MIXTURE OF BLOG

GARUT REGENCY

2011-07-28T17:00:00.000-07:00

Garut is a Regency in the West Java province of Indonesia. Garut Regency Its area is 3,065.19 km² (1,183.48 mi²). Geographically, it lies between 6°57′34″ – 7°44′57″ South latitude and 107°24′34″ – 108°7′34″ East longitude.

Geography

In general, Garut has a cool but tropical climate, with an average temperature of 24°C (76°F). Average annual rainfall is 2,590 mm (102 inches). This area includes valley territory surrounded by volcanoes (Mount Karacak: 1,838 m, Mount Cikuray: 2,821 m, Mount Guntur: 2,249 m, Mount Papandayan: 2,622 m) on the northern side, with average heights of 700–750 m above sea level. Streams of solidified lava are present on their slopes.

History

On March 2, 1811, the Balubur Limbangan Regency was defeated by Governor General Herman W. Daendels (of the Dutch Colonial Army), and Regent Tumenggung Wangsakusumah II resigned. Balubur Limbangan Regency comprised 6 sub-districts: Balubur, Malangbong, Wanaraja, Wanakerta, Cibeureum and Papandak.
On February 16, 1813, a new Limbangan Regency was founded by Lt. Governor Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles which became Garut Regency. RAA. Adiwijaya was the first Regent of Garut Regency. He governed from 1813 until 1821. He was well-known for his call of Dalem Cipeujeuh.
Garut regency consists of 42 sub-districts and 419 rural districts with 2,173,623 people. Garut constitutes the buffer land and hinterland for the development of Bandung Raja's territory. It has a strategic position and acts as the supplier for the needs of Bandung municipality and regency's populations.
The Garut Regency has two distinct topographical areas:

Northern Garut consists of highlands which constitute the largest rice fields in Garut
Southern Garut mostly consists of sloping land and twelve rivers which flow south, emptying into the Indian Ocean

Tourist resorts are present in Garut Regency, with coastal views, and others with craters, waterfalls, lakes and a hot springs.

Local produce

Land fertility varies greatly because of influence by mountains, rivers and coastal lowlands. As a result, agricultural businesses are primarily plantation-based, as well as subsistence farming and animal husbandry, followed by forest resources.
Some known products from Garut are:

Garut Orange fruits (Jeruk Garut)

¤ Mangdogars Handycraft "Mang Dogar" as Garut Icon likes ornamen, dolls, souvenir, clothes

Garut Lamb (Domba Garut)
Dodol Garut (a snack)
Vetiver Root Oil (Andropogon zizanioides)
Batik Tulis Garutan (hand painted clothes)
Silk clothes
Gemstones
Leather crafts
Bamboo crafts

MOUNT TANGKUBAN PERAHU

2011-07-28T16:01:00.000-07:00

Tangkuban Perahu (spelt Tangkuban Parahu in the local Sundanese dialect) is a dormant volcano 30 km north of the city of Bandung, the provincial capital of West Java, Indonesia. It last erupted in 1959. It is a popular tourist attraction where tourists can hike or ride to the edge of the crater to view the hot water springs and boiling mud up close, and buy eggs cooked on the hot surface.^[2] This stratovolcano is on the island of Java and last erupted in 1983. Together with Mount Burangrang and Bukit Tunggul, those are remnants of the ancient Mount Sunda after the plinian eruption caused the Caldera to collapse.
In April 2005 the Directorate of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation raised an alert, forbidding visitors from going up the volcano. "Sensors on the slopes of the two mountains - Anak Krakatoa on the southern tip of Sumatra Island and Tangkuban Perahu in Java - picked up an increase in volcanic activity and a build up of gases, said government volcanologist Syamsul Rizal."^[3]

Eruptive History

A study conducted in 2001 determined that Tangkuban Perahu has erupted at least 30 times in the previous 40,750 years. Studies of the tephra layers within 3 km of the crater revealed that twenty one were minor eruptions and the remaining nine were major eruptions. The eruptions that occurred prior to approximately 10,000 years ago were magmatic/phreatomagmatic. The eruptions that occurred after 10,000 years ago were phreatic."^[4]

[edit] Local legend of the mountain

Main article: sangkuriang

The biggest crater, Kawah Ratu or Queen of the Craters of Mount Tangkuban Perahu, Bandung, West Java.

The name translates roughly to "upturning of (a) boat" or "upturned boat" in Sundanese, referring to the local legend of its creation. The story tells of "Dayang Sumbi", a beauty who lived in West Java. She cast away her son "Sangkuriang" for disobedience, and in her sadness was granted the power of eternal youth by the gods. After many years in exile, Sangkuriang decided to return to his home, long after the two had forgotten and failed to recognize each other. Sangkuriang fell in love with Dayang Sumbi and planned to marry her, only for Dayang Sumbi to recognize his birthmark just as he was about to go hunting. In order to prevent the marriage from taking place, Dayang Sumbi asked Sangkuriang to build a dam on the river Citarum and to build a large boat to cross the river, both before the sunrise. Sangkuriang meditated and summoned mythical ogre-like creatures -buta hejo or green giant(s)- to do his bidding. Dayang Sumbi saw that the tasks were almost completed and called on her workers to spread red silk cloths east of the city, to give the impression of impending sunrise. Sangkuriang was fooled, and upon believing that he had failed, kicked the dam and the unfinished boat, resulting in severe flooding and the creation of Tangkuban Perahu from the hull of the boat.

WALI SANGA INDONESIA

2011-07-28T15:39:00.000-07:00

The Wali Sanga (also transcribed as Wali Songo) are revered saints of Islam in Indonesia, especially on the island of Java, because of their historic role in the Spread of Islam in Indonesia. The word wali is Arabic for "trusted one" ("guardian" in other contexts in Indonesia) or "friend of God" ("saint" in this context), while the word songo is Javanese for the number nine. Thus, the term is often translated as "9 saints".
Each man is often attributed the title sunan in Javanese, which may derive from suhun, in this context meaning "honoured".^[1]
Most of the wali were also called raden during their lifetimes, because they were members of royal houses. (See "Style and Title" section of Yogyakarta Sultanate for an explanation of Javanese nobility terms.)
The graves of Wali Sanga are venerated as locations of ziarah (ziyarat) or local pilgrimage in Java.^[2] The graves are also known as pundhen in Javanese.

Origins

Some Muslim mystics came to Java from Gujarat, India via Samudera Pasai (part of what is now Aceh). The earliest wali songo was Maulana Malik Ibrahim (originally from Samarkand) who arrived on Java in 1419 CE.
Tracing the lineage back further than Maulana Malik Ibrahim is problematic. Although silsila are listed in various Javanese royal chronicles (such as Sejarah Banten) to denote ancestral lineage, the term in Sufism refers to a lineage of teachers. Some of these spiritual lineages are cited by van Bruinessen in his study of the Banten Sultanate, particularly in regard to Sunan Gunung Jati who was an initiate of various Sufi orders.^[3]
Although popular belief sometimes refers to the wali songo as "founders" of Islam on Java, the religion was present by the time the Chinese Muslim admiral Zheng He arrived during his first voyage (1405-1407 CE).
Most of the wali songo had some Chinese ancestry; for example, Sunan Ampel (Chinese name Bong Swi Ho), Sunan Bonang (Ampel's son, Bong Ang), and Sunan Kalijaga (Gan Si Cang).^[4]

Synopsis

The composition of the nine saints varies, depending on different sources. The following list is widely accepted, but its authenticity relies much on repeated citations of a handful of early sources, reinforced as "facts" in school textbooks and other modern accounts. This list differs somewhat from the names suggested in the Babad Tanah Jawi manuscripts.

One theory about the variation of composition is: "The most probable explanation is that there was a loose council of nine religious leaders, and that as older members retired or passed away, new members were brought into this council."^[5] However, it should be borne in mind that the term "wali songo" was created retroactively by historians, and so there was no official "group of nine" that had membership. Further, the differences in chronology of the wali suggest that there might never have been a time when nine of them were alive contemporaneously.
Some of the family relationships described below are well-documented; others are less certain. Even today, it is common in Java for a family friend to be called "uncle" or "brother" despite the lack of blood relationship.

Maulana Malik Ibrahim also known as Sunan Gresik: Arrived on Java 1404 CE, died in 1419 CE, buried in Gresik, East Java. Activities included commerce, healing, and improvement of agricultural techniques. Father of Sunan Ampel and uncle of Sunan Giri.

Sunan Ampel: Born in Champa in 1401 CE, died in 1481 CE in Demak, Central Java. Can be considered a focal point of the wali songo: he was the son of Sunan Gresik and the father of Sunan Bonang and Sunan Dradjat. Sunan Ampel was also the cousin and father-in-law of Sunan Giri. In addition, Sunan Ampel was the grandfather of Sunan Kudus. Sunan Bonang in turn taught Sunan Kalijaga, who was the father of Sunan Muria. Sunan Ampel was also the teacher of Raden Patah.

Sunan Giri: Born in Blambangan (now Banyuwangi, the easternmost part of Java) in 1442 CE. His father Maulana Ishak was the brother of Maulana Malik Ibrahim. Sunan Giri's grave is in Gresik near Surabaya.

Sunan Bonang: Born in 1465 CE in Rembang (near Tuban) on the north coast of Central Java. Died in 1525 CE. Brother of Sunan Drajat. Composed songs for gamelan orchestra.

Sunan Drajat: Born in 1470 CE. Brother of Sunan Bonang. Composed songs for gamelan orchestra.

Sunan Kudus: Died 1550 CE, buried in Kudus. Possible originator of wayang golek puppetry.

Sunan Kalijaga: Buried in Kadilangu. Used wayang kulit shadow puppets and gamelan music to convey spiritual teachings.

Sunan Muria: Buried in Gunung Muria, Kudus. Son of Sunan Kalijaga and Dewi Soejinah (sister of Sunan Giri), thus grandson of Maulana Ishak.

Sunan Gunung Jati: Buried in Cirebon. Founder and first ruler of the Banten Sultanate.

GENERAL SUDIRMAN

2011-07-28T15:11:00.000-07:00

General Sudirman (January 24, 1916 - January 29, 1950; also spelled Soedirman) was the first military commander of Indonesian forces during the country's fight for independence from the Dutch in the 1940s.

Life

Sudirman was born in Bodas Karangjati village, Rembang, Purbalingga, Central Java, 24 January 1916. He studied at the Dutch Native School in Purwokerto, and then at a Muhammadiyah teacher training college in Surakarta. He worked as a teacher at the Muhammadiyah school in Cilacap.
During the Japanese occupation of Indonesia during World War II, Sudirman trained to become a battalion commander in Peta, the "homeland defense" army promoted by the Japanese.^[1] When Japan surrendered and Sukarno proclaimed Indonesian independence, he organized his Peta battalion into a Banyumas-based regiment of the Republican army to resist Dutch reoccupation of its former colony. The first major battle that he led was the Battle of Ambarawa against the British and the Dutch (November–December 1945).^[2] On 12 December he led a "coordinated attack" against British positions in Ambarawa, driving the British all the way to Semarang. The battle ended on 16 December.^[3]
On 12 November 1945 he was elected Commander-in-chief of the Army, a position he held until his death. During much of the next five years he was sick with tuberculosis, but led several guerrilla actions against the Dutch. He led the resistance to the Dutch attack on Yogyakarta, then the Republic of Indonesia's headquarters, in December 1948. Theodore Friend (2003) describes him as having "...a strangely blended samurai discipline, Marxist disposition, and raw courage."^[1]
Sudirman died in Magelang, 29 January 1950, at the age of 35 due to tuberculosis. He was buried in Heroes' Cemetery in Semaki, Yogyakarta. He received the title of National Hero of Indonesia as an Independence Defender Hero. Sudirman was the first and the youngest

THE NIGHT

2011-07-28T14:44:00.000-07:00

THE NIGHT
Serene….silent…
only the wind caress the lush ballad,
occasionally wiggling, as the breezy soft swung.
In sepimu…
silencing the greedy souls
anesthetize a selfish heart
dampen the anger of turbulent
wrap up hope that imprinted
cried the guard,Fat asleep race..
paved the dreamer dreams.
In silent…
sometimes be an intermediary longing for the watchman..
divine inspiration for the thinker and not a little ..,
the folder hiding in the gap.
Serene…silent…
bury millions tired
The moon is still biting..
during the late evening silence enfold..

Promise Bracelet

2011-07-28T14:28:00.000-07:00

I know love to torture myself
I miss you aware of the liver slice
I also understand forget hurt soul
but I'm sure there are love that grows on the barren desert hearts, although sometimes deny each other
I will never again question your love
Let memories anchored [in] ocean dumb
let the hearts door shut with quiet rolling time
have to can give up your decision
So you were happy
fluctuation of the heart is no longer explode you
yearning peaked much bruised
I could no longer sing in peninsula
because of your promise ring chains still breath
Blessed love…
before I'm happy
the base of my life goals
fulfill your dream of love…
before I start again set up dream…

WHEN POPCORN MISSING MOUNTH

2011-07-28T14:10:00.000-07:00

Maturing face of strong capital

Road mighty gathering of view

Robust thoroughly from hair to toe

is true plasticity does not toe

But the point is neatly

That capital to hunt liver

Eh not just any heart heart

But the fairy-owned

If you want to staysearching

Go to the warehouse where the car park

Big bike is so imperative

Greng loudly

Which girl would hold direct affection

Leather jacket spice perfume

Let hot daytime road

Do not sweat it challenging one

When the girls came later

Not presumptuous surely inflame

Narrow world with this rate

The other side of the fairy world awaits

Whoa pretty sure sexy

A status which [is] cutting.

That is the most important

Not to be beautiful like Mount Krakatoa

If it's broken craters

The future is so difficult

Whose fall fruit

Lazy've wondered

But now let me now

Let me enjoy the road ahead

The angel is a self-owned

The foregoing high quality

Correct the wise man had enough time

Where resistance when he was ignored again

Value of high perceived freedom

Add mateng fruit into

Comparison of time mah problems later

Hugs have them on horsepower

With a loud voice

Challenging the dark night of stars

Drove to a victory

Really young people today

Who knows what is behind the screen

SON MOUNTAIN

2011-07-28T14:00:00.000-07:00

A pair of eyes we watch the birds from the mountains
Vanishing moment attached to the skin of a glum-bark
:the sky changes color.
colour fire and smokes dream

A pair of stone from a necklace made our eyes water
while nodes hit by tear guards who died fighting forest
:turned cold ground
Cold fog and battered mat-mat

Tonight we speak
Tired to be a circular burn coal
Tonight we are full of thirst
Points lying on the water tasted heaven berjelaga

Let us spend the night
Together thick and silent stars
Let us also chatting with the natural
Along with songs and trees are asleep lethargic

(feel the wind lick our ears ear)

While we are sad
Remembering a friend killed by bird eyes

(the sky was no longer sad but instead we spit)

Quiet sounds instantly
Running foot steps
Wet bodies crammed in our tent

(Bless The night did not we remember friends who had died. The sky was still spitting, the fire still burns, the trees are still asleep and the bird is still awake eyes)

LOVE FOREST

2011-07-28T13:34:00.000-07:00

forest..
you produce fresh water
Water fresh as,seemed to remove my flash set up fatigue
forest…
you are the source of life
you turn on a variety of animals in this world
forest..
World Is you published published
without you..
maybe this world would feel so hot,because you can not remedy, its re-
without you..
animal probably rare in this world we will never see again,because you're not there to turn them
forest..
so much you benefit
I promise to protect your
I would never hurt you
because of you .. we can survive..
so .. my friend is protect our forests!!!!

LETTER FOR LOVER

2011-07-28T13:18:00.000-07:00

lover smile fill my ears
smile reflected in eye
vibrating hearts crave
The first target
sharing bitch duk and
we share a long life
love does not fade too
united passing storm
but insufficient for me
when you offer a bond
graven face smile
and my heart went away
I love you, love
but did not want me to tie anchor
may you soul partner
sorry for the grain flowing water
do not waste the iron circle
knows when I'll probably change my mind
if you want to go…go
my love will not change and reduced

IM SORRY

2011-07-28T12:58:00.000-07:00

Alas….

Sorry if I said strand buraikan our dreams

I want to be honest about it

One that comes when you're there

When my two-faced and share the love

I realized

Alas….

This is not my fault and fault

Kuhanya extend life laid didahiku

Life and he drove me to you

It's simple

He gave no wind flapping sayapku tuk tuk ask limb replies

He gave ear when I want to share about everything you go through this day

He give me a talk that could calm ocean storm

He gave me a smile protection with just a pinch

All there when you wallow in your day that slowly sink hadirku

And, Wherever I betray you

First love full Kubagi mulikmu

Now be honest with you kuingin

He has taken place and mensemayamkan your Heart

Sorry….

Sunda Kingdom

2011-07-26T06:55:00.000-07:00

Sunda Kingdom

The Sunda Kingdom was a Hindu kingdom located on the western part of Java from 669 to around 1579, covering areas of present-day Banten, Jakarta, West Java, and the western part of Central Java. According to primary historical records, the Bujangga Manik manuscript the eastern border of the Sunda Kingdom is Pamali River (Ci Pamali, present day Brebes River) and Serayu River (Ci Sarayu) in Central Java. Most of the accounts of Sunda Kingdom came from the primary historical records dated from the 16th century.

Separation of Galuh and Sunda Kingdom

According to the Wangsakerta manuscript, the establishment of the Sunda Kingdom was used as an excuse by Wretikandayun, the lord of Galuh, another former vasal kingdom of Tarumanagara to break eastern Taruma apart from Tarusbawa's Sunda. Since the crown prince of Galuh is the son in-law of Queen Sima of Kalingga, a Hindu kingdom in central Java, Wretikandayun with the support from Kalingga demands that the remnant of what was known as Tarumanagara's territory should be divided into two kingdoms. Finding himself in an unfortunate position and unwilling to risk a civil war, King Tarusbawa granted Wretikandayun's demand. In 670 AD Tarumanagara was divided into two kingdoms: the Sunda Kingdom in the west, and the Galuh Kingdom the east, separated by the Tarum (Citarum) River.

Deity Worship of Siliwangi

2011-07-26T06:38:00.000-07:00

King deity Worship of Siliwangi when religion institution of its kingship
The principal religion of ancient Sundanese is portrayed by three old Sundanese manuscripts like Cariosan Prabu Siliwangi, Bujangga Manik and Carita Ratu Pakuan or Babad Pakuan. Some sentences in the manuscript, indeed, revealed influences of Hindu-Buddhism to the Dewaraja Cult (Danasasmita 1977; 1982; J.Noorduyn 1962; 1982).
The Dewaraja Cult presupposes that king must be representative of God and observer also protector of dharma (i.e. the highest rule on earth). If the king did not succeed to organize the earth rules (dharma), so then he would not succeed as a king neither not either as God representative on the earth (Ekadjati 1981).
Based on the Rajadewa cult, long before ascending to a throne, a king has to show that he is superior among the populace. He should first practice all of the dharma's essence and be respected by his citizenry. Moreover, a king has to prove that he is not only God representative on earth but also a God by himself who comes to earth. It is that such kind of legitimization.
So, the question is what must a king do to be God like? It is comparable to Tantrayana concept in Hindu – Buddhism. It is in that way that somebody to become God like during their life. But its process is the very chancy and also dangerous, thus there are not so many persons who are able to do (Magetsari 1981; 1982a;1982b).
Referring to the Tantrayana, a king who will be a candidate of God like is called sisya and should pass through so many stages (phases). He must find the true / real teacher ([[ghuru[[) who will estimate that his disciple is appraising the capability, able or not be able following the teaching step by step while the sisya reached the level. The sisya is not only "the thought" but is also "the gesture" (mudra) and "the attitude and behaviour" (Sedyawati Hadimulyo 1977; Balkrishna Govind 1977).
As a matter of fact, a king, as a sisya, has to be declared to have "eight Godlike features" as follow:

Suryya (feature which evokes nobleness which were propels authority)
Yama (feature which evokes justice to citizenry)
Kuwera (feature which protect law or dharma)
Wayu / Bayu (feature which represents the nature of magnanimity)
Waruna / Baruna (feature which represents capacity in economical field)
Indra (feature which represents capacity of dominating seasons)
Candra (feature which represents tenacity and calm in action)
Agni (feature which represents fire on a ceremonial offerings and blare between of human being and God)

Dewaraja Cult is a guidance for a king to reach a state of God in his lifetime. Dewaraja cult had been applied by ancient Sundanese in classical period since the 5th century, in the period of Tarumanagara (which is testified by two stone inscriptions, Tugu inscription and Ciaruteun inscription) which is known as the cult of Vishnu image (Poerbatjaraka 1921). This cult is a replacement of the Indra cult which dominated in the Galuh and Sunda period, getting along side by side and become dewaraja cult altogether.
The Dewaraja cult means that the religion institution of a kingship is the most important. Dewaraja as an ideals of a kingship can be glimpsed also on the Ramayana script, an adaptation of several redaction of Sanskrit Ramayana stories (Hooykaas 1985), which dates to the second half of the 9th century (Poerbatjaraka 1926; de Casparis 1956). In the Ramayana, a kingdom is compared with the mount Meru and Indra's heaven, the king is thought to be Indra or the God on earth, and eight places in heaven (Lokapalas) were named as the above mentioned eight principles. Consequently a king must act in accordance to the trust of these eight deities.
The concept of Dewaraja is similar to the Tantric of Mahayana Buddhism telling that the king candidate has to reach a situation of liberation towards the wairoccana as the highest religion rules (Tathagata). Its main objective is that a king must govern as a king and, with the help of his people, be able to reach the state of a Buddha.
It is clear that why King Siliwangi is symbolized as God (or “Hiyang” in ancient Sundanese religious concept). According to Hindu, Rajasuya ceremonial event was an attempt of government, or ruler, to expand its territory to extend dharma. While under the reign of Siliwangi, the concept was extended to save people from suffering Samsara or Sangaskara (Sundanese and Balinese spelling). In Sundanese concept, Rajasuya is interpreted as to who instruct, how to act hereafter, how to placate numerous monsters in the svarga (here is definitely not to be translated as "heaven" but as "hereafter") and how to overcome the dangerous obstructions.
Therefore, it is clear that being a king also has to be God of earth during the reign as the concept is saving people from suffering. Based on this concept, Siliwangi and ancient Sundanese people and also most of the kings in the classical period had to have tolerance in practicing their religions. That is why ancient Sundanese succeeded living harmonious co-existence between Hindu-Buddhism and Sunda Wiwitan, their local religion.

HIGHNESS OF SILIWANGI.

2011-07-26T06:15:00.000-07:00

HIGHNESS OF SILIWANGI
The name Siliwangi is alive both in the folklore of the Sundanese and in the classical literary texts of Javanese (East Javanese). The people in West Java and East Java make no difference between fact and fiction, it is due to the text, the folklore and the history having been specific needly of each other (Danandjaja 1984; Koentjaraningrat 1984).
The old historical notes from East Java tells that Siliwangi has been expressed as a character along the tales and play of Kenthrung or Dhalang Kenthrung accompanied by terbang. Siliwangi in that epic story play is presented as Jaka Wanara (Siyung Wanara) and Surya Kembar in the occasion of the family rites or ceremonial events (Hutomo 1975; 1979; 1981; Rosidi 1960;1961)
The Surya Kember Epic stages Siliwangi, the king from Pajajaran, with two wives. His first wife has delivered twin babies but his second one stolen the babies and replaced them with dogs. It is the helping of Batara Guru who save the babies and rising them alone in Candradimuka crater. They were grown up and named as Kembar and Arya Kembar. They then went to Pajajaran palace. Their stepmother (the second wife of their father) was killed and then they live happily ever after (Olthof 1941; Jayasubrata 1917).
Another historical notes about Siliwangi appears in Carita Ludruk or Ludruk play. It is Siliwangi from Pajajaran who begin the story telling the chronicle Ratu Sagara Kidul, Nay Kanjeng Roro Kidul Mantu and Siyung Wanara. The summary of the story is as follows:
It is Ki Anjar Wilis, who have great influence to the royal family of Pajajaran kingdom, and that makes King Siliwangi (who is named as Cilihawan) feared because Ki Anjar Willis has the royal vein and a sacred greatest monk of the times. So Cilihawan ordered Patih Mangku Praja to take the monk to the palace, testifying him by simulate. It is a Queen named Dewi Sumekar who was pretending pregnant. Ki Anjar Willis knows that he is being cheated by the king, at the same times he also know that in the next future the pregnancy would come true, so he said truthfully. It makes the king furiously angry and killed the monk. At once the monk vanished but still saying in condemn that 'the baby who will be born will take revenge for his death". Then the baby boy is born. On panic, the king and his wife throw away the baby into Krawang river, but luckily the baby still alive and being picked up by Ki Krawang. He adopts and rises the baby in the forest sphere accompanied by animals. Ki Krawang named the baby boy Ciung Wanara (Pleyte 1911; 1913; Poerbatjaraka 1952; Pigeaud 1967-1980).
Then, the baby grown up, he goes fighting for the crown by the pseudonym of the Harya Banyak Wide. He forged the discrowned king's of Pajajaran with bare hand, locked up the king into the iron cage, burned him till death (Pleyte 1914; 1923)
The whole stories above is in resemblance especially with the texts, as follows:

Another expression of Siliwangi and Pajajaran from the East Javanese historical notes appear in Ketoprak stage (or play), also in the popular dance based on Carita Babad (Olthof 1941), as follows:

Siliwangi also told in the performance in Dhalang Klithik or Wayang Krucil which is firstly created by Sunan Kudus. The play narrated especially King Banjaransari of Pajajaran up to King Brawijaya of Majapahit. There is also Wayang Gedhang or Wayang Antara which is still popular among the commoners, the story is evoking the relation between Janggala kingdom and Pajajaran kingdom. It is said that Brawijaya "the founder of the Majapahit Kingdom'" is not Raden Wijaya but actually is Raden Jaka Susuruh of the Pajajaran' (Winter en Roorda 1912; Widjaja Kusuma 1961).
The antonished sources is in Arabic script which are very familiar among the Pesisiran dwellers, such as Babad Demak Pesisiran, Babad Tuban. Those Babad is told that the founders of Majapahit is Raden Jaka Susuruh of Pajajaran Kingdom.
From all the folklore and literary texts, we come to a conclusion that Siliwangi is the same as Raden Jaka Susuruh or Prabu Banjaransari or Ciung Wanara. He is the great-great grandfather of Arya Bangah (Yogaswara, et al., 1976).

Guided Democracy' and increasing autocracy

2011-07-26T05:49:00.000-07:00

Guided Democracy' and increasing autocracy

Sukarno (on top of the steps) reading his decree on 5 July 1959

Main article: Guided Democracy in Indonesia

The impressive military victories over the PRRI-Permesta rebels and the popular nationalisation of Dutch companies left Sukarno in a very strong position. On 5 July 1959, Sukarno reinstated the 1945 constitution by presidential decree. It established a presidential system which he believed would make it easier to implement the principles of guided democracy. He called the system Manifesto Politik or Manipol—but was actually government by decree. Sukarno envisioned an Indonesian-style socialist society, who adhere to the principle of USDEK:

Undang-Undang Dasar '45 (Constitution of 1945)
Sosialisme ala Indonesia (Indonesian socialism)
Demokrasi Terpimpin (Guided Democracy)
Ekonomi Terpimpin (Commanded Economy).
Kepribadian Indonesia (Indonesia's Identity)

The structure of Sukarno's guided democracy in 1962

On March 1960, Sukarno disbanded parliament and replaced it with a new parliament where half the members were appointed by the president (Dewan Perwakilan Rakjat - Gotong Rojong / DPR-GR). On September 1960, he established a Provisional People's Consultative Assembly (Madjelis Permusjawaratan Rakjat Sementara/MPRS) as the highest legislative authority according to the 1945 constitution. MPRS members consisted of members of DPR-GR and members of "functional groups" appointed by the president.
With the backing of the military, Sukarno disbanded the Islamic party Masyumi and Sutan Sjahrir's party PSI, accusing them of involvement with PRRI-Permesta affair. The military arrested and imprisoned many of Sukarno's political opponents, from socialist Sjahrir to Islamic politicians Mohammad Natsir and Hamka. Using martial law powers, the government closed-down newspapers who were critical of Sukarno's policies.^[23]
During this period, there were several assassination attempts on Sukarno's life. On 9 March 1960, Daniel Maukar, an Indonesian airforce lieutenant who sympathised with the Permesta rebellion, strafed the Merdeka Palace and Bogor Palace with his MiG-17 fighter jet, attempting to kill the president; he was not injured. On May 1962, Darul Islam agents shot at the president during Eid al-Adha prayers on the grounds of the palace. Sukarno again escaped injury.
On the security front, the military started a series of effective campaigns which ended the long-festering Darul Islam rebellion in West Java (1962), Aceh (1962), and South Sulawesi (1965). Kartosuwirjo, the leader of Darul Islam, was captured and executed in September 1962.
To counter-balance the power of the military, Sukarno started to rely on the support of the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI). In 1960, he declared his government to be based on Nasakom, a union of the three ideological strands present in Indonesian society: nasionalisme (nationalism), agama (religions), and komunisme (communism). Accordingly, Sukarno started admitting more communists into his government, while developing strong relationship with the PKI chairman Dipa Nusantara Aidit.
In order to increase Indonesia's prestige, Sukarno supported and won the bid for the 1962 Asian Games held in Jakarta. Many sporting facilities such as the Senayan sports complex (including the 100,000-seat Bung Karno Stadium) were built to accommodate the games. There was political tension when the Indonesians refused the entry of delegations from Israel and Taiwan. After the International Olympic Committee put sanctions on Indonesia due to this exclusion policy, Sukarno retaliated by organising a "non-imperialist" competitor event to the Olympic Games, called Games of New Emerging Forces (GANEFO). GANEFO was successfully held in Jakarta on November 1963, and was attended by 2,700 athletes from 51 countries.
As part of his prestige-building program, Sukarno ordered the construction of large monumental buildings such as National Monument (Monumen Nasional), Istiqlal Mosque, CONEFO Building (now the Parliament Building), Hotel Indonesia, and the Sarinah shopping centre to transform Jakarta from a former colonial backwater to a modern city. The modern Jakarta boulevards of Jalan Thamrin, Jalan Sudirman, and Jalan Gatot Subroto was planned and constructed under Sukarno.

WORLD WAR OF II SINCE COLONIZING JAPAN.

2011-07-26T05:37:00.000-07:00

WORLD WAR OF II SINCE COLONIZING JAPAN.
In early 1929, during the Indonesian National Revival, Sukarno and fellow Indonesian nationalist leader Mohammad Hatta (later Vice President), first foresaw a Pacific War and the opportunity that a Japanese advance on Indonesia might present for the Indonesian independence cause.^[8] In February 1942 Imperial Japan invaded the Dutch East Indies quickly defeating Dutch forces who marched, bussed and trucked Sukarno and his entourage three hundred kilometres from Bengkulu to Padang, Sumatra. They intended keeping him prisoner and shipping him to Australia, but abruptly abandoned him to save themselves upon the impending approach of Japanese forces on Padang.^[9]
The Japanese had their own files on Sukarno and the Japanese commander in Sumatera approached him with respect, wanting to use him to organise and pacify the Indonesians. Sukarno on the other hand wanted to use the Japanese to free Indonesia: "The Lord be praised, God showed me the way; in that valley of the Ngarai I said: Yes, Independent Indonesia can only be achieved with Dai Nippon...For the first time in all my life, I saw myself in the mirror of Asia."^[10] On July 1942, Sukarno was sent back to Jakarta, where he re-united with other nationalist leaders recently released by the Japanese, including Mohammad Hatta. There, he met the Japanese commander General Hitoshi Imamura, who asked Sukarno and other nationalists to galvanise support from Indonesian populace to aid Japanese war effort.
Sukarno was willing to support the Japanese, in exchange for a platform for himself to spread nationalist ideas to the mass population. The Japanese, on the other hand, needed Indonesia's manpower and natural resources to help its war effort. The Japanese recruited millions of people, particularly from Java, to be forced labor called "romusha" in Japanese. They were forced to build railways, airfields, and other facilities for the Japanese within Indonesia and as far away as Burma. Additionally, the Japanese requestioned rice and other food produced by Indonesian peasants to supply their own troops, while forcing the peasantry to cultivate castor oil plants to be used as aviation fuel and lubricants.^[11]
To gain cooperation from Indonesian population and to prevent resistance to these draconian measures, the Japanese put Sukarno as head of Tiga-A mass organisation movement. On March 1943, the Japanese formed a new organisation called Poesat Tenaga Rakjat (POETERA/ Concentration of People's Power) under Sukarno, Hatta, Ki Hadjar Dewantara, and KH Mas Mansjoer. The aim of these organisations were to galvanise popular support for recruitment of romusha forced labor, requisitioning of food products, and to promote pro-Japanese and anti-Western sentiments amongst Indonesians. Sukarno coined the term, Amerika kita setrika, Inggris kita linggis ("Let's iron America, and bludgeon the British") to promote anti-Allied sentiments. In later years, Sukarno was lastingly ashamed of his role with the romusha. Additionally, food requisitioning by the Japanese caused widespread famine in Java which killed more than one million people in 1944-1945. In his view, these were necessary sacrifices to be made to allow for future independence of Indonesia.^[12] He also was involved with the formation of Pembela Tanah Air (PETA) and Heiho (Indonesian volunteer army troops) via speeches broadcast on the Japanese radio and loud speaker networks across Java and Sumatera. By mid-1945 these units numbered around two million, and were preparing to defeat any Allied forces sent to re-take Java.
In the meantime, Sukarno eventually divorced Inggit, who refused to accept her husband's wish for polygamy. She was provided with a house in Bandung and a pension for the rest of her life. In 1943, he married Fatmawati. They lived in a house in Jl. Pegangsaan Timur No. 56, confiscated from its previous Dutch owners and presented to Sukarno by the Japanese. This house would later be the venue of the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence in 1945.
On 10 November 1943 Sukarno and Hatta was sent for seventeen-day tour of Japan, where they were decorated by the Emperor Hirohito and was wined and dined in the house of Prime Minister Hideki Tojo in Tokyo. On 7 September 1944, with the war going badly for the Japanese, Prime Minister Kuniaki Koiso promised independence for Indonesia, although no date was set.^[13] This announcement was seen, according to the U.S. official history, as immense vindication for Sukarno's apparent collaboration with the Japanese.^[14] The U.S. at the time considered Sukarno one of the "foremost collaborationist leaders."^[15]
On 29 April 1945, with the fall of Philippines to American hands, the Japanese allowed for the establishment of Badan Penjelidik Oesaha-oesaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (BPUPKI), a quasi-legislature consisting of 67 representatives from most ethnic-groups in Indonesia. Sukarno was appointed as head of BPUPKI and was tasked to lead discussion to prepare the basis of a future Indonesian state. To provide a common and acceptable platform to unite the various squabbling factions in BPUPKI, Sukarno formulated his ideological thinking developed for the past twenty years into five principles. On 1 June 1945, he introduced these five principles, known as pancasila, during the joint session of BPUPKI held in the former Volksraad Building (now called Gedung Pancasila).
Pancasila as presented by Sukarno during the BPUPKI speech, consisted of five common principles which Sukarno saw as commonly shared by all Indonesians:

On 22 June, the Islamic and nationalist elements of BPUPKI created a small committee of nine, which formulated Sukarno's ideas into the five-point Pancasila, in a document known as the Jakarta Charter:

Due to pressure from the Islamic element, the first principle mentioned the obligation for Muslims to practice Islamic law (sharia). However, the final Sila as contained in the 1945 Constitution which was put into effect on 18 August 1945, excluded the reference to Islamic law for sake of national unity. The elimination of sharia was done by Mohammad Hatta based upon request by Christian representative Alexander Andries Maramis, and after consultation with moderate Islamic representatives Teuku Mohammad Hassan, Kasman Singodimedjo, and Ki Bagoes Hadikoesoemo.^[16]
On 7 August 1945, the Japanese allowed the formation a smaller Panitia Penjelidik Kemerdekaan Indonesia (PPKI), a 21-person committee tasked with creating specific governmental structure of future Indonesian state. On 9 August, the top leaders of PPKI (Sukarno, Hatta, and KRH Radjiman Wediodiningrat), were summoned by Commander-in-Chief of Japan's Southern Expeditionary Forces, Field Marshal Hisaichi Terauchi, to Da Lat, 100 km from Saigon. Field Marshal Terauchi gave Sukarno the freedom to proceed with preparation for Indonesian independence, free of Japanese interference. After much wining and dining, Sukarno's entourage was flown back to Jakarta on 14 August. Unbeknownst to the guests, atomic bombs had been dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the Japanese were preparing for surrender.
The following day, on 15 August, the Japanese declared their acceptance of Potsdam Declaration terms, and unconditionally surrendered to the Allies. On the afternoon of that day, Sukarno received this information from leaders of youth groups and members of PETA Chairul Saleh, Soekarni, and Wikana, who had been listening to Western radio broadcasts. They urged Sukarno to declare Indonesian independence immediately, while the Japanese were in confusion and before the arrival of Allied forces. Faced with this quick turn of events, Sukarno procrastinated. He feared bloodbath due to hostile response from the Japanese to such a move, and was concerned with prospects of future Allied retribution.
At early morning on 16 August, the three youth leaders, impatient with Sukarno's indecision, kidnapped him from his house and brought him to a small house in Rengasdengklok, Karawang, owned by a Chinese family and occupied by PETA . There they gained Sukarno's commitment to declare independence within the next day. That night, the youths drove Sukarno back to the house of Admiral Tadashi Maeda, the Japanese naval liaison officer in Menteng area of Jakarta, who sympathised with Indonesian independence. There, he and his assistant Sajoeti Melik prepared text of Proclamation of Indonesian Independence.

[edit] War leader

Sukarno, accompanied by Mohammad Hatta (right), declaring the independence of Indonesia.

See also: Indonesian National Revolution and Liberal democracy period in Indonesia

On early morning of 17 August 1945, Sukarno returned to his house at Jl Pegangsaan Timur No. 56, where he was joined by Mohammad Hatta. Throughout the morning, impromptu leaflets printed by PETA and youth elements informed the population of the impending proclamation. Finally, on 10 am, Sukarno and Hatta stepped to the front porch, where Sukarno declared the independence of the Republic of Indonesia in front of a crowd of 500 people.
On the following day, 18 August, PPKI declared the basic governmental structure of the new Republic of Indonesia:

Appointing Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta as President and Vice-President and their cabinet.
Putting into effect the 1945 Indonesian constitution, which by this time excluded any reference to Islamic law.
Setting a Central Indonesian National Committee (Komite Nasional Indonesia Poesat/KNIP) to assist the president prior to election of a parliament.

Sukarno's vision for the 1945 Indonesian constitution comprised the Pancasila (five principles). Sukarno's political philosophy was mainly a fuse of elements of Marxism, nationalism and Islam. This is reflected in a proposition of his version of Pancasila he proposed to the BPUPKI (Inspectorate of Indonesian Independence Preparation Efforts), in which he originally espoused them in a speech on 1 June 1945:^[16]
Sukarno argued that all of the principles of the nation could be summarized in the phrase gotong royong.^[17] The Indonesian parliament, founded on the basis of this original (and subsequently revised) constitution, proved all but ungovernable. This was due to irreconcilable differences between various social, political, religious and ethnic factions.^[18]
In the days following the Proclamation, the news of Indonesian independence was spread by radio, newspaper, leaflets, and word of mouth despite attempts by the Japanese soldiers to suppress the news. On 19 September, Sukarno addressed a crowd of one million people at the Ikada Field of Jakarta (now part of Merdeka Square) to commemorate one month of independence, indicating the strong level of popular support for the new republic, at least on Java and Sumatera. In these two islands, the Sukarno government quickly established governmental control while the remaining Japanese mostly retreated to their barracks awaiting arrival of Allied forces. This period was marked by constant attacks by armed groups on Europeans, Chinese, Christians, native aristocracy and anyone who were perceived to oppose Indonesian independence. The most serious cases were the Social Revolutions in Aceh and North Sumatera, where large numbers of Acehnese and Malay aristocrats were killed by Islamic groups (in Aceh) and communist-led mobs (in North Sumatera), and the "Three Regions Affair" in northwestern coast of Central Java where large numbers of Europeans, Chinese, and native aristocrats were butchered by mobs. These bloody incidences continued until late 1945 to early 1946, and begin to peter-out as Republican authority begin to exert and consolidate its control.
Sukarno's government initially postponed the formation of a national army, for fear of antagonizing the Allied occupation forces and their doubt over whether they would have been able to form an adequate military apparatus to maintain control of seized territory. The members of various militia groups formed during Japanese occupation such as the disbanded PETA and Heiho, at that time were encouraged to join the BKR—Badan Keamanan Rakjat (The People's Security Organization)—itself a subordinate of the "War Victims Assistance Organization". It was only in October 1945 that the BKR was reformed into the TKR—Tentara Keamanan Rakjat (The People's Security Army) in response to the increasing Allied and Dutch presence in Indonesia. The TKR armed themselves mostly by attacking Japanese troops and confiscating their weapons.
Due to sudden transfer of Java and Sumatera from General Douglas MacArthur's American-dominated Southwest Pacific Area to Lord Louis Mountbatten's British-dominated Southeast Asian Command, the first Allied soldiers (1st Battalion of Seaforth Highlanders) only arrived in Jakarta on late September 1945. British forces began to occupy major Indonesian cities on October 1945. The commander of British 23rd Division, Lieutenant General Sir Philip Christison, set-up command in the former governor-general's palace in Jakarta. Christison stated its intentions as the liberation of all Allied prisoners-of-war, and to allow the return of Indonesia to its pre-war status, as colony of Netherlands. The Republican government were willing to cooperate with regards to the release and repatriation of Allied civilian and military POWs, setting-up the Committee for the Repatriation of Japanese and Allied Prisoners of Wars and Internees (Panitia Oeroesan Pengangkoetan Djepang dan APWI/POPDA) for this purpose. POPDA, in cooperation with the British, repatriated more than 70,000 Japanese and Allied POWs and internees by the end of 1946. To resist Dutch attempts to regain control of the country, Sukarno's strategy was to seek international recognition and support for the new Indonesian Republic, in view of the relative military weakness of the Republic compared with British and Dutch military power.
Sukarno was aware that his past history as Japanese collaborator might complicate relationship with the Western countries. Hence, to help acquire international recognition as well as to accommodate domestic demands for establishment of political parties, Sukarno allowed the formation of parliamentary system of government, whereby a prime minister controlled day-to-day affairs of the government, while Sukarno as president remained as figurehead. The prime minister and his cabinet will be responsible to the Central Indonesian National Committee instead of the president. On 14 November 1945, Sukarno appointed Sutan Sjahrir as first prime minister, he was a European-educated politician who was never involved with the Japanese occupation authorities.
Ominously, Dutch soldiers and administrators under the name of Netherlands Indies Civil Administration (NICA) began to return under the protection of the British. They were led by Hubertus Johannes van Mook, a pre-war Dutch colonial administrator who led the Dutch East Indies government-in-exile in Brisbane, Australia. They armed released Dutch POWs, which began to engage in shooting rampages against Indonesian civilians and Republican police. As consequence, armed conflict soon erupted between the newly-constituted Republican forces aided by a myriad of pro-independence mob groups, against the British and Dutch forces. On 10 November, a full-scale battle broke-out in Surabaya between British Indian 49th Infantry Brigade and Indonesian population, involving air and naval bombardments of the city by the British. 300 British soldiers were killed (including its commander Brigadier AWS Mallaby), while thousands of Indonesians died. Shootouts broke-out with alarming regularity in Jakarta, including an attempted assassination of Prime Minister Sjahrir by Dutch gunmen. To avoid this menace, Sukarno and majority of his government left for the safety of Yogyakarta on 4 January 1946. There, the Republican government received protection and full support from Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX. Yogyakarta will remain as the Republic's capital until end of the war in 1949. Sjahrir remained in Jakarta to conduct negotiations with the British.^[19]
The initial series of battles in late 1945 and early 1946 left the British in control of major port cities on Java and Sumatera. During the Japanese occupation, the Outer Islands (excluding Java and Sumatera) was occupied by Japanese Navy (Kaigun), which did not allow for political mobilisation in their areas on account of the small population base available for mobilisation, and the proximity of these areas to active theatres of war. Consequently, there were little Republican activity in these islands post-proclamation. Australian and Dutch forces quickly occupied these islands without much fighting by end of 1945 (excluding the resistance of I Gusti Ngurah Rai in Bali, the insurgency in South Sulawesi, and fighting in Hulu Sungai area of South Kalimantan). Meanwhile, the hinterland areas of Java and Sumatera remained under Republican administration.
Eager to pull-out its soldiers from Indonesia, the British allowed for large-scale infusion of Dutch forces into the country throughout 1946. By November 1946, all British soldiers have been withdrawn from Indonesia, replaced by more than 150,000 Dutch soldiers. On the other hand, the British sent Lord Archibald Clark Kerr, 1st Baron Inverchapel and Miles Lampson, 1st Baron Killearn to bring the Dutch and Indonesians to the negotiating table. The result of these negotiations was the Linggadjati Agreement signed on November 1946, where the Dutch acknowledged de facto Republican sovereignty over Java, Sumatera, and Madura. In exchange, the Republicans were willing to discuss future Commonwealth-like United Kingdom of Netherlands and Indonesia.

Sukarno addressing the KNIP (parliament) in Malang, March 1947

Sukarno's decision to negotiate with the Dutch was met with strong opposition by various Indonesian factions. Tan Malaka, a communist politician, organised these groups into a united front called the Persatoean Perdjoangan (PP). PP offered a "Minimum Program" which called for complete independence, nationalisation of all foreign properties, and rejection of all negotiations until all foreign troops are withdrawn. These programmes received widespread popular support, including from armed forces commander General Sudirman. On 4 July 1946, military units linked with PP kidnapped Prime Minister Sjahrir who was visiting Yogyakarta. Sjahrir was leading the negotiation with the Dutch. Sukarno, after successfully influencing Sudirman, managed to secure the release of Sjahrir and the arrest of Tan Malaka and other PP leaders. Disapproval of Linggadjati terms within the KNIP led Sukarno to issue a decree doubling KNIP membership by including many pro-agreement appointed members. As consequence, KNIP ratified the Linggadjati Agreement on March 1947.^[20]
On 21 July 1947, the Linggadjati Agreement was broken by the Dutch, who launched Operatie Product, a massive military invasion into Republican-held territories. Although the newly-reconsitituted TNI was unable to offer significant military resistance, the blatant violation by the Dutch on internationally-brokered agreement outraged world opinion. International pressure forced the Dutch to halt their invasion force on August 1947. Sjahrir, who has been replaced as prime minister by Amir Sjarifuddin, flew to New York City to appeal Indonesian case in front of United Nations. UN Security Council issued a resolution calling for immediate ceasefire, and appointed a Good Offices Committee (GOC) to oversee the ceasefire. The GOC, based in Jakarta, consisted of delegations from Australia (led by Richard Kirby, chosen by Indonesia), Belgium (led by Paul van Zeeland, chosen by Netherlands), and United States (led by Frank Porter Graham, neutral).
The Republic was now under strong Dutch military stranglehold, with the Dutch military occupying West Java, and the northern coast of Central Java and East Java, along with the key productive areas of Sumatera. Additionally, the Dutch navy blockaded Republican areas from supplies of vital food, medicine, and weapons. As consequence, Prime Minister Amir Sjarifuddin has little choice but to sign the Renville Agreement on 17 January 1948, which acknowledged Dutch control over areas taken during Operatie Product, while the Republicans pledged to withdraw all forces that remained on the other side of the ceasefire line ("Van Mook Line"). Meanwhile, the Dutch begin to organize puppet states in the areas under their occupation, to counter Republican influence utilising ethnic diversity of Indonesia.
The signing of highly disadvantageous Renville Agreement caused even greater instability within the Republican political structure. In Dutch-occupied West Java, Darul Islam guerrillas under Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosuwirjo maintained their anti-Dutch resistance and repealed any loyalty to the Republic, they will cause a bloody insurgency in West Java and other areas in the first decades of independence. Prime Minister Sjarifuddin, who signed the agreement, was forced to resign on January 1948, and was replaced by Mohammad Hatta. Hatta cabinet's policy of rationalising the armed forces by demobilising large numbers of armed groups that proliferated the Republican areas, also caused severe disaffection. Leftist political elements, led by resurgent Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) under Musso took advantage of public disaffections by launching rebellion in Madiun, East Java, on 18 September 1948. Bloody fighting continued during late-September until end of October 1948, when the last communist bands were defeated and Musso shot dead. The communists have overestimated their potential to oppose the strong appeal of Sukarno amongst the population.

Sukarno and Foreign Minister Agus Salim in Dutch custody, 1949.

On 19 December 1948, to take advantage of the Republic's weak position following the communist rebellion, the Dutch launched Operatie Kraai, a second military invasion designed to crush the Republic once and for all. The invasion was initiated with an airborne assault on Republican capital Yogyakarta. Sukarno ordered the armed forces under Sudirman to launch guerilla campaign in the countryside, while he and other key leaders such as Hatta and Sjahrir allowed themselves to be taken prisoner by the Dutch. To ensure continuity of government, Sukarno sent a telegram to Sjafruddin Prawiranegara, providing him the mandate to lead an Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PDRI), based on the unoccupied hinterlands of West Sumatera, a position he kept until Sukarno was released on June 1949. The Dutch sent Sukarno and other captured Republican leaders to captivity in Prapat, in Dutch-occupied part of North Sumatera and later to the island of Bangka.
The second Dutch invasion caused even more international outrage. United States, impressed by Indonesia's ability to defeat the 1948 communist challenge without outside help, threatened to cut-off Marshall Aid funds to Netherlands if military operations in Indonesia continued. TNI did not disintegrate and continued to wage guerilla resistance against the Dutch, most notably the assault on Dutch-held Yogyakarta led by Lieutenant-Colonel Suharto on 1 March 1949. Consequently, the Dutch were forced to sign the Roem-van Roijen Agreement on 7 May 1949. According to this treaty, the Dutch released the Republican leadership and returned the area surrounding Yogyakarta to Republican control on June 1949. This is followed by the Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference held in The Hague which led to the complete transfer of sovereignty by the Queen Juliana of the Netherlands to Indonesia, on 27 December 1949. On that day, Sukarno flew from Yogyakarta to Jakarta, making a triumphant speech at the steps of the governor-general's palace, immediately renamed the Merdeka Palace ("Independence Palace").