MICROlose

The mbed Microcontrollers LPC1768

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Fri, 02 Dec 2011 03:58:51 PST

The mbed Microcontrollers LPC1768 from ARM..

You can see picture

LPC1768 have 40 PIN or 40 I/O
Microcontrollers excess Ethernet so its is can connect to world

The mbed microcontrollers support lots of interfaces, so you can connect them to all sorts of input and output circuits and modules.
Downloading programs is as simple as using a USB Flash Drive. Plug it in, drop on your program binary, and you're up and running!

Analog Input PLC

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Sun, 24 Jul 2011 02:50:38 PDT

An analog input is an input signal that has a continuous signal. Typical analog inputs may vary from 0 to 20 milliamps, 4 to 20 milliamps, or 0 to 10 volts. In the following example, a level transmitter monitors the level of liquid in a tank. Depending on the level transmitter, the signal to the PLC can either increase or decrease as the level increases or decreases.

Discrete Input PLC

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Sun, 24 Jul 2011 02:46:48 PDT

A discrete input, also referred to as a digital input, is an input that is either in an ON or OFF condition. Pushbuttons, toggle switches, limit switches, proximity switches, and contact closures are examples of discrete sensors which are connected to the PLCs discrete or digital inputs. In the ON condition a discrete input may be referred to as a logic 1 or a logic high. In the OFF condition a discrete input may be referred to as a logic 0 or a logic low.

Actuator With Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Sat, 24 Sep 2011 00:37:40 PDT

The language of PLCs consists of a commonly used set of terms; many of which are unique to PLCs. In order to understand the ideas and concepts of PLCs, an understanding of these terms is necessary


Actuator With PLC

Actuators : Actuators convert an electrical signal from the PLC into a physical condition. Actuators are connected to the PLC output. A motor starter is one example of an actuator that is connected to the PLC output. Depending on the output PLC signal the motor starter will either start or stop the motor.

Sensor With Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Mon, 27 Jun 2011 05:37:30 PDT

The language of PLCs consists of a commonly used set of terms; many of which are unique to PLCs. In order to understand the ideas and concepts of PLCs, an understanding of these terms is necessary.

Sensor With PLC

Sensor : A sensor is a device that converts a physical condition into an electrical signal for use by the PLC. Sensors are connected to the input of a PLC. A pushbutton is one example of a sensor that is connected to the PLC input. An electrical signal is sent from the pushbutton to the PLC indicating the condition (open/ closed) of the pushbutton contacts.

Basic PLC

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Mon, 27 Jun 2011 05:24:56 PDT

Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), also referred to as programmable controllers, are in the computer family.They are used in commercial and industrial applications. A PLC monitors inputs, makes decisions based on its program, and controls outputs to automate a process or machine.This course is meant to supply you with basic information on the functions and configurations of PLCs

Interface PLC

Basic PLC Operation PLCs consist of input modules or points, a Central Processing Unit (CPU), and output modules or points. An input accepts a variety of digital or analog signals from various field devices (sensors) and converts them into a logic signal that can be used by the CPU.The CPU makes decisions and executes control instructions based on program instructions in memory. Output modules convert control instructions from the CPU into a digital or analog signal that can be used to control various field devices (actuators). A programming device is used to input the desired instructions.These instructions determine what the PLC will do for a specific input. An operator interface device allows process information to be displayed and new control parameters to be entered

Coding Step Respon In Mathlab

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Fri, 29 Apr 2011 09:23:44 PDT

It is tutorial how to making listing step Respon in Software Matlab..
1. Open Mathlab

2. File .
M file
Inside code exsample

m=2;

b=5;

k=3;

A=[0 1;-k/m -b/m];

B=[0;1/m];

C=[1 0];

D=0;

state_space=ss(A,B,C,D)

press F5

a =

x1 x2

x1 0 1

x2 -1.5 -2.5

b =

x1 0

x2 0.5

c =

x1 x2

y1 1 0

d =

y1 0

>> [A,B,C,D]=ssdata(state_space)

A =

0 1.0000

-1.5000 -2.5000

B =

0.5000

C =

1 0

D =

>> step(state_space)

you get it

And find transfer function you can make it.

>> tutorial_tf=tf(state_space)

Transfer function:

0.5

-----------------

s^2 + 2.5 s + 1.5

Analog - Digital With Matlab

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Tue, 29 Mar 2011 21:15:26 PDT

For a better understanding of how to specify device settings when using both analog and digital signals, this section uses the I/O board DAS-1601 from Keithley-Metrabyte as an example. The following is a specification summary of the DAS-1601 board:

Analog input (A/D) -- 16 single-ended or 8 differential analog inputs (12-bit), polarity is switch configured as either unipolar (0 to 10 volts) or bipolar(+/- 10 volts). Gain is software configured to 1, 10, 100, and 500.
Digital input -- Four unidirectional digital inputs Analog output (D/A) -- Two
analog outputs (12-bit). Gain is switch configured as 0 to 5 volts, 0 to 10 volts, +/- 5 volts, or +/- 10 volts
Digital output -- Four unidirectional digital outputs
Base address -- Switch configured base address

This section explores different configurations for input signals. Once an Analog Input block has been placed in the model and the I/O board selected and configured, you can set up the Analog Input block to handle input signals. Single analog input -- The most basic case is for a single analog input signal that will be physically connected to the first analog input channel on the board. In the Block Parameter: Analog Input dialog box, and the Input channels box, enter 1 or [1]

The use of brackets is optional for a single input. Input vector with differential analog -- Analog channels are numbered starting with channel 1 and continue until you reach a number corresponding to the maximum number of analog signals supported by the I/O board. In the case of the DAS-1601, when configured as differential inputs, eight analog channels are supported. The analog input lines are numbered 1 through 8. The complete input vector is

[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8] or [1:8]

If you wanted to use the first four differential analog channels, enter
[1 2 3 4]
Input vector with single-ended analog -- Now, assume your DAS-1601 board is configured to be single-ended analog input. In this case, 16 analog input channels are supported. The complete input vector is
[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16] or [1:16]
To use the first four single-ended analog input channels, enter
[1 2 3 4] or [1:4]

IR232 Infrared to RS-232 Converter

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Mon, 28 Mar 2011 07:55:53 PDT

The Industrologic IR232 is an infrared to RS-232 converter that is based on the 12 bit Sony SIRCS protocol. In addition to being able to send and receive control codes to and from the infrared and RS-232 ports, it can also be configured to send specific character strings to the serial port when selected infrared codes are received. This will allow it to act as a host and controlling device to any slave device that can accept RS-232 commands.

On-board 40 KHZ infrared receiver module and 940nM high-power infrared LED Visible LED to confirm reception of infrared transmissions

EEPROM for storage of configuration information and character strings Multiple modes of operation available-

- Send programmed messages when specified infrared codes are received

- One and two byte binary transmission and reception

Serial port with true RS-232 interface and DB9F connector matching PC compatibles

Selectable baud rates up to 19200 baud

Pin-type power jack for easy connection to wall block power supply

On-board +5 volt power supply with +5 volt output available on DB9 for auxiliary devices

Includes all items needed for immediate use: Wall block power supply, RS-232 cable for connection to PC compatibles during setup, and terminal emulation software for PC compatibles.

Simple Switch On Time Delay Circuit

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Tue, 08 Mar 2011 18:02:08 PST

This Switch On Time Delay circuit has been designed to create a lamp switch operated electronically with an option of setting a delay in the time of execution of operation to reduce one or more lamps in a stairwell or any other places where this circuit may be useful. The circuit can be useful to control various lamp or appliances that can be connected in relay contacts.

The circuit that takes advantage of the emitter/base breakdown voltage of an ordinary bi-polar transistor. The reverse connected emitter/base junction of a 2N3904 transistor is used as an 8 volt zener diode which creates a higher turn-on voltage for the Darlington connected transistor pair. Most any bi-polar transistor may be used, but the zener voltage will vary from about 6 to 9 volts depending on the particular transistor used. Time delay is roughly 7 seconds using a 47K resistor and 100uF capacitor and can be reduced by reducing the R or C values. Longer delays can be obtained with a larger capacitor, the timing resistor probably shouldn't be increased past 47K. This Switch On Time Delay circuit should work with most any 12 volt DC relay that has a coil resistance of 75 ohms or more. The 10K resistor connected across the supply provides a discharge path for the capacitor when power is turned off and is not needed if the power supply already has a bleeder resistor.

ReWalk robotic exoskeleton

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Tue, 22 Feb 2011 05:10:39 PST

ike the REX robotic exoskeleton, ReWalk is a wearable, motorized robotic device that is worn outside the clothing. The motorized legs, which are held in place by leg braces and a harness worn around the waist and shoulders, are powered by a rechargeable battery providing 3.5 hours of use located in a backpack along with a computer. However, unlike the REX exoskeleton which is controlled by a joystick, the ReWalk uses motion sensors to detect the wearer’s movements and translate them into movement of the units’ motorized joints, similar to the eLEGS exoskeletondeveloped at UC Berkeley.

Unlike the robotic exoskeletons being developed mainly for military use, such as Lockheed Martin’s HULC and Raytheon’s XOS robotic exoskeletons, which are designed to amplify the wearer’s movements giving them increased strength, speed and endurance, ReWalk is controlled by detecting the subtle movements in the user’s center of gravity and upper-body movements.

For this reason the user needs crutches to assist with their balance when using ReWalk, which means it is only suitable for those with movement in their hands and shoulders. Unfortunately this means Goffer, who is a quadriplegic, isn’t able to use his creation. However, Argo Medical Technologies – the company he founded to commercialize the device – is working on a version suitable for quadriplegics.

The ReWalk weighs 15 kg (33 lbs.) and is designed to serve as a physical training device for those undergoing rehabilitation. By maintaining users upright on a daily basis it also helps alleviate many of the health-related problems associated with long-tern wheelchair use such as urinary, respiratory, cardiovascular and digestive problems.

The ReWalk has been undergoing clinical trials in Israel and the U.S. for several years and Argo Medical Technologies now plans to start selling the device to rehabilitation centers around the world from January 2011 for a cost of around US$100,000.

HyperSolar concentrator could boost solar cell output by 400 percent

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Mon, 21 Feb 2011 05:04:43 PST

Solar cells are the most expensive part of a solar panel, so it would follow that if panels could produce the same amount of electricity with less cells, then their prices would come down. In order for panels to be able to do so using existing cell technology, however, they would need to get more light to the fewer cells that they still had. Mounting the panels on the end of vertical poles to get them closer to the sun is one possible approach, that might work in the town of Bedrock or on Gilligan’s Island. A better idea, though, is to apply a clear layer of solar concentrators to the surface of a panel – and that’s just what HyperSolar intends to do.

The California company claims that it has just completed the prototype design of “the world’s first thin and flat solar concentrator for direct placement on top of existing solar cells.” Each sheet will contain a matrix of optical concentrators that are capable of collecting sunlight from a variety of angles. Beneath those concentrators will be a “photonics network,” that will channel light from all the collection points on the top to concentrated output points on the bottom. This network will also able to separate the sunlight into different spectrum ranges, so that specific ranges can be sent to specific cells designed to absorb them.

The sheets will also incorporate a photonics thermal management system, that will keep unusable parts of the solar spectrum from reaching the cells. This should keep the cells from overheating, and becoming less efficient.

While HyperSolar predicts that its product will be able to magnify the sun’s rays by 300 to 400 percent, not all cells will necessarily be able to handle that kind of intensity. For that reason, the solar concentrators will come in Low Magnification, High Magnification, and Mix-Mode Magnification models. At the 400 percent level, the company states that a concentrator-equipped panel could use 75 percent less cells than one without.

HyperSolar’s next step will be to produce an actual physical prototype, and see if it works as envisioned. We’ll keep you posted ...

From

Thought-controlled car demonstrated

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Sat, 19 Feb 2011 23:03:42 PST

Since its formation in 2006, Freie Universität Berlin’s AutoNOMOS team has been researching and developing systems that could someday result in driverless, autonomous cars. Previously, they have successfully used an iPhone, an iPad, and an eye-tracking device to maneuver their Volkswagen Passat MadeInGermany test car. Now, using a commercially-available Emotiv EPOC brain-machine gaming interface, they have demonstrated that their car can be controlled by mind power.

AutoNOMOS’ system, known as BrainDriver, acquires bioelectric signals from the driver via 16 EEG sensors on the EPOC neuroheadset. Before slipping behind the wheel, drivers first need to spend some time on the system’s software tool kit, where they learn to move a cube back and forth on a computer screen by altering their thought patterns. Once on the road, BrainDriver links these patterns with assigned actuations (such as steering and acceleration), and sends the appropriate commands to the car’s drive-by-wire system.

In the first test of the technology, the car drove itself autonomously to an intersection, at which point its human occupant used their thought patterns to tell it which way to turn. In the second test, carried out at Berlin’s former Tempelhof Airport, the occupant continuously controlled steering, acceleration and braking. There was said to be “only a slight delay” between their mental commands and the subsequent reactions of the car.

The system is currently only a demonstration project. Team members, however, believe that it could have definite applications in the future, such as for allowing passengers to assist autonomous cars when the vehicles are unsure of which road to take at an intersection.

12V to 24V DC- DC Converter

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Tue, 04 Jan 2011 04:27:02 PST

This simple circuit is a DC-DC converter that converting up 12V source to a 24V. It can be used to run radios, small lights, relays, horns and other 24V accessories from a 12V vehicle with a maximum draw of about 800mA.

The Schematic 12V to 24V DC- DC Converter

This DC-DC Converter can be used to charge one 12V battery from another, or step up the voltage just enough to provide necessary overhead for a 12V linear regulator. Using one op-amp as a square wave oscillator to ring an inductor and another op-amp in a feedback loop, it won't drift around under varying loads, providing a stable 24V source for many applications. With a wide adjustment in output this circuit has many uses.

Parts List
R1-R4,R7-R8 100K 1/4W Resistor
R5 470 Ohm 1/2W Resistor
R6 10K Linear Pot
C1 0.01uF Mylar Capacitor
C2 0.1uF Ceramic Disc Capacitor
C3 470uF 63V Electrolytic Capacitor
D1 1N4004 Rectifier Diode
D2 BY229-400 Fast Recovery Diode See Notes
Q1 BC337 NPN Power Transistor
U1 LM358 Dual Op Amp IC
L1 See Notes
MISC Board, Wire, Socket For U1, Case, Knob For R6, Heat sink for Q1

DC- DC Converter Notes
1. R6 sets the output voltage. This can be calculated by Vout = 12 x (R8/(R8+R7)) x (R6B/R6A).
2. L1 is made by winding 60 turns of 0.63MM magnet wire on a toroidal core measuring 15MM (OD) by 8MM (ID) by 6MM (H).
3. D2 can be any fast recovery diode rated at greater then 100V at 5A. It is very important that the diode be fast recovery and not a standard rectifier.
4. Q1 will need a heat sink.

Variable DC Power Supply With LM317

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Fri, 31 Dec 2010 17:42:22 PST

This DC power supply circuit is adjustable using IC Voltage Regulator LM317. LM317 is a versatile and highly efficient 1.2-37V voltage regulator that can provide up to 1.5A of current with a large heat sink. It's ideal for just about any application. This was my first workbench power supply and I still use it.

Since LM317 is protected against short-circuit, no fuse is necessary. Thanks to automatic thermal shutdown, it will turn off if heating excessively. All in all, a very powerful (and affordable!) package, indeed.

Although voltage regulator LM317 is capable of delivering up to 37V, the DC power supply output circuit here is limited to 25V for the sake of safety and simplicity. Any higher output voltage would require additional components and a larger heat sink.

Make sure that the input voltage is at least a couple of Volts higher than the desired output. It's OK to use a trim-pot if you're building a fixed-voltage supply.

Problems:
Follow all the safety precautions when working with mains voltage. Insulate all connections on the transformer.

6A, 5 Volt Power Supply

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Tue, 28 Dec 2010 14:50:50 PST

The standard variable voltage regulator type LM150 is fairly easily available, but at times its out, which is limited to about 3 amperes, may prove to e a limiting factor to its utility, nut the simple modification describe here allows the to be enhanced to about 6 amperes. The circuit has inbuilt safe area protection and thermal overload protection.The circuit has been tested for lone regulation of the order of about 0.01% volt and load regulation of about 0.1% volt.
The circuit works on principle similar to the compact 10A power supplies. The two LM150 regulators are wired in parallel mode with IC3 which controls them. The output voltage is given by the relation
Vout=1,25x(1+R5/R4) volts. The input voltage may lie anywhere in the range of 12 to 30 volts.

The IC must be adequately heat sinked in order to obtain full output current all over the operative temperature range

The circuit 6A, 5 volt Power Supply

32W HiFi Amplifier circuit based on TDA2050

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Tue, 28 Dec 2010 01:26:00 PST

This is a High Fidelify (Hi-Fi) amplifier circuit based on single IC TDA205. This is a mono channel audio amplifier. You need to build the same circuit for stereo channel.

TDA2050 Description:
The TDA 2050 is a monolithic integrated circuit in Pentawatt package, intended for use as an audio class AB audio amplifier. Thanks to its high power capability the TDA2050 is able to provide up to 35W true rms power into 4 ohm load @ THD =10%, VS = ±18V, f = 1KHz and up to 32W into 8ohm load @ THD = 10%, VS = ±22V, f = 1KHz. Moreover, the TDA 2050 delivers typically 50W music power into 4 ohm load over 1 sec at VS=22.5V, f = 1KHz.
The high power and very low harmonic and crossover distortion (THD = 0.05% typ, @ VS = ±22V, PO = 0.1 to 15W, RL=8ohm, f = 100Hz to 15KHz) make the device most suitable for both HiFi and high class TV sets.

High Current Regulated Supply

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Mon, 27 Dec 2010 14:46:53 PST

The high current regulator below uses an additional winding or a separate transformer to supply power for the LM317 regulator so that the pass transistors can operate closer to saturation and improve efficiency. For good efficiency the voltage at the collectors of the two parallel 2N3055 pass transistors should be close to the output voltage. The LM317 requires a couple extra volts on the input side, plus the emitter/base drop of the 3055s, plus whatever is lost across the (0.1 ohm) equalizing resistors (1volt at 10 amps), so a separate transformer and rectifier/filter circuit is used that is a few volts higher than the output voltage. The LM317 will provide over 1 amp of current to drive the bases of the pass transistors and assumings a gain of 10 the combination should deliver 15 amps or more. The LM317 always operates with a voltage difference of 1.2 between the output terminal and adjustment terminal and requires a minimum load of 10mA, so a 75 ohm resistor was chosen which will draw (1.2/75 = 16mA). This same current flows through the emitter resistor of the 2N3904 which produces about a 1 volt drop across the 62 ohm resistor and 1.7 volts at the base. The output voltage is set with the voltage divider (1K/560) so that 1.7 volts is applied to the 3904 base when the output is 5 volts. For 13 volt operation, the 1K resistor could be adjusted to around 3.6K. The regulator has no output short circuit protection so the output probably should be fused.

TDA7295, 80W Audio Amplifier

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Mon, 27 Dec 2010 01:24:00 PST

Below is a 80W amplifier circuit is constructed by using a power IC TDA7295. With a very simple design, makes this circuit very easy to build. TDA7295 has many features to support your audio system, the most important is that the IC has very low distortion and very low noise feature.

The TDA7295 is a monolithic integrated circuit in Multiwatt15 package, intended for use as audio class AB amplifier in Hi-Fi field applications such as home theatre and topclass TV. The wide voltage range and to the high out current capability make the TDA7295 able to supply the highest power into both 4W and 8W loads even in presence of poor supply regulation, with high Supply Voltage Rejection.
The built in muting function with turn on delay simplifies the remote operation avoiding switching on-off noises.

10W Audio Amplifier circuit based on TDA1910

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Sun, 26 Dec 2010 01:20:00 PST

Simple and cheap, that's the advantage of this circuit. Although the output power is not high but audio quality is good, because TDA1910 has a very low noise feature. This circuit suitable for use as a student project.

About TDA1910:
The TDA1910 is a monolithic integrated circuit in MULTIWATT® package, intended for use in Hi-Fi audio power applications, as high quality TV sets.
The TDA 1910 meets the DIN 45500 (d = 0.5%) guaranteed output power of 10W when used at 24V/4W. At 24V/8W the output power is 7W min.
TDA1910 Features:

muting facility
protection against chip over temperature
very low noise
high supply voltage rejection
low “switch-on” noise.

Digital Remote Thermometer Circuit With Receiver and Transmitter

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Sat, 25 Dec 2010 01:15:00 PST

Remote sensor sends data via mains supply, Temperature range: 00.0 to 99.9 °C

This circuit is intended for precision centigrade temperature measurement, with a transmitter section converting to frequency the sensor's output voltage, which is proportional to the measured temperature. The output frequency bursts are conveyed into the mains supply cables. The receiver section counts the bursts coming from mains supply and shows the counting on three 7-segment LED displays. The least significant digit displays tenths of degree and then a 00.0 to 99.9 °C range is obtained. Transmitter-receiver distance can reach hundred meters, provided both units are connected to the mains supply within the control of the same light-meter.

Transmitter circuit operation:

IC1 is a precision centigrade temperature sensor with a linear output of 10mV/°C driving IC2, a voltage-frequency converter. At its output pin (3), an input of 10mV is converted to 100Hz frequency pulses. Thus, for example, a temperature of 20°C is converted by IC1 to 200mV and then by IC2 to 2KHz. Q1 is the driver of the power output transistor Q2, coupled to the mains supply by L1 and C7, C8.

Circuit diagram:

Transmitter parts:

R1 = 100K 1/4W Resistors
R2 = 47R 1/4W Resistor
R3 = 100K 1/4W Resistors
R4 = 5K 1/2W Trimmer Cermet
R5 = 12K 1/4W Resistor
R6 = 10K 1/4W Resistor
R7 = 6K8 1/4W Resistor
R8 = 1K 1/4W Resistors
R9 = 1K 1/4W Resistors

C1 = 220nF 63V Polyester Capacitor
C2 = 10nF 63V Polyester Capacitor
C3 = 1µF 63V Polyester Capacitor
C4 = 1nF 63V Polyester Capacitors
C5 = 2n2 63V Polyester Capacitor
C6 = 1nF 63V Polyester Capacitors
C7 = 47nF 400V Polyester Capacitors
C8 = 47nF 400V Polyester Capacitors
C9 = 1000µF 25V Electrolytic Capacitor

D1 = 1N4148 75V 150mA Diode
D2 = 1N4002 100V 1A Diodes
D3 = 1N4002 100V 1A Diodes
D4 = 5mm. Red LED

IC1 = LM35 Linear temperature sensor IC
IC2 = LM331 Voltage-frequency converter IC
IC3 = 78L06 6V 100mA Voltage regulator IC

Q1 = BC238 25V 100mA NPN Transistor
Q2 = BD139 80V 1.5A NPN Transistor
T1 = 220V Primary, 12+12V Secondary 3VA Mains transformer
PL = Male Mains plug & cable
L1 = Primary (Connected to Q2 Collector): 100 turns
Secondary: 10 turns
Wire diameter: O.2mm. enameled
Plastic former with ferrite core. Outer diameter: 4mm.

Receiver circuit operation:

The frequency pulses coming from mains supply and safely insulated by C1, C2 & L1 are amplified by Q1; diodes D1 and D2 limiting peaks at its input. Pulses are filtered by C5, squared by IC1B, divided by 10 in IC2B and sent for the final count to the clock input of IC5. IC4 is the time-base generator: it provides reset pulses for IC1B and IC5 and enables latches and gate-time of IC5 at 1Hz frequency. It is driven by a 5Hz square wave obtained from 50Hz mains frequency picked-up from T1 secondary, squared by IC1C and divided by 10 in IC2A. IC5 drives the displays' cathodes via Q2, Q3 & Q4 at a multiplexing rate frequency fixed by C7. It drives also the 3 displays' paralleled anodes via the BCD-to-7 segment decoder IC6. Summing up, input pulses from mains supply at, say, 2KHz frequency, are divided by 10 and displayed as 20.0°C.

Circuit diagram:

Receiver Circuit Diagram

Receiver Parts:

R1 = 100K 1/4W Resistor
R2 = 1K 1/4W Resistor
R3 = 12K 1/4W Resistors
R4 = 12K 1/4W Resistors
R5 = 47K 1/4W Resistor
R6 = 12K 1/4W Resistors
R8 = 12K 1/4W Resistors
R9-R15=470R 1/4W Resistors
R16 = 680R 1/4W Resistor

C1 = 47nF 400V Polyester Capacitors
C2 = 47nF 400V Polyester Capacitors
C3 = 1nF 63V Polyester Capacitors
C4 = 10nF 63V Polyester Capacitor
C7 = 1nF 63V Polyester Capacitors
C5 = 220nF 63V Polyester Capacitors
C6 = 220nF 63V Polyester Capacitors
C8 = 1000µF 25V Electrolytic Capacitor
C9 = 100pF 63V Ceramic Capacitor
C10 = 220nF 63V Polyester Capacitors

D1 = 1N4148 75V 150mA Diodes
D2 = 1N4148 75V 150mA Diodes
D3 = 1N4002 100V 1A Diodes
D4 = 1N4002 100V 1A Diodes
D5 = 1N4148 75V 150mA Diodes
D6 = Common-cathode 7-segment LED mini-displays
D7 = Common-cathode 7-segment LED mini-displays
D8 = Common-cathode 7-segment LED mini-displays

IC1 = 4093 Quad 2 input Schmitt NAND Gate IC
IC2 = 4518 Dual BCD Up-Counter IC
IC3 = 78L12 12V 100mA Voltage regulator IC
IC4 = 4017 Decade Counter with 10 decoded outputs IC
IC5 = 4553 Three-digit BCD Counter IC
IC6 = 4511 BCD-to-7-Segment Latch/Decoder/Driver IC

Q1 = BC239C 25V 100mA NPN Transistor
Q2 = BC327 45V 800mA PNP Transistors
Q3 = BC327 45V 800mA PNP Transistors
Q4 = BC327 45V 800mA PNP Transistors

PL = Male Mains plug & cable
T1 = 220V Primary, 12+12V Secondary 3VA Mains transformer
L1 = Primary (Connected to C1 & C2): 10 turns
Secondary: 100 turns
Wire diameter: O.2mm. enameled
Plastic former with ferrite core. Outer diameter: 4mm.

Notes:

D6 is the Most Significant Digit and D8 is the Least Significant Digit.
R16 is connected to the Dot anode of D7 to illuminate permanently the decimal point.
Set the ferrite cores of both inductors for maximum output (best measured with an oscilloscope, but not critical).
Set trimmer R4 in the transmitter to obtain a frequency of 5KHz at pin 3 of IC2 with an input of 0.5Vcc at pin 7 (a digital frequency meter is required).
More simple setup: place a thermometer close to IC1 sensor, then set R4 to obtain the same reading of the thermometer in the receiver's display.
Keep the sensor (IC1) well away from heating sources (e.g. Mains Transformer T1).
Linearity is very good.
Warning! Both circuits are connected to 230Vac mains, then some parts in the circuit boards are subjected to lethal potential! Avoid touching the circuits when plugged and enclose them in plastic boxes.

From Extremecircuit.net

Line follower with atmega 16

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Sun, 19 Dec 2010 01:21:14 PST

Here the complete electrical circuit diagram of line follower robot which built based on ATmega16. There are three modules of line follower robot circuit that are sensor module, microcontroller module and DC motor module.

IR sensor schematic diagram:

Mainboard (microcontroller + DC motor driver schematic diagram):

Power LED Flasher

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Tue, 21 Dec 2010 01:16:00 PST

The low cost and extremely compact circuit given here is that of a highly power saving flashing LED indicator.Whereas most LEDs fail to work below 2 volt, their forward voltage alone being 1,6 volts minimum, this flasher can work off one single cell.

The LM3909 contains virtually all the essential trigger and pulsing circuitry which controls the flashing rate. The only other component used is the capacitor C1 which decides the final flashing rate, which in this case is set to about 1Hz.

The circuit has very low current has a very low current consumption, in the order of about 0.3mA, which is made possible due to intermittent current flow in the form of very short pulse through the LED. The capacitor connected across the cell ensures that the circuit continues to operate even when voltage falls below 1.2 volt (minimum limit).

The circuit, if assembled closely on a veroboard, would occupy little extra space as compared to a conventional neon or LED indicator.

The Schematic Power LED Flasher

NiCad Batteries Charger

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Sun, 19 Dec 2010 01:15:10 PST

This battery charger circuit is designed for recharging Ni Cad batteries based on an AC-powered current source method. It can crank out as much as 1 amp and can be modified to go even higher by choosing different devices for Q1. Since this circuit uses AC line voltages and currents, please exercise extreme caution during assembly, turn-on, and test.

NiCAD batteries have a capacity specification called milliamp-hours. This value called "C" is a measure of how much total current they can provide in one hour. Milliamp-hours is another way to express the energy contained in the battery. To recharge a Ni CAD battery conservatively, it is common practice to pump a current of 0.1 C into the anode or positive terminal for about 12 hours. Therefore, if you had a D-size NiCAD with a capacity of 4000mAh, you would want to charge it at 400mA for about 12 hours. Another advantage of this charging technique is that it is gentle on batteries and doesn't cause them to lose capacity as quickly as the fast charge techniques.

The output current of this battery charger circuit is controlled by the summation of the bandgap reference diode and the base-emitter junction of the PNP transistor. The PNP transistor provides negative feedback to the gate of the MOSFET. As noted in the schematic, the batteries being charged can have a total of 12V which is equivalent to about 8 NiCAD's in series. The output current is determined by the value of R1 which is determined by:

R1=3.2Volts/Iout

The power dissipation of R1 will equal:

Pr1=3.2Volts*Iout

Be sure to provide plenty of heat sink for Q1 and choose an appropriately sized resistor for R1. The following table summarizes some of the resistor current combination that are possible:
Iout Resistor Value Resistor Power

100mA 33 ohms 1 watt

500mA 6.2 ohms 2 watt

1Amp 3.3 ohms 5 watt

Perkembangan semikonduktor

noreply@blogger.com (Agus Zulhendri) — Sat, 11 Dec 2010 23:36:08 PST

Semikondutor adalah bahan yang paling banyak digunakan pada peralatan elektronika sekarang ini.Sifatnya yang khusus membuat semikonduktor sangat khas dalam tingkat atom. Semikonduktro adalah bahan yang mempunyai sifat antara konduktor dan isolasi. Pada saat tertentu semikondukto bisa menjadi isolasi maupun konduktor hal ini biasanya diakibatkan oleh pengaruh dari luar misalnya panas.

Pada abad ke 20 ini penemuan semikonduktor telah membawa manusia ke jaman paling modren yang tidak pernah terbayangkan oleh manusia dulunya. Saat ini semua alat yang dipakai oleh manusia tidak lepas dari semikonduktor. Aplikasinya banyak kita lihat pada peralatan elektronika. Dengan penemuan semikonduktor telah peralatan yang dulunya rumit (dengan cara analog) menjadi sangat sederhana. Misalnya pemakain IC,Serta mikroprosesor