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Blood in Urine

2013-02-05T19:39:00.000+04:00

Blood in urine known medically as hematuria.

Blood in urine can be a sign of a serious medical condition and it should not be ignored. All cases of hematuria should be evaluated by a doctor who can order tests to confirm or rule out an underlying cause.

There is no specific treatment for hematuria since it's a symptom and not a specific condition.

Blood from???

Blood in urine can come from the kidneys, where urine is made. It also can come from:

Ureters (the tubes from the kidneys to the bladder).
Bladder (where urine is stored).
Urethra (the tube from the bladder to the outside of the body).

Symptoms

Symptom is obvious. Instead of its normal pale yellow color, your urine may be pink, red, brownish-red, or tea-colored. This is what doctors call gross hematuria.

Sometimes, blood in urine is not visible to the naked eye and can only be detected by the lab. This is what doctors call microscopic hematuria.

Causes of Hematuria:

Bladder infections (acute cystitis). In adults usually cause burning or pain with urination. Infants with bladder infections may have fever, be irritable, and feed poorly. Older children may have fever, pain and burning while urinating, urgency, and lower belly pain.
Kidney infections (pyelonephritis). Symptoms may include fever, chills, and flank pain, which refers to pain in the lower back.

Kidney stones. Symptoms may include severe abdominal or pelvic pain.
Kidney diseases. Symptoms may include weakness, high blood pressure, and body swelling, including puffiness around the eyes.

Common causes:

Bladder or kidney infections.
Bladder or kidney stones.
Certain kidney diseases, such as inflammation in the filtering system of the kidneys (glomerulonephritis).
Enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia) or prostate cancer.
Inherited diseases such as sickle cell anemia and cystic kidney disease.
Certain medications such as aspirin, penicillin, heparin, cyclophosphamide, and phenazopyridine.
A tumor in the bladder, kidney, or prostate.
Kidney injury from an accident or sports.
Vigorous exercise.

Sometimes, what appears to be blood in urine is actually red pigment from other sources such as food dyes, medications, or an excessive amount of beets. Doctors refer to this latter cause as "beeturia."

Food Built Muscle

2013-02-02T11:09:00.000+04:00

Protein help to build and maintain muscle as well as help fat loss. So, to build muscle, you have to take variety food high in protein. Lots of you struggle to get these foods. Sometimes because you're too busy or sometimes because you just lack information. This easy to find food list will help to build muscle & lose fat.

1. Eggs: The Perfect Protein

Its not only cheap and easly get on market but eggs also rich with protein. The yolk contains most nutrients: half the protein, vitamins A/D/E and cholesterol to naturally increase your testosterone levels.

Don't worry about cholesterol in eggs. Dietary cholesterol isn't bound to blood cholesterol. Read this, this, this & this. If you have bad cholesterol, lower your body fat rather than throwing the yolk away.

You can cook them several ways or don’t even cook them at all (which is not recommended). Boiled, scrambled or pouched it doesn’t matter.

2. Milk

Milk works wonders for athletes and body builders. Milk is is nutrient dense, full of protein and contains essential amino acids. Drink a glass of milk any time for muscle gains.

3. Salmon: The Growth Regulator

One of the best sources of omega-3 fatty acids that also gets you 20g protein per 100g serving. However, farm raised lack omega-3. Go with wild salmon.

4. Yogurt: The Golden Ratio

High in Calcium and vitamin D, this dairy product provides protein for muscle growth and probiotics to aid digestion.
Contain bacteria that improve your gastrointestinal health. Don't buy frozen yogurt or yogurt with added sugar and fruits at the bottom. Get plain low fat yogurt. Eat it with berries & flax seeds.

This may seem strange, but olive oil is a great source of monounsaturated fats and omega-3 fats. These good fats are heart healthy. Olive oil also contains oleocanthal, which in an anti-inflammatory component. This helps with muscle pain and inflammation, aiding recovery.

5. Beef or any Red Meat: Carvable Creatine

Protein, vitamin B12, heme iron, zinc, creatine, carnosine and even omega-3 if you eat grass-fed beef. Eat steaks & hamburgers from top round or sirloin.

6. Olive Oil: Liquid Energy

70% monounsaturated fats that protect against heart diseases and cancer. Add 1-2 tbsp olive oil to your salads. Buy Extra Virgin Olive Oil: it contains more polyphenols and tastes better.

7. Water: The Muscle Bath

Your body holds water if you don't drink enough. Drinking prevents water retention, helps muscle recovery and prevents dehydration from strength training. Get a filter and drink 2 cups of water with each meal.

8. Coffee: The Repetition Builder

2 1/2 cups of coffee a few hours before an exercise test were able to sprint 9 percent longer than when they didn't drink any

9. Broccoli.

High in cancer-fighting phytochemicals and anti-estrogenic indoles. Broccoli is also high in soluble fiber and low calorie, helping fat loss. Eat other cruciferous vegetables for a change: cabbage, bok choy, cauliflower, kale, ...

10. Spinach.

Spinach has super food qualities containing several vitamins and it contains calcium. The calcium in spinach may help relax the muscle to prevent cramping during training.

Spinach prevents muscle & bone loss as well as cancer and heart diseases because of its high nutrient profile.

11. Bananas

Bananas have three types of sugars. Fructose, sucrose and glucose, these sugars are prime for pre/post training. Bananas are fat and cholesterol free, extremely portable, and nutrient dense

12. Sweet Potato

Easy to make and sweet to eat. Sweet potatoes are a complex carbohydrate with B vitamins. Great for a post workout or even before.

13. Fish Oil.

Reduces inflammation (joints/skin), lowers body fat and increases testosterone levels. You need 9000mg EPA/DHA per day. Since you'll probably struggle to get that from eating fatty fish, consider a fish oil supplement.

14. Berries.

Strong antioxidants that prevent cancer, heart & eye diseases. Any kind works: cranberries, raspberries, blackberries, blueberries, etc. Buy fresh or frozen berries and mix with oatmeal.

15. Oats.

Reduce cholesterol, provide you with low-gi carbs for energy, and high in soluble fiber. Try this post workout shake of whey & oats.

Eat a bowl for breakfast or mix it in with your post workout shake. This carb helps you power through training. Also easy to prepare and can be a cornerstone to your muscle building diet.

16. Peanut Butter

Calorie dense, packed with good fats and it has protein. An essential food for growing mass and muscle. Drop the cheese-burger and make a peanut butter and jelly sandwich. This will help you pack on pounds needed for sports or getting stronger

17. Nuts: Muscle Medicine

Contain mono- & polyunsaturated fats, proteins, fiber, vitamin E, zinc, potassium, magnesium, etc. Mixed nuts are caloric dense, great if you're a skinny guy who wants to gain weight.

Nuts: almonds, walnuts, cashews, hazelnuts, ... Peanut butter also works as long as you buy natural peanut butter without added salts/sugars.

18. Brown Rice

Brown rice is a staple in many body builder diets. This complex carbohydrate is a sustained release of energy for athletes. Brown rice can be essentially eaten with any meal which makes it a great source of carbs for building your muscles.

6. Intramembranous bone formation

2012-12-08T19:52:00.004+04:00

Intramembranous bone formation

5. Tubular Bone, Diaphysis

2012-12-08T19:50:00.002+04:00

Tubular Bone ( Diaphysis) Contain:

Osteon which consist; Canal of osteon( vessel, loose connective tissue and nerve), Lacunae, osteocyte, cytoplasmic processes.
Interstitial Lamellae.
Non-cylindrical lamellae.

Osteoclast destroy lamellae and form non cylindrical lamellae.

1. Blood Smear

2012-12-08T19:48:00.000+04:00

7. Bone Formation - Endochondral (Indirect)

2012-12-08T19:43:00.006+04:00

Endochondral bone formation

Epiphysis consist of 3 zone:

Reserve zone
Proliferation zone
Hypertropic zone

4. Tendon

2012-12-08T19:17:00.002+04:00

Tendon consist:

Collagen fibre. Fibroblast located in collagen fibre.
Dense regular connective tissue.

Answer For MCQ Anatomy Final Exam

2012-12-08T18:49:00.000+04:00

1	abc	bd	acd	d	ad	ad	cd	acd	c	bcd
2	c	bc	abcd	cd	d	abcd	bcd	ab	abd	bc
3	abcd	abcd	abd	abcd	a	acd	abcd	c	abcd	bcd
4	acd	d	acd	b	bc	abd	ad	bcd	bd	abcd
5	bc	ad	acd	ad	bc	ab	bcd	bd	ad	a
6	abc	ac	cd	abcd	a	ad	cd	abcd	bcd	acd
7	abd	ad	c	b	ac	ac	abcd	ad	b	abc
8	a	ad	acd	ac	bd	c	ad	acd	d	acd
9	acd	bcd	bcd	abcd	acd	acd	ac	bc	acd	bc
10	c	ac	cd	b	ab	ad	c	a	bcd	d

Variant 1,3

1	ad	d	acd	b	abd	ab	bc	bcd	abc	cd
2	bcd	cd	c	abc	a	abc	abcd	a	abc	ac
3	abcd	cd	d	acd	bcd	abcd	abc	ac	acd	acd
4	ac	abcd	acd	ab	c	bc	bcd	c	bd	abcd
5	bd	abcd	cd	ad	ad	bcd	bcd	ad	d	bd
6	acd	b	cd	abc	abc	c	bc	abc	ad	a
7	bcd	b	abcd	b	bcd	abc	d	abcd	abd	ac
8	b	c	d	c	abd	abc	bcd	ad	a	bd
9	d	bcd	ac	bd	bcd	abcd	abd	bc	ad	bd
10	ac	abd	ac	bd	bc	abd	acd	d	ab	a

Variant 2/4

3. Elastic Cartilage

2012-12-08T18:41:00.000+04:00

Elastic Cartilage contain:

numerous elastic fibre. (stained with orcein)
Surround by perichondrion.
Chondrocyte.matrix ( never undergo calcification)

Hyperkalemia

2012-11-29T09:06:00.003+04:00

What is hyperkalemia? Hyperkalemia is a condition in which you have excess potassium (k+) in your bloodstream.

Potassium affects both muscle movements and electrical impulses, an excess can cause an irregular heartbeat. In severe cases, your heartbeat may become slower and your heart may begin to fibrillate --- to twitch without pumping blood.

In an emergency situation, doctors may use calcium to stimulate cardiac contractions and bring your heart muscle function back to normal.

Calcium, however, may irritate or damage the veins around your heart.

Doctors usually choose calcium gluconate because it is the most mild form of calcium and is less likely to cause vascular damage.

In an acute situation, however, doctors may choose calcium chloride--a more potent form of calcium--despite potential damage to your veins.

Determination of Stroke Volume (SV) and Cardiac Output (CARO)

2012-11-29T09:03:00.001+04:00

The amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle per beat, the stroke volume is about 70 mL in resting man of average size in the supine position which 70mL from left ventricle and 70 mL from right ventricle.

The output of the heart per unit time is the cardiac output.

In resting supine man, it averages about 5.0 L/min (70x72 beats/min).

There is a correlation between resting cardiac output and body surface which the output per minute per square metre of body surface (cardiac index) averages is 3.2

Variations in cardiac output can be produced by changes in cardiac rate or stroke volume.

The cardiac rate is controlled primarily by cardiac innervation, sympathetic stimulation increasing the rate and parasympathetic stimulation decreasing it.
The stroke volume also determined in part by neural input, sympathetic stimuli making the myocardial muscle fibers contract with greater strength at any given length and parasympathetic stimuli having the opposite effect

Calculating stroke volume (SV)

SV (mL)= 100 + 0.5 PAP - 0.6 DAP - 0.6 ag

PAP - pulse arterial pressure

DAP - Diastolic arterial pressure

Ag - age surveyed (complete years)

Calculating Cardiac Output (CarO)

CarO (L) = HR (bpm) x SV (ml) / 1000

HR- Heart Rate

The effect of gravity on the linear velocity of blood flow

2012-11-26T10:10:00.000+04:00

Effect of gravity on the linear velocity of blood flow in the main arterial vessels in the neck, brain and legs in 67 essentially normal human subjects of both sexes.

The hemodynamic effect of gravity was neutralized by placing the subjects in the horizontal position; effects of the force of gravity were stimulated by active upright posture.

It was shown that most commonly the arterial blood flow reacts to the orthostatic orientation by reducing the linear velocity, especially in the leg.

These results indirectly witness that the hydrostatic pressure gradient on different levels of the arterial system in upright standing humans is not the only factor in reduction of the arterial blood linear velocity.

Internal Carotid Artery

2012-11-11T14:46:00.001+04:00

Internal Carotid Artery

Supply eyeball and brain.

Consist 4 part:

Cervical
Petrosus
Cavernous

Pass through the cavernous sinus of the dura mater.

Cerebral

- At anterior clinoid process form:

Anterior cerebral arteries
Middle cerebral arteries ® Cortex of frontal lobe.

- On level of optic canal, form the:

opthalmic artery.

Other branches of internal carotid artery go to brain and form arterial circle of brain ( circulus arteriosus cerebri)

Common Left Carotid Artery

2012-11-11T14:33:00.001+04:00

Common left Carotid Artery

Supply blood to neck and head.

Origin

1st, it go behind and lateral of external Carotid artery. Later, it rise medially to external carotid artery.
Rises up between pharynx and internal jugular vein.
At cervical part, sympathetic trunk and vagus pass medially.
Lateral to it, located hypoglossal nerve. More upper, located Glossopharengeal nerve.
Passes carotid canal of temporal bone pyramid.

Anastomoses of internal carotid artery

: posterior communicationg artery with posterior cerebral artery

Divided into:

External Carotid artery
Internal Carotid artery

Aorta

2012-11-11T14:20:00.001+04:00

Aorta consist:

Ascending part
Arch (arcus aorta)
Descending Part

Ascending part

Ascending part of aorta form aorta bulb (bulbus aorta) at the level 3rd intercostal level.
At the level of bulbus aorta, right and left coronary artery separate.

Aorta Arch

Arcus aorta form at the level right 2nd rib
Give rise to:

Brachiocephalic trunk
Common left Carotid artery.
Left Subclavian artery

Descending part

Divided into:

Thoracic part
Abdonimal part

Branches of opthalmic artery

2012-11-11T14:15:00.000+04:00

Branches of opthalmic are artery:

Branches at orbital cavity:

Lacrimal artery
Long and short ciliary artery.
Central artery of retina.
Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries.
Muscular arteries.
Supratrochlear artery

Branch at lateral surface of nose root

Dorsal nasal artery

Branch at upper and lower eyelid

Medial Palpebral artery

Anastomosees with lateral palpebral artery, branches of lacrimal artery.

2012-11-05T21:09:00.000+04:00

For Sabahan, mum or dad from Sabah or Wilayah Persekutuan Labuan can apply this Scoolarship.

For higher education in Malaysia or overseas, applications will be open and advertise in local dailies on March/April every year.

For more info, check

Yayasan Sabah Corporate Schoolarship

Communication Skills

2012-11-05T20:47:00.000+04:00

What is communication? Communication is the way people connecting and interact each other which changing information occur. It can be verbal and non- verbal.

Verbal are through voice which mean speaker and listener while non verbal can be convey the information through writing, body language and so on.

What is effective communication?

Effective Communication allowed the information fully understands and received.

How to create Effective communication?

Effective communication created when someone combined verbal and non verbal communication.

1. Listener

- Make sure the listeners are interest with the topics.

2. Body language (non-verbal)

- Practice observing people. This teach you how people react and act to each other.

- Aware of individual difference

3. Voice tones

4. Speak confidently

Benefits of eating Dates

2012-11-02T00:48:00.000+04:00

In Islamic religion, dates are most suggested food to take for those who are fasting. This is due to ability of dates to regenerate energy in short time. Besides of that, dates have many other benefits make it most suggested healthy food.

Benefits of eating dates:

1. Assist the growth of bone from calcium deficiency.

2. Treat anaemia.
3. Enhanced the vitality
4. Prevent the body from bacteria and cancer.
5. Overcoming rheumatism.
6. Streamlining the urinary tract.
7. Prevent and treat stroke.
8. Adding to the child's weight.
9. Increase of platelets in the blood and tackle dengue.
10. Slow aging process.
11. Nurture of myopia.

High Calories- Get FAT faster

2012-11-02T00:34:00.001+04:00

High Calories Food Get Fat Faster:

While everyone talk about how to get slim, I will tell you tips on how to get ideal body shape by gain weight. For those skinny or who want to gain weight faster try eat these food:

1. Smoothies

600-700 calories depend on the ingredients

2. Dark Chocolate

501 calories/100 g good for heart

3. Avocado

322 Calories/ 30g

4. Shakes

250-300 calories

5. Dates

270 calories/100g

6. Nuts

200 calories/ 2table spoon

7. Doughnut

198-299 Calories

8. Bacon

174 calories

9. Potato

161 calories

- Rich iron, Potassium and fiber

10. Beet

153 calories/ slices

11. Salmon

152 calories/3 ounce

- rich in Omega 3 that is good for brain

12. Milk

146 calories/ 1 cup

13. Soy Milk

127 Calories/1 cup

14. Olive oil

120/ tablespoon good to lower the risk of heart disease and against cancer

15. Cheese

114 Calories/slices

- High in protein and Calcium

Cranial Nerves Pairs

2012-10-28T16:26:00.002+04:00

Cranial Nerves consist of 12 pairs:

I. Olfactory nerve

II. Optic nerve

III. Oculomotor nerve

IV. Trochlear nerve

V. Trigeminal nerve

VI. Abducent nerve

VII. Facial nerve

VIII. Vestibulocochlear nerve

IX. Glossopharyngeal nerve

X. Vagus nerve

XI. Accessory nerve

XII. Hypoglossal nerve

10 Signs Good Healthy Eating

2012-10-28T16:18:00.000+04:00

10 Signs Good Healthy Eating

1. Normal Body Mass Index (BMI).

2. Smooth and beautiful skin.

3. Normal muscle development

4. Bright eyes.

5. Strong tooth and bones

6. Strong and shiny hairs.

7. Appetite.

8. Normal and good body posture.

9. Alert and Cheerfull

10.Sleeping well

Sues Wife For Being Ugly - Win Case

2012-10-28T16:08:00.000+04:00

A man from northern China, Jian Feng Sued his wife this May 2012 after he found out that his wife was ugly.

After the wife had their child the man was apparently appalled by the child's looks. He became suspicious the wife may have had an affair because the baby didn't resemble either of them.

The wife later confessed having plastic surgery which cost $100,000 before their meet each other. After seeing what the woman looked like prior to surgery, the man who claimed to have been so in love with her became disgusted.

24^th October, he filed a lawsuit, claiming she tricked him and he married her under pretending life. Feng who won the case paid $120,000.

LIVER - Function, Food for it and unusual condition

2012-10-27T08:41:00.001+04:00

Liver is an important organ in our body. How liver play role as important organ?

Bile secretion

- Liver are endocrine and exocrine as well. As exocrine part, it secreting bile.

- The bile function is to digest the fat.

- From the liver, the bile will be send to duodenum through bile duct.

- The bile stored in gall bladder before transfer to duodenum.

Regulate metabolism of carbohydrates, protein and fats.

Detoxifying substances like drug and alcohol.

Remove damaged erythrocytes from blood.

Synthesis plasma protein, fibrinogen and prothrombin.

Regulate glucose and lipid level in blood.

Store of various substances: glucagon, lipid, vitamin and iron.

Food that good for your liver are:

· Garlic

· Beets

· Carrot

· Apple

· Dandelion

· Prunes

· Raison

· Blueberries

· Blackberries

· Strawberries,

· Raspberries

· Oranges

· Leafy green vegetables

· Lemon and limes

Unusual condition of liver and the term applied for it:

· Cirrhosis: Long term of damaged that cause scar.

· Primary biliary Cirrhosis: unclear process that slowly destroy the bile duct in liver.

· Liver cancer: always occur after cirrhosis present. Common liver cancer is Hepatocellular carcinoma.

· Hepatitis: Inflammation of liver caused by viruses like hepatitis A, B and C. It also can be the result from taking drugs, obesity and allergic reaction.

· Gallstones: Gallstones stuck in bile duct draining the liver.

· Hematochromatosis: Deposition of Iron in liver, damaging the liver.

· Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Inflammation and scar in bile duct in liver.

· Liver failure: Infection and excessive alcohol lead to liver failure.

MARA Education Loan and Scholarship

2012-10-21T22:08:00.000+04:00

MARA education loan and scholarship can be applied by international and local Malaysian students.

The loan can be applied through out the year while the scholarship will be announce in local newspaper.

For 2012, the scholarship available from 08 August to 08 September 2012.

MARA education loan official site

Contact number: Education Sector Miss Nadirah binti Mokhtar (03-26132038) and Mr. Azlan Shazli (03-26132039)