Medipedia

Asthma: Treatment Physiotherapy , Treatment of crises / exacerbations, Prevention, Risk Factors and Prognosis

2009-09-12T20:16:00.000-07:00

Asthma:
Treatment Physiotherapy

If you need help, consult a health professional.
The information contained herein does not have the character of advice.

The physiotherapy treatment in patients with asthma is divided into two: Children and Adults.

The procedures implemented to help improve ventilation, help relax the respiratory muscles, sanitize the air hypersecretive, besides preventing the search for emergency services and hospitalizations, improving physical fitness and improve quality of life of affected individuals.

In children, the treatment works are breathing exercises reexpansivos persons through bronchial clearance maneuvers, postural drainage or inhalation, with cough stimulation if necessary. Children with excellent collaborative and coordination developed can benefit from training techniques of ventilatory pattern.

In adults, treatment emphasizes the general stretching, aerobic exercise, breathing exercises reexpansivos, monitoring changes in airflow and monitoring exercises with the use of pulse, if necessary. In some cases it is necessary to work bronchial hygiene, coupled with the aspiration of bronchial secretions (phlegm), common in infected patients. When lung hyperinflation is present, techniques are used to increase lung deflation volume of air current.

In later stages of treatment, it is necessary the use of incentive breathing, mechanical ventilation noninvasive, where the patient is sufficiently stable framework, aimed at fitness together with the pulmonary resistance vital to the reduction of asthma attacks. Postural exercises for relaxation, mobility, stretching and strengthening are also needed to correct a chest deformity and posture, common in cases of advanced disease and frequent crises.

Treatment of crises / exacerbations

The patient should be able to distinguish asthma medication in the maintenance of medication use in crises and emergencies. It should be borne in mind that sometimes the packages may be the same and that is not always to follow the colors, namely red packaging is not always to the crisis and the green is not always to maintain, depends on the trademark .

In the treatment of severe attacks, use is usually:
Corticosteroids (particularly intravenous systemic)
Agonists adrenergic beta-2 agonist (salbutamol, terbutaline and fenoterol for example)
Anti-cholinergic (bromide ipratropium or tiotropium)

Prevention

As prevention of asthma, the asthmatic may use corticosteroids, the beta2-agonists and leukotriene modifiers, and has a good environmental control, avoiding exposure to agents of asthma.

There is no way to prevent the occurrence of disease, but its exacerbation and their symptoms daily.

Risk Factors and Prognosis

The prognosis for asthmatics is good, especially for children with the disease. For asthmatics diagnosed during childhood, 54% will not have more the diagnosis after a decade. The extent of permanent damage to the lung in asthma is still unclear.

Some of the potential risk factors in the prognosis of bronchial asthma are hyper-reactive airway, atopic allergy, respiratory infections, smoking, weather and the onset of the disease at an early age. Now as precipitating factors and aggravating factors include the allergens (animal dander, fungi, pollen, insects, etc.), irritants (paints, aerosols, perfumes, chemicals, cigarette smoke, etc), weather conditions (pollution, air cold, etc.), infections (usually viral), physical exercise, emotional factors, gastroesophageal reflux, endocrine factors and non-allergic hypersensitivity to drugs and chemicals.

17-OH progesterone: How the test is performed, Prepare for the Test, Why the test is performed, Normal Values, Risks, Considerations, Other Names

2009-09-07T19:26:00.000-07:00

17-OH progesterone

It is a blood test that measures the amount of 17-OH progesterone, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands and gonads.

How the test is performed

Blood is drawn from a vein, usually from the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand. The puncture site is cleaned with a disinfectant (antiseptic). The health care provider wraps an elastic band around the upper arm to apply pressure to the area and make the vein swell with blood.

The doctor then gently inserts a needle into the vein and blood collected in a vial or tube attached to the needle. The elastic band is removed to restore circulation.

Once it has collected the blood sample, the needle is removed and covered the puncture site to stop any bleeding.

In infants or young children, you can use a tool called a lancet to puncture the skin and make it bleed. The blood collects into a small glass tube called a pipette, a slide or test strip. Finally, you can place a bandage over the area if there is any bleeding.

The blood sample is sent to the laboratory for analysis.

Prepare for the Test

Your doctor may ask you to stop taking any drugs that may cause false test results. These drugs include corticosteroids and birth control pills.

The doctor may also recommend the examination at a specific time of day, which can be sensitive to circadian rhythms, ie the natural ups and downs that the body undergoes a period of 24 hours.

What you feel during the examination

When the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain, while others feel only a prick or stinging sensation. Subsequently, there may be some throbbing.

Why the test is performed

This test is used to identify congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) in infants. Often performed on infants who are born with external genitalia that do not have the typical appearance of a boy or a girl.

This test is also used to identify persons with nonclassical adrenal hyperplasia, a condition that occurs when the body does not produce enough of a substance that helps the adrenal glands to produce cortisol.

Your doctor may recommend this test if you are a woman who have excessive hair growth in places where they grow to adult men or other signs of virilization.

Normal Values

Normal and abnormal values differ for babies born with low weight. In general, normal results are as follows

* Umbilical cord: 1,000-3,000 ng / dL
*> 24 hours: less than 100 ng / dL
* Adults: less than 200 ng / dL

Note: ng / dL = nanograms per deciliter.

Note: Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results.
Significance of abnormal results

High levels of 17-OH progesterone may be due to:

* Adrenal tumors
* Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

In infants with CAH, the levels of 17 - OH progesterone ranging from 3,000 to 40,000 ng / dL. In adults, a level above 200 ng / dL may be due to nonclassical adrenal hyperplasia.

Risks

Veins and arteries vary in size from one patient to another and from one side of the body to another reason why blood from some people may be more difficult than from others.

Other risks may include:

* Excessive bleeding
* Fainting or dizziness
* Hematoma (blood accumulating under the skin)
* Infection (a slight risk that is broken skin)

Considerations

The doctor may suggest an ACTH test whether the level of 17-OH progesterone is between 200 and 800 ng / dL.

Alternative Names
17-hydroxyprogesterone, 17-OH Progesterone

Asthmatics should be careful with the influenza vaccine

2009-09-07T19:23:00.000-07:00

Asthmatics should be careful with the influenza vaccine

Asthmatics should not get vaccinated against influenza because the vaccine can cause adverse reactions

The Chief of Allergology, University Hospital Insular de Gran Canaria and Canary Society President Anselmo Sanchez Palacios Allergy believes that asthmatics should not get vaccinated against influenza because the vaccine can cause adverse reactions.

The allergist, who is also the chairman of the Organizing Committee of the European Congress of asthma Interasma "09 to be held in Gran Canaria from 22 to 25 September, he said vaccinations circumscribe the H1N1 flu strain to those" severe asthma " with "chronic bronchitis" and very designed to colds or flu conventional told Europa Press.

Instead, the opinion of the Ministry of Health seems to be the opposite, as its general secretary, José Martínez Olmos, said last August that asthmatics "probably going to be part of the risk groups" that receive a priority the vaccine against the H1N1 influenza virus in autumn because they are "patients with chronic respiratory disease.

Sanchez Palacios said "the real pandemic of the XXI century are allergies." "In the last 100 years we have reduced infectious diseases, but increased allergies and autoimmune diseases. And in fifteen years, half the world population will be allergic to something."

Saliva help early diagnosis of oral cancer

2009-09-07T19:15:00.000-07:00

Saliva help early diagnosis of oral cancer

A study suggests a potential diagnostic test noninvasive

A study by U.S. scientists, whose findings were published in the online edition of the journal Clinical Cancer Research 25 August, found that saliva contains at least 50 microRNAs, which would help in the detection of oral cancer.

The microRNA molecules that control the activity and evaluate the behavior of multiple genes, according to background information in a press release on the study of the American Association for Cancer Research (American Association of Cancer Research).

In the study, researchers measured the levels of microRNAs in the saliva of fifty oral squamous cell carcinoma patients and fifty healthy people, and identified at least 50 microRNAs that could be related to oral cancer.

The researchers found that levels of two of them, miR-125A and miR-200A, were significantly lower among cancer patients than among healthy people.

Dr. David T. Wong, study author and professor at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, said in a press release that "the oral cavity is a mirror of systemic diseases" and that "many diseases that develop in elsewhere in the body have spoken. "

The study's findings must be confirmed by analysis larger and longer, according to Wong.

For his part Dr. Jennifer Grandis, a professor of otolaryngology and pharmacology at the Faculty of Medicine and Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh and senior editor of Clinical Cancer Research, said "It is the corner stone of cancer detection to measure the presence of cancer without biopsy, which is very attractive to think that we could detect a specific marker of cancer in the patient's saliva, "said

Hair loss or alopecia: What about treatment?,

2009-09-07T18:59:00.000-07:00

I drop the hair ...

Hair loss or alopecia is a problem facing many people. For genetic reasons is more common in men. But women may also be affected.

Before moving on, perhaps we should explain that there are two types of alopecia as to the extent that they affect: the diffuse alopecia, which are equally affecting all areas of the scalp and alopecia areata, which are those that only affecting a given area. The latter is what gives rise to local clapas, completely unaffected by all the hair.

The causes of these different are often different. In the case of diffuse alopecia the cause is often related to hormone levels. Alopecia areata in principle not have a hormonal cause. This is often due to situations of anxiety or nervousness kept or the presence of a scar with loss of scalp after an injury, for example. You can also generate an alopecia areata-tineas infection superficial mycoses - (it is a fungus that, like infection that is, is an effective treatment).

What we do in primary care centers when it comes to a patient suffering from alopecia?

In men, whether the onset was gradual, not much we can do at the time of diagnosis. Especially if you have a family history of baldness.

If you have been of sudden onset or in the case of women with diffuse alopecia, the first thing to realize is an analytic where we can assess the existence of iron deficiency anemia and thyroid function, since a hyper / hypothyroidism can cause alopecia .

Anyway, it should be noted that a major medical or surgical stress, a prolonged febrile illness, the birth of a child, or a sudden loss of weight can also lead to diffuse alopecia. In this case, there will be a spontaneous recovery within 6-12 months (not despair).

Furthermore, as almost always in medicine, certain drugs can lead to this type of alopecia. Our recommendation is obviously consult your primary care physician, who will be able to assess the possible causes and solutions.

What about treatment?

As mentioned, the diffuse alopecia caused by significant stress usually recover spontaneously within 6-12 months.

If the cause is iron deficiency anemia, treatment with the mineral solve the problem.
If the issue of his alopecia is a thyroid disorder, the same regulation will solve the conflict.
For alopecia areata may be effective potent topical corticosteroids, or even infiltration of the plate by corticosteroids. However, the alopecia areata are usually reversible spontaneously resolves once the reason that generated them, and it is not usually one that acute stress.

If alopecia areata is about a scar, bad thing, because the scar is not capable of regenerating hair.
In the case of androgenic alopecia, which is one that appears in men the effect of male hormones, there are various treatments, most of them without a great result.

Apart from a balanced diet that provides all kinds of vitamins to prevent deficiency states that may generate an alopecia, there are two treatments. Provide, at this point that neither is funded by the Social Security.

These treatments are:
- Minoxidil Topical: relative effectiveness. It is a vasodilator and therefore its mechanism of action would be to increase the blood supply to the bulge, and thereby avoid the death of it. As mentioned, relative effectiveness.
- Finasteride: proven, it is a substance that prevents the passage of an androgen to a more powerful. Remember that the more androgen is the patient, in general, more alopecia (not always the case, but can serve as a mnemonic). Its main drawback is that it is expensive: a one-month treatment can cost between 60 and 100 euros.

A recurring question is whether the alopecia is hereditary, and if we can do something about it. In fact, the question I've received in recent days is: If my father is bald, "I am bound to lose my hair? The answer you will find in the following article, which purports to explain a bit how genes work in the case of alopecia:

17-hydroxycorticosteroids: How the test is performed, Prepare for the Test, Why the test is performed, Significance of abnormal results, Risks, Names

2009-09-05T20:15:00.000-07:00

17-hydroxycorticosteroids

17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS) is an inactive product that forms when the liver and other body tissues break down the steroid hormone cortisol. This article discusses the laboratory test to measure the amount of 17-OHCS in urine.

How the test is performed

A sample of urine for 24 hours.
On day 1, urinate into the toilet upon arising in the morning.
Collect all urine in a special container for the next 24 hours.
On day 2, urinate into the container in the morning on rising.
Cap the container and store in the refrigerator or a cool place during the collection period.
Label the container with the name, date, time of completion, and return as instructed.

For an infant, thoroughly wash the area around the urethra, opening a urine collection bag (a plastic bag with an adhesive on one end) and place it on the baby. In children, place the entire penis in the bag and attach the adhesive to the skin in females, place the bag over the labia. Diaper as usual over the secured bag.

They may have to repeat the procedure, as lively infants can displace the bag, causing the urine to be absorbed by the diaper. Check the infant is frequently and the bag after the infant has urinated into it. The urine is drained from the bag into the container provided by your doctor.

Deliver the container in the laboratory or doctor as soon as possible.

Prepare for the Test

If necessary, your doctor will instruct you to discontinue drugs that may interfere with the test.
Ampicillin and glucocorticoids can increase 17-OHCS measurements.
Estrogens pills (pills) and dexamethasone can decrease 17-OHCS measurements.

If you are collecting the urine sample of a baby, you may need a couple of extra collection bags.
What you feel during the examination

The test involves only normal urination and there is no discomfort.

Why the test is performed

This test can help determine if your body is producing too much hormone cortisol.
Normal Values
Men: 4 to 14 milligrams per 24 hours
Women: 2 to 12 milligrams per 24 hours

The normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. The person should talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results.

Significance of abnormal results

The 17-OHCS levels above normal may indicate:
Cushing syndrome caused by adrenal or pituitary tumor
Ectopic ACTH-producing tumor
Severe physical or emotional stress

Levels above normal can also be filed with:
Hydrocortisone therapy
Obesity
Pregnancy
Severe Hypertension

The 17-OHCS levels below normal may indicate:
Adrenal hemorrhage
Adrenal insufficiency
Adrenal infarction
Hereditary enzyme deficiency
Hypopituitarism
Surgical removal of adrenal gland

Risks

There are no risks.

Alternative Names

17-OHCS, 17-OH corticosteroids

Marital separation might affect cancer survival

2009-09-05T20:11:00.000-07:00

Marital separation might affect cancer survival

One study shows that married people and those who have never married are more successful a decade later

A recent study shows that in terms of cancer survival, marital separation seems worse health than divorce or widowhood. By contrast, being married or not married never, apparently, are the states that more civilians improves the chance of survival.

An analysis of records of nearly 3.8 million cancer patients found that married people obtained the best results after a diagnosis of cancer, while those who had separated were almost a third less likely to survive a decade.

The stress of separation appears to be key, said study author Gwen Sprehn, neuropsychologist at the Faculty of Medicine, Indiana University. "Maybe it's a critical period early in the course of the disease when stress increases have a particularly adverse effect on the immune system's ability to eliminate or suppress cancer," he said.

Researchers know that marriage in general is good for the health of a person, perhaps because the spouse offers both physical and emotional support before and during illness.

After the researchers made statistical adjustments in place to take into account any errors, found that 36.8 percent of people living separated after 10 years of cancer diagnosis, compared with 57.5 percent of married. Nearly 41 percent of widowers lived for a decade and 45.6 percent of divorced and 51.7 percent of those who had never married.

The number of separated was very small compared with other groups, against 51.857 married 2184055.

Why separate people die sooner than those who are widowed?

"The difference might be that the death of a spouse has to do with a natural stage of life," said Sprehn. "Along with that, widowers may have a stronger support system, both personally and culturally. The separation, even if" best "is not an expected event in life and could be preceded by a period of great conflict .

Janice Kiecolt-Glaser, director of the Division of Health Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Ohio State University, said the study is well done and fits with your own research about how most stressful disruptions affect the health of spouse.

"Many studies now show that stress and depression increase inflammation in a reliable manner," which can aggravate cancer, he said.

However, the study leaves several questions in the air, apparently due to the limitations of the statistics used by researchers, said Liu Hui, assistant professor of sociology at Michigan State University.

The investigation took into account the marital history of respondents, or other details. "Previous research suggests that remarriage offer fewer health benefits than the first," he said. Moreover, studies suggest that marriages last longer could offer more health benefits, he said, and the bad effects of crumbling marriages could disappear over time.

The expertise of physicians to detect skin cancer

2009-09-05T19:41:00.000-07:00

The expertise of physicians to detect skin cancer
Most melanomas are discovered by a routine examination of all skin
The lesions were at a very early stage of the disease

Melanoma is the cause of his European tour by Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band, completed in early August in Spain, had a notable absence, the musician Danny Federici, who died in 2008 with 58 years due to this type of skin cancer. Early detection of this pathology is the cornerstone for effective treatment.

A recent study published in Archives of Dermatology ', calls for an early discovery of this tumor. The authors believed that "if a large number of melanomas are discovered only after a thorough examination of the body, perhaps the recognition of the entire skin should be considered as a routine practice for selected patients, although the patient did not come to medical attention for this reason.

Of the 126 cases of melanoma diagnosed during the three years of the project, 56% was found by a dermatologist, although not the reason that the person concerned had come to the meeting, and the remaining 44% was detected at the request the patient. The researchers, Jonathan and Deborah Kantor, conclude that "the majority of melanomas detected were found in the consultation initiated by the specialist to examine the entire skin of the body, which had gone unnoticed without full recognition.

Moreover, 60% of melanomas in situ (localized only in the epidermis) were found only by a specialist. This tumor is characterized by several stages (from 0 to 4) depending on the degree of involvement, with stage 0, the 'in situ', the better prognosis.

Previous studies suggest that doctors and dermatologists in particular, can better detect lesions and in a less advanced stage. The authors suggest that "as the thickness of the tumor is closely related to survival, this exam plays an important role, particularly in people at high risk."

Lesions less thick

Another objective of the research was to determine whether the discovery by the specialist was associated with thinner tumors finding. The results found that in the group of invasive melanomas, the average depth was discovered by the physician of 0.33 mm and 0.55 mm patient.

Jonathan Kantor acknowledges the limitations of the study, unable to generalize the findings in other populations, in addition to the limited sample size. With the addition that the detection rate of lesions made by the specialist can not be compared with respect to other professionals.

In the U.S. this type of cancer was responsible for the deaths of about 8,000 people last year (including musician of the E Street Band) with what Kantor believes that "any intervention seeking to mitigate this potential should be considered. In Spain the figures are around 800 deaths a year from this disease.

Among the risk factors are exposure to ultraviolet radiation and family history. If a mole changes size, shape or color, we must see a doctor. Survival rates are higher the first discovered and treated the disease.

The authors of the investigation "hoping that these findings will help stimulate larger studies in high risk populations. Research in this area can lead to major changes in clinical practice that could potentially reduce mortality from melanoma.

The guys over 'crazy' have more signs of brain maturity

2009-09-05T19:37:00.000-07:00

The guys over 'crazy' have more signs of brain maturity

Adolescents with risky behaviors are more developed white matter
Scientists believe that in the future may predict which children will be imprudent

The boys and girls to be 'put to the eyebrows' all are, a priori, more immature. Unfortunately, the drugs also fall (much) more mature, adult head 'well furnished'. However, data from a new job has left some gaping the perpetrators to discover that adolescent risk behaviors are signs of increased brain maturation. Specifically, they are more white matter [that is responsible for transmitting information from one point to another] in the front area of the brain than their more conservative counterparts.

Thanks to new imaging techniques, we now know that the brain matures during adolescence and gradually reaches its not 'adult form' until the mid 20s. Specifically, one of the brain areas that takes longer to fully develop is the prefrontal cortex, which plays an important role in executive function, self-regulation of behavior and the organization of thought ... Ultimately, the area responsible for making informed decisions.

"Each year, according to the Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta [U.S.], 27,000 people ages 10 to 24 years die due to 'bad decisions'. The first cause is accidents, homicides and then ultimately suicide" enter Brens Gregory, Department of Psychiatry at Emory University (USA) and author of the study. For this specialist, "although no one is immune to making wrong decisions, adolescents and younger adults appear to accommodate much higher percentage of them."

The 'justification', until now, risky and foolish actions of this sector of the population has relied on hormonal changes, brain immaturity or the lack of development of cognitive skills and emotional. But the new paradox is published in the latest issue of 'PLoS ONE'.

Dangerous Games

Scientists chose to 91 teenagers between 12 and 18 who underwent tensor imaging [DTI, its acronym in English] Magnetic Resonance. This technique allows quantification of the "architecture" of the white matter. To 'identify' potential 'reckless acts', scientists are also subjected to the Adolescent Risk Questionnaire, which consists of 22 questions, like taking drugs, having sex or going to risk driving under the influence of alcohol or without a license driving.

All participants, who were diagnosed with no previous mental illness and was not taking any medication, were followed over three years when they were practicing more imaging. The data reveal that precisely the kids who were more risk behaviors were "those who were more mature brain, the researchers clarified.

"Adolescents who are more risk attitudes are more impulsive and seek further experience new sensations but also are the most mature have white matter of the frontal brain," he added.

And they doubt if the 'prematurity' in this development is what triggers the precocity in risky behavior or vice versa. "There are still many questions to be resolved so that should be doing more work with imaging techniques that can predict the future involvement of the kids in risky activities and to resolve the role played in them, biology, development cognitive control and life experiences, the study determined.

This future is near, according to Dr., San Sebastian, "given that impulsivity is the best known risk factor of risk behaviors and, therefore, can help predict which boys or girls are going to adopt risky behaviors. For So, yes it is very likely that with imaging techniques can 'get ahead' and identify those most likely to commit reckless acts. "

Increased use of antiobesity drugs among British children

2009-09-05T19:35:00.000-07:00

Increased use of antiobesity drugs among British children

"Today I have math class, dentist, and the dinner, which I forget the diet pill. According to a study shows, this is the reality of hundreds of British children, for whom anti-obesity drugs are a more routine day-to-day. A study has shown that consumption of these drugs has increased considerably in recent years, although not specifically indicated for children.

The authors of this paper, members of the University of London, analyzed the recipes in this class of drugs carried out in different primary care clinics in the country (covering about 5% of the population) between 1999 and 2006.

Although orlistat and sibutramine are indicated only in the UK for adults, health authorities authorized its use for the treatment of obese children and adolescents but only "under certain circumstances."

The reality is that since the introduction of these drugs on the market "its use grew very quickly", say the researchers, who noted that consumption in 2006 was 15 times higher than in 1999.

In this period, a total of 452 children and adolescents-mostly girls-received 1334 prescriptions for anti-obesity drugs (mainly orlistat and sibutramine).
Discontinuation

The research also showed that monitoring of the medication was very poor. "Only 25% of those taking orlistat and 35% of those who were treated with sibutramine therapy continued for more than three months, which is considered adequate to verify its clinical benefit, researchers say.

Although no information on the reasons for this neglect, the researchers suggest that these data "are likely to reflect both a poor therapeutic efficacy as a lack of education and preparing the patient before prescribing.

By extrapolating their data to the general population, these authors suggest that, in fact, about 1,300 British children a year could be receiving anti-obesity drugs.

In its conclusions, the researchers remark that, given the extensive use of drugs among children, they become more than necessary further work to examine in depth the specific safety and effectiveness of these drugs in this population and, on the other hand , analyzed the causes of the rapid abandonment of the treatments detected.

The situation in Spain

Although no similar studies on children's consumption of these drugs in Spain, it seems that the situation in our country is very different to the UK.

Empar Lurbe, head of pediatric service of Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia and researcher at the Research Center on Obesity and Nutrition Network (CIBERobn) indicates that these drugs are indicated only in exceptional cases. "Usually in children with other associated problems, and only when already implemented changes in their habits," he says. "It's never the first choice and, really, is performed in very few kids," she insists.

Lurbe, who heads ETIOBE program, an initiative that uses new technologies to customize treatments and enhance the motivation and monitoring of therapies in children with obesity, said that "the solution to these problems is never a pill."

In his words, "the key is to learn to eat right and lead an active life, which often requires a multidisciplinary specialists (endocrine, pediatricians, psychologists, etc.) and involvement of all affected environment.

The human papilloma virus also causes penile cancer

2009-09-05T02:34:00.000-07:00

The human papilloma virus also causes penile cancer

HPV causes cervical cancer in women, is also responsible for half of cancers of the penis

The same sexually transmitted virus that causes cervical cancer in women is also responsible for half of the tumors in the penis, Spanish researchers reported recently.

Although tumors in the penis are much less frequent, representing less than 1 percent of cancers in male adults in Europe and North America, its incidence can reach 10 percent in some areas of Africa and Asia. It is estimated that worldwide there are over 26,000 new cases per year.

The finding suggests that vaccines currently available against human papillomavirus (HPV), used to prevent cervical tumors, could also be effective in fighting cancer of the penis, doctors said the Catalan Institute of Oncology in Barcelona.

The vaccine Gardasil, Merck & Co., and Cervarix, from GlaxoSmithKline, have been used for some years to immunize girls against HPV infection, which can lead to cervical cancer or cervical cancer.

Dr. Silvia de Sanjose and colleagues reviewed cases of penile cancer reported in clinical studies conducted between 1986 and 2008 and found that 46.9 percent of tumors were associated with HPV.

Almost all of these cases linked to the virus were linked to strains 16 and 18, the two most common types that commonly cause cervical cancer and targeting both Gardasil and Cervarix, wrote in the Journal of Clinical Pathology.

In November, Merck announced results of a clinical trial showing that Gardasil is effective in preventing injuries caused by the virus in men.

The rubber misrepresents an aircraft within an expensive diet.

Dental amalgam, a material "safe and effective"

2009-09-05T02:32:00.000-07:00

Dental amalgam, a material "safe and effective"

Encapsulated amalgam, a filling made from a combination of mercury with silver, copper or tin, has been listed as safe and effective material by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration), located in the same category of class II medical device that have gold fillings and composite resin for use in dental restorations.

Dr. Susan Runner, head of the FDA, said that "patients with dental amalgam fillings are not endangered by the adverse health effects associated with mercury. As stated by "prolonged trials in adults and children six years and older with dental amalgam fillings, have not established a causal connection between it and adverse health effects.

Runner explained that some patients "suffer from allergies or a sensitivity to mercury or other metals used in dental amalgams" so that such patients may develop "Contact reactions" within the oral cavity.

To address the needs of these patients, Dr. Runner indicated that "the FDA is organizing special controls for dental amalgam to help provide reasonable assurance on its safety and effectiveness."

In this sense, the U.S. agency advised caution against the use of amalgam in patients with mercury allergy, use ventilation when handling this material and present clearly and succinctly the benefits and risks of the technique before applying it to the patient.

Diabetic women have fewer checks are Pap and mammography

2009-09-04T19:20:00.000-07:00

Diabetic women have fewer checks are Pap and mammography

with diabetes are less likely than those without the disease to be the main cancer screening studies confirmed a new study in Spain.

The team doctor Rodrigo Jiménez-Garcia, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain, analyzed data from 12,429 women in a position to have a mammogram (40 years or more) and 13,739 able to take a Pap test or Pap - - (women between 18 and 69 years).

The 62 percent of women without diabetes in terms of having a mammogram she had been made in the last two or three years, unlike 58 percent of diabetic participants.

Among women who should have a Pap test, only 66 percent of those without diabetes and 62 percent of diabetic patients had undergone the test recently.

After controlling for age, education, obesity and other factors that might influence the risk of diabetes and the likelihood of becoming a cancer control, the researchers found that women with diabetes were still significantly less likely to be a study of cancer detection breast and cervix.

Diabetic women were 16 percent less likely to undergo a mammogram and 18 percent less likely to have had a Pap test than non-diabetic.

These results replicate findings obtained in Spain in the United States indicate that women with diabetes are less likely to get a mammogram or a Pap test, as recommended by the experts.

Influenza A: the new device in 10 points

2009-09-04T19:15:00.000-07:00

Influenza A: the new device in 10 points

Since July 23, the management of patients is assigned to general practitioners and not just to hospitals. What changes for patients? Who to contact in case of flu symptoms? When to go to the hospital? ... Doctissimo answers your questions.

Here are 10-point change on the management of pandemic influenza A/H1N1, following the press conference the Ministry of Health July 22, 2009 1:

1. The doctor becomes the first contact

Since July 23, sick of influenza A should not call the 15 but through their doctor. In cases of high fever (> 38.5 ° C), cough, fatigue, you should no longer pass by the UAS but directly call your family doctor. The latter decide the course of treatment. Most often, it is limited to paracetamol and rest.

The prevention recommendations are still valid: washing hands several times a day with soap or a hydro-alcoholic solution, using a tissue to cough or sneeze and put used tissues in a garbage can followed by a handwashing.

2. An organization set up to study

How will GPs be able to accommodate these cases of influenza without risk of infecting others see patients? Ideally, two different waiting rooms would be required but for most firms, such an organization is difficult or impossible. "Everything depends on the number of patients: 5 or 45 patients per day? If premises do not adapt, time slots dedicated to patients with influenza will be to provide and use barriers that the measures we recommend to our patients : clean doorknobs, wear masks ... We will adapt to the reality that will change every day, "said Dr. Martial Koehret Olivier, president of the union MG France.

Spatial Location, time slots, capacity management support during the summer months ... "This will require adjustments along the water."

3. GPs sufficiently informed and prepared?

The Minister responsible initiatives have multiplied of information to GPs: 300 000 training kits and information sent two years ago, 450 of 000 kits including protective masks and protective Splash, training sessions in 2006 and 2007 in all regions, direct information to subscribers of DGS Urgent, two preparatory meetings with unions in early July and a letter sent to the 80 000 general practitioners, pulmonologists and pediatricians July 15. Finally, according to the Minister, the Prefect will meet with doctors from July 23 and before August 10 at a briefing. These meetings should also help to adapt the management of the epidemic through the "mountain land" professionals. A site dedicated to health professionals to provide medical information but also regional national epidemic.

Large stocks of FFP2 masks (to protect themselves from viruses) and Splash masks (for those infected) are distributed from a single point in the region since early May Today, 16 distribution centers are operational. "They should cover tomorrow all departments," says Thierry Coudert, Managing Director of the Institution of preparation and response to health emergencies.

4. No systematic Tamiflu ®

Only cases potentially most serious benefit of Tamiflu ®, the famous new antiviral available in pharmacies and reimbursed by the National Health Insurance. No indication for preventive medication is recommended, since the contrary view that such use might encourage the emergence of resistance to antiviral drugs.

In a pandemic, stockpiles made by the Government will be sufficient, according to Health Minister Roselyne Bachelot, which invites the public not to provide Personal Reserve: "We have enough antiviral treatments to address a wide pandemic. No effect medicine cabinet! Doctors are the guarantors of a good use of antivirals and I know I can count on them.

5. The hospital reserved for severe cases

Only children under 1 year (through their parents) or victims of complications of influenza should contact the 15 or go directly to the hospital. Hospitals have antivirals pediatric use.

Where appropriate, the physician can guide the serious cases to hospital. But because of the less formidable profile of the virus and its active movement throughout the territory, the hospital is no longer the centerpiece of the national plan of care for patients.

6. Masks Free Pharmacy

As of July 23, the repellent masks to be worn by the patient (to avoid contaminating the environment in cases of infection and not to protect the virus) will be issued free pharmacy if they have been prescribed by the doctor. Director General of the establishment of preparedness and response to health emergencies, and Thierry Coudert said that "the deployment of masks to the metropolitan territory of pharmacies will be completed July 23 in the afternoon. For Reunion and New Caledonia the transaction will be completed July 27.

7. More systematic research of the virus

Given the spread of the virus (and its relative harmfulness), the naso-pharyngeal sampling to search the H1N1 virus is no longer mandatory. They now share the principle that symptoms necessarily reflect confirmed influenza infection with influenza A.

This also means that the procedures related to localized foci of infection (isolation of sick children in summer camps for example) will be triggered without infection by the H1N1 influenza virus is confirmed by analysis laboratory.

8. Vaccine against pneumococcal recommended for some people

The Society of Infectious Pathology (SPILF), the SFLS (French Society for the Fight against AIDS) and ESC (GP's National College of Teachers) recommend increased pneumococcal vaccination in some people fragilisées2. Must be vaccinated: respiratory insufficiency, cardiac insufficiency, alcoholic patients with chronic liver disease, persons with a history of invasive lung infection or pneumonia, patients with functional asplenia or splenectomy, patients with homozygous sickle cell disease the patients with nephrotic syndrome and patients with HIV infection and with CD4> 200/mm3. The aim is to prevent the population in this pneumococcal superinfection of influenza.

9. Vaccines available at best in October

94 million doses ordered were ordered by the government in three different laboratories (Sanofi-Pasteur: 28 million doses, GlaxoSmithKline: 50 Novartis 16). Based laboratories, the doses should be delivered between October and December 2009. Given that vaccination require two injections three weeks apart and a time of incubation before being protected, some fear that the first doses arrive after the peak of the pandemic ...

If England is planning to ignore the permissions on the market (AMM) European (via emergency procedures), France seems more prudent. The epidemiological situation in France is less cause for concern. If the virus retains a moderate virulence, France could expect to obtain the European marketing authorization prior to vaccination.

Today, the vaccination strategy is not adopted, but no compulsory vaccination is now considered. Depending on the evolution of the epidemic, mass vaccination could be achieved in immunization clinics or by physicians.

10. The management of drug stocks and masks to improve

It is the establishment of preparedness and response to health emergencies (Eprus) who manages a stock valued at 845 million euros, including 33 million antiviral 1 billion surgical masks and 537 million protective masks FFP

His action was pinned by a report of centrist Senator Jean-Jacques the criticisms made, we note: dispersion and heterogeneity of the 72 storage sites, uncertainty related to exceeding the expiry date of products, storage products in places sometimes just adequate, a lack of clarity between the roles attributed to the public, health agencies and various departments ... Without putting into question the creation of Eprus, the report estimates that these findings could "pose difficulties in coordinating emergency health" ...

Discover two new antibodies against HIV

2009-09-04T18:46:00.001-07:00

Discover two new antibodies against HIV

The prestigious journal Science has published a very interesting article, two American scientists discovered two antibodies appeared to be very effective against HIV.

The new vaccines will be developed based on these sensitive antibodies that attack parts of itself.

These powerful antibodies called "bNAbs" are capable of neutralizing the virus. This is critical since one of its main characteristics is its ability to achieve rapid and different mutations. Investigators have said that the research process (methodology) provide further details on the weaknesses of the virus.

The director of research and development of the IAVI, the Global Initiative for Aids Vaccine (nonprofit organization) Wayne Koff said that "This finding in itself represents a promising development toward the goal of developing an effective vaccine against AIDS, since we have potentially a better target on which to mobilize our efforts. " Also, "Now that we identify these two antibodies (baptized PG9 and PG16) we can find other, which should accelerate the global community's efforts to develop a vaccine against AIDS"

Influenza A: measures for schools

2009-09-04T18:46:00.000-07:00

Influenza A: measures for schools

Influenza A preferentially affects young people. In order to better address the school year, the Minister of Education Luc Chatel presented August 18, 2009 a series of preventive measures and organizational measures to overcome the best possible pandemic influenza outbreak.

Key announcements, distribution of information pamphlets and the closure of classes on the occurrence of clustered cases in one week. This measure already worried, no alternative form of care being provided.

Do not trivialize or dramatize

"We must avoid two pitfalls, ensured Luc Chatel, at the press presentation of the prevention against influenza A, August 18: trivialization, which would be the best ally of the virus and the dramatization that would effect of unnecessarily worried families. "

12 million leaflets for parents

Inform students when the return on gestures barriers, those designed to curb the spread of the virus, is one of the first concrete steps in this plan. Moreover, 12 million copies of the leaflet "Learning about the influenza A/H1N1) and the education of your child" will be distributed to parents. The medical school nurses and school doctors, will also be involved to educate and inform parents and students.

The Minister of Education also calls for vigilance of parents urging them not to take their child to school if there is any suspicious symptoms. If the infection is said in class, students will be isolated and then headed to her doctor.

It is from three cases in less than a week occurring in the same class or different classes with shared activities, including the canteen, the prefect of the department concerned may decide to close schools or not, "if by case ".

Nothing is planned for parents in case of closure

If the facility closes, it is for a minimum six days (the period of H1N1 virus infection is 7 days) and it will reopen after a complete and thorough cleaning of the premises.

But then, what about the children during this period? It will be everyone to fend for nothing in the plan is scheduled for an alternative mode of care or any aid to parents. "If we come to close schools is to prevent the spread of viruses. Therefore to protect children and teachers," insisted the minister. "That is why I am appealing to family solidarity, but it can also be solidarity neighborhood or within a municipality. The situation is very different from those who meet annually at Epidemic of gastroenteritis for example, where parents are required to keep or to keep their child for a few days. "

Vaccinated in schools or not?

Regarding a possible vaccination campaign in schools to curb the epidemic, Luc Chatel said that "this decision is the competence and the total liability of the Minister of Health. At this stage we have no plans for vaccination systematic, both collectively or for targeted populations. This question will in any manner specified in the coming weeks depending on the authorization of placing on the market in one or more vaccines, their availability and the possible indication for the most vulnerable persons (children, pregnant women for example).

Finally, in the case of prolonged closure of schools, it will not be provided holidays for children! Anxious to ensure educational continuity, the Ministry has already prepared in collaboration with France and France Culture, 264 hours of television broadcasts and 288 hours of radio.

17-ketosteroids: How the test is performed, Prepare for the Test, What you feel during the examination, Why the test is performed, Normal Values

2009-09-03T20:01:00.000-07:00

17-ketosteroids

These are substances that form when the body breaks down male steroid sex hormones called androgens and other hormones released by the adrenal cortex and testes in men.

This article discusses the laboratory test used to measure the amount of 17-ketosteroids in a urine sample.

How the test is performed

A sample of urine for 24 hours.
The first day, urinate into the toilet when you get up in the morning.
Afterwards, collect all urine in a special container for the next 24 hours.
The second day, urinate into the container when you get up in the morning.
Cap the container and store in the refrigerator or a cool place during the collection period.
Mark the container with your name, date, time of completion, and return as instructed.

For an infant, thoroughly wash the area around the urethra. Open a urine collection bag (a plastic bag with an adhesive on one end) and place it on the baby. In children, place the entire penis in the bag and attach the adhesive to the skin. In girls, place the bag over the labia. Diaper as usual over the secured bag.

They may have to repeat the procedure, and lively infants can displace the bag, causing the urine to be absorbed by the diaper. Check the infant frequently and change the bag after the infant has urinated into it. Drain the urine from the bag in a container provided by your doctor.

Deliver it to the laboratory or doctor as soon as possible after completion.

Prepare for the Test

If necessary, your doctor will instruct you to discontinue drugs that may interfere with the test.

Drugs that can increase 17-ketosteroids measurements include:
Antibiotics
Chloramphenicol
Chlorpromazine
Dexamethasone
Meprobamate
Phenothiazines
Quinidine
Secobarbital
Spironolactone

Drugs that can decrease 17-ketosteroids measurements include:
Birth control pills
Estrogens
Probenecid
Promazine
Reserpine
Salicylates (prolonged use)
Thiazide diuretics

What you feel during the examination

The test involves only normal urination and there is no discomfort.

Why the test is performed
Your doctor may order this test if you have signs of a disorder associated with abnormal levels of androgens.

Normal Values

Normal values are as follows:
Male: 8 to 20 milligrams (mg) per 24 hours
Women: 6 to 12 mg per 24 hours

The normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results.

Significance of abnormal results

Increased levels of 17-ketosteroids may indicate:
Adrenal Tumor
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (very rare)
Cushing Syndrome
Ovarian Cancer
Testicular cancer
Ovarian dysfunction (polycystic ovarian disease)

The decreased levels of 17-ketosteroids may indicate:
Addison's Disease
Castration
Hypopituitarism
Myxedema
Nephrosis

Risks
There are no risks.

Special Considerations

This test is not performed as often as it was done in the past, because instead newer tests are used.

Excess weight (obesity) can also interfere with test results.

Influenza A: The people most at risk: Young people are most affected by influenza A, Influenza A: pregnant women particularly at risk

2009-09-03T19:57:00.000-07:00

Influenza A: The people most at risk

Influenza A continues to spread worldwide since its appearance in spring 2008. Today, this viral infection can affect all age groups. However, some populations are at higher risk.

While the usual seasonal influenza is rather dangerous for the elderly, it appears that influenza A (H1N1) to be more for younger, and in certain physiological or pathological conditions.
Diseases that weaken against influenza A

According to the Institut de Veille Sanitaire (InVS), although mortality is low, a large proportion of deaths attributable to influenza A on patients already suffering from a chronic illness. Thus, people with respiratory problems such as asthma or chronic bronchitis from cardiovascular disease, of diabetes, the autoimmune disease or obesity, are prone to more serious complications. Chronic infection with the virus of AIDS is also a risk factor.

Young people are most affected by influenza A

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), influenza A (H1N1) particularly affects young people under 25 years. InVS stresses and in metropolitan The average patient is hospitalized for 24 years, that serious cases of 39 years. Children under 15 years are also 37% of hospitalizations. However, unlike seasonal flu, the elderly seem to be least affected by influenza A, have probably been exposed to a virus similar in the fifties.

Influenza A: pregnant women particularly at risk

Pregnant women are also considered at-risk population. Not because they are more likely to contract the disease, but because they have more risk of complications (severe forms more frequent) and death. The Health Minister Roselyne Bachelot has nevertheless stated in early August that "the draft report a pregnancy because of the flu is in the current state of knowledge, totally disproportionate".

People with certain chronic illnesses, pregnant women and young people are the three populations with the greatest risk facing the H1N1 virus and will probably priority when vaccine is available. In these cases, should be especially vigilant and seek medical attention at the onset of flu symptoms to begin as soon as possible antiviral therapy adapted.

A single dose of vaccine against the H1N1 virus could be sufficient

2009-09-03T19:44:00.000-07:00

A single dose of vaccine against the H1N1 virus could be sufficient

Novartis has announced that a single dose of the vaccine against influenza A (H1N1) had been successful in clinical trials, which is expected supply better suited than expected start when the needs of mass immunization campaigns.

The pandemic influenza A (H1N1) could affect up to two billion people worldwide, according to estimates by the World Health Organization (WHO).

Many experts expected that the injection of two doses of vaccine per patient is needed in anticipation of a second wave of possible contamination at the beginning of winter in the Northern Hemisphere.

Vaccination campaigns should begin this month in some countries in October and many others.

Novartis said that its vaccine Celtura provoked a strong immune response after administration of a single dose during clinical trials at the University of Leicester UK.

Chinese health authorities have given their green light to Sinovac pharmaceutical group, which also ensures that the vaccine is effective because a single dose.

"This is good news because a single dose of Celtura may be sufficient to protect adults against the flu. This potentially increases the amount of vaccine available for the flu season coming," says Karl-Heinz Koch, analyst Swiss broker Helvea.

According to Novartis clinical trials Celtura achieved in Leicester over 100 volunteers have created a strong immune response in 80% of subjects after injection of a dose, and in more than 90% of them after two doses.

Further clinical studies are ongoing with more than 6,000 adults and children.

Sinovac first company to have completed clinical trials, received approval from Chinese authorities to produce a vaccine against the H1N1 virus.

Other pharmaceutical companies involved in the race for the development of H1N1 vaccines are Sanofi-Aventis, GlaxoSmithKline and AstraZeneca's MedImmune unit.

The Australian CSL is already producing a vaccine against the H1N1 and produces 1 to 1.5 million doses per week until it meets all its orders.

Relenza and Tamiflu Glaxo, antiviral manufactured by Roche the Swiss who treat influenza more than they n'immunisent against it, are also subject to high demand.

All about masks against influenza A, Masks issued free prescription, In schools, public places ...

2009-09-03T19:33:00.000-07:00

All about masks against influenza A

We hear a lot of masks for protection against influenza A, but when, how and under what conditions to get them? Instructions for the use of masks against influenza A.

Many questions arise: should I wear a mask if one of my family is sick? How much does a mask? Where am I supposed to get a mask if necessary?
Influenza A: masks for patients and professionals

Only proven and suspected patients must wear a mask projection, said surgery in order to protect their environment from contamination by the virus. Those around the patient did not wear masks, as a preventive measure to protect themselves.

The medical professionals, emergency personnel, pharmacists ... are more likely to be exposed and infected by the virus and are also affected by wearing protective mask (called FFP2).
Two types of masks against influenza A
The surgical mask: also called mask projections, it is for people sick so they avoid contaminating their surroundings, especially when they cough or sneeze. He must wear a mask since the onset of symptoms and this for at least 7 days (period of contagion).
The breathing mask FFP2 said: for health professionals essentially is a respirator disposable protects the wearer against inhalation of infectious agents transmitted by air.

The stock of surgical masks EPRUS currently stands at 1 billion units and 700 million masks FFP2. "The stocks of EPRUS are only intended for the Ministry of Health who then distribute them (at hospitals, private physicians, pharmacies, etc..) Via departmental platforms. The other departments or private companies who wish to order masks pass directly by the supplier and not through us, "confirms Avaro Claude, Director General and head of the pharmacist Establishment of emergency preparedness and health (EPRUS *).

Masks issued free prescription

The enlargement of the operative care of patients in ambulatory care, introduced since July 23, 2009, established general practitioners and pharmacists in the heart of the device (2). In case of suspicious symptoms, you should contact your GP who will determine the care most appropriate. The 15 is reserved for urgent cases. Once in his office, you wear a surgical mask that you have been given to avoid infecting people in the waiting room.

If you suffer much flu, your doctor "prescribes you a box of 50 surgical masks, paracetamol and possibly of Tamiflu ®. But the prescription of Tamiflu ® is far from systematic," says Claude Avaro. So, with your order, you go to the pharmacy that delivers you free masks.

Note that health authorities have also ordered 150 million masks of pediatric anti-suppression, for children 1 to 12 years, to be worn by the sick children to protect their environment. These masks should be available very rapidly, particularly for children over 5 years.
A life of 4 hours

The patient should stay well away (over one meter) of others and constantly wear a mask. "Beware when the mask gets wet, it is more effective. We must therefore change at this time. Generally, we observe that a patient consumes about 4 masks per day," says Claude Avaro. "The ratio is the same for FFP2 masks worn by health professionals.

The masks have an expiry date, but the masks provided by pharmacies are not normally affected as usual checks were made upstream. Finally, concerning the quality of masks, all meet the same standards, not to worry at this level.

In schools, public places ...

Is it possible to find masks outside medical facilities, such as in public places, school or within the company? "Everything depends on the departments concerned in the public sector and enterprises in the private sector," replied Claude Avaro. "Several masks were purchased by the government for their staff. It's the same in the private sector."

* The EPRUS is a public administrative institution under the Ministry of Health and Sports. It was created in 2007 to allow the State to respond to health threats of large scale efficiently and effectively.

Influenza A more dangerous for pregnant women

2009-09-03T18:26:00.000-07:00

Influenza A more dangerous for pregnant women

Pregnant women have a risk four times greater complications after infection with influenza A H1N1. These data encourage health authorities to act quickly to detect and handle this viral infection during pregnancy.

Published in late July in the prestigious medical journal The Lancet , a U.S. study has highlighted the increased risk of severe or fatal damage during pregnancy following infection with influenza A H1N1. Data that make the alarming support for pregnant women.
Influenza A: Pregnant women have 4 times greater risk of complications

Researchers at the control and prevention of disease (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) have analyzed the cases of 34 pregnant women infected with the pandemic virus. They found that nearly one third of them (32% or 11 women) had been hospitalized. According to their study, pregnant women infected with influenza A H1/N1 have a prior 4 times greater risk of complications. In these women, the risk of death from pneumonia and respiratory distress is also higher than average.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), several other countries, where there is a transmission range of the pandemic virus, have also reported an increased risk for pregnant women, especially in the second and third trimester of pregnancy . They also reported an increased risk of fetal death and spontaneous abortions.

For pregnant women, initiate treatment without delay

If you still do not know if pregnant women are more likely to contract the virus, what we know now is that once sick, they incur greater risk of complications.

On the one hand, these findings are not all surprising. First, data from past pandemics supports the fact that pregnant women are exposed to greater risk. On the other hand, risk takes on added significance with the current pandemic, which continues to affect the age groups younger than that seen with seasonal flu.

Thus in regions where infection by the H1N1 virus is widespread, the World Health recommends "very pregnant women and their doctors to carefully monitor the possible occurrence of any influenza-like symptoms. But the treatments available are compatible with pregnancy? Yes, as a publication of the Journal of the Association of Canadian physicians (Canadian Medical Association Journal).

Canadian researchers believe that new antivirals (the neuraminidase inhibitors - Tamiflu ® and Relenza ®) can be used in pregnant women and nursing mothers, focusing however oseltamivir (Tamiflu ®) for which more data on safety are available. The conclusions set by the WHO considers it "necessary to administer antiretroviral treatment with oseltamivir as soon as possible after symptoms appear. This treatment with maximum efficiency within 48 hours, the doctors must prescribing immediately and not wait for the results of laboratory tests. Even beyond this period, the WHO states that "limitation later may also be beneficial (...) for lowering the risk of pneumonia (one of the causes of death most frequently reported in individuals infected) and needs hospitalization.

Pregnant women a priority for vaccine

Nobody knows yet unclear what factors that expose pregnant women to more complications. According to Dr. Denis Jamieson, lead author of the study in The Lancet 1, the mechanical and hormonal changes, particularly in the cardiovascular system, respiratory and immune systems may partly explain this phenomenon. Possibilities include a reduction of lung capacity due to the greater role of the uterus compresses the diaphragm. These changes expose pregnant women to greater risk of contracting influenza virus.

The impact of illness on the child is so far unclear. Five babies died 6 women were born by caesarean section and are in good health. At the time of publication of this study, only one baby delivered by Caesarean section 13 weeks prematurely, was still in hospital.

In view of these data, WHO recommends that health authorities to classify pregnant women in the priority groups for vaccination when vaccines against pandemic influenza will be available. Several other risk categories were identified: those suffering from a pathological condition underlying, especially chronic pulmonary (including asthma patients), cardiovascular disease, diabetes, immunosuppression and extreme obesity.

5'-Nucleotidase: How the test is performed, Prepare for the Test, Normal Values, Alternative Names

2009-09-03T06:58:00.000-07:00

5'-Nucleotidase

5'-nucleotidase (5'-NT) is a protein produced by the liver. You can do a test to measure the amount of this protein in the blood.

How the test is performed

Blood is drawn from a vein, usually from the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand. The puncture site is cleaned with a disinfectant (antiseptic). The doctor puts a rubber band around the upper arm to apply pressure to the area and make the vein swell with blood.

The doctor then gently inserts a needle into the vein and blood collected in a vial or tube attached to the needle. The elastic band is removed to restore circulation.

Once it has collected the blood sample, the needle is removed and covered the puncture site to stop any bleeding.

In infants or young children, you can use a tool called a lancet to puncture the skin and make it bleed. The blood collects into a small glass tube called a pipette, a slide or test strip. Finally, you can place a bandage over the area if there is any bleeding.

Prepare for the Test

If necessary, the doctor will instruct you to withhold drugs that may interfere with test results, including:
Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
Halothane
Isoniazid
Methyldopa
Nitrofurantoin
What you feel during the examination

When the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain, while others feel only a prick or stinging sensation. Subsequently, there may be some throbbing.
Why the test is performed

Your doctor may order this test if you have signs of a liver problem. It is used primarily to determine whether the high level of protein is due to liver damage or injury of skeletal muscle.

Normal Values

The normal value is 2 to 17 units per liter.

Note: Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results.
Significance of abnormal results

The higher than normal levels may indicate:
Cholestasis
Destruction of liver cells
Hepatitis
Hepatic ischemia
Liver tumor
Use of a medication that damages the liver
Risks

Veins and arteries vary in size from one patient to another and from one side of the body to another, why get a blood sample from some people may be more difficult than from others.

Other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight but may include:
Excessive bleeding
Fainting or dizziness
Hematoma (blood accumulating under the skin)

Infection (a slight risk any time there is skin breakdown)

Alternative Names

5'-NT

Launch the first electronic stethoscope with bluetooth

2009-09-03T03:06:00.000-07:00

Launch the first electronic stethoscope with bluetooth

Bluetooth connectivity also has internal flash memory, system external noise reduction, sound amplification and various applications for analysis and storage of recordings

Agreement between the companies 3M and Zargis Medical has developed a new type of stethoscope, the Littmann 3200, the first electronic stethoscope that incorporates Bluetooth with many other applications, the physician shall make available a wealth of information enabling them to further improve diagnosis and treatments.

This new model has an internal flash memory, which stored recordings of the sounds, which then become part of the patient's medical history. Along with that has bluetooth connectivity, which will send information to the nearest computer for analysis.

Moreover, also offers a system to reduce outside noise by up to 85% and an amplification system which can amplify the sound up to 24 times. Also features a suite of applications for analysis and storage of the recordings obtained.

Vulvitis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Complications, Prevention, Expectations, Exams and Tests, incidence and risk factors

2009-09-01T19:12:00.000-07:00

Vulvitis

Is inflammation of the external female genitalia (vulva). The vulva includes the "lips" or folds of skin, the clitoris and the openings of the urethra and vagina.

Causes, incidence and risk factors

Vulvitis may be caused by a number of conditions, among which are:

* Allergies, particularly to soaps, colored toilet paper, vaginal sprays, laundry detergents, bubble bath, or fragrances
* Dermatitis, seborrhea or eczema prolonged
* Fungal and bacterial infections, pediculosis, or scabies

Vulvitis can affect women of all ages. The condition may be due to low estrogen levels in young women and women who have reached menopause.

Symptoms

The following symptoms affecting the skin in the vulvar area:

* Burning or itching
* Possible small cracks in the vulvar skin
* Possible vaginal discharge
* Redness and swelling
* Thickening of the skin

Exams and Tests

A pelvic examination reveals redness and thickening and may reveal cracks or skin lesions on the vulva.

If you have any vaginal discharge, a wet prep can show that an infection such as vulvovaginitis or vaginitis, is the cause.

Treatment

Stop using any products that may cause irritation. Apply cortisone cream counter two or three times a day over the affected area, up to a week. If these measures do not relieve symptoms, see a doctor.

Vaginal infections should be treated appropriately. You can use a cortisone cream to decrease vulvar itching.

If treatment fails, you can make a skin biopsy to rule out vulvar dystrophy, or vulvar dysplasia, a precancerous condition. It also may require a biopsy if you have any skin lesions.

Expectations (prognosis)

The itching can be difficult to control, but after identifying and treating the cause, should disappear in a few weeks.

Complications

Itching of the vulva may be a sign of genital warts (human papillomavirus, HPV, by its initials in English), vulvar dystrophy, or cancerous or precancerous conditions of the vulva.

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), which can cause vulvitis, may lead to other problems such as infertility, and should be treated appropriately.

Calling your health care

Make an appointment with the doctor if symptoms and do not respond to measures of care or if vaginal discharge accompanies the symptoms. Also call if you notice sores on the vulva.

Prevention

Daily cleansing with mild soap, adequate rinsing and thorough drying of the genital area may help.

Avoid using aerosol sprays, fragrances, or powders for feminine hygiene products in the genital area.

Similarly, avoid the use of pants or shorts are too tight can cause irritation by constantly rubbing against the skin and also reduce air circulation.

Wear cotton underwear or pantyhose with cotton. Avoid clothing made of silk or nylon, because these materials are highly absorbent and restrict airflow. This can increase sweating in the genital area, which can cause irritation and may provide a better environment for infectious organisms.

Do not wear sweaty exercise clothing for long periods.

The infections can be spread by intimate or sexual contact can be prevented or minimized by avoiding sexual activity or practicing safer sex behaviors.

To resume the sport, ask a friend

2009-09-01T19:10:00.000-07:00

To resume the sport, ask a friend

There is nothing better than a sport for several reasons and will be scheduled. A friend, colleague, your spouse or even your children can help you take the path of the effort.

In many gyms, tariffs 'group' for a company's employees are proposed. Otherwise, there is also the solution personal coaches who come to you, give the course at 3 or 5 people and you share the costs. It's been 10 or 15 Euros per session instead of 60 Euros to you alone.

Get a swimming club where people of your age share the same passion for example, and feel free to call doctinautes for you to create a sports group in your city.

Run two training team is the only solution to last, and to keep fit until winter