MICROlose

Kinds Of Valve and functions

noreply@blogger.com (Membahas tentang teknologi) — Tue, 16 Apr 2013 06:28:00 -0700

Valve Selection

Valves isolate, switch and control fluid flow in a piping system. These valves can be operated manually with levers and gear operators or remotely with electric, pneumatic, electro-pneumatic, and electro-hydraulic powered actuators. Manually operated valves are typically used where operation is infrequent and/or a power source is not available. Powered actuators allow valves to be operated automatically by a control system and remotely with push button stations. Valve automation brings significant advantages to a plant in the areas of process quality, efficiency, safety, and productivity.

Valves must be properly selected to operate safely, efficiently, and reliably without excessive maintenance. First select the most cost effective valve type suitable for the given application. Then select the appropriate pressure/temperature rating, materials of construction, end connections, and actuation based on the service conditions and system requirements.

Isolation Valves are considered on/off because they typically operate in two positions; the fully open and fully closed position (thus on/off). Valves made specifically for on/off service are designed with tight reliable shutoff in the closed position and little restriction in the open position. Ball valves, gate valves, butterfly valves, diaphragm valves and plug valves are the most commonly used isolation valves.

Ball Valves were a welcomed relief to the process industry. They provide tight shutoff and high capacity with just a quarter-turn to operate. Ball valves are now more common in 1/4"-6" sizes. Ball valves can be easily actuated with pneumatic and electric actuators.
Butterfly Valves have come a long way from the old damper valve days. Today's butterfly valves are designed for general as well as severe service applications. Resilient liners provide tight shutoff in general service applications. Triple offset metal seated butterfly valves are designed for severe service applications. Butterfly valves are the most economical valves per comparable capacity and are easily automated with pneumatic and electric actuators.
Diaphragm Valves are by far the simplest valves. A resilient diaphragm provides tight shutoff and isolates the body from its operator. The operator consists of a plunger and handwheel assembly. Diaphragm valves are ideal for corrosive, slurry and sanitary services. They are easily and inexpensively actuated with pneumatic and electric actuators.
Float Valves automatically control liquid level and prevent overfilling tanks. The valve is operated mechanically by a float which rests on the top of the liquid. As the liquid level rises, it pushes the float up and closes the valve. As the level falls, the valve opens. The amount of liquid pressure the valve can shutoff against is determined by the length of the rod and size of the float for a given valve size.
Gate Valves have a sliding disc (gate) which reciprocates into and out of the valve port. Gate valves are an ideal isolation valve for high pressure drop and high temperature applications where operation is infrequent. Manual operation is accomplished through a multi turn handwheel gear shaft assembly. Multiturn electric actuators are typically required to automate gate valves, however long stroke pneumatic and electro-hydraulic actuators are also available.
Globe Valves have a conical plug which reciprocates into and out of the valve port. Globe valves are ideal for shutoff as well as throttling service in high pressure drop and high temperature applications. Availablle in globe, angle, and y-pattern designs. Manual operation is accomplished through a multi-turn handwheel assembly. Multiturn electric actuators are typically required to automate globe valves, however linear stroke pneumatic and electro-hydraulic actuators are also available.
Plug Valves are similar to ball valves except instead of a spherical element, a cylindrical element is used as the internal restriction. Plug valves are typically more expensive than ball valves, but they are inherently more rugged as well. The plug is guided by a sleeve which acts as the sealing member. Plug valves require more torque to operate than ball valves, but are easily automated with quarter turn actuators. Plug valves are also available in 3-way and 180º configurations.
Solenoid Valves are simple electrically operated devices. The valve plug is held in place by a spring. When electric power is applied to the solenoid (Energized), the current draw through the coil generates an electromagnetic force which opposes the spring, causing the plug to change position. When power is taken away (De-energized), the spring returns the plug to the normal position. Solenoid valves are ideal for fluid shutoff and switching in general service applications. Proportional solenoid control valves are available for modulating service.

Switching Valves converge and divert fluid flow in a piping system. 3-way valves are typically used because they can do the job of two, 2-way valves. 3-way valves are typically of ball, plug and globe design, however two butterfly valves mounted on a pipe tee and connected via a lever can be more cost effective in large pipe sizes. The port configuration is of prime importance when selecting a 3-way valve. Ports must be specified to meet piping installation and flow switching requirements. 3-way valves are quarter-turn operation and easily automated. 180º turn is also available, but requires special actuation.

Control Valves modulate the fluid flow in a piping system. All the valves listed above can be used for manual and automated flow control with certain limitations. Reciprocating and rotary globe control valves are recommended for automatic process control where precise (<2 a="" able="" accept="" acceptable="" accuracy="" actuator="" an="" and="" are="" automate="" available="" ball="" be="" butterfly="" characteristics.="" conditions="" control="" diaphragm="" enough="" excellent="" flow="" have="" high="" in="" is="" it="" must="" of="" order="" perform="" performance="" process="" required.="" signal.="" span="" surprisingly="" throttling="" to="" under="" valve="" valves="" versions="" very="" well.="" which="">

Proportional solenoid control valves are very economical solutions for general purpose applications. Variable flow is achieved by positioning the armature proportionally to a control signal. Internally, high frequency pulse-width modulation of the coil provides excellent near linear control characteristics. These miniature control valves are typically available in sizes from 1/4" up to 1".
Reciprocating globe valves are the most rugged, and usually the most expensive, particularly in the larger sizes. The torturous path through this type of valve, provides excellent energy conversion of the process fluid resulting in accurate, repeatable control. Severe service noise and cavitation control trims are available in this valve style.
Rotary Globe Valves consist of cammed plug and segmented "V" ball designs. They have similar control characteristics to reciprocating globe valves with the benefit of low friction from rotary motion. Rotary valves inherently have significantly more capacity and turndown than reciprocating globe valves. Their low cost and comparable installed accuracy performance make rotary globe valves preferred in general service applications.

Pressure/Temperature Rating: The process fluid's combined pressure and temperature must be within the manufacturers published rating for a given valve. The given rating will be unique to a given body shell, body and trim material combination, seal material, and end connections. Select a rating that insures these combinations are sufficient to handle the maximum possible process conditions.
Body Materials: Select body and trim materials based on their strength (pressure/temperature rating) and resistance to corrosion and erosion of a given process fluid. Plastic is used on very low pressure systems where corrosion is of primary concern. Brass/bronze is very economical and fairly corrosion resistant. Iron is very cost effective and can be economically coated or lined for compatibility with corrosive fluids. Select carbon steel where strength is needed. Stainless steel has very good strength and corrosion resistance. Other exotic alloys and molys can be supplied where needed.
Seal Materials: Further select elastomeric and plastic seals, liners and diaphragms based on their chemical compatibility to the process fluid. Elastomeric elements (natural and synthetic rubbers) have better sealing characteristics, however plastics (PTFE, PFA, etc.) are typically chosen for harsh chemicals. Refer to chemical resistance guides for proper selection.
End Connections: Valve body end connections are typically chosen based on initial cost, plant standard, and/or maintenance preference. Maintenance consideration is the preferred method of selection. Threaded ends (NPT/screwed) have a low initial cost, but are subject to leak paths and stripping. Use threaded ends where maintenance is not a concern. Welded ends provide for rigid, leak tight connections. They have low initial hardware cost, but high maintenance cost should they need to be cut out of the line for repair or replacement. Flanged ends have the highest initial cost, but are preferred from an installation and removal standpoint. Wafer bodies give the benefits of a flanged installation with very low initial cost. Use wafer bodies only where the pipe is rigid or fully supported. 3-Piece ball valve designs give the benefit of threaded or welded joints with integrally flanged wafer bodies.

Komponen IC ULN2003

noreply@blogger.com (Membahas tentang teknologi) — Mon, 14 Jan 2013 05:34:00 -0800

IC ULN 2003 adalah sebuah IC dengan ciri memiliki 7 bit input, tegangan maksimal 50 volt dan arus 500 ma. IC ini termasuk jenis TTL. Didalam IC ini terdapat transistor darlinton. Transistor darlington merupakan 2 buah transistor yang dirangkai dengan konfigurasi khusus untuk mendapatkan penguatan ganda sehingga dapat menghasilkan penguatan arus yang besar.

IC ULN2003

IC ULN 2003 merupakan IC yang mempunyai 16 buah pin. Output yang akan dihubungkan ke motor stepper dan ada yang berfungsi sebagai catu daya. Catu daya ini terdiri dari catu daya (+) dan ground. Besar catu daya yang dihubungkan tergantung pada tipe motor stepper. Bentuk fisik IC ULN 2003 adalah seperti Gambar.
Sedang isi dari IC ULN 2003 dan fungsi dari masing-masing pin adalah sebagai berikut :

Pin Koneksi ULN2003

Motor Servo dan Pengkabelan

noreply@blogger.com (Membahas tentang teknologi) — Mon, 24 Dec 2012 22:25:00 -0800

Motor servo banyak digunakan sebagai aktuator pada mobile robot atau lengan robot. Motor servo umunya terdiri atas servo continuous dan servo standar. Motor servo continuous dapat berputar sebesar 360°. Sedangkan motor servo tipe standar hanya mampu berputar 180°. Pada penelitian ini, digunakan motor servo tipe standar, mengingat kebutuhan plant sudah dapat dipenuhi hanya dengan motor servo tipe standar. Motor servo di sini dipergunakan untuk memutar keran air yang akan masuk ke penampungan.

Agar dapat menggerakkan keran air, motor servo harus mampu bergerak ke kanan dan ke kiri untuk membuka dan menutup keran air. Untuk menggerakkan motor servo ke kanan atau ke kiri, tergantung dari nilai delay yang kita berikan. Untuk membuat servo pada posisi center, diberikan pulsa 1.5 ms. Untuk memutar servo ke kanan, diberikan pulsa <=1.3 ms, dan pulsa >= 1.7 ms untuk berputar ke kiri dengan delay 20 ms, seperti ilustrasi berikut:

Servo Bergerak ke Kanan.

Servo Bergerak ke Kiri.

Secara umum, spesifikasi dari motor servo ini adalah :

1. Tegangan maksimum : 6 V

2. Kecepatan putar : dari 0 ke 180° dalam 1,5 detik (rata-rata)

3. Berat : 45 g

4. Torsi : 3,4 kg-cm

Susunan kabel dari motor servo apabila dihubungkan ke mikrokontroler adalah sebagai berikut :

Rangkaian kabel dari motor servo (Parallax. Inc).

Software Labview

noreply@blogger.com (Membahas tentang teknologi) — Sun, 23 Dec 2012 23:46:00 -0800

LabVIEW adalah sebuah bahasa pemrograman grafis, LabVIEW tidak menggunakan teks untuk membuat suatu aplikasi melainkan dengan ikon-ikon yang telah disediakan. Perbedaan program LabVIEW dengan pemrograman teks adalah pada pemrograman teks instruksi yang menentukan eksekusi program, sedangkan LabVIEW menggunaan pemrograman aliran data, dimana aliran dari data yang menentukan eksekusi[Fuad,2012].


Software Labview

Dengan LabVIEW, kita dapat membuat user interface dengan menggunakan tools dan objek tertentu. User interface dinamakan front panel. Kita dapat memberikan kode dengan menggunakan grafis yang mewakili fungsi untuk mengatur object pada front panel. Blok diagram berisi kode tersebut. Dengan begitu blok diagram dapat menyerupai sebuah flowchart. Pemrograman LabVIEW ini sebenarnya ditujukan untuk memudahkan pembuatan program, khususnya di bidang instrumentasi dan kendali. hal ini karena didalam LabVIEW disediakan tools-tools untuk memudahkan akses ke hardware.

LabVIEW merupakan salah satu dari sekian banyak sarana pemrograman komputer. Seperti halnya sarana pemrograman lainnya LabVIEW dikembangkan untuk perancangan dan rekayasa data sehingga dapat menampilkan dan memproses segala macam fungsi untuk melakukan pemanipulasian terhadap fungsi yang diinginkan. LabVIEW memiliki 2 ruang kerja, pada masing-masing ruang kerja memiliki antarmuka grafik tersendiri. Setiap simbol grafik ini mewakili banyak kata/perintah yang digunakan dalam bahasa teks. Dengan demikian waktu yang diperlukan dalam perancangan program yang dilakukan oleh seorang pemrogram akan menjadi lebih efisien. Salah satu keunggulan dari LabVIEW adalah aliran pemrograman yang dapat diamati proses kerjanya, sehingga jika terjadi kesalahan dalam penggolahan data dapat diketahuui dengan mengamati proses tersebut.

Secara umum program ini dirancang khusus untuk membuat gambaran/simulasi kerja suatu instrumen industri, komunikasi data, akuisisi data, sistem kendali, perancangan dan perhitungan matematika.

Co-op Students di PT PLN (Persero)

noreply@blogger.com (Membahas tentang teknologi) — Tue, 18 Dec 2012 21:51:00 -0800

Sekarang ini banyak sekali model CRS yang di lakukan oleh perusahaan salah satunya yaitu Co-op Student. CSR adalah Tanggung jawab Sosial Perusahaan atau Corporate Social Responsibility (selanjutnya dalam artikel akan disingkat CSR) adalah suatu konsep bahwa organisasi, khususnya (namun bukan hanya) perusahaan adalah memiliki suatu tanggung jawab terhadap konsumen, karyawan, pemegang saham, komunitas dan lingkungan dalam segala aspek operasional perusahaan.

Memperbaiki level transmitter baca manual book yah :)

Memperbaiki alat instrumentasi

Meeting Pagi lagi diskusi :)

Co-op students banyak di lakukan oleh perusahaan- perusahaan besar yaitu Telkom ,PLN yaitu sebagai CSR. Saya berkesempatan untuk Co-op Students Di PLTU Tarahan, Lampung. Selama co-op ini banyak ilmu yang saya dapatkan terutama dalam bidang saya yaitu Electrical Engineering. Disini daya analisa kemampuan teknik saya dapatkan dimana ilmu-ilmu tersebut tentu tidak di dapatkan selama kuliah yang lebih condong ke teoritis sedangkan di PLTU ini saya mendapatkan teoritis sekaligus aplikatif tentang peroses pembangkitan listrik.
Selain ilmu teoritis tentu juga ilmu social yaitu bagaimana cara berinteraksi sesame karyawan dan berkomunikasi dengan secara teknis dan diskusi-diskusi mengenai permasalahan yang ada. Saya merasa beruntung sekali mendapatkan kesempatan co-op ini karena tidak semua mahasiswa memperolehnya karena ada tesnya

Pelatihan dan kursus mikrokontroler

noreply@blogger.com (Membahas tentang teknologi) — Fri, 13 Jul 2012 17:27:00 -0700

Kami mengadakan pelatihan kursus mikrokontoler ATMEGA 8535,16,332
Pelatihan untuk di wilayah lampung khususnya bandar lampung
Silahkan baca browsur dibawah ini :

Ayo buruan pelatihan pertama kali di lampung dilatih sama yang telah berpengalaman

pH transmitter calibration

noreply@blogger.com (Membahas tentang teknologi) — Sat, 7 Jul 2012 03:29:00 -0700

In chemistry, pH is a measure of the activity of the (solvated) hydrogen ion. p[H], which measures the hydrogen ion concentration is closely related to, and is often written as, pH.^[1] Pure water has a pH very close to 7 at 25°C. Solutions with a pH less than 7 are said to be acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic or alkaline. The pH scale is traceable to a set of standard solutions whose pH is established by international agreement.^[2] Primary pH standard values are determined using a concentration cell with transference, by measuring the potential difference between a hydrogen electrode and a standard electrode such as the silver chloride electrode. Measurement of pH for aqueous solutions can be done with a glass electrode and a pH meter, or using indicators.

In industri have instrumentasison for calibration pH ..
Look Video How To Calibratian pH Transsmitter

Siklus air dan uap pada PLTU

noreply@blogger.com (Membahas tentang teknologi) — Sat, 30 Jun 2012 07:43:00 -0700

Gambar ini menjelaskan tentang siklus air dan uap pada pembangkit listrik tenaga uap berbasis batubara.

Dapat dilihat pada line yang berwarna merah ada siklus jalannya uap steam pada pltu dan warna hijau siklus air yang pada pltu.

Sistem kendali Manual dan Otomtasi

noreply@blogger.com (Membahas tentang teknologi) — Tue, 26 Jun 2012 08:29:00 -0700

Kemajuan dunia teknologi ditandai dengan berkembang dan meningkatnya metoda pemantauan dan pengendalian lingkungannya dengan tujuan meningkatkan kemampuan untuk beradaptasi, memperkirakan, menurunkan resiko dan menghilangkan efek buruk terhadap kehidupan dan lingkungan. Istilah instrumentasi berarti alat-alat yang digunakan untuk mengkontrol, sedangkan istilah kontrol berarti mengendalikan sesuatu sesuai dengan yang kita inginkan. Fungsi dari instrumentasi dan kontrol adalah :

1. Penilaian harga atau kualitas (Value or quality assessment) - merupakan tujuan utama pengukuran dalam peradaban manusia.

2. Keselamatan dan Proteksi (Safety and Protection) – bertujuan memantau dan mendeteksi situasi berbahaya tertentu untuk menentukan aksi adaptif, protektif danpreventif; misalnya tujuan pemantauan suhu untuk menentukan tindakan adaptif atau protektif.

3. Kendali otomatis (Automatic Control) – yaitu menggantikan manusia dengan msein/peraltan yang berfungsi sebagai pengontrol sebuah proses.

4. Pengumpulan data (Data collection) – bertujuan sebagai informasi untuk menganalisis penyebab gangguan dan pengembangan model proses yang lebih baik.

Teknologi kontrol pertama kali dikembangkan memanfaatkan manusia sebagai pengontrolnya, setelah teknologi mesin, elektronik dan komputer ditemukan mulailah tenaga manusia diganti dengan peralatan tersebut sehingga disebutlah istilah kontrol otomatis (automatic control).

Kontrol Manual/Manusia

Gambar Kontrol Level Manual (Manual Level Control).

Pada gambar di atas kita bisa lihat bagaimana manusia sebagai pengontrol pada proses pengisian air dalam tangki. Ketika level air mendekati level high-nya dengan mata manusia sebagai sensor maka dengan tangannya manusia akan membuka valve outlet sehingga level tangki tetap terjaga agar air tidak tumpah ke luar.

Kontrol Otomatis

Kontrol otomatis adalah proses kontrol menggunakan mesin/alat pengontrol, hal ini dapat ditunjukkan pada gambar di bawah ini :

Gambar Kontrol Level Otomatis cairan dalam tangki.

Sensor level berfungsi untuk mengetahui level di dalam tangki, ketika sensor mengirim sinyal bahwa level tangki high, maka kontroller memerintah actuator untuk membuka valve sehingga level air dalam tangki tidak akan tumpah ke luar. Untuk tujuan pemeliharaan, banyak alat ukur dilapangan (field instruments) juga dilengkapi dengan indikator lokal, yaitu harga yang terukur ditunjukkan di lokal dan juga dikirim sebagai sinyal ke pusat kontrol.

Gambar Instrumentasi untuk kontrol level otomatis

The mbed Microcontrollers LPC1768

noreply@blogger.com (Membahas tentang teknologi) — Fri, 2 Dec 2011 03:46:00 -0800

The mbed Microcontrollers LPC1768 from ARM..

You can see picture

LPC1768 have 40 PIN or 40 I/O
Microcontrollers excess Ethernet so its is can connect to world

The mbed microcontrollers support lots of interfaces, so you can connect them to all sorts of input and output circuits and modules.
Downloading programs is as simple as using a USB Flash Drive. Plug it in, drop on your program binary, and you're up and running!

Analog Input PLC

noreply@blogger.com (Membahas tentang teknologi) — Sun, 24 Jul 2011 02:50:00 -0700

An analog input is an input signal that has a continuous signal. Typical analog inputs may vary from 0 to 20 milliamps, 4 to 20 milliamps, or 0 to 10 volts. In the following example, a level transmitter monitors the level of liquid in a tank. Depending on the level transmitter, the signal to the PLC can either increase or decrease as the level increases or decreases.

Discrete Input PLC

noreply@blogger.com (Membahas tentang teknologi) — Sun, 24 Jul 2011 02:46:00 -0700

A discrete input, also referred to as a digital input, is an input that is either in an ON or OFF condition. Pushbuttons, toggle switches, limit switches, proximity switches, and contact closures are examples of discrete sensors which are connected to the PLCs discrete or digital inputs. In the ON condition a discrete input may be referred to as a logic 1 or a logic high. In the OFF condition a discrete input may be referred to as a logic 0 or a logic low.

Actuator With Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)

noreply@blogger.com (Membahas tentang teknologi) — Tue, 28 Jun 2011 05:38:00 -0700

The language of PLCs consists of a commonly used set of terms; many of which are unique to PLCs. In order to understand the ideas and concepts of PLCs, an understanding of these terms is necessary


Actuator With PLC

Actuators : Actuators convert an electrical signal from the PLC into a physical condition. Actuators are connected to the PLC output. A motor starter is one example of an actuator that is connected to the PLC output. Depending on the output PLC signal the motor starter will either start or stop the motor.

Sensor With Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)

noreply@blogger.com (Membahas tentang teknologi) — Mon, 27 Jun 2011 05:35:00 -0700

The language of PLCs consists of a commonly used set of terms; many of which are unique to PLCs. In order to understand the ideas and concepts of PLCs, an understanding of these terms is necessary.

Sensor With PLC

Sensor : A sensor is a device that converts a physical condition into an electrical signal for use by the PLC. Sensors are connected to the input of a PLC. A pushbutton is one example of a sensor that is connected to the PLC input. An electrical signal is sent from the pushbutton to the PLC indicating the condition (open/ closed) of the pushbutton contacts.

Basic PLC

noreply@blogger.com (Membahas tentang teknologi) — Mon, 27 Jun 2011 05:21:00 -0700

Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), also referred to as programmable controllers, are in the computer family.They are used in commercial and industrial applications. A PLC monitors inputs, makes decisions based on its program, and controls outputs to automate a process or machine.This course is meant to supply you with basic information on the functions and configurations of PLCs

Interface PLC

Basic PLC Operation PLCs consist of input modules or points, a Central Processing Unit (CPU), and output modules or points. An input accepts a variety of digital or analog signals from various field devices (sensors) and converts them into a logic signal that can be used by the CPU.The CPU makes decisions and executes control instructions based on program instructions in memory. Output modules convert control instructions from the CPU into a digital or analog signal that can be used to control various field devices (actuators). A programming device is used to input the desired instructions.These instructions determine what the PLC will do for a specific input. An operator interface device allows process information to be displayed and new control parameters to be entered

Coding Step Respon In Mathlab

noreply@blogger.com (Membahas tentang teknologi) — Fri, 29 Apr 2011 09:23:00 -0700

It is tutorial how to making listing step Respon in Software Matlab..
1. Open Mathlab

2. File .
M file
Inside code exsample

m=2;

b=5;

k=3;

A=[0 1;-k/m -b/m];

B=[0;1/m];

C=[1 0];

D=0;

state_space=ss(A,B,C,D)

press F5

a =

x1 x2

x1 0 1

x2 -1.5 -2.5

b =

x1 0

x2 0.5

c =

x1 x2

y1 1 0

d =

y1 0

>> [A,B,C,D]=ssdata(state_space)

A =

0 1.0000

-1.5000 -2.5000

B =

0.5000

C =

1 0

D =

>> step(state_space)

you get it

And find transfer function you can make it.

>> tutorial_tf=tf(state_space)

Transfer function:

0.5

-----------------

s^2 + 2.5 s + 1.5

Analog - Digital With Matlab

noreply@blogger.com (Membahas tentang teknologi) — Tue, 29 Mar 2011 07:26:00 -0700

For a better understanding of how to specify device settings when using both analog and digital signals, this section uses the I/O board DAS-1601 from Keithley-Metrabyte as an example. The following is a specification summary of the DAS-1601 board:

Analog input (A/D) -- 16 single-ended or 8 differential analog inputs (12-bit), polarity is switch configured as either unipolar (0 to 10 volts) or bipolar(+/- 10 volts). Gain is software configured to 1, 10, 100, and 500.
Digital input -- Four unidirectional digital inputs Analog output (D/A) -- Two
analog outputs (12-bit). Gain is switch configured as 0 to 5 volts, 0 to 10 volts, +/- 5 volts, or +/- 10 volts
Digital output -- Four unidirectional digital outputs
Base address -- Switch configured base address

This section explores different configurations for input signals. Once an Analog Input block has been placed in the model and the I/O board selected and configured, you can set up the Analog Input block to handle input signals. Single analog input -- The most basic case is for a single analog input signal that will be physically connected to the first analog input channel on the board. In the Block Parameter: Analog Input dialog box, and the Input channels box, enter 1 or [1]

The use of brackets is optional for a single input. Input vector with differential analog -- Analog channels are numbered starting with channel 1 and continue until you reach a number corresponding to the maximum number of analog signals supported by the I/O board. In the case of the DAS-1601, when configured as differential inputs, eight analog channels are supported. The analog input lines are numbered 1 through 8. The complete input vector is

[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8] or [1:8]

If you wanted to use the first four differential analog channels, enter
[1 2 3 4]
Input vector with single-ended analog -- Now, assume your DAS-1601 board is configured to be single-ended analog input. In this case, 16 analog input channels are supported. The complete input vector is
[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16] or [1:16]
To use the first four single-ended analog input channels, enter
[1 2 3 4] or [1:4]

IR232 Infrared to RS-232 Converter

noreply@blogger.com (Membahas tentang teknologi) — Mon, 28 Mar 2011 07:55:00 -0700

The Industrologic IR232 is an infrared to RS-232 converter that is based on the 12 bit Sony SIRCS protocol. In addition to being able to send and receive control codes to and from the infrared and RS-232 ports, it can also be configured to send specific character strings to the serial port when selected infrared codes are received. This will allow it to act as a host and controlling device to any slave device that can accept RS-232 commands.

On-board 40 KHZ infrared receiver module and 940nM high-power infrared LED Visible LED to confirm reception of infrared transmissions

EEPROM for storage of configuration information and character strings Multiple modes of operation available-

- Send programmed messages when specified infrared codes are received

- One and two byte binary transmission and reception

Serial port with true RS-232 interface and DB9F connector matching PC compatibles

Selectable baud rates up to 19200 baud

Pin-type power jack for easy connection to wall block power supply

On-board +5 volt power supply with +5 volt output available on DB9 for auxiliary devices

Includes all items needed for immediate use: Wall block power supply, RS-232 cable for connection to PC compatibles during setup, and terminal emulation software for PC compatibles.

Simple Switch On Time Delay Circuit

noreply@blogger.com (Membahas tentang teknologi) — Tue, 8 Mar 2011 18:01:00 -0800

This Switch On Time Delay circuit has been designed to create a lamp switch operated electronically with an option of setting a delay in the time of execution of operation to reduce one or more lamps in a stairwell or any other places where this circuit may be useful. The circuit can be useful to control various lamp or appliances that can be connected in relay contacts.

The circuit that takes advantage of the emitter/base breakdown voltage of an ordinary bi-polar transistor. The reverse connected emitter/base junction of a 2N3904 transistor is used as an 8 volt zener diode which creates a higher turn-on voltage for the Darlington connected transistor pair. Most any bi-polar transistor may be used, but the zener voltage will vary from about 6 to 9 volts depending on the particular transistor used. Time delay is roughly 7 seconds using a 47K resistor and 100uF capacitor and can be reduced by reducing the R or C values. Longer delays can be obtained with a larger capacitor, the timing resistor probably shouldn't be increased past 47K. This Switch On Time Delay circuit should work with most any 12 volt DC relay that has a coil resistance of 75 ohms or more. The 10K resistor connected across the supply provides a discharge path for the capacitor when power is turned off and is not needed if the power supply already has a bleeder resistor.

ReWalk robotic exoskeleton

noreply@blogger.com (Membahas tentang teknologi) — Tue, 22 Feb 2011 05:10:00 -0800

ike the REX robotic exoskeleton, ReWalk is a wearable, motorized robotic device that is worn outside the clothing. The motorized legs, which are held in place by leg braces and a harness worn around the waist and shoulders, are powered by a rechargeable battery providing 3.5 hours of use located in a backpack along with a computer. However, unlike the REX exoskeleton which is controlled by a joystick, the ReWalk uses motion sensors to detect the wearer’s movements and translate them into movement of the units’ motorized joints, similar to the eLEGS exoskeletondeveloped at UC Berkeley.

Unlike the robotic exoskeletons being developed mainly for military use, such as Lockheed Martin’s HULC and Raytheon’s XOS robotic exoskeletons, which are designed to amplify the wearer’s movements giving them increased strength, speed and endurance, ReWalk is controlled by detecting the subtle movements in the user’s center of gravity and upper-body movements.

For this reason the user needs crutches to assist with their balance when using ReWalk, which means it is only suitable for those with movement in their hands and shoulders. Unfortunately this means Goffer, who is a quadriplegic, isn’t able to use his creation. However, Argo Medical Technologies – the company he founded to commercialize the device – is working on a version suitable for quadriplegics.

The ReWalk weighs 15 kg (33 lbs.) and is designed to serve as a physical training device for those undergoing rehabilitation. By maintaining users upright on a daily basis it also helps alleviate many of the health-related problems associated with long-tern wheelchair use such as urinary, respiratory, cardiovascular and digestive problems.

The ReWalk has been undergoing clinical trials in Israel and the U.S. for several years and Argo Medical Technologies now plans to start selling the device to rehabilitation centers around the world from January 2011 for a cost of around US$100,000.

HyperSolar concentrator could boost solar cell output by 400 percent

noreply@blogger.com (Membahas tentang teknologi) — Mon, 21 Feb 2011 05:04:00 -0800

Solar cells are the most expensive part of a solar panel, so it would follow that if panels could produce the same amount of electricity with less cells, then their prices would come down. In order for panels to be able to do so using existing cell technology, however, they would need to get more light to the fewer cells that they still had. Mounting the panels on the end of vertical poles to get them closer to the sun is one possible approach, that might work in the town of Bedrock or on Gilligan’s Island. A better idea, though, is to apply a clear layer of solar concentrators to the surface of a panel – and that’s just what HyperSolar intends to do.

The California company claims that it has just completed the prototype design of “the world’s first thin and flat solar concentrator for direct placement on top of existing solar cells.” Each sheet will contain a matrix of optical concentrators that are capable of collecting sunlight from a variety of angles. Beneath those concentrators will be a “photonics network,” that will channel light from all the collection points on the top to concentrated output points on the bottom. This network will also able to separate the sunlight into different spectrum ranges, so that specific ranges can be sent to specific cells designed to absorb them.

The sheets will also incorporate a photonics thermal management system, that will keep unusable parts of the solar spectrum from reaching the cells. This should keep the cells from overheating, and becoming less efficient.

While HyperSolar predicts that its product will be able to magnify the sun’s rays by 300 to 400 percent, not all cells will necessarily be able to handle that kind of intensity. For that reason, the solar concentrators will come in Low Magnification, High Magnification, and Mix-Mode Magnification models. At the 400 percent level, the company states that a concentrator-equipped panel could use 75 percent less cells than one without.

HyperSolar’s next step will be to produce an actual physical prototype, and see if it works as envisioned. We’ll keep you posted ...

From

Thought-controlled car demonstrated

noreply@blogger.com (Membahas tentang teknologi) — Sat, 19 Feb 2011 23:03:00 -0800

Since its formation in 2006, Freie Universität Berlin’s AutoNOMOS team has been researching and developing systems that could someday result in driverless, autonomous cars. Previously, they have successfully used an iPhone, an iPad, and an eye-tracking device to maneuver their Volkswagen Passat MadeInGermany test car. Now, using a commercially-available Emotiv EPOC brain-machine gaming interface, they have demonstrated that their car can be controlled by mind power.

AutoNOMOS’ system, known as BrainDriver, acquires bioelectric signals from the driver via 16 EEG sensors on the EPOC neuroheadset. Before slipping behind the wheel, drivers first need to spend some time on the system’s software tool kit, where they learn to move a cube back and forth on a computer screen by altering their thought patterns. Once on the road, BrainDriver links these patterns with assigned actuations (such as steering and acceleration), and sends the appropriate commands to the car’s drive-by-wire system.

In the first test of the technology, the car drove itself autonomously to an intersection, at which point its human occupant used their thought patterns to tell it which way to turn. In the second test, carried out at Berlin’s former Tempelhof Airport, the occupant continuously controlled steering, acceleration and braking. There was said to be “only a slight delay” between their mental commands and the subsequent reactions of the car.

The system is currently only a demonstration project. Team members, however, believe that it could have definite applications in the future, such as for allowing passengers to assist autonomous cars when the vehicles are unsure of which road to take at an intersection.

12V to 24V DC- DC Converter

noreply@blogger.com (Membahas tentang teknologi) — Tue, 4 Jan 2011 04:27:00 -0800

This simple circuit is a DC-DC converter that converting up 12V source to a 24V. It can be used to run radios, small lights, relays, horns and other 24V accessories from a 12V vehicle with a maximum draw of about 800mA.

The Schematic 12V to 24V DC- DC Converter

This DC-DC Converter can be used to charge one 12V battery from another, or step up the voltage just enough to provide necessary overhead for a 12V linear regulator. Using one op-amp as a square wave oscillator to ring an inductor and another op-amp in a feedback loop, it won't drift around under varying loads, providing a stable 24V source for many applications. With a wide adjustment in output this circuit has many uses.

Parts List
R1-R4,R7-R8 100K 1/4W Resistor
R5 470 Ohm 1/2W Resistor
R6 10K Linear Pot
C1 0.01uF Mylar Capacitor
C2 0.1uF Ceramic Disc Capacitor
C3 470uF 63V Electrolytic Capacitor
D1 1N4004 Rectifier Diode
D2 BY229-400 Fast Recovery Diode See Notes
Q1 BC337 NPN Power Transistor
U1 LM358 Dual Op Amp IC
L1 See Notes
MISC Board, Wire, Socket For U1, Case, Knob For R6, Heat sink for Q1

DC- DC Converter Notes
1. R6 sets the output voltage. This can be calculated by Vout = 12 x (R8/(R8+R7)) x (R6B/R6A).
2. L1 is made by winding 60 turns of 0.63MM magnet wire on a toroidal core measuring 15MM (OD) by 8MM (ID) by 6MM (H).
3. D2 can be any fast recovery diode rated at greater then 100V at 5A. It is very important that the diode be fast recovery and not a standard rectifier.
4. Q1 will need a heat sink.

Variable DC Power Supply With LM317

noreply@blogger.com (Membahas tentang teknologi) — Fri, 31 Dec 2010 17:42:00 -0800

This DC power supply circuit is adjustable using IC Voltage Regulator LM317. LM317 is a versatile and highly efficient 1.2-37V voltage regulator that can provide up to 1.5A of current with a large heat sink. It's ideal for just about any application. This was my first workbench power supply and I still use it.

Since LM317 is protected against short-circuit, no fuse is necessary. Thanks to automatic thermal shutdown, it will turn off if heating excessively. All in all, a very powerful (and affordable!) package, indeed.

Although voltage regulator LM317 is capable of delivering up to 37V, the DC power supply output circuit here is limited to 25V for the sake of safety and simplicity. Any higher output voltage would require additional components and a larger heat sink.

Make sure that the input voltage is at least a couple of Volts higher than the desired output. It's OK to use a trim-pot if you're building a fixed-voltage supply.

Problems:
Follow all the safety precautions when working with mains voltage. Insulate all connections on the transformer.

6A, 5 Volt Power Supply

noreply@blogger.com (Membahas tentang teknologi) — Tue, 28 Dec 2010 14:50:00 -0800

The standard variable voltage regulator type LM150 is fairly easily available, but at times its out, which is limited to about 3 amperes, may prove to e a limiting factor to its utility, nut the simple modification describe here allows the to be enhanced to about 6 amperes. The circuit has inbuilt safe area protection and thermal overload protection.The circuit has been tested for lone regulation of the order of about 0.01% volt and load regulation of about 0.1% volt.
The circuit works on principle similar to the compact 10A power supplies. The two LM150 regulators are wired in parallel mode with IC3 which controls them. The output voltage is given by the relation
Vout=1,25x(1+R5/R4) volts. The input voltage may lie anywhere in the range of 12 to 30 volts.

The IC must be adequately heat sinked in order to obtain full output current all over the operative temperature range

The circuit 6A, 5 volt Power Supply