, iron chains of immeasurable weight. 4 And I asked the angel of peace who went with me, saying: ' For whom are these chains being prepared ? ' And he said unto me: ' These are being prepared for the hosts of Azazel, so that they may take them and cast them into the abyss of complete condemnation, and they shall cover their jaws with rough stones as the Lord of Spirits commanded. 6 And Michael, and Gabriel, and Raphael, and Phanuel shall take hold of them on that great day, and cast them on that day into the burning furnace, that the Lord of Spirits may take vengeance on them for their unrighteousness in becoming subject to Satan and leading astray those who dwell on the earth.' 7 And in those days shall punishment come from the Lord of Spirits, and he will open all the chambers of waters which are above the heavens, and of the fountains which are beneath the earth. 8 And all the waters shall be joined with the waters: that which is above the heavens is the masculine, 9 and the water which is beneath the earth is the feminine. And they shall destroy all who dwell 10 on the earth and those who dwell under the ends of the heaven. And when they have recognized their unrighteousness which they have wrought on the earth, then by these shall they perish.
[Chapter 55]
1 And after that the Head of Days repented and said: ' In vain have I destroyed all who dwell 2 on the earth.' And He sware by His great name: ' Henceforth I will not do so to all who dwell on the earth, and I will set a sign in the heaven: and this shall be a pledge of good faith between Me and them for ever, so long as heaven is above the earth. And this is in accordance with My command. 3 When I have desired to take hold of them by the hand of the angels on the day of tribulation and pain because of this, I will cause My chastisement and My wrath to abide upon them, saith 4 God, the Lord of Spirits. Ye mighty kings who dwell on the earth, ye shall have to behold Mine Elect One, how he sits on the throne of glory and judges Azazel, and all his associates, and all his hosts in the name of the Lord of Spirits.'
[Chapter 56]
1 And I saw there the hosts of the angels of punishment going, and they held scourges and chains 2 of iron and bronze. And I asked the angel of peace who went with me, saying: ' To whom are 3 these who hold the scourges going ? ' And he said unto me: ' To their elect and beloved ones, that they may be cast into the chasm of the abyss of the valley.
4 And then that valley shall be filled with their elect and beloved,
And the days of their lives shall be at an end,
And the days of their leading astray shall not thenceforward be reckoned.
5 And in those days the angels shall return
And hurl themselves to the east upon the Parthians and Medes:
They shall stir up the kings, so that a spirit of unrest shall come upon them,
And they shall rouse them from their thrones,
That they may break forth as lions from their lairs,
And as hungry wolves among their flocks.
6 And they shall go up and tread under foot the land of His elect ones
[And the land of His elect ones shall be before them a threshing-floor and a highway :]
7 But the city of my righteous shall be a hindrance to their horses.
And they shall begin to fight among themselves,
And their right hand shall be strong against themselves,
And a man shall not know his brother,
Nor a son his father or his mother,
Till there be no number of the corpses through their slaughter,
And their punishment be not in vain.
8 In those days Sheol shall open its jaws,
And they shall be swallowed up therein
And their destruction shall be at an end;
Sheol shall devour the sinners in the presence of the elect.'
[Chapter 57]
1 And it came to pass after this that I saw another host of wagons, and men riding thereon, and 2 coming on the winds from the east, and from the west to the south. And the noise of their wagons was heard, and when this turmoil took place the holy ones from heaven remarked it, and the pillars of the earth were moved from their place, and the sound thereof was heard from the one end of heaven 3 to the other, in one day. And they shall all fall down and worship the Lord of Spirits. And this is the end of the second Parable.
[Chapter 58]
1 And I began to speak the third Parable concerning the righteous and elect.
2 Blessed are ye, ye righteous and elect,
For glorious shall be your lot.
3 And the righteous shall be in the light of the sun.
And the elect in the light of eternal life:
The days of their life shall be unending,
And the days of the holy without number.
4 And they shall seek the light and find righteousness with the Lord of Spirits:
There shall be peace to the righteous in the name of the Eternal Lord.
5 And after this it shall be said to the holy in heaven
That they should seek out the secrets of righteousness, the heritage of faith:
For it has become bright as the sun upon earth,
And the darkness is past.
6 And there shall be a light that never endeth,
And to a limit (lit. ' number ') of days they shall not come,
For the darkness shall first have been destroyed,
[And the light established before the Lord of Spirits]
And the light of uprightness established for ever before the Lord of Spirits.
[Chapter 59]
1 [In those days mine eyes saw the secrets of the lightnings, and of the lights, and the judgements they execute (lit. ' their judgement '): and they lighten for a blessing or a curse as the Lord of 2 Spirits willeth. And there I saw the secrets of the thunder, and how when it resounds above in the heaven, the sound thereof is heard, and he caused me to see the judgements executed on the earth, whether they be for well-being and blessing, or for a curse according to the word of the Lord of Spirits. 3 And after that all the secrets of the lights and lightnings were shown to me, and they lighten for blessing and for satisfying.]
[Chapter 60] A Fragment of the Book of Noah
1 In the year 500, in the seventh month, on the fourteenth day of the month in the life of Enoch. In that Parable I saw how a mighty quaking made the heaven of heavens to quake, and the host of the Most High, and the angels, a thousand thousands and ten thousand times ten thousand, were 2 disquieted with a great disquiet. And the Head of Days sat on the throne of His glory, and the angels and the righteous stood around Him.
3 And a great trembling seized me,
And fear took hold of me,
And my loins gave way,
And dissolved were my reins,
And I fell upon my face.
4 And Michael sent another angel from among the holy ones and he raised me up, and when he had raised me up my spirit returned; for I had not been able to endure the look of this host, and the 5 commotion and the quaking of the heaven. And Michael said unto me: ' Why art thou disquieted with such a vision ? Until this day lasted the day of His mercy; and He hath been merciful and 6 long-suffering towards those who dwell on the earth. And when the day, and the power, and the punishment, and the judgement come, which the Lord of Spirits hath prepared for those who worship not the righteous law, and for those who deny the righteous judgement, and for those who take His name in vain-that day is prepared, for the elect a covenant, but for sinners an inquisition. 25 When the punishment of the Lord of Spirits shall rest upon them, it shall rest in order that the punishment of the Lord of Spirits may not come, in vain, and it shall slay the children with their mothers and the children with their fathers. Afterwards the judgement shall take place according to His mercy and His patience.' 7 And on that day were two monsters parted, a female monster named Leviathan, to dwell in the 8 abysses of the ocean over the fountains of the waters. But the male is named Behemoth, who occupied with his breast a waste wilderness named Duidain, on the east of the garden where the elect and righteous dwell, where my grandfather was taken up, the seventh from Adam, the first 9 man whom the Lord of Spirits created. And I besought the other angel that he should show me the might of those monsters, how they were parted on one day and cast, the one into the abysses 10 of the sea, and the other unto the dry land of the wilderness. And he said to me: ' Thou son of man, herein thou dost seek to know what is hidden.' 11 And the other angel who went with me and showed me what was hidden told me what is first and last in the heaven in the height, and beneath the earth in the depth, and at the ends of the 12 heaven, and on the foundation of the heaven. And the chambers of the winds, and how the winds are divided, and how they are weighed, and (how) the portals of the winds are reckoned, each according to the power of the wind, and the power of the lights of the moon, and according to the power that is fitting: and the divisions of the stars according to their names, and how all the divisions 13 are divided. And the thunders according to the places where they fall, and all the divisions that are made among the lightnings that it may lighten, and their host that they may at once obey. 14 For the thunder has places of rest (which) are assigned (to it) while it is waiting for its peal; and the thunder and lightning are inseparable, and although not one and undivided, they both go together 15 through the spirit and separate not. For when the lightning lightens, the thunder utters its voice, and the spirit enforces a pause during the peal, and divides equally between them; for the treasury of their peals is like the sand, and each one of them as it peals is held in with a bridle, and turned back by the power of the spirit, and pushed forward according to the many quarters of the earth. 16 And the spirit of the sea is masculine and strong, and according to the might of his strength he draws it back with a rein, and in like manner it is driven forward and disperses amid all the mountains 17 of the earth. And the spirit of the hoar-frost is his own angel, and the spirit of the hail is a good 18 angel. And the spirit of the snow has forsaken his chambers on account of his strength -There is a special spirit therein, and that which ascends from it is like smoke, and its name is frost. And the spirit of the mist is not united with them in their chambers, but it has a special chamber; for its course is glorious both in light and in darkness, and in winter and in summer, and in its chamber is an angel. 20 And the spirit of the dew has its dwelling at the ends of the heaven, and is connected with the chambers of the rain, and its course is in winter and summer: and its clouds and the clouds of the 21 mist are connected, and the one gives to the other. And when the spirit of the rain goes forth from its chamber, the angels come and open the chamber and lead it out, and when it is diffused over the whole earth it unites with the water on the earth. And whensoever it unites with the water on 22 the earth . . . For the waters are for those who dwell on the earth; for they are nourishment for the earth from the Most High who is in heaven: therefore there is a measure for the rain, 22, and the angels take it in charge. And these things I saw towards the Garden of the Righteous. 23 And the angel of peace who was with me said to me: ' These two monsters, prepared conformably to the greatness of God, shall feed . . .
[Chapter 61]
1 And I saw in those days how long cords were given to those angels, and they took to themselves wings and flew, and they went towards the north. 2 And I asked the angel, saying unto him: ' Why have those (angels) taken these cords and gone off ? ' And he said unto me: ' They have gone to measure.'
3 And the angel who went with me said unto me:
' These shall bring the measures of the righteous,
And the ropes of the righteous to the righteous,
That they may stay themselves on the name of the Lord of Spirits for ever and ever.
4 The elect shall begin to dwell with the elect,
And those are the measures which shall be given to faith
And which shall strengthen righteousness.
5 And these measures shall reveal all the secrets of the depths of the earth,
And those who have been destroyed by the desert,
And those who have been devoured by the beasts,
And those who have been devoured by the fish of the sea,
That they may return and stay themselves
On the day of the Elect One;
For none shall be destroyed before the Lord of Spirits,
And none can be destroyed.
6 And all who dwell above in the heaven received a command and power and one voice and one light like unto fire.
7 And that One (with) their first words they blessed,
And extolled and lauded with wisdom,
And they were wise in utterance and in the spirit of life.
8 And the Lord of Spirits placed the Elect one on the throne of glory.
And he shall judge all the works of the holy above in the heaven,
And in the balance shall their deeds be weighed
9 And when he shall lift up his countenance
To judge their secret ways according to the word of the name of the Lord of Spirits,
And their path according to the way of the righteous judgement of the Lord of Spirits,
Then shall they all with one voice speak and bless,
And glorify and extol and sanctify the name of the Lord of Spirits.
10 And He will summon all the host of the heavens, and all the holy ones above, and the host of God, the Cherubic, Seraphin and Ophannin, and all the angels of power, and all the angels of principalities, and the Elect One, and the other powers on the earth (and) over the water On that day shall raise one voice, and bless and glorify and exalt in the spirit of faith, and in the spirit of wisdom, and in the spirit of patience, and in the spirit of mercy, and in the spirit of judgement and of peace, and in the spirit of goodness, and shall all say with one voice: " Blessed is He, and may the name of the Lord of Spirits be blessed for ever and ever."
12 All who sleep not above in heaven shall bless Him:
All the holy ones who are in heaven shall bless Him,
And all the elect who dwell in the garden of life:
And every spirit of light who is able to bless, and glorify, and extol, and hallow Thy blessed name,
And all flesh shall beyond measure glorify and bless Thy name for ever and ever.
13 For great is the mercy of the Lord of Spirits, and He is long-suffering,
And all His works and all that He has created He has revealed to the righteous and elect
In the name of the Lord of Spirits.
[Chapter 62]
1 And thus the Lord commanded the kings and the mighty and the exalted, and those who dwell on the earth, and said:
' Open your eyes and lift up your horns if ye are able to recognize the Elect One.'
2 And the Lord of Spirits seated him on the throne of His glory,
And the spirit of righteousness was poured out upon him,
And the word of his mouth slays all the sinners,
And all the unrighteous are destroyed from before his face.
3 And there shall stand up in that day all the kings and the mighty,
And the exalted and those who hold the earth,
And they shall see and recognize How he sits on the throne of his glory,
And righteousness is judged before him,
And no lying word is spoken before him.
4 Then shall pain come upon them as on a woman in travail,
[And she has pain in bringing forth]
When her child enters the mouth of the womb,
And she has pain in bringing forth.
And one portion of them shall look on the other,
And they shall be terrified,
And they shall be downcast of countenance,
And pain shall seize them,
When they see that Son of Man Sitting on the throne of his glory.
6 And the kings and the mighty and all who possess the earth shall bless and glorify and extol him who rules over all, who was hidden.
7 For from the beginning the Son of Man was hidden,
And the Most High preserved him in the presence of His might,
And revealed him to the elect.
8 And the congregation of the elect and holy shall be sown,
And all the elect shall stand before him on that day.
9 And all the kings and the mighty and the exalted and those who rule the earth
Shall fall down before him on their faces,
And worship and set their hope upon that Son of Man,
And petition him and supplicate for mercy at his hands.
10 Nevertheless that Lord of Spirits will so press them
That they shall hastily go forth from His presence,
And their faces shall be filled with shame,
And the darkness grow deeper on their faces.
11 And He will deliver them to the angels for punishment,
To execute vengeance on them because they have oppressed His children and His elect
12 And they shall be a spectacle for the righteous and for His elect:
They shall rejoice over them,
Because the wrath of the Lord of Spirits resteth upon them,
And His sword is drunk with their blood.
13 And the righteous and elect shall be saved on that day,
And they shall never thenceforward see the face of the sinners and unrighteous.
14 And the Lord of Spirits will abide over them,
And with that Son of Man shall they eat
And lie down and rise up for ever and ever.
15 And the righteous and elect shall have risen from the earth,
And ceased to be of downcast countenance.
And they shall have been clothed with garments of glory,
16 And these shall be the garments of life from the Lord of Spirits:
And your garments shall not grow old,
Nor your glory pass away before the Lord of Spirits.
[Chapter 63]
1 In those days shall the mighty and the kings who possess the earth implore (Him) to grant them a little respite from His angels of punishment to whom they were delivered, that they might fall 2 down and worship before the Lord of Spirits, and confess their sins before Him. And they shall bless and glorify the Lord of Spirits, and say:
' Blessed is the Lord of Spirits and the Lord of kings,
And the Lord of the mighty and the Lord of the rich,
And the Lord of glory and the Lord of wisdom,
3 And splendid in every secret thing is Thy power from generation to generation,
And Thy glory for ever and ever:
Deep are all Thy secrets and innumerable,
And Thy righteousness is beyond reckoning.
4 We have now learnt that we should glorify
And bless the Lord of kings and Him who is king over all kings.'
5 And they shall say:
' Would that we had rest to glorify and give thanks
And confess our faith before His glory !
6 And now we long for a little rest but find it not:
We follow hard upon and obtain (it) not:
And light has vanished from before us,
And darkness is our dwelling-place for ever and ever:
7 For we have not believed before Him
Nor glorified the name of the Lord of Spirits, [nor glorified our Lord]
But our hope was in the sceptre of our kingdom,
And in our glory.
8 And in the day of our suffering and tribulation He saves us not,
And we find no respite for confession
That our Lord is true in all His works, and in His judgements and His justice,
And His judgements have no respect of persons.
And we pass away from before His face on account of our works,
And all our sins are reckoned up in righteousness.'
10 Now they shall say unto themselves: ' Our souls are full of unrighteous gain, but it does not prevent us from descending from the midst thereof into the burden of Sheol.'
11 And after that their faces shall be filled with darkness
And shame before that Son of Man,
And they shall be driven from his presence,
And the sword shall abide before his face in their midst.
12 Thus spake the Lord of Spirits: ' This is the ordinance and judgement with respect to the mighty and the kings and the exalted and those who possess the earth before the Lord of Spirits.'
[Chapter 64]
1,2 And other forms I saw hidden in that place. I heard the voice of the angel saying: ' These are the angels who descended to the earth, and revealed what was hidden to the children of men and seduced the children of men into committing sin.'
[Chapter 65]
1, 2 And in those days Noah saw the earth that it had sunk down and its destruction was nigh. And he arose from thence and went to the ends of the earth, and cried aloud to his grandfather Enoch: 3 and Noah said three times with an embittered voice: Hear me, hear me, hear me.' And I said unto him: ' Tell me what it is that is falling out on the earth that the earth is in such evil plight 4 and shaken, lest perchance I shall perish with it ? ' And thereupon there was a great commotion , on the earth, and a voice was heard from heaven, and I fell on my face. And Enoch my grandfather came and stood by me, and said unto me: ' Why hast thou cried unto me with a bitter cry and weeping 6 And a command has gone forth from the presence of the Lord concerning those who dwell on the earth that their ruin is accomplished because they have learnt all the secrets of the angels, and all the violence of the Satans, and all their powers -the most secret ones- and all the power of those who practice sorcery, and the power of witchcraft, and the power of those who make molten images 7 for the whole earth: And how silver is produced from the dust of the earth, and how soft metal 8 originates in the earth. For lead and tin are not produced from the earth like the first: it is a fountain 9 that produces them, and an angel stands therein, and that angel is pre-eminent.' And after that my grandfather Enoch took hold of me by my hand and raised me up, and said unto me: ' Go, for I have 10 asked the Lord of Spirits as touching this commotion on the earth. And He said unto me: " Because of their unrighteousness their judgement has been determined upon and shall not be withheld by Me for ever. Because of the sorceries which they have searched out and learnt, the earth and those 11 who dwell upon it shall be destroyed." And these-they have no place of repentance for ever, because they have shown them what was hidden, and they are the damned: but as for thee, my son, the Lord of Spirits knows that thou art pure, and guiltless of this reproach concerning the secrets.
12 And He has destined thy name to be among the holy,
And will preserve thee amongst those who dwell on the earth,
And has destined thy righteous seed both for kingship and for great honours,
And from thy seed shall proceed a fountain of the righteous and holy without number for ever.
[Chapter 66]
1 And after that he showed me the angels of punishment who are prepared to come and let loose all the powers of the waters which are beneath in the earth in order to bring judgement and destruction 2 on all who [abide and] dwell on the earth. And the Lord of Spirits gave commandment to the angels who were going forth, that they should not cause the waters to rise but should hold them 3 in check; for those angels were over the powers of the waters. And I went away from the presence of Enoch.
[Chapter 67]
1 And in those days the word of God came unto me, and He said unto me: ' Noah, thy lot has come 2 Up before Me, a lot without blame, a lot of love and uprightness. And now the angels are making a wooden (building), and when they have completed that task I will place My hand upon it and preserve it, and there shall come forth from it the seed of life, and a change shall set in so that the 3 earth will not remain without inhabitant. And I will make fast thy sed before me for ever and ever, and I will spread abroad those who dwell with thee: it shall not be unfruitful on the face of the earth, but it shall be blessed and multiply on the earth in the name of the Lord.' 4 And He will imprison those angels, who have shown unrighteousness, in that burning valley which my grandfather Enoch had formerly shown to me in the west among the mountains of gold 5 and silver and iron and soft metal and tin. And I saw that valley in which there was a great 6 convulsion and a convulsion of the waters. And when all this took place, from that fiery molten metal and from the convulsion thereof in that place, there was produced a smell of sulphur, and it was connected with those waters, and that valley of the angels who had led astray (mankind) burned 7 beneath that land. And through its valleys proceed streams of fire, where these angels are punished who had led astray those who dwell upon the earth. 8 But those waters shall in those days serve for the kings and the mighty and the exalted, and those who dwell on the earth, for the healing of the body, but for the punishment of the spirit; now their spirit is full of lust, that they may be punished in their body, for they have denied the Lord of Spirits 9 and see their punishment daily, and yet believe not in His name. And in proportion as the burning of their bodies becomes severe, a corresponding change shall take place in their spirit for ever and ever; 10 for before the Lord of Spirits none shall utter an idle word. For the judgement shall come upon them, 11 because they believe in the lust of their body and deny the Spirit of the Lord. And those same waters will undergo a change in those days; for when those angels are punished in these waters, these water-springs shall change their temperature, and when the angels ascend, this water of the 12 springs shall change and become cold. And I heard Michael answering and saying: ' This judgement wherewith the angels are judged is a testimony for the kings and the mighty who possess the 13 earth.' Because these waters of judgement minister to the healing of the body of the kings and the lust of their body; therefore they will not see and will not believe that those waters will change and become a fire which burns for ever.
[Chapter 68]
1 And after that my grandfather Enoch gave me the teaching of all the secrets in the book in the Parables which had been given to him, and he put them together for me in the words of the book 2 of the Parables. And on that day Michael answered Raphael and said: ' The power of the spirit transports and makes me to tremble because of the severity of the judgement of the secrets, the judgement of the angels: who can endure the severe judgement which has been executed, and before 3 which they melt away ? ' And Michael answered again, and said to Raphael: ' Who is he whose heart is not softened concerning it, and whose reins are not troubled by this word of judgement 4 (that) has gone forth upon them because of those who have thus led them out ? ' And it came to pass when he stood before the Lord of Spirits, Michael said thus to Raphael: ' I will not take their part under the eye of the Lord; for the Lord of Spirits has been angry with them because they do 5 as if they were the Lord. Therefore all that is hidden shall come upon them for ever and ever; for neither angel nor man shall have his portion (in it), but alone they have received their judgement for ever and ever.
[Chapter 69]
1 And after this judgement they shall terrify and make them to tremble because they have shown this to those who dwell on the earth. 2 And behold the names of those angels [and these are their names: the first of them is Samjaza, the second Artaqifa, and the third Armen, the fourth Kokabel, the fifth Turael, the sixth Rumjal, the seventh Danjal, the eighth Neqael, the ninth Baraqel, the tenth Azazel, the eleventh Armaros, the twelfth Batarjal, the thirteenth Busasejal, the fourteenth Hananel, the fifteenth Turel, and the sixteenth Simapesiel, the seventeenth Jetrel, the eighteenth Tumael, the nineteenth Turel, 3 the twentieth Rumael, the twenty-first Azazel. And these are the chiefs of their angels and their names, and their chief ones over hundreds and over fifties and over tens]. 4 The name of the first Jeqon: that is, the one who led astray [all] the sons of God, and brought them 5 down to the earth, and led them astray through the daughters of men. And the second was named Asbeel: he imparted to the holy sons of God evil counsel, and led them astray so that they defiled 6 their bodies with the daughters of men. And the third was named Gadreel: he it is who showed the children of men all the blows of death, and he led astray Eve, and showed [the weapons of death to the sons of men] the shield and the coat of mail, and the sword for battle, and all the weapons 7 of death to the children of men. And from his hand they have proceeded against those who dwell 8 on the earth from that day and for evermore. And the fourth was named Penemue: he taught the 9 children of men the bitter and the sweet, and he taught them all the secrets of their wisdom. And he instructed mankind in writing with ink and paper, and thereby many sinned from eternity to 10 eternity and until this day. For men were not created for such a purpose, to give confirmation 11 to their good faith with pen and ink. For men were created exactly like the angels, to the intent that they should continue pure and righteous, and death, which destroys everything, could not have taken hold of them, but through this their knowledge they are perishing, and through this power 12 it is consuming me. And the fifth was named Kasdeja: this is he who showed the children of men all the wicked smitings of spirits and demons, and the smitings of the embryo in the womb, that it may pass away, and [the smitings of the soul] the bites of the serpent, and the smitings 13 which befall through the noontide heat, the son of the serpent named Taba'et. And this is the task of Kasbeel, the chief of the oath which he showed to the holy ones when he dwelt high 4 above in glory, and its name is Biqa. This (angel) requested Michael to show him the hidden name, that he might enunciate it in the oath, so that those might quake before that name and oath who revealed all that was in secret to the children of men. And this is the power of this oath, for it is powerful and strong, and he placed this oath Akae in the hand of Michael.
16 And these are the secrets of this oath . . .
And they are strong through his oath:
And the heaven was suspended before the world was created,
And for ever.
17 And through it the earth was founded upon the water,
And from the secret recesses of the mountains come beautiful waters,
From the creation of the world and unto eternity.
18 And through that oath the sea was created,
And as its foundation He set for it the sand against the time of (its) anger,
And it dare not pass beyond it from the creation of the world unto eternity.
9 And through that oath are the depths made fast,
And abide and stir not from their place from eternity to eternity.
20 And through that oath the sun and moon complete their course,
And deviate not from their ordinance from eternity to eternity.
21 And through that oath the stars complete their course,
And He calls them by their names,
And they answer Him from eternity to eternity.
22 [And in like manner the spirits of the water, and of the winds, and of all zephyrs, and (their) paths 23 from all the quarters of the winds. And there are preserved the voices of the thunder and the light of the lightnings: and there are preserved the chambers of the hail and the chambers of the 24 hoarfrost, and the chambers of the mist, and the chambers of the rain and the dew. And all these believe and give thanks before the Lord of Spirits, and glorify (Him) with all their power, and their food is in every act of thanksgiving: they thank and glorify and extol the name of the Lord of Spirits for ever and ever.]
25 And this oath is mighty over them
And through it [they are preserved and] their paths are preserved,
And their course is not destroyed.
26 And there was great joy amongst them,
And they blessed and glorified and extolled
Because the name of that Son of Man had been revealed unto them.
27 And he sat on the throne of his glory,
And the sum of judgement was given unto the Son of Man,
And he caused the sinners to pass away and be destroyed from off the face of the earth,
And those who have led the world astray.
28 With chains shall they be bound,
And in their assemblage-place of destruction shall they be imprisoned,
And all their works vanish from the face of the earth.
29 And from henceforth there shall be nothing corruptible;
For that Son of Man has appeared,
And has seated himself on the throne of his glory,
And all evil shall pass away before his face,
And the word of that Son of Man shall go forth
And be strong before the Lord of Spirits.
[Chapter 70]
1 And it came to pass after this that his name during his lifetime was raised aloft to that Son of 2 Man and to the Lord of Spirits from amongst those who dwell on the earth. And he was raised aloft 3 on the chariots of the spirit and his name vanished among them. And from that day I was no longer numbered amongst them: and he set me between the two winds, between the North and the 4 West, where the angels took the cords to measure for me the place for the elect and righteous. And there I saw the first fathers and the righteous who from the beginning dwell in that place.
[Chapter 71]
1 And it came to pass after this that my spirit was translated
And it ascended into the heavens:
And I saw the holy sons of God.
They were stepping on flames of fire:
Their garments were white [and their raiment],
And their faces shone like snow.
2 And I saw two streams of fire,
And the light of that fire shone like hyacinth,
And I fell on my face before the Lord of Spirits.
3 And the angel Michael [one of the archangels] seized me by my right hand,
And lifted me up and led me forth into all the secrets,
And he showed me all the secrets of righteousness.
4 And he showed me all the secrets of the ends of the heaven,
And all the chambers of all the stars, and all the luminaries,
Whence they proceed before the face of the holy ones.
5 And he translated my spirit into the heaven of heavens,
And I saw there as it were a structure built of crystals,
And between those crystals tongues of living fire.
6 And my spirit saw the girdle which girt that house of fire,
And on its four sides were streams full of living fire,
And they girt that house.
7 And round about were Seraphin, Cherubic, and Ophannin:
And these are they who sleep not
And guard the throne of His glory.
8 And I saw angels who could not be counted,
A thousand thousands, and ten thousand times ten thousand,
Encircling that house.
And Michael, and Raphael, and Gabriel, and Phanuel,
And the holy angels who are above the heavens,
Go in and out of that house.
9 And they came forth from that house,
And Michael and Gabriel, Raphael and Phanuel,
And many holy angels without number.
10 And with them the Head of Days,
His head white and pure as wool,
And His raiment indescribable.
11 And I fell on my face,
And my whole body became relaxed,
And my spirit was transfigured;
And I cried with a loud voice, . . .
with the spirit of power,
And blessed and glorified and extolled.
12 And these blessings which went forth out of my mouth were well pleasing before that Head of Days. And that Head of Days came with Michael and Gabriel, Raphael and Phanuel, thousands and ten thousands of angels without number.
[Lost passage wherein the Son of Man was described as accompanying the Head of Days, and Enoch asked one of the angels (as in xlvi. 3) concerning the Son of Man as to who he was.]
14 And he (i.e. the angel) came to me and greeted me with His voice, and said unto me '
This is the Son of Man who is born unto righteousness,
And righteousness abides over him,
And the righteousness of the Head of Days forsakes him not.'
15 And he said unto me:
' He proclaims unto thee peace in the name of the world to come;
For from hence has proceeded peace since the creation of the world,
And so shall it be unto thee for ever and for ever and ever.
16 And all shall walk in his ways since righteousness never forsaketh him:
With him will be their dwelling-places, and with him their heritage,
And they shall not be separated from him for ever and ever and ever.
And so there shall be length of days with that Son of Man,
And the righteous shall have peace and an upright way
In the name of the Lord of Spirits for ever and ever.'

Section I I I. Chapters LXXII-LXXXII
The Book of the Heavenly Luminaries

.[Chapter 72]
1 The book of the courses of the luminaries of the heaven, the relations of each, according to their classes, their dominion and their seasons, according to their names and places of origin, and according to their months, which Uriel, the holy angel, who was with me, who is their guide, showed me; and he showed me all their laws exactly as they are, and how it is with regard to all the years of the world 2 and unto eternity, till the new creation is accomplished which dureth till eternity. And this is the first law of the luminaries: the luminary the Sun has its rising in the eastern portals of the heaven, 3 and its setting in the western portals of the heaven. And I saw six portals in which the sun rises, and six portals in which the sun sets and the moon rises and sets in these portals, and the leaders of the stars and those whom they lead: six in the east and six in the west, and all following each other 4 in accurately corresponding order: also many windows to the right and left of these portals. And first there goes forth the great luminary, named the Sun, and his circumference is like the 5 circumference of the heaven, and he is quite filled with illuminating and heating fire. The chariot on which he ascends, the wind drives, and the sun goes down from the heaven and returns through the north in order to reach the east, and is so guided that he comes to the appropriate (lit. ' that ') portal and 6 shines in the face of the heaven. In this way he rises in the first month in the great portal, which 7 is the fourth [those six portals in the cast]. And in that fourth portal from which the sun rises in the first month are twelve window-openings, from which proceed a flame when they are opened in 8 their season. When the sun rises in the heaven, he comes forth through that fourth portal thirty, 9 mornings in succession, and sets accurately in the fourth portal in the west of the heaven. And during this period the day becomes daily longer and the night nightly shorter to the thirtieth 10 morning. On that day the day is longer than the night by a ninth part, and the day amounts exactly to ten parts and the night to eight parts. And the sun rises from that fourth portal, and sets in the fourth and returns to the fifth portal of the east thirty mornings, and rises from it and sets in the fifth 12 portal. And then the day becomes longer by two parts and amounts to eleven parts, and the night 13 becomes shorter and amounts to seven parts. And it returns to the east and enters into the sixth 14 portal, and rises and sets in the sixth portal one-and-thirty mornings on account of its sign. On that day the day becomes longer than the night, and the day becomes double the night, and the day 15 becomes twelve parts, and the night is shortened and becomes six parts. And the sun mounts up to make the day shorter and the night longer, and the sun returns to the east and enters into the 16 sixth portal, and rises from it and sets thirty mornings. And when thirty mornings are accomplished, 17 the day decreases by exactly one part, and becomes eleven parts, and the night seven. And the sun goes forth from that sixth portal in the west, and goes to the east and rises in the fifth portal for 18 thirty mornings, and sets in the west again in the fifth western portal. On that day the day decreases by two parts, and amounts to ten parts and the night to eight parts. And the sun goes forth from that fifth portal and sets in the fifth portal of the west, and rises in the fourth portal for one- 20 and-thirty mornings on account of its sign, and sets in the west. On that day the day is equalized with the night, [and becomes of equal length], and the night amounts to nine parts and the day to 21 nine parts. And the sun rises from that portal and sets in the west, and returns to the east and rises 22 thirty mornings in the third portal and sets in the west in the third portal. And on that day the night becomes longer than the day, and night becomes longer than night, and day shorter than day till the thirtieth morning, and the night amounts exactly to ten parts and the day to eight 23 parts. And the sun rises from that third portal and sets in the third portal in the west and returns to the east, and for thirty mornings rises 24 in the second portal in the east, and in like manner sets in the second portal in the west of the heaven. And on that day the night amounts to eleven 25 parts and the day to seven parts. And the sun rises on that day from that second portal and sets in the west in the second portal, and returns to the east into the first portal for one-and-thirty 26 mornings, and sets in the first portal in the west of the heaven. And on that day the night becomes longer and amounts to the double of the day: and the night amounts exactly to twelve parts and 27 the day to six. And the sun has (therewith) traversed the divisions of his orbit and turns again on those divisions of his orbit, and enters that portal thirty mornings and sets also in the west 28 opposite to it. And on that night has the night decreased in length by a ninth part, and the night 29 has become eleven parts and the day seven parts. And the sun has returned and entered into the second portal in the east, and returns on those his divisions of his orbit for thirty mornings, rising 30 and setting. And on that day the night decreases in length, and the night amounts to ten parts 31 and the day to eight. And on that day the sun rises from that portal, and sets in the west, and returns to the east, and rises in the third portal for one-and-thirty mornings, and sets in the west of the heaven. 32 On that day the night decreases and amounts to nine parts, and the day to nine parts, and the night 33 is equal to the day and the year is exactly as to its days three hundred and sixty-four. And the length of the day and of the night, and the shortness of the day and of the night arise-through the course 34 of the sun these distinctions are made (lit. ' they are separated '). So it comes that its course becomes 35 daily longer, and its course nightly shorter. And this is the law and the course of the sun, and his return as often as he returns sixty times and rises, i.e. the great luminary which is named the sun, for ever and ever. And that which (thus) rises is the great luminary, and is so named according to 37 its appearance, according as the Lord commanded. As he rises, so he sets and decreases not, and rests not, but runs day and night, and his light is sevenfold brighter than that of the moon; but as regards size they are both equal.
[Chapter 73]
1 And after this law I saw another law dealing with the smaller luminary, which is named the Moon. And her circumference is like the circumference of the heaven, and her chariot in which she rides is driven by the wind, and light is given to her in (definite) measure. And her rising and setting change every month: and her days are like the days of the sun, and when her light is uniform (i.e. full) it amounts to the seventh part of the light of the sun. And thus she rises. And her first phase in the east comes forth on the thirtieth morning: and on that day she becomes visible, and constitutes for you the first phase of the moon on the thirtieth day together with the sun in the portal where the sun rises. And the one half of her goes forth by a seventh part, and her whole circumference is empty, without light, with the exception of one-seventh part of it, (and) the 6 fourteenth part of her light. And when she receives one-seventh part of the half of her light, her light 7 amounts to one-seventh part and the half thereof. And she sets with the sun, and when the sun rises the moon rises with him and receives the half of one part of light, and in that night in the beginning of her morning [in the commencement of the lunar day] the moon sets with the sun, and 8 is invisible that night with the fourteen parts and the half of one of them. And she rises on that day with exactly a seventh part, and comes forth and recedes from the rising of the sun, and in her remaining days she becomes bright in the (remaining) thirteen parts.
[Chapter 74]
1 And I saw another course, a law for her, (and) how according to that law she performs her monthly 2 revolution. And all these Uriel, the holy angel who is the leader of them all, showed to me, and their positions, and I wrote down their positions as he showed them to me, and I wrote down their months 3 as they were, and the appearance of their lights till fifteen days were accomplished. In single seventh parts she accomplishes all her light in the east, and in single seventh parts accomplishes all her 4 darkness in the west. And in certain months she alters her settings, and in certain months she pursues 5 her own peculiar course. In two months the moon sets with the sun: in those two middle portals the 6 third and the fourth. She goes forth for seven days, and turns about and returns again through the portal where the sun rises, and accomplishes all her light: and she recedes from the sun, and in eight 7 days enters the sixth portal from which the sun goes forth. And when the sun goes forth from the fourth portal she goes forth seven days, until she goes forth from the fifth and turns back again in seven days into the fourth portal and accomplishes all her light: and she recedes and enters into the 8 first portal in eight days. And she returns again in seven days into the fourth portal from which the 9, 10 sun goes forth. Thus I saw their position -how the moons rose and the sun set in those days. And if five years are added together the sun has an overplus of thirty days, and all the days which accrue 11 to it for one of those five years, when they are full, amount to 364 days. And the overplus of the sun and of the stars amounts to six days: in 5 years 6 days every year come to 30 days: and the 12 moon falls behind the sun and stars to the number of 30 days. And the sun and the stars bring in all the years exactly, so that they do not advance or delay their position by a single day unto eternity; but complete the years with perfect justice in 364 days. In 3 years there are 1,092 days, and in 5 years 1,820 days, so that in 8 years there are 2,912 days. For the moon alone the days amount in 3 years to 1,062 days, and in 5 years she falls 50 days behind: [i.e. to the sum (of 1,770) there is 5 to be added (1,000 and) 62 days.] And in 5 years there are 1,770 days, so that for the moon the days 6 in 8 years amount to 21,832 days. [For in 8 years she falls behind to the amount of 80 days], all the 17 days she falls behind in 8 years are 80. And the year is accurately completed in conformity with their world-stations and the stations of the sun, which rise from the portals through which it (the sun) rises and sets 30 days.
[Chapter 75]
1 And the leaders of the heads of the thousands, who are placed over the whole creation and over all the stars, have also to do with the four intercalary days, being inseparable from their office, according to the reckoning of the year, and these render service on the four days which are not 2 reckoned in the reckoning of the year. And owing to them men go wrong therein, for those luminaries truly render service on the world-stations, one in the first portal, one in the third portal of the heaven, one in the fourth portal, and one in the sixth portal, and the exactness of the year is 3 accomplished through its separate three hundred and sixty-four stations. For the signs and the times and the years and the days the angel Uriel showed to me, whom the Lord of glory hath set for ever over all the luminaries of the heaven, in the heaven and in the world, that they should rule on the face of the heaven and be seen on the earth, and be leaders for the day and the night, i.e. the sun, moon, and stars, and all the ministering creatures which make their revolution in all the chariots 4 of the heaven. In like manner twelve doors Uriel showed me, open in the circumference of the sun's chariot in the heaven, through which the rays of the sun break forth: and from them is warmth 5 diffused over the earth, when they are opened at their appointed seasons. [And for the winds and 6 the spirit of the dew when they are opened, standing open in the heavens at the ends.] As for the twelve portals in the heaven, at the ends of the earth, out of which go forth the sun, moon, and stars, 7 and all the works of heaven in the east and in the west, There are many windows open to the left and right of them, and one window at its (appointed) season produces warmth, corresponding (as these do) to those doors from which the stars come forth according as He has commanded them, 8 and wherein they set corresponding to their number. And I saw chariots in the heaven, running 9 in the world, above those portals in which revolve the stars that never set. And one is larger than all the rest, and it is that that makes its course through the entire world.
[Chapter 76]
1 And at the ends of the earth I saw twelve portals open to all the quarters (of the heaven), from 2 which the winds go forth and blow over the earth. Three of them are open on the face (i.e. the east) of the heavens, and three in the west, and three on the right (i.e. the south) of the heaven, and 3 three on the left (i.e. the north). And the three first are those of the east, and three are of the 4 north, and three [after those on the left] of the south, and three of the west. Through four of these come winds of blessing and prosperity, and from those eight come hurtful winds: when they are sent, they bring destruction on all the earth and on the water upon it, and on all who dwell thereon, and on everything which is in the water and on the land. 5 And the first wind from those portals, called the east wind, comes forth through the first portal which is in the east, inclining towards the south: from it come forth desolation, drought, heat, 6 and destruction. And through the second portal in the middle comes what is fitting, and from it there come rain and fruitfulness and prosperity and dew; and through the third portal which lies toward the north come cold and drought. 7 And after these come forth the south winds through three portals: through the first portal of 8 them inclining to the east comes forth a hot wind. And through the middle portal next to it there 9 come forth fragrant smells, and dew and rain, and prosperity and health. And through the third portal lying to the west come forth dew and rain, locusts and desolation. 10 And after these the north winds: from the seventh portal in the east come dew and rain, locusts and desolation. And from the middle portal come in a direct direction health and rain and dew and prosperity; and through the third portal in the west come cloud and hoar-frost, and snow and rain, and dew and locusts. 12 And after these [four] are the west winds: through the first portal adjoining the north come forth dew and hoar-frost, and cold and snow and frost. And from the middle portal come forth dew and rain, and prosperity and blessing; and through the last portal which adjoins the south come forth drought and desolation, and burning and destruction. And the twelve portals of the four quarters of the heaven are therewith completed, and all their laws and all their plagues and all their benefactions have I shown to thee, my son Methuselah.
[Chapter 77]
1 And the first quarter is called the east, because it is the first: and the second, the south, because the Most High will descend there, yea, there in quite a special sense will He who is blessed for ever 2 descend. And the west quarter is named the diminished, because there all the luminaries of the 3 heaven wane and go down. And the fourth quarter, named the north, is divided into three parts: the first of them is for the dwelling of men: and the second contains seas of water, and the abysses and forests and rivers, and darkness and clouds; and the third part contains the garden of righteousness. 4 I saw seven high mountains, higher than all the mountains which are on the earth: and thence 5 comes forth hoar-frost, and days, seasons, and years pass away. I saw seven rivers on the earth larger than all the rivers: one of them coming from the west pours its waters into the Great Sea. 6 And these two come from the north to the sea and pour their waters into the Erythraean Sea in the 7 east. And the remaining, four come forth on the side of the north to their own sea, two of them to the Erythraean Sea, and two into the Great Sea and discharge themselves there [and some say: 8 into the desert]. Seven great islands I saw in the sea and in the mainland: two in the mainland and five in the Great Sea.
[Chapter 78]
1, 2 And the names of the sun are the following: the first Orjares, and the second Tomas. And the moon has four names: the first name is Asonja, the second Ebla, the third Benase, and the fourth 3 Erae. These are the two great luminaries: their circumference is like the circumference of the 4 heaven, and the size of the circumference of both is alike. In the circumference of the sun there are seven portions of light which are added to it more than to the moon, and in definite measures it is s transferred till the seventh portion of the sun is exhausted. And they set and enter the portals of the west, and make their revolution by the north, and come forth through the eastern portals 6 on the face of the heaven. And when the moon rises one-fourteenth part appears in the heaven: 7 [the light becomes full in her]: on the fourteenth day she accomplishes her light. And fifteen parts of light are transferred to her till the fifteenth day (when) her light is accomplished, according to the sign of the year, and she becomes fifteen parts, and the moon grows by (the addition of) fourteenth 8 parts. And in her waning (the moon) decreases on the first day to fourteen parts of her light, on the second to thirteen parts of light, on the third to twelve, on the fourth to eleven, on the fifth to ten, on the sixth to nine, on the seventh to eight, on the eighth to seven, on the ninth to six, on the tenth to five, on the eleventh to four, on the twelfth to three, on the thirteenth to two, on the 9 fourteenth to the half of a seventh, and all her remaining light disappears wholly on the fifteenth. And 10 in certain months the month has twenty-nine days and once twenty-eight. And Uriel showed me another law: when light is transferred to the moon, and on which side it is transferred to her by the sun. During all the period during which the moon is growing in her light, she is transferring it to herself when opposite to the sun during fourteen days [her light is accomplished in the heaven, 12 and when she is illumined throughout, her light is accomplished full in the heaven. And on the first 13 day she is called the new moon, for on that day the light rises upon her. She becomes full moon exactly on the day when the sun sets in the west, and from the east she rises at night, and the moon shines the whole night through till the sun rises over against her and the moon is seen over against the sun. On the side whence the light of the moon comes forth, there again she wanes till all the light vanishes and all the days of the month are at an end, and her circumference is empty, void of 5 light. And three months she makes of thirty days, and at her time she makes three months of twenty- nine days each, in which she accomplishes her waning in the first period of time, and in the first 6 portal for one hundred and seventy-seven days. And in the time of her going out she appears for three months (of) thirty days each, and for three months she appears (of) twenty-nine each. At night she appears like a man for twenty days each time, and by day she appears like the heaven, and there is nothing else in her save her light.
[Chapter 79]
1 And now, my son, I have shown thee everything, and the law of all the stars of the heaven is 2 completed. And he showed me all the laws of these for every day, and for every season of bearing rule, and for every year, and for its going forth, and for the order prescribed to it every month 3 and every week: And the waning of the moon which takes place in the sixth portal: for in this 4 sixth portal her light is accomplished, and after that there is the beginning of the waning: (And the waning) which takes place in the first portal in its season, till one hundred and seventy-seven 5 days are accomplished: reckoned according to weeks, twenty-five (weeks) and two days. She falls behind the sun and the order of the stars exactly five days in the course of one period, and when 6 this place which thou seest has been traversed. Such is the picture and sketch of every luminary which Uriel the archangel, who is their leader, showed unto me.
[Chapter 80]
1 And in those days the angel Uriel answered and said to me: ' Behold, I have shown thee everything, Enoch, and I have revealed everything to thee that thou shouldst see this sun and this moon, and the leaders of the stars of the heaven and all those who turn them, their tasks and times and departures.
2 And in the days of the sinners the years shall be shortened,
And their seed shall be tardy on their lands and fields,
And all things on the earth shall alter,
And shall not appear in their time:
And the rain shall be kept back
And the heaven shall withhold (it).
3 And in those times the fruits of the earth shall be backward,
And shall not grow in their time,
And the fruits of the trees shall be withheld in their time.
4 And the moon shall alter her order,
And not appear at her time.
5 [And in those days the sun shall be seen and he shall journey in the evening on the extremity of the great chariot in the west]
And shall shine more brightly than accords with the order of light.
6 And many chiefs of the stars shall transgress the order (prescribed).
And these shall alter their orbits and tasks,
And not appear at the seasons prescribed to them.
7 And the whole order of the stars shall be concealed from the sinners,
And the thoughts of those on the earth shall err concerning them,
[And they shall be altered from all their ways],
Yea, they shall err and take them to be gods.
8 And evil shall be multiplied upon them,
And punishment shall come upon them So as to destroy all.'
[Chapter 81]
1 And he said unto me:
' Observe, Enoch, these heavenly tablets,
And read what is written thereon,
And mark every individual fact.'
2 And I observed the heavenly tablets, and read everything which was written (thereon) and understood everything, and read the book of all the deeds of mankind, and of all the children of flesh 3 that shall be upon the earth to the remotest generations. And forthwith I blessed the great Lord the King of glory for ever, in that He has made all the works of the world,
And I extolled the Lord because of His patience,
And blessed Him because of the children of men.
4 And after that I said:
' Blessed is the man who dies in righteousness and goodness,
Concerning whom there is no book of unrighteousness written,
And against whom no day of judgement shall be found.'
5 And those seven holy ones brought me and placed me on the earth before the door of my house, and said to me: ' Declare everything to thy son Methuselah, and show to all thy children that no 6 flesh is righteous in the sight of the Lord, for He is their Creator. One year we will leave thee with thy son, till thou givest thy (last) commands, that thou mayest teach thy children and record (it) for them, and testify to all thy children; and in the second year they shall take thee from their midst.
7 Let thy heart be strong,
For the good shall announce righteousness to the good;
The righteous with the righteous shall rejoice,
And shall offer congratulation to one another.
8 But the sinners shall die with the sinners,
And the apostate go down with the apostate.
9 And those who practice righteousness shall die on account of the deeds of men,
And be taken away on account of the doings of the godless.'
10 And in those days they ceased to speak to me, and I came to my people, blessing the Lord of the world.
[Chapter 82]
1 And now, my son Methuselah, all these things I am recounting to thee and writing down for thee! and I have revealed to thee everything, and given thee books concerning all these: so preserve, my son Methuselah, the books from thy father's hand, and (see) that thou deliver them to the generations of the world.
2 I have given Wisdom to thee and to thy children,
[And thy children that shall be to thee],
That they may give it to their children for generations,
This wisdom (namely) that passeth their thought.
3 And those who understand it shall not sleep,
But shall listen with the ear that they may learn this wisdom,
And it shall please those that eat thereof better than good food.
4 Blessed are all the righteous, blessed are all those who walk In the way of righteousness and sin not as the sinners, in the reckoning of all their days in which the sun traverses the heaven, entering into and departing from the portals for thirty days with the heads of thousands of the order of the stars, together with the four which are intercalated which divide the four portions of the year, which 5 lead them and enter with them four days. Owing to them men shall be at fault and not reckon them in the whole reckoning of the year: yea, men shall be at fault, and not recognize them 6 accurately. For they belong to the reckoning of the year and are truly recorded (thereon) for ever, one in the first portal and one in the third, and one in the fourth and one in the sixth, and the year is completed in three hundred and sixty-four days. 7 And the account thereof is accurate and the recorded reckoning thereof exact; for the luminaries, and months and festivals, and years and days, has Uriel shown and revealed to me, to whom the 8 Lord of the whole creation of the world hath subjected the host of heaven. And he has power over night and day in the heaven to cause the light to give light to men -sun, moon, and stars, 9 and all the powers of the heaven which revolve in their circular chariots. And these are the orders of the stars, which set in their places, and in their seasons and festivals and months. 10 And these are the names of those who lead them, who watch that they enter at their times, in their orders, in their seasons, in their months, in their periods of dominion, and in their positions. Their four leaders who divide the four parts of the year enter first; and after them the twelve leaders of the orders who divide the months; and for the three hundred and sixty (days) there are heads over thousands who divide the days; and for the four intercalary days there are the leaders which sunder 12 the four parts of the year. And these heads over thousands are intercalated between 13 leader and leader, each behind a station, but their leaders make the division. And these are the names of the leaders who divide the four parts of the year which are ordained: Milki'el, Hel'emmelek, and Mel'ejal, 14 and Narel. And the names of those who lead them: Adnar'el, and Ijasusa'el, and 'Elome'el- these three follow the leaders of the orders, and there is one that follows the three leaders of the orders which follow those leaders of stations that divide the four parts of the year. In the beginning of the year Melkejal rises first and rules, who is named Tam'aini and sun, and 16 all the days of his dominion whilst he bears rule are ninety-one days. And these are the signs of the days which are to be seen on earth in the days of his dominion: sweat, and heat, and calms; and all the trees bear fruit, and leaves are produced on all the trees, and the harvest of wheat, and the rose-flowers, and all the flowers which come forth in the field, but the trees of the winter season become withered. And these are the names of the leaders which are under them: Berka'el, Zelebs'el, and another who is added a head of a thousand, called Hilujaseph: and the days of the dominion of this (leader) are at an end. 18 The next leader after him is Hel'emmelek, whom one names the shining sun, and all the days 19 of his light are ninety-one days. And these are the signs of (his) days on the earth: glowing heat and dryness, and the trees ripen their fruits and produce all their fruits ripe and ready, and the sheep pair and become pregnant, and all the fruits of the earth are gathered in, and everything that is 20 in the fields, and the winepress: these things take place in the days of his dominion. These are the names, and the orders, and the leaders of those heads of thousands: Gida'ljal, Ke'el, and He'el, and the name of the head of a thousand which is added to them, Asfa'el: and the days of his dominion are at an end.

Section IV. Chapters LXXXIII-XC.
The Dream-Visions.

[Chapter 83]1 And now, my son Methuselah, I will show thee all my visions which I have seen, recounting 2 them before thee. Two visions I saw before I took a wife, and the one was quite unlike the other: the first when I was learning to write: the second before I took thy mother, (when) I saw a terrible 3 vision. And regarding them I prayed to the Lord. I had laid me down in the house of my grandfather Mahalalel, (when) I saw in a vision how the heaven collapsed and was borne off and fell to 4 the earth. And when it fell to the earth I saw how the earth was swallowed up in a great abyss, and mountains were suspended on mountains, and hills sank down on hills, and high trees were rent 5 from their stems, and hurled down and sunk in the abyss. And thereupon a word fell into my mouth, 6 and I lifted up (my voice) to cry aloud, and said: ' The earth is destroyed.' And my grandfather Mahalalel waked me as I lay near him, and said unto me: ' Why dost thou cry so, my son, and why 7 dost thou make such lamentation?' And I recounted to him the whole vision which I had seen, and he said unto me: ' A terrible thing hast thou seen, my son, and of grave moment is thy dream- vision as to the secrets of all the sin of the earth: it must sink into the abyss and be destroyed with 8 a great destruction. And now, my son, arise and make petition to the Lord of glory, since thou art a believer, that a remnant may remain on the earth, and that He may not destroy the whole 9 earth. My son, from heaven all this will come upon the earth, and upon the earth there will be great 10 destruction. After that I arose and prayed and implored and besought, and wrote down my prayer for the generations of the world, and I will show everything to thee, my son Methuselah. And when I had gone forth below and seen the heaven, and the sun rising in the east, and the moon setting in the west, and a few stars, and the whole earth, and everything as He had known it in the beginning, then I blessed the Lord of judgement and extolled Him because He had made the sun to go forth from the windows of the east, and he ascended and rose on the face of the heaven, and set out and kept traversing the path shown unto him.
[Chapter 84]
1 And I lifted up my hands in righteousness and blessed the Holy and Great One, and spake with the breath of my mouth, and with the tongue of flesh, which God has made for the children of the flesh of men, that they should speak therewith, and He gave them breath and a tongue and a mouth that they should speak therewith:
2 Blessed be Thou, O Lord, King,
Great and mighty in Thy greatness,
Lord of the whole creation of the heaven,
King of kings and God of the whole world.
And Thy power and kingship and greatness abide for ever and ever,
And throughout all generations Thy dominion;
And all the heavens are Thy throne for ever,
And the whole earth Thy footstool for ever and ever.
3 For Thou hast made and Thou rulest all things,
And nothing is too hard for Thee,
Wisdom departs not from the place of Thy throne,
Nor turns away from Thy presence.
And Thou knowest and seest and hearest everything,
And there is nothing hidden from Thee [for Thou seest everything].
4 And now the angels of Thy heavens are guilty of trespass,
And upon the flesh of men abideth Thy wrath until the great day of judgement.
5 And now, O God and Lord and Great King,
I implore and beseech Thee to fulfil my prayer,
To leave me a posterity on earth,
And not destroy all the flesh of man,
And make the earth without inhabitant,
So that there should be an eternal destruction.
6 And now, my Lord, destroy from the earth the flesh which has aroused Thy wrath,
But the flesh of righteousness and uprightness establish as a plant of the eternal seed,
And hide not Thy face from the prayer of Thy servant, O Lord.'
[Chapter 85]
1,2 And after this I saw another dream, and I will show the whole dream to thee, my son. And Enoch lifted up (his voice) and spake to his son Methuselah: ' To thee, my son, will I speak: hear my words-incline thine ear to the dream-vision of thy father. Before I took thy mother Edna, I saw in a vision on my bed, and behold a bull came forth from the earth, and that bull was white; and after it came forth a heifer, and along with this (latter) came forth two bulls, one of them black and 4 the other red. And that black bull gored the red one and pursued him over the earth, and thereupon 5 I could no longer see that red bull. But that black bull grew and that heifer went with him, and 6 I saw that many oxen proceeded from him which resembled and followed him. And that cow, that first one, went from the presence of that first bull in order to seek that red one, but found him 7 not, and lamented with a great lamentation over him and sought him. And I looked till that first 8 bull came to her and quieted her, and from that time onward she cried no more. And after that she bore another white bull, and after him she bore many bulls and black cows. 9 And I saw in my sleep that white bull likewise grow and become a great white bull, and from Him proceeded many white bulls, and they resembled him. And they began to beget many white bulls, which resembled them, one following the other, (even) many.
[Chapter 86]
1 And again I saw with mine eyes as I slept, and I saw the heaven above, and behold a star fell 2 from heaven, and it arose and eat and pastured amongst those oxen. And after that I saw the large and the black oxen, and behold they all changed their stalls and pastures and their cattle, and began 3 to live with each other. And again I saw in the vision, and looked towards the heaven, and behold I saw many stars descend and cast themselves down from heaven to that first star, and they became 4 bulls amongst those cattle and pastured with them [amongst them]. And I looked at them and saw, and behold they all let out their privy members, like horses, and began to cover the cows of the oxen, 5 and they all became pregnant and bare elephants, camels, and asses. And all the oxen feared them and were affrighted at them, and began to bite with their teeth and to devour, and to gore with their 6 horns. And they began, moreover, to devour those oxen; and behold all the children of the earth began to tremble and quake before them and to flee from them.
[Chapter 87]
1 And again I saw how they began to gore each other and to devour each other, and the earth 2 began to cry aloud. And I raised mine eyes again to heaven, and I saw in the vision, and behold there came forth from heaven beings who were like white men: and four went forth from that place 3 and three with them. And those three that had last come forth grasped me by my hand and took me up, away from the generations of the earth, and raised me up to a lofty place, and showed me 4 a tower raised high above the earth, and all the hills were lower. And one said unto me: ' Remain here till thou seest everything that befalls those elephants, camels, and asses, and the stars and the oxen, and all of them.'
[Chapter 88]
1 And I saw one of those four who had come forth first, and he seized that first star which had fallen from the heaven, and bound it hand and foot and cast it into an abyss: now that abyss was 2 narrow and deep, and horrible and dark. And one of them drew a sword, and gave it to those elephants and camels and asses: then they began to smite each other, and the whole earth quaked 3 because of them. And as I was beholding in the vision, lo, one of those four who had come forth stoned (them) from heaven, and gathered and took all the great stars whose privy members were like those of horses, and bound them all hand and foot, and cast them in an abyss of the earth.
[Chapter 89]
1 And one of those four went to that white bull and instructed him in a secret, without his being terrified: he was born a bull and became a man, and built for himself a great vessel and dwelt thereon; 2 and three bulls dwelt with him in that vessel and they were covered in. And again I raised mine eyes towards heaven and saw a lofty roof, with seven water torrents thereon, and those torrents 3 flowed with much water into an enclosure. And I saw again, and behold fountains were opened on the surface of that great enclosure, and that water began to swell and rise upon the surface, 4 and I saw that enclosure till all its surface was covered with water. And the water, the darkness, and mist increased upon it; and as I looked at the height of that water, that water had risen above the height of that enclosure, and was streaming over that enclosure, and it stood upon the earth. 5 And all the cattle of that enclosure were gathered together until I saw how they sank and were 6 swallowed up and perished in that water. But that vessel floated on the water, while all the oxen and elephants and camels and asses sank to the bottom with all the animals, so that I could no longer see them, and they were not able to escape, (but) perished and sank into the depths. And again I saw in the vision till those water torrents were removed from that high roof, and the chasms 8 of the earth were leveled up and other abysses were opened. Then the water began to run down into these, till the earth became visible; but that vessel settled on the earth, and the darkness 9 retired and light appeared. But that white bull which had become a man came out of that vessel, and the three bulls with him, and one of those three was white like that bull, and one of them was red as blood, and one black: and that white bull departed from them. 10 And they began to bring forth beasts of the field and birds, so that there arose different genera: lions, tigers, wolves, dogs, hyenas, wild boars, foxes, squirrels, swine, falcons, vultures, kites, eagles, and ravens; and among them was born a white bull. And they began to bite one another; but that white bull which was born amongst them begat a wild ass and a white bull with it, and the 12 wild asses multiplied. But that bull which was born from him begat a black wild boar and a white 13 sheep; and the former begat many boars, but that sheep begat twelve sheep. And when those twelve sheep had grown, they gave up one of them to the asses, and those asses again gave up that sheep to the wolves, and that sheep grew up among the wolves. And the Lord brought the eleven sheep to live with it and to pasture with it among the wolves: and they multiplied and became many flocks of sheep. And the wolves began to fear them, and they oppressed them until they destroyed their little ones, and they cast their young into a river of much water: but those sheep began to 16 cry aloud on account of their little ones, and to complain unto their Lord. And a sheep which had been saved from the wolves fled and escaped to the wild asses; and I saw the sheep how they lamented and cried, and besought their Lord with all their might, till that Lord of the sheep descended at the voice of the sheep from a lofty abode, and came to them and pastured them. And He called that sheep which had escaped the wolves, and spake with it concerning the wolves that it should 18 admonish them not to touch the sheep. And the sheep went to the wolves according to the word of the Lord, and another sheep met it and went with it, and the two went and entered together into the assembly of those wolves, and spake with them and admonished them not to touch the 19 sheep from henceforth. And thereupon I saw the wolves, and how they oppressed the sheep 20 exceedingly with all their power; and the sheep cried aloud. And the Lord came to the sheep and they began to smite those wolves: and the wolves began to make lamentation; but the sheep became 21 quiet and forthwith ceased to cry out. And I saw the sheep till they departed from amongst the wolves; but the eyes of the wolves were blinded, and those wolves departed in pursuit of the sheep 22 with all their power. And the Lord of the sheep went with them, as their leader, and all His sheep 23 followed Him: and his face was dazzling and glorious and terrible to behold. But the wolves 24 began to pursue those sheep till they reached a sea of water. And that sea was divided, and the water stood on this side and on that before their face, and their Lord led them and placed Himself between 25 them and the wolves. And as those wolves did not yet see the sheep, they proceeded into the midst of that sea, and the wolves followed the sheep, and [those wolves] ran after them into that sea. 26 And when they saw the Lord of the sheep, they turned to flee before His face, but that sea gathered itself together, and became as it had been created, and the water swelled and rose till it covered 27 those wolves. And I saw till all the wolves who pursued those sheep perished and were drowned. 28 But the sheep escaped from that water and went forth into a wilderness, where there was no water and no grass; and they began to open their eyes and to see; and I saw the Lord of the sheep 29 pasturing them and giving them water and grass, and that sheep going and leading them. And that 30 sheep ascended to the summit of that lofty rock, and the Lord of the sheep sent it to them. And after that I saw the Lord of the sheep who stood before them, and His appearance was great and 31 terrible and majestic, and all those sheep saw Him and were afraid before His face. And they all feared and trembled because of Him, and they cried to that sheep with them [which was amongst 32 them]: ' We are not able to stand before our Lord or to behold Him.' And that sheep which led them again ascended to the summit of that rock, but the sheep began to be blinded and to wander 33 from the way which he had showed them, but that sheep wot not thereof. And the Lord of the sheep was wrathful exceedingly against them, and that sheep discovered it, and went down from the summit of the rock, and came to the sheep, and found the greatest part of them blinded and fallen 34 away. And when they saw it they feared and trembled at its presence, and desired to return to their 35 folds. And that sheep took other sheep with it, and came to those sheep which had fallen away, and began to slay them; and the sheep feared its presence, and thus that sheep brought back those 36 sheep that had fallen away, and they returned to their folds. And I saw in this vision till that sheep became a man and built a house for the Lord of the sheep, and placed all the sheep in that house. 37 And I saw till this sheep which had met that sheep which led them fell asleep: and I saw till all the great sheep perished and little ones arose in their place, and they came to a pasture, and 38 approached a stream of water. Then that sheep, their leader which had become a man, withdrew 39 from them and fell asleep, and all the sheep sought it and cried over it with a great crying. And I saw till they left off crying for that sheep and crossed that stream of water, and there arose the two sheep as leaders in the place of those which had led them and fallen asleep (lit. ' had fallen asleep and led 40 them '). And I saw till the sheep came to a goodly place, and a pleasant and glorious land, and I saw till those sheep were satisfied; and that house stood amongst them in the pleasant land. 41 And sometimes their eyes were opened, and sometimes blinded, till another sheep arose and led them and brought them all back, and their eyes were opened. 42 And the dogs and the foxes and the wild boars began to devour those sheep till the Lord of the sheep raised up [another sheep] a ram from their 43 midst, which led them. And that ram began to butt on either side those dogs, foxes, and wild 44 boars till he had destroyed them all. And that sheep whose eyes were opened saw that ram, which was amongst the sheep, till it forsook its glory and began to butt those sheep, and trampled upon them, and behaved itself 45 unseemly. And the Lord of the sheep sent the lamb to another lamb and raised it to being a ram and leader of the sheep instead of that 46 ram which had forsaken its glory. And it went to it and spake to it alone, and raised it to being a ram, and made it the prince and leader of the sheep; but during all these things those dogs 47 oppressed the sheep. And the first ram pursued that second ram, and that second ram arose and fled before it; and I saw till those dogs pulled 48 down the first ram. And that second ram arose 49 and led the [little] sheep. And those sheep grew and multiplied; but all the dogs, and foxes, and wild boars feared and fled before it, and that ram butted and killed the wild beasts, and those wild beasts had no longer any power among the 48b sheep and robbed them no more of ought. And that ram begat many sheep and fell asleep; and a little sheep became ram in its stead, and became prince and leader of those sheep. 50 And that house became great and broad, and it was built for those sheep: (and) a tower lofty and great was built on the house for the Lord of the sheep, and that house was low, but the tower was elevated and lofty, and the Lord of the sheep stood on that tower and they offered a full table before Him. 51 And again I saw those sheep that they again erred and went many ways, and forsook that their house, and the Lord of the sheep called some from amongst the sheep and sent them to the sheep, 52 but the sheep began to slay them. And one of them was saved and was not slain, and it sped away and cried aloud over the sheep; and they sought to slay it, but the Lord of the sheep saved it from 53 the sheep, and brought it up to me, and caused it to dwell there. And many other sheep He sent to those sheep to testify unto them and lament over them. And after that I saw that when they forsook the house of the Lord and His tower they fell away entirely, and their eyes were blinded; and I saw the Lord of the sheep how He wrought much slaughter amongst them in their herds until 55 those sheep invited that slaughter and betrayed His place. And He gave them over into the hands of the lions and tigers, and wolves and hyenas, and into the hand of the foxes, and to all the wild 56 beasts, and those wild beasts began to tear in pieces those sheep. And I saw that He forsook that their house and their tower and gave them all into the hand of the lions, to tear and devour them, 57 into the hand of all the wild beasts. And I began to cry aloud with all my power, and to appeal to the Lord of the sheep, and to represent to Him in regard to the sheep that they were devoured 58 by all the wild beasts. But He remained unmoved, though He saw it, and rejoiced that they were devoured and swallowed and robbed, and left them to be devoured in the hand of all the beasts. 59 And He called seventy shepherds, and cast those sheep to them that they might pasture them, and He spake to the shepherds and their companions: ' Let each individual of you pasture the sheep 60 henceforward, and everything that I shall command you that do ye. And I will deliver them over unto you duly numbered, and tell you which of them are to be destroyed-and them destroy ye.' And 61 He gave over unto them those sheep. And He called another and spake unto him: ' Observe and mark everything that the shepherds will do to those sheep; for they will destroy more of them than 62 I have commanded them. And every excess and the destruction which will be wrought through the shepherds, record (namely) how many they destroy according to my command, and how many according to their own caprice: record against every individual shepherd all the destruction he 63 effects. And read out before me by number how many they destroy, and how many they deliver over for destruction, that I may have this as a testimony against them, and know every deed of the shepherds, that I may comprehend and see what they do, whether or not they abide by my 64 command which I have commanded them. But they shall not know it, and thou shalt not declare it to them, nor admonish them, but only record against each individual all the destruction which 65 the shepherds effect each in his time and lay it all before me.' And I saw till those shepherds pastured in their season, and they began to slay and to destroy more than they were bidden, and they delivered 66 those sheep into the hand of the lions. And the lions and tigers eat and devoured the greater part of those sheep, and the wild boars eat along with them; and they burnt that tower and demolished 67 that house. And I became exceedingly sorrowful over that tower because that house of the sheep was demolished, and afterwards I was unable to see if those sheep entered that house. 68 And the shepherds and their associates delivered over those sheep to all the wild beasts, to devour them, and each one of them received in his time a definite number: it was written by the other 69 in a book how many each one of them destroyed of them. And each one slew and destroyed many 70 more than was prescribed; and I began to weep and lament on account of those sheep. And thus in the vision I saw that one who wrote, how he wrote down every one that was destroyed by those shepherds, day by day, and carried up and laid down and showed actually the whole book to the Lord of the sheep-(even) everything that they had done, and all that each one of them had made 71 away with, and all that they had given over to destruction. And the book was read before the Lord of the sheep, and He took the book from his hand and read it and sealed it and laid it down. 72 And forthwith I saw how the shepherds pastured for twelve hours, and behold three of those sheep turned back and came and entered and began to build up all that had fallen down of that 73 house; but the wild boars tried to hinder them, but they were not able. And they began again to build as before, and they reared up that tower, and it was named the high tower; and they began again to place a table before the tower, but all the bread on it was polluted and not pure. 74 And as touching all this the eyes of those sheep were blinded so that they saw not, and (the eyes of) their shepherds likewise; and they delivered them in large numbers to their shepherds for 75 destruction, and they trampled the sheep with their feet and devoured them. And the Lord of the sheep remained unmoved till all the sheep were dispersed over the field and mingled with them (i.e. the 76 beasts), and they (i.e. the shepherds) did not save them out of the hand of the beasts. And this one who wrote the book carried it up, and showed it and read it before the Lord of the sheep, and implored Him on their account, and besought Him on their account as he showed Him all the doings 77 of the shepherds, and gave testimony before Him against all the shepherds. And he took the actual book and laid it down beside Him and departed.
[Chapter 90]
1 And I saw till that in this manner thirty-five shepherds undertook the pasturing (of the sheep), and they severally completed their periods as did the first; and others received them into their 2 hands, to pasture them for their period, each shepherd in his own period. And after that I saw in my vision all the birds of heaven coming, the eagles, the vultures, the kites, the ravens; but the eagles led all the birds; and they began to devour those sheep, and to pick out their eyes and to 3 devour their flesh. And the sheep cried out because their flesh was being devoured by the birds, 4 and as for me I looked and lamented in my sleep over that shepherd who pastured the sheep. And I saw until those sheep were devoured by the dogs and eagles and kites, and they left neither flesh nor skin nor sinew remaining on them till only their bones stood there: and their bones too fell 5 to the earth and the sheep became few. And I saw until that twenty-three had undertaken the pasturing and completed in their several periods fifty-eight times. 6 But behold lambs were borne by those white sheep, and they began to open their eyes and to see, 7 and to cry to the sheep. Yea, they cried to them, but they did not hearken to what they said to 8 them, but were exceedingly deaf, and their eyes were very exceedingly blinded. And I saw in the vision how the ravens flew upon those lambs and took one of those lambs, and dashed the sheep 9 in pieces and devoured them. And I saw till horns grew upon those lambs, and the ravens cast down their horns; and I saw till there sprouted a great horn of one of those sheep, and their eyes 10 were opened. And it looked at them [and their eyes opened], and it cried to the sheep, and the 11 rams saw it and all ran to it. And notwithstanding all this those eagles and vultures and ravens and kites still kept tearing the sheep and swooping down upon them and devouring them: still the sheep remained silent, but the rams lamented and cried out. And those ravens fought and battled with it and sought to lay low its horn, but they had no power over it. All the eagles and vultures and ravens and kites were gathered together, and there came with them all the sheep of the field, yea, they all came together, and helped each other to break that horn of the ram. 19 And I saw till a great sword was given to the sheep, and the sheep proceeded against all the beasts of the field to slay them, and all the beasts and the birds of the heaven fled before their face. And I saw that man, who wrote the book according to the command of the Lord, till he opened that book concerning the destruction which those twelve last shepherds had wrought, and showed that they had destroyed much more than their predecessors, before the Lord of the sheep. And I saw till the Lord of the sheep came unto them and took in His hand the staff of His wrath, and smote the earth, and the earth clave asunder, and all the beasts and all the birds of the heaven fell from among those sheep, and were swallowed up in the earth and it covered them. 20 And I saw till a throne was erected in the pleasant land, and the Lord of the sheep sat Himself thereon, and the other took the sealed books and opened those books before the Lord of the sheep. 21 And the Lord called those men the seven first white ones, and commanded that they should bring before Him, beginning with the first star which led the way, all the stars whose privy members 22 were like those of horses, and they brought them all before Him. And He said to that man who wrote before Him, being one of those seven white ones, and said unto him: ' Take those seventy shepherds to whom I delivered the sheep, and who taking them on their own authority slew more 23 than I commanded them.' And behold they were all bound, I saw, and they all stood before Him. 24 And the judgement was held first over the stars, and they were judged and found guilty, and went to the place of condemnation, and they were cast into an abyss, full of fire and flaming, and full 25 of pillars of fire. And those seventy shepherds were judged and found guilty, and they were cast 26 into that fiery abyss. And I saw at that time how a like abyss was opened in the midst of the earth, full of fire, and they brought those blinded sheep, and they were all judged and found guilty and 27 cast into this fiery abyss, and they burned; now this abyss was to the right of that house. And I saw those sheep burning and their bones burning. 28 And I stood up to see till they folded up that old house; and carried off all the pillars, and all the beams and ornaments of the house were at the same time folded up with it, and they carried 29 it off and laid it in a place in the south of the land. And I saw till the Lord of the sheep brought a new house greater and loftier than that first, and set it up in the place of the first which had beer folded up: all its pillars were new, and its ornaments were new and larger than those of the first, the old one which He had taken away, and all the sheep were within it. 30 And I saw all the sheep which had been left, and all the beasts on the earth, and all the birds of the heaven, falling down and doing homage to those sheep and making petition to and obeying 31 them in every thing. And thereafter those three who were clothed in white and had seized me by my hand [who had taken me up before], and the hand of that ram also seizing hold of me, they 32 took me up and set me down in the midst of those sheep before the judgement took place. And those 33 sheep were all white, and their wool was abundant and clean. And all that had been destroyed and dispersed, and all the beasts of the field, and all the birds of the heaven, assembled in that house, and the Lord of the sheep rejoiced with great joy because they were all good and had returned to 34 His house. And I saw till they laid down that sword, which had been given to the sheep, and they brought it back into the house, and it was sealed before the presence of the Lord, and all the sheep 35 were invited into that house, but it held them not. And the eyes of them all were opened, and they 36 saw the good, and there was not one among them that did not see. And I saw that that house was large and broad and very full. 37 And I saw that a white bull was born, with large horns and all the beasts of the field and all the 38 birds of the air feared him and made petition to him all the time. And I saw till all their generations were transformed, and they all became white bulls; and the first among them became a lamb, and that lamb became a great animal and had great black horns on its head; and the Lord of the sheep 39 rejoiced over it and over all the oxen. And I slept in their midst: and I awoke and saw everything. 40 This is the vision which I saw while I slept, and I awoke and blessed the Lord of righteousness and 41 gave Him glory. Then I wept with a great weeping and my tears stayed not till I could no longer endure it: when I saw, they flowed on account of what I had seen; for everything shall come and 42 be fulfilled, and all the deeds of men in their order were shown to me. On that night I remembered the first dream, and because of it I wept and was troubled-because I had seen that vision.

Section V. XCI-CIV (i.e. XCII, XCI. 1-1O, 18-19, XCIII. 1-1O, XCI. 12-17, XCIV-CIV.).
A Book of Exhortation and Promised Blessing for the Righteous and of Malediction and Woe for the Sinners.

[Chapter 92]
1 The book written by Enoch-[Enoch indeed wrote this complete doctrine of wisdom, (which is) praised of all men and a judge of all the earth] for all my children who shall dwell on the earth. And for the future generations who shall observe uprightness and peace.
2 Let not your spirit be troubled on account of the times;
For the Holy and Great One has appointed days for all things.
3 And the righteous one shall arise from sleep,
[Shall arise] and walk in the paths of righteousness,
And all his path and conversation shall be in eternal goodness and grace.
4 He will be gracious to the righteous and give him eternal uprightness,
And He will give him power so that he shall be (endowed) with goodness and righteousness.
And he shall walk in eternal light.
5 And sin shall perish in darkness for ever,
And shall no more be seen from that day for evermore.
[Chapter 91]
1 And now, my son Methuselah, call to me all thy brothers
And gather together to me all the sons of thy mother;
For the word calls me,
And the spirit is poured out upon me,
That I may show you everything
That shall befall you for ever.'
2 And there upon Methuselah went and summoned to him all his brothers and assembled his relatives.
3 And he spake unto all the children of righteousness and said:
'Hear, ye sons of Enoch, all the words of your father,
And hearken aright to the voice of my mouth;
For I exhort you and say unto you, beloved:
4 Love uprightness and walk therein.
And draw not nigh to uprightness with a double heart,
And associate not with those of a double heart,
But walk in righteousness, my sons.
And it shall guide you on good paths,
And righteousness shall be your companion.
5 For I know that violence must increase on the earth,
And a great chastisement be executed on the earth,
And all unrighteousness come to an end:
Yea, it shall be cut off from its roots,
And its whole structure be destroyed.
6 And unrighteousness shall again be consummated on the earth,
And all the deeds of unrighteousness and of violence
And transgression shall prevail in a twofold degree.
7 And when sin and unrighteousness and blasphemy
And violence in all kinds of deeds increase,
And apostasy and transgression and uncleanness increase,
A great chastisement shall come from heaven upon all these,
And the holy Lord will come forth with wrath and chastisement
To execute judgement on earth.
8 In those days violence shall be cut off from its roots,
And the roots of unrighteousness together with deceit,
And they shall be destroyed from under heaven.
9 And all the idols of the heathen shall be abandoned,
And the temples burned with fire,
And they shall remove them from the whole earth,
And they (i.e. the heathen) shall be cast into the judgement of fire,
And shall perish in wrath and in grievous judgement for ever.
10 And the righteous shall arise from their sleep,
And wisdom shall arise and be given unto them.
[And after that the roots of unrighteousness shall be cut off, and the sinners shall be destroyed by the sword . . . shall be cut off from the blasphemers in every place, and those who plan violence and those who commit blasphemy shall perish by the sword.]
18 And now I tell you, my sons, and show you
The paths of righteousness and the paths of violence.
Yea, I will show them to you again
That ye may know what will come to pass.
19 And now, hearken unto me, my sons,
And walk in the paths of righteousness,
And walk not in the paths of violence;
For all who walk in the paths of unrighteousness shall perish for ever.'
[Chapter 93]
1,2 And after that Enoch both gave and began to recount from the books. And Enoch said:
' Concerning the children of righteousness and concerning the elect of the world,
And concerning the plant of uprightness, I will speak these things,
Yea, I Enoch will declare (them) unto you, my sons:
According to that which appeared to me in the heavenly vision,
And which I have known through the word of the holy angels,
And have learnt from the heavenly tablets.'
3 And Enoch began to recount from the books and said:
' I was born the seventh in the first week,
While judgement and righteousness still endured.
4 And after me there shall arise in the second week great wickedness,
And deceit shall have sprung up;
And in it there shall be the first end.
And in it a man shall be saved;
And after it is ended unrighteousness shall grow up,
And a law shall be made for the sinners.
And after that in the third week at its close
A man shall be elected as the plant of righteous judgement,
And his posterity shall become the plant of righteousness for evermore.
6 And after that in the fourth week, at its close,
Visions of the holy and righteous shall be seen,
And a law for all generations and an enclosure shall be made for them.
7 And after that in the fifth week, at its close,
The house of glory and dominion shall be built for ever.
8 And after that in the sixth week all who live in it shall be blinded,
And the hearts of all of them shall godlessly forsake wisdom.
And in it a man shall ascend;
And at its close the house of dominion shall be burnt with fire,
And the whole race of the chosen root shall be dispersed.
9 And after that in the seventh week shall an apostate generation arise,
And many shall be its deeds,
And all its deeds shall be apostate.
10 And at its close shall be elected
The elect righteous of the eternal plant of righteousness,
To receive sevenfold instruction concerning all His creation.
11 [For who is there of all the children of men that is able to hear the voice of the Holy One without being troubled ? And who can think His thoughts ? and who is there that can behold all the works 12 of heaven ? And how should there be one who could behold the heaven, and who is there that could understand the things of heaven and see a soul or a spirit and could tell thereof, or ascend and see 13 all their ends and think them or do like them ? And who is there of all men that could know what is the breadth and the length of the earth, and to whom has been shown the measure of all of them ? 14 Or is there any one who could discern the length of the heaven and how great is its height, and upon what it is founded, and how great is the number of the stars, and where all the luminaries rest ?]
[Chapter 91]
12 And after that there shall be another, the eighth week, that of righteousness,
And a sword shall be given to it that a righteous judgement may be executed on the oppressors,
And sinners shall be delivered into the hands of the righteous.
13 And at its close they shall acquire houses through their righteousness,
And a house shall be built for the Great King in glory for evermore,
14d And all mankind shall look to the path of uprightness.
14a And after that, in the ninth week, the righteous judgement shall be revealed to the whole world,
b And all the works of the godless shall vanish from all the earth,
c And the world shall be written down for destruction.
15 And after this, in the tenth week in the seventh part,
There shall be the great eternal judgement,
In which He will execute vengeance amongst the angels.
16 And the first heaven shall depart and pass away,
And a new heaven shall appear,
And all the powers of the heavens shall give sevenfold light.
17 And after that there will be many weeks without number for ever,
And all shall be in goodness and righteousness,
And sin shall no more be mentioned for ever.
[Chapter 94]
1 And now I say unto you, my sons, love righteousness and walk therein;
For the paths of righteousness are worthy of acceptation,
But the paths of unrighteousness shall suddenly be destroyed and vanish.
2 And to certain men of a generation shall the paths of violence and of death be revealed,
And they shall hold themselves afar from them,
And shall not follow them.
3 And now I say unto you the righteous:
Walk not in the paths of wickedness, nor in the paths of death,
And draw not nigh to them, lest ye be destroyed.
4 But seek and choose for yourselves righteousness and an elect life,
And walk in the paths of peace,
And ye shall live and prosper.
5 And hold fast my words in the thoughts of your hearts,
And suffer them not to be effaced from your hearts;
For I know that sinners will tempt men to evilly-entreat wisdom,
So that no place may be found for her,
And no manner of temptation may minish.
6 Woe to those who build unrighteousness and oppression
And lay deceit as a foundation;
For they shall be suddenly overthrown,
And they shall have no peace.
7 Woe to those who build their houses with sin;
For from all their foundations shall they be overthrown,
And by the sword shall they fall.
[And those who acquire gold and silver in judgement suddenly shall perish.]
8 Woe to you, ye rich, for ye have trusted in your riches,
And from your riches shall ye depart,
Because ye have not remembered the Most High in the days of your riches.
9 Ye have committed blasphemy and unrighteousness,
And have become ready for the day of slaughter,
And the day of darkness and the day of the great judgement.
10 Thus I speak and declare unto you:
He who hath created you will overthrow you,
And for your fall there shall be no compassion,
And your Creator will rejoice at your destruction.
11 And your righteous ones in those days shall be
A reproach to the sinners and the godless.
[Chapter 95]
1 Oh that mine eyes were [a cloud of] waters
] That I might weep over you,
And pour down my tears as a cloud of waters:
That so I might rest from my trouble of heart!
2 who has permitted you to practice reproaches and wickedness ?
And so judgement shall overtake you, sinners.
3 Fear not the sinners, ye righteous;
For again will the Lord deliver them into your hands,
That ye may execute judgement upon them according to your desires.
4 Woe to you who fulminate anathemas which cannot be reversed:
Healing shall therefore be far from you because of your sins.
5 Woe to you who requite your neighbour with evil;
For ye shall be requited according to your works.
6 Woe to you, lying witnesses,
And to those who weigh out injustice,
For suddenly shall ye perish.
7 Woe to you, sinners, for ye persecute the righteous;
For ye shall be delivered up and persecuted because of injustice,
And heavy shall its yoke be upon you.
[Chapter 96]
1 Be hopeful, ye righteous; for suddenly shall the sinners perish before you,
And ye shall have lordship over them according to your desires.
2 [And in the day of the tribulation of the sinners,
Your children shall mount and rise as eagles,
And higher than the vultures will be your nest,
And ye shall ascend and enter the crevices of the earth,
And the clefts of the rock for ever as coneys before the unrighteous,
And the sirens shall sigh because of you-and weep.]
3 Wherefore fear not, ye that have suffered;
For healing shall be your portion,
And a bright light shall enlighten you,
And the voice of rest ye shall hear from heaven.
4 Woe unto you, ye sinners, for your riches make you appear like the righteous,
But your hearts convict you of being sinners,
And this fact shall be a testimony against you for a memorial of (your) evil deeds.
5 Woe to you who devour the finest of the wheat,
And drink wine in large bowls,
And tread under foot the lowly with your might.
6 Woe to you who drink water from every fountain,
For suddenly shall ye be consumed and wither away,
Because ye have forsaken the fountain of life.
7 Woe to you who work unrighteousness
And deceit and blasphemy:
It shall be a memorial against you for evil.
8 Woe to you, ye mighty,
Who with might oppress the righteous;
For the day of your destruction is coming.
In those days many and good days shall come to the righteous-in the day of your judgement.
[Chapter 97]
1 Believe, ye righteous, that the sinners will become a shame
And perish in the day of unrighteousness.
2 Be it known unto you (ye sinners) that the Most High is mindful of your destruction,
And the angels of heaven rejoice over your destruction.
3 What will ye do, ye sinners,
And whither will ye flee on that day of judgement,
When ye hear the voice of the prayer of the righteous ?
4 Yea, ye shall fare like unto them,
Against whom this word shall be a testimony:
" Ye have been companions of sinners."
5 And in those days the prayer of the righteous shall reach unto the Lord,
And for you the days of your judgement shall come.
6 And all the words of your unrighteousness shall be read out before the Great Holy One,
And your faces shall be covered with shame,
And He will reject every work which is grounded on unrighteousness.
7 Woe to you, ye sinners, who live on the mid ocean and on the dry land,
Whose remembrance is evil against you.
8 Woe to you who acquire silver and gold in unrighteousness and say:
" We have become rich with riches and have possessions;
And have acquired everything we have desired.
9 And now let us do what we purposed:
For we have gathered silver,
9c And many are the husbandmen in our houses."
9d And our granaries are (brim) full as with water,
10 Yea and like water your lies shall flow away;
For your riches shall not abide
But speedily ascend from you;
For ye have acquired it all in unrighteousness,
And ye shall be given over to a great curse.
[Chapter 98]
1 And now I swear unto you, to the wise and to the foolish,
For ye shall have manifold experiences on the earth.
2 For ye men shall put on more adornments than a woman,
And coloured garments more than a virgin:
In royalty and in grandeur and in power,
And in silver and in gold and in purple,
And in splendour and in food they shall be poured out as water.
3 Therefore they shall be wanting in doctrine and wisdom,
And they shall perish thereby together with their possessions;
And with all their glory and their splendour,
And in shame and in slaughter and in great destitution,
Their spirits shall be cast into the furnace of fire.
4 I have sworn unto you, ye sinners, as a mountain has not become a slave,
And a hill does not become the handmaid of a woman,
Even so sin has not been sent upon the earth,
But man of himself has created it,
And under a great curse shall they fall who commit it.
5 And barrenness has not been given to the woman,
But on account of the deeds of her own hands she dies without children.
6 I have sworn unto you, ye sinners, by the Holy Great One,
That all your evil deeds are revealed in the heavens,
And that none of your deeds of oppression are covered and hidden.
7 And do not think in your spirit nor say in your heart that ye do not know and that ye do not see 8 that every sin is every day recorded in heaven in the presence of the Most High. From henceforth ye know that all your oppression wherewith ye oppress is written down every day till the day of your judgement. 9 Woe to you, ye fools, for through your folly shall ye perish: and ye transgress against the wise, 10 and so good hap shall not be your portion. And now, know ye that ye are prepared for the day of destruction: wherefore do not hope to live, ye sinners, but ye shall depart and die; for ye know no ransom; for ye are prepared for the day of the great judgement, for the day of tribulation and great shame for your spirits. 11 Woe to you, ye obstinate of heart, who work wickedness and eat blood: Whence have ye good things to eat and to drink and to be filled ? From all the good things which the Lord the Most High has placed in abundance on the earth; therefore ye shall have no peace. 12 Woe to you who love the deeds of unrighteousness: wherefore do ye hope for good hap unto yourselves? know that ye shall be delivered into the hands of the righteous, and they shall cut 3 off your necks and slay you, and have no mercy upon you. Woe to you who rejoice in the tribulation of the righteous; for no grave shall be dug for you. Woe to you who set at nought the words of 5 the righteous; for ye shall have no hope of life. Woe to you who write down lying and godless words; for they write down their lies that men may hear them and act godlessly towards (their) 6 neighbour. Therefore they shall have no peace but die a sudden death.
[Chapter 99]
1 Woe to you who work godlessness,
And glory in lying and extol them:
Ye shall perish, and no happy life shall be yours.
2 Woe to them who pervert the words of uprightness,
And transgress the eternal law,
And transform themselves into what they were not [into sinners]:
They shall be trodden under foot upon the earth.
3 In those days make ready, ye righteous, to raise your prayers as a memorial,
And place them as a testimony before the angels,
That they may place the sin of the sinners for a memorial before the Most High.
4 In those days the nations shall be stirred up,
And the families of the nations shall arise on the day of destruction.
5 And in those days the destitute shall go forth and carry off their children,
And they shall abandon them, so that their children shall perish through them:
Yea, they shall abandon their children (that are still) sucklings, and not return to them,
And shall have no pity on their beloved ones.
6, 7 And again I swear to you, ye sinners, that sin is prepared for a day of unceasing bloodshed. And they who worship stones, and grave images of gold and silver and wood (and stone) and clay, and those who worship impure spirits and demons, and all kinds of idols not according to knowledge, shall get no manner of help from them.
8 And they shall become godless by reason of the folly of their hearts,
And their eyes shall be blinded through the fear of their hearts
And through visions in their dreams.
9 Through these they shall become godless and fearful;
For they shall have wrought all their work in a lie,
And shall have worshiped a stone:
Therefore in an instant shall they perish.
10 But in those days blessed are all they who accept the words of wisdom, and understand them,
And observe the paths of the Most High, and walk in the path of His righteousness,
And become not godless with the godless;
For they shall be saved.
11 Woe to you who spread evil to your neighbours;
For you shall be slain in Sheol.
12 Woe to you who make deceitful and false measures,
And (to them) who cause bitterness on the earth;
For they shall thereby be utterly consumed.
13 Woe to you who build your houses through the grievous toil of others,
And all their building materials are the bricks and stones of sin;
I tell you ye shall have no peace.
14 Woe to them who reject the measure and eternal heritage of their fathers
And whose souls follow after idols;
For they shall have no rest.
15 Woe to them who work unrighteousness and help oppression,
And slay their neighbours until the day of the great judgement.
16 For He shall cast down your glory,
And bring affliction on your hearts,
And shall arouse His fierce indignation
And destroy you all with the sword;
And all the holy and righteous shall remember your sins.
[Chapter 100]
1 And in those days in one place the fathers together with their sons shall be smitten
And brothers one with another shall fall in death
Till the streams flow with their blood.
2 For a man shall not withhold his hand from slaying his sons and his sons' sons,
And the sinner shall not withhold his hand from his honoured brother:
From dawn till sunset they shall slay one another.
3 And the horse shall walk up to the breast in the blood of sinners,
And the chariot shall be submerged to its height.
4 In those days the angels shall descend into the secret places
And gather together into one place all those who brought down sin
And the Most High will arise on that day of judgement
To execute great judgement amongst sinners.
5 And over all the righteous and holy He will appoint guardians from amongst the holy angels
To guard them as the apple of an eye,
Until He makes an end of all wickedness and all sin,
And though the righteous sleep a long sleep, they have nought to fear.
6 And (then) the children of the earth shall see the wise in security,
And shall understand all the words of this book,
And recognize that their riches shall not be able to save them
In the overthrow of their sins.
7 Woe to you, Sinners, on the day of strong anguish,
Ye who afflict the righteous and burn them with fire:
Ye shall be requited according to your works.
8 Woe to you, ye obstinate of heart,
Who watch in order to devise wickedness:
Therefore shall fear come upon you
And there shall be none to help you.
9 Woe to you, ye sinners, on account of the words of your mouth,
And on account of the deeds of your hands which your godlessness as wrought,
In blazing flames burning worse than fire shall ye burn.
10 And now, know ye that from the angels He will inquire as to your deeds in heaven, from the sun and from the moon and from the stars in reference to your sins because upon the earth ye execute 11 judgement on the righteous. And He will summon to testify against you every cloud and mist and dew and rain; for they shall all be withheld because of you from descending upon you, and they 12 shall be mindful of your sins. And now give presents to the rain that it be not withheld from descending upon you, nor yet the dew, when it has received gold and silver from you that it may descend. When the hoar-frost and snow with their chilliness, and all the snow-storms with all their plagues fall upon you, in those days ye shall not be able to stand before them.
[Chapter 101]
1 Observe the heaven, ye children of heaven, and every work of the Most High, and fear ye Him 2 and work no evil in His presence. If He closes the windows of heaven, and withholds the rain and 3 the dew from descending on the earth on your account, what will ye do then? And if He sends His anger upon you because of your deeds, ye cannot petition Him; for ye spake proud and insolent 4 words against His righteousness: therefore ye shall have no peace. And see ye not the sailors of the ships, how their ships are tossed to and fro by the waves, and are shaken by the winds, and are 5 in sore trouble ? And therefore do they fear because all their goodly possessions go upon the sea with them, and they have evil forebodings of heart that the sea will swallow them and they will 6 perish therein. Are not the entire sea and all its waters, and all its movements, the work of the Most 7 High, and has He not set limits to its doings, and confined it throughout by the sand ? And at His reproof it is afraid and dries up, and all its fish die and all that is in it; But ye sinners that are 8 on the earth fear Him not. Has He not made the heaven and the earth, and all that is therein ? Who has given understanding and wisdom to everything that moves on the earth and in the sea. 9 Do not the sailors of the ships fear the sea ? Yet sinners fear not the Most High.
[Chapter 102]
1 In those days when He hath brought a grievous fire upon you,
Whither will ye flee, and where will ye find deliverance ?
And when He launches forth His Word against you Will you not be affrighted and fear ?
2 And all the luminaries shall be affrighted with great fear,
And all the earth shall be affrighted and tremble and be alarmed.
3 And all the angels shall execute their commandst
And shall seek to hide themselves from the presence of the Great Glory,
And the children of earth shall tremble and quake;
And ye sinners shall be cursed for ever,
And ye shall have no peace.
4 Fear ye not, ye souls of the righteous,
And be hopeful ye that have died in righteousness.
5 And grieve not if your soul into Sheol has descended in grief,
And that in your life your body fared not according to your goodness,
But wait for the day of the judgement of sinners
And for the day of cursing and chastisement.
6 And yet when ye die the sinners speak over you:
" As we die, so die the righteous,
And what benefit do they reap for their deeds ?
7 Behold, even as we, so do they die in grief and darkness,
And what have they more than we ?
From henceforth we are equal.
8 And what will they receive and what will they see for ever ?
Behold, they too have died,
And henceforth for ever shall they see no light."
9 I tell you, ye sinners, ye are content to eat and drink, and rob and sin, and strip men naked, and 10 acquire wealth and see good days. Have ye seen the righteous how their end falls out, that no manner 11 of violence is found in them till their death ? " Nevertheless they perished and became as though they had not been, and their spirits descended into Sheol in tribulation."
[Chapter 103]
1 Now, therefore, I swear to you, the righteous, by the glory of the Great and Honoured and 2 Mighty One in dominion, and by His greatness I swear to you.
I know a mystery
And have read the heavenly tablets,
And have seen the holy books,
And have found written therein and inscribed regarding them:
3 That all goodness and joy and glory are prepared for them,
And written down for the spirits of those who have died in righteousness,
And that manifold good shall be given to you in recompense for your labours,
And that your lot is abundantly beyond the lot of the living.
4 And the spirits of you who have died in righteousness shall live and rejoice,
And their spirits shall not perish, nor their memorial from before the face of the Great One
Unto all the generations of the world: wherefore no longer fear their contumely.
5 Woe to you, ye sinners, when ye have died,
If ye die in the wealth of your sins,
And those who are like you say regarding you:
' Blessed are the sinners: they have seen all their days.
6 And how they have died in prosperity and in wealth,
And have not seen tribulation or murder in their life;
And they have died in honour,
And judgement has not been executed on them during their life."
7 Know ye, that their souls will be made to descend into Sheol
And they shall be wretched in their great tribulation.
8 And into darkness and chains and a burning flame where there is grievous judgement shall your spirits enter;
And the great judgement shall be for all the generations of the world.
Woe to you, for ye shall have no peace.
9 Say not in regard to the righteous and good who are in life:
" In our troubled days we have toiled laboriously and experienced every trouble,
And met with much evil and been consumed,
And have become few and our spirit small.
10 And we have been destroyed and have not found any to help us even with a word:
We have been tortured [and destroyed], and not hoped to see life from day to day.
11 We hoped to be the head and have become the tail:
We have toiled laboriously and had no satisfaction in our toil;
And we have become the food of the sinners and the unrighteous,
And they have laid their yoke heavily upon us.
12 They have had dominion over us that hated us and smote us;
And to those that hated us we have bowed our necks
But they pitied us not.
13 We desired to get away from them that we might escape and be at rest,
But found no place whereunto we should flee and be safe from them.
14 And are complained to the rulers in our tribulation,
And cried out against those who devoured us,
But they did not attend to our cries
And would not hearken to our voice.
15 And they helped those who robbed us and devoured us and those who made us few; and they concealed their oppression, and they did not remove from us the yoke of those that devoured us and dispersed us and murdered us, and they concealed their murder, and remembered not that they had lifted up their hands against us.
[Chapter 104]
1 I swear unto you, that in heaven the angels remember you for good before the glory of the Great 2 One: and your names are written before the glory of the Great One. Be hopeful; for aforetime ye were put to shame through ill and affliction; but now ye shall shine as the lights of heaven, 3 ye shall shine and ye shall be seen, and the portals of heaven shall be opened to you. And in your cry, cry for judgement, and it shall appear to you; for all your tribulation shall be visited on the 4 rulers, and on all who helped those who plundered you. Be hopeful, and cast not away your hopes for ye shall have great joy as the angels of heaven. What shall ye be obliged to do ? Ye shall not have to hide on the day of the great judgement and ye shall not be found as sinners, and the eternal 6 judgement shall be far from you for all the generations of the world. And now fear not, ye righteous, when ye see the sinners growing strong and prospering in their ways: be not companions with them, 7 but keep afar from their violence; for ye shall become companions of the hosts of heaven. And, although ye sinners say: " All our sins shall not be searched out and be written down," nevertheless 8 they shall write down all your sins every day. And now I show unto you that light and darkness, 9 day and night, see all your sins. Be not godless in your hearts, and lie not and alter not the words of uprightness, nor charge with lying the words of the Holy Great One, nor take account of your 10 idols; for all your lying and all your godlessness issue not in righteousness but in great sin. And now I know this mystery, that sinners will alter and pervert the words of righteousness in many ways, and will speak wicked words, and lie, and practice great deceits, and write books concerning 11 their words. But when they write down truthfully all my words in their languages, and do not change or minish ought from my words but write them all down truthfully -all that I first testified 12 concerning them. Then, I know another mystery, that books will be given to the righteous and the 13 wise to become a cause of joy and uprightness and much wisdom. And to them shall the books be given, and they shall believe in them and rejoice over them, and then shall all the righteous who have learnt therefrom all the paths of uprightness be recompensed.'
[Chapter 105]
1 In those days the Lord bade (them) to summon and testify to the children of earth concerning their wisdom: Show (it) unto them; for ye are their guides, and a recompense over the whole earth. 2 For I and My son will be united with them for ever in the paths of uprightness in their lives; and ye shall have peace: rejoice, ye children of uprightness. Amen.

Fragment of the Book of Noah

[Chapter 106]
1 And after some days my son Methuselah took a wife for his son Lamech, and she became 2 pregnant by him and bore a son. And his body was white as snow and red as the blooming of a rose, and the hair of his head and his long locks were white as wool, and his eyes beautiful. And when he opened his eyes, he lighted up the whole house like the sun, and the whole house 3 was very bright. And thereupon he arose in the hands of the midwife, opened his mouth, and conversed with the Lord of righteousness. 4 And his father Lamech was afraid of him and 5 fled, and came to his father Methuselah. And he said unto him: ' I have begotten a strange son, diverse from and unlike man, and resembling the sons of the God of heaven; and his nature is different and he is not like us, and his eyes are as the rays of the sun, and his 6 countenance is glorious. And it seems to me that he is not sprung from me but from the angels, and I fear that in his days a wonder may be 7 wrought on the earth. And now, my father, I am here to petition thee and implore thee that thou mayest go to Enoch, our father, and learn from him the truth, for his dwelling-place is 8 amongst the angels.' And when Methuselah heard the words of his son, he came to me to the ends of the earth; for he had heard that 1 was there, and he cried aloud, and I heard his voice and I came to him. And 1 said unto him: ' Behold, here am I, my son, wherefore hast 9 thou come to me ? ' And he answered and said: ' Because of a great cause of anxiety have I come to thee, and because of a disturbing vision 10 have I approached. And now, my father, hear me: unto Lamech my son there hath been born a son, the like of whom there is none, and his nature is not like man's nature, and the colour of his body is whiter than snow and redder than the bloom of a rose, and the hair of his head is whiter than white wool, and his eyes are like the rays of the sun, and he opened his eyes and 11 thereupon lighted up the whole house. And he arose in the hands of the midwife, and opened 12 his mouth and blessed the Lord of heaven. And his father Lamech became afraid and fled to me, and did not believe that he was sprung from him, but that he was in the likeness of the angels of heaven; and behold I have come to thee that thou mayest make known to me the truth.' And I, Enoch, answered and said unto him: 'The Lord will do a new thing on the earth, and this I have already seen in a vision, and make known to thee that in the generation of my father Jared some of the angels of heaven transgressed the word of the Lord. And behold they commit sin and transgress the law, and have united themselves with women and commit sin with them, and have married some of them, and have begot children by them. And they shall produce on the earth giants not according to the spirit, but according to the flesh, and there shall be a great punishment on the earth, and the earth shall be cleansed from all impurity. Yea, there shall come a great destruction over the whole earth, and there shall be a deluge and 16 a great destruction for one year. And this son who has been born unto you shall be left on the earth, and his three children shall be saved with him: when all mankind that are on the earth 8 shall die [he and his sons shall be saved]. And now make known to thy son Lamech that he who has been born is in truth his son, and call his name Noah; for he shall be left to you, and he and his sons shall be saved from the destruction, which shall come upon the earth on account of all the sin and all the unrighteousness, which shall be consummated on the earth in his days. And after that there shall be still more unrighteousness than that which was first consummated on the earth; for I know the mysteries of the holy ones; for He, the Lord, has showed me and informed me, and I have read (them) in the heavenly tablets.
[Chapter 107]
1 And I saw written on them that generation upon generation shall transgress, till a generation of righteousness arises, and transgression is destroyed and sin passes away from the earth, and all 2 manner of good comes upon it. And now, my son, go and make known to thy son Lamech that this 3 son, which has been born, is in truth his son, and that (this) is no lie.' And when Methuselah had heard the words of his father Enoch-for he had shown to him everything in secret-he returned and showed (them) to him and called the name of that son Noah; for he will comfort the earth after all the destruction.
[Chapter 108]
1 Another book which Enoch wrote for his son Methuselah and for those who will come after him, 2 and keep the law in the last days. Ye who have done good shall wait for those days till an end is made of those who work evil; and an end of the might of the transgressors. And wait ye indeed till sin has passed away, for their names shall be blotted out of the book of life and out of the holy books, and their seed shall be destroyed for ever, and their spirits shall be slain, and they shall cry and make lamentation in a place that is a chaotic wilderness, and in the fire shall they burn; for there is no earth there. And I saw there something like an invisible cloud; for by reason of its depth I could not look over, and I saw a flame of fire blazing brightly, and things like shining 5 mountains circling and sweeping to and fro. And I asked one of the holy angels who was with me and said unto him: ' What is this shining thing? for it is not a heaven but only the flame of a blazing 6 fire, and the voice of weeping and crying and lamentation and strong pain.' And he said unto me: ' This place which thou seest-here are cast the spirits of sinners and blasphemers, and of those who work wickedness, and of those who pervert everything that the Lord hath spoken through the mouth 7 of the prophets-(even) the things that shall be. For some of them are written and inscribed above in the heaven, in order that the angels may read them and know that which shall befall the sinners, and the spirits of the humble, and of those who have afflicted their bodies, and been recompensed 8 by God; and of those who have been put to shame by wicked men: Who love God and loved neither gold nor silver nor any of the good things which are in the world, but gave over their bodies to torture. Who, since they came into being, longed not after earthly food, but regarded everything as a passing breath, and lived accordingly, and the Lord tried them much, and their spirits were 10 found pure so that they should bless His name. And all the blessings destined for them I have recounted in the books. And he hath assigned them their recompense, because they have been found to be such as loved heaven more than their life in the world, and though they were trodden under foot of wicked men, and experienced abuse and reviling from them and were put to shame, 11 yet they blessed Me. And now I will summon the spirits of the good who belong to the generation of light, and I will transform those who were born in darkness, who in the flesh were not recompensed 12 with such honour as their faithfulness deserved. And I will bring forth in shining light those who 13 have loved My holy name, and I will seat each on the throne of his honour. And they shall be resplendent for times without number; for righteousness is the judgement of God; for to the faithful 14 He will give faithfulness in the habitation of upright paths. And they shall see those who were , 15 born in darkness led into darkness, while the righteous shall be resplendent. And the sinners shall cry aloud and see them resplendent, and they indeed will go where days and seasons are prescribed for them.'

Scanned and Edited by
Joshua Williams
Northwest Nazarene College, 1995

Medicina e Arte, Ciência e Tecnologia

Rascunho infecto: Meningites.

Rascunho nefro: Glomerulopatias.

Rascunho de infecto: Febre de origem indeterminada.

Rascunho de hemato:Doenças mieloproliferativas crônicas.

Rascunho de hemato:Doenças mieloproliferativas crônicas.

Rascunho urologia: Hiperplasia prostática benigna.

Rascunho de Gastro: Doença de Wilson.

ARTIGO DE ATUALIZAÇÃO: O acesso glissoniano intra-hepático nas ressecções do fígado.

Print version ISSN 0100-6991

Rev. Col. Bras. Cir. vol.35 no.1 Rio de Janeiro Jan./Feb. 2008

doi: 10.1590/S0100-69912008000100011

Rascunho dermato: Dermatoviroses.

Rascunho cirurgia: Afecções cirúrgicas do fígado.

Fabricante de tela touchscreen.

Colelitíase

Neurônios Eletrônicos

Quantum Computing Group

Quantum Computing Group

A CERTIDÃO DE NASCIMENTO DA MAÇONARIA

Termos de uso do site.

Estruturas e maquinários para o beneficiamento do café

The New Daughter

The New Daughter (2009)

Director:

Writers:

Stars:

Os Mercenários (2010) The Expendables (original title)

Stallone realmente nunca deixou a desejar em seus filmes. Excelente filme de ação. Ótima fotografia e efeitos visuais. Vale conferir os carrões hot.

Os Mercenários (2010) The Expendables (original title)

Director:

Writers:

Stars:

Filme Encontro Explosivo.

Sons do Coração

Uso do seu Estetoscópio

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Técnicas de Auscultador Estas recomendações permitem executar uma auscultação adequada:

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Anatomia de um Estetoscópio Littmann Cardiology III

Anatomia

The Book of Numbers

BOOK OF ENOCH From The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament R.H. Charles Oxford: The Clarendon Press

BOOK OF ENOCH

Section I. Chapters I-XXXVI

INTRODUCTION

Section II. Chapters XXXVII-LXXI The Parables

Section I I I. Chapters LXXII-LXXXII The Book of the Heavenly Luminaries

Section IV. Chapters LXXXIII-XC. The Dream-Visions.

Section V. XCI-CIV (i.e. XCII, XCI. 1-1O, 18-19, XCIII. 1-1O, XCI. 12-17, XCIV-CIV.). A Book of Exhortation and Promised Blessing for the Righteous and of Malediction and Woe for the Sinners.

Fragment of the Book of Noah

Os Mercenários (2010)
The Expendables (original title)

Section II. Chapters XXXVII-LXXI
The Parables

Section I I I. Chapters LXXII-LXXXII
The Book of the Heavenly Luminaries

Section IV. Chapters LXXXIII-XC.
The Dream-Visions.

Section V. XCI-CIV (i.e. XCII, XCI. 1-1O, 18-19, XCIII. 1-1O, XCI. 12-17, XCIV-CIV.).
A Book of Exhortation and Promised Blessing for the Righteous and of Malediction and Woe for the Sinners.